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Arakelian T, Oosterhuis K, Tondini E, Los M, Vree J, van Geldorp M, Camps M, Teunisse B, Zoutendijk I, Arens R, Zondag G, Ossendorp F, van Bergen J. Pyroptosis-inducing active caspase-1 as a genetic adjuvant in anti-cancer DNA vaccination. Vaccine 2022; 40:2087-2098. [PMID: 35177300 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a recently discovered form of inflammatory programmed necrosis characterized by caspase-1-mediated and gasdermin D-dependent cell death leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Here, we evaluated whether pyroptosis could be exploited in DNA vaccination by incorporating a constitutively active variant of caspase-1 to the antigen-expressing DNA. In vitro, transfection with constitutively active caspase-1 DNA induced pro-IL-1β maturation and IL-1β release as well as gasdermin D-dependent cell death. To test active caspase-1 as a genetic adjuvant for the induction of antigen-specific T cell responses, mice were vaccinated intradermally with a DNA vaccine consisting of the active caspase-1 plasmid together with a plasmid encoding an ovalbumin-derived CD8 T cell epitope. Active caspase-1 accelerated and amplified antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses when administered simultaneously with the DNA vaccine at an equimolar dose. Moreover, upon challenge with melanoma cells expressing ovalbumin, mice vaccinated with the antigen vaccine adjuvanted with active caspase-1 showed significantly better survival compared to the non-adjuvanted group. In conclusion, we have developed a novel genetic adjuvant that for the first time employs the pyroptosis pathway to improve DNA vaccination against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsolere Arakelian
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Koen Oosterhuis
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Tondini
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mandy Los
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jana Vree
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariska van Geldorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Camps
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben Zondag
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, the Netherlands; Synvolux Therapeutics BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen van Bergen
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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DNA vaccination strategy targets epidermal dendritic cells, initiating their migration and induction of a host immune response. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 1:14054. [PMID: 26052522 PMCID: PMC4448738 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The immunocompetence and clinical accessibility of dermal tissue offers an appropriate and attractive target for vaccination. We previously demonstrated that pDNA injection into the skin in combination with surface electroporation (SEP), results in rapid and robust expression of the encoded antigen in the epidermis. Here, we demonstrate that intradermally EP-enhanced pDNA vaccination results in the rapid induction of a host humoral immune response. In the dermally relevant guinea pig model, we used high-resolution laser scanning confocal microscopy to observe direct dendritic cell (DC) transfections in the epidermis, to determine the migration kinetics of these cells from the epidermal layer into the dermis, and to follow them sequentially to the immediate draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, we delineate the relationship between the migration of directly transfected epidermal DCs and the generation of the host immune response. In summary, these data indicate that direct presentation of antigen to the immune system by DCs through SEP-based in vivo transfection in the epidermis, is related to the generation of a humoral immune response.
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Pandey V, Golhani D, Shukla R. Ethosomes: versatile vesicular carriers for efficient transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:988-1002. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.889777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Karamatsu K, Matsuo K, Inada H, Tsujimura Y, Shiogama Y, Matsubara A, Kawano M, Yasutomi Y. Single systemic administration of Ag85B of mycobacteria DNA inhibits allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. J Asthma Allergy 2012; 5:71-9. [PMID: 23271916 PMCID: PMC3526857 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s37667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune responses of T-helper (Th) and T-regulatory cells are thought to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation observed in asthma. The correction of immune response by these cells should be considered in the prevention and treatment of asthma. Native antigen 85B (Ag85B) of mycobacteria, which cross-reacts among mycobacteria species, may play an important biological role in host–pathogen interaction since it elicits various immune responses by activation of Th cells. The current study investigated the antiallergic inflammatory effects of DNA administration of Ag85B from Mycobacterium kansasii in a mouse model of asthma. Immunization of BALB/c mice with alum-adsorbed ovalbumin followed by aspiration with aerosolized ovalbumin resulted in the development of allergic airway inflammation. Administration of Ag85B DNA before the aerosolized ovalbumin challenge protected the mice from subsequent induction of allergic airway inflammation. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage immunoglobulin E levels, extent of eosinophil infiltration, and levels of Th2-type cytokines in Ag85B DNA-administered mice were significantly lower than those in control plasmid-immunized mice, and levels of Th1-and T-regulatory-type cytokines were enhanced by Ag85B administration. The results of this study provide evidence for the potential utility of Ag85B DNA inoculation as a novel approach for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuo Karamatsu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba ; Division of Immunoregulation, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu
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Nguyen-Hoai T, Hohn O, Vu MD, Baldenhofer G, Sayed Ahmed MS, Dörken B, Norley S, Lipp M, Pezzutto A, Westermann J. CCL19 as an adjuvant for intradermal gene gun immunization in a Her2/neu mouse tumor model: improved vaccine efficacy and a role for B cells as APC. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:880-7. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Tajiri K, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Matsubara A, Tsujimura Y, Hiroe M, Naka T, Shimojo N, Sakai S, Aonuma K, Yasutomi Y. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 DNA administration inhibits inflammatory and pathogenic responses in autoimmune myocarditis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2043-53. [PMID: 22798678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Myocarditis and subsequent dilated cardiomyopathy are major causes of heart failure in young adults. Myocarditis in humans is highly heterogeneous in etiology. Recent studies have indicated that a subgroup of myocarditis patients may benefit from immune-targeted therapies, because autoimmunity plays an important role in myocarditis as well as contributing to the progression to cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1 plays a key role in the negative regulation of both TLR- and cytokine receptor-mediated signaling, which is involved in innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immunity. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of SOCS1 DNA administration on experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in mice. EAM was induced by s.c. immunization with cardiac-specific peptides derived from α myosin H chain in BALB/c mice. In contrast to control myocarditis mice, SOCS1 DNA-injected mice were protected from development of EAM and heart failure. SOCS1 DNA administration was effective for reducing the activation of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells by inhibition of the function of Ag-presenting dendritic cells. Our findings suggest that SOCS1 DNA administration has considerable therapeutic potential in individuals with autoimmune myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Tajiri
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
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Chen HM, Wang PH, Aravindaram K, Chen YH, Yu HH, Yang WC, Yang NS. Shikonin enhances efficacy of a gene-based cancer vaccine via induction of RANTES. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:42. [PMID: 22494696 PMCID: PMC3353861 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shikonin, a phytochemical purified from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has been shown to confer diverse pharmacological activities, including accelerating granuloma formation, wound healing, anti-inflammation and others, and is explored for immune-modifier activities for vaccination in this study. Transdermal gene-based vaccine is an attractive approach for delivery of DNA transgenes encoding specific tumor antigens to host skin tissues. Skin dendritic cells (DCs), a potent antigen-presenting cell type, is known to play a critical role in transmitting and orchestrating tumor antigen-specific immunities against cancers. The present study hence employs these various components for experimentation. Method The mRNA and protein expression of RANTES were detected by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The regional expression of RANTES and tissue damage in test skin were evaluated via immunohistochemistry assay. Fluorescein isothiocyanate sensitization assay was performed to trace the trafficking of DCs from the skin vaccination site to draining lymph nodes. Adjuvantic effect of shikonin on gene gun-delivered human gp100 (hgp100) DNA cancer vaccine was studied in a human gp100-transfected B16 (B16/hgp100) tumor model. Results Among various phytochemicals tested, shikonin induced the highest level of expression of RANTES in normal skin tissues. In comparison, mouse RANTES cDNA gene transfection induced a higher level of mRANTES expression for a longer period, but caused more extensive skin damage. Topical application of shikonin onto the immunization site before gene gun-mediated vaccination augmented the population of skin DCs migrating into the draining lymph nodes. A hgp100 cDNA gene vaccination regimen with shikonin pretreatment as an adjuvant in a B16/hgp100 tumor model increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte activities in splenocytes and lymph node cells on target tumor cells. Conclusion Together, our findings suggest that shikonin can effectively enhance anti-tumor potency of a gene-based cancer vaccine via the induction of RANTES expression at the skin immunization site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ahsan MF, Gore MM. Comparison of immune response generated against Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein expressed by DNA vaccines under macrophage associated versus ubiquitous expression promoters. Virol J 2011; 8:382. [PMID: 21806845 PMCID: PMC3161000 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis, with ~50,000 cases reported annually worldwide. Vaccination is the only measure for prevention. Recombinant vaccines are an efficient and safe alternative for formalin inactivated or live attenuated vaccines. Nowadays, incorporation of molecular adjuvants has been the main strategy for melioration of vaccines. Our attempt of immunomodulation is based on targeting antigen presenting cells (APC) "majorly macrophages" by using macrosialin promoter. We have compared the immune response of the constructed plasmids expressing JEV envelope (E) protein under the control of aforesaid promoter and cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter in mouse model. Protection of immunized mice from lethal challenge with JEV was also studied. Results The E protein was successfully expressed in the macrophage cell line and was detected using immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting. APC expressing promoter showed comparable expression to CMV promoter. Immunization of mice with either of the plasmids exhibited induction of variable JEV neutralizing antibody titres and provided protection from challenge with a lethal dose of JEV. Immune splenocytes showed proliferative response after stimulation with the JEV antigen (Ag), however, it was higher for CMV promoter. The magnitude of immunity provided by APC dominant promoter was non-significantly lower in comparison to CMV promoter. More importantly, immune response directed by APC promoter was skewed towards Th1 type in comparison to CMV promoter, this was evaluated by cytokine secretion profile of immune splenocytes stimulated with JEV Ag. Conclusions Thus, our APC-expressing DNA vaccination approach induces comparable immunity in comparison to ubiquitous promoter construct. The predominant Th1 type immune responses provide opportunities to further test its potency suitable for response in antiviral or anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Feraz Ahsan
- National Institute of Virology, Pashan Campus, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, India
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Smyth TJ, Betker J, Wang W, Anchordoquy TJ. Moisture content impacts the stability of DNA adsorbed onto gold microparticles. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4845-54. [PMID: 21732371 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Particle-mediated epidermal delivery (PMED) of small quantities of DNA (0.5-4.0 μg) has been reported to both induce an immune response and protect against disease in human subjects. In order for the PMED of DNA to be a viable technique for vaccination, the adsorbed DNA must be stable during shipping and storage. Here, we report that the storage stability of plasmid DNA adsorbed to 2-μm gold particles is strongly dependent on sample water content. Gold/DNA samples stored at 60°C and 6% relative humidity (RH) maintained supercoil content after 4-month storage, whereas storage at higher RHs facilitated degradation. Storage with desiccants had stabilizing effects on DNA similar to storage at 6% RH. However, storage with "indicating" Drierite and phosphorus pentoxide resulted in enhanced rates of DNA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson J Smyth
- University of Colorado School of Pharmacy, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Ahsan MF, Gore MM. Comparative analysis of macrophage associated vectors for use in genetic vaccine. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2011; 9:10. [PMID: 21682913 PMCID: PMC3146807 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Antigen presentation by non professional antigen presenting cells (APC) can lead to anergy. In genetic vaccines, targeting the macrophages and APC for efficient antigen presentation might lead to balanced immune response. One such approach is to incorporate APC specific promoter in the vector to be used. Methods Three promoters known to be active in macrophage were selected and cloned in mammalian expressing vector (pAcGFP1-N1) to reconstruct (pAcGFP-MS), (pAcGFP-EMR) and (pAcGFP-B5I) with macrosialin, EmrI and Beta-5 Integrin promoters respectively. As a positive control (pAcGFP-CMV) was used with CMV promoter and promoterless vector (pAcGFP-NIX) which served as a negative control. GFP gene was used as readout under the control of each of the promoter. The expression of GFP was analyzed on macrophage and non-macrophage cell lines using Flow cytometry and qRT-PCR with TaqMan probe chemistries. Results All the promoters in question were dominant to macrophage lineage cell lines as observed by fluorescence, Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR. The activity of macrosialin was significantly higher than other macrophage promoters. CMV promoter showed 1.83 times higher activity in macrophage cell lines. The expression of GFP driven by macrosialin promoter after 24 hours was 4.40 times higher in macrophage derived cell lines in comparison with non macrophage cell lines. Conclusions Based on this study, macrosialin promoter can be utilized for targeting macrophage dominant expression. In vivo study needs to be carried out for its utility as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Feraz Ahsan
- National Institute of Virology, Pashan Campus, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India.
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Donate A, Coppola D, Cruz Y, Heller R. Evaluation of a novel non-penetrating electrode for use in DNA vaccination. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19181. [PMID: 21559474 PMCID: PMC3084774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current progress in the development of vaccines has decreased the incidence of fatal and non-fatal infections and increased longevity. However, new technologies need to be developed to combat an emerging generation of infectious diseases. DNA vaccination has been demonstrated to have great potential for use with a wide variety of diseases. Alone, this technology does not generate a significant immune response for vaccination, but combined with delivery by electroporation (EP), can enhance plasmid expression and immunity. Most EP systems, while effective, can be invasive and painful making them less desirable for use in vaccination. Our lab recently developed a non-invasive electrode known as the multi-electrode array (MEA), which lies flat on the surface of the skin without penetrating the tissue. In this study we evaluated the MEA for its use in DNA vaccination using Hepatitis B virus as the infectious model. We utilized the guinea pig model because their skin is similar in thickness and morphology to humans. The plasmid encoding Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was delivered intradermally with the MEA to guinea pig skin. The results show increased protein expression resulting from plasmid delivery using the MEA as compared to injection alone. Within 48 hours of treatment, there was an influx of cellular infiltrate in experimental groups. Humoral responses were also increased significantly in both duration and intensity as compared to injection only groups. While this electrode requires further study, our results suggest that the MEA has potential for use in electrically mediated intradermal DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Donate
- College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Domenico Coppola
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yolmari Cruz
- College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Richard Heller
- Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
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van den Berg JH, Nuijen B, Schumacher TN, Haanen JBAG, Storm G, Beijnen JH, Hennink WE. Synthetic vehicles for DNA vaccination. J Drug Target 2010; 18:1-14. [PMID: 19814658 DOI: 10.3109/10611860903278023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is an attractive immunization method able to induce robust cellular immune responses in pre-clinical models. However, clinical DNA vaccination trials performed thus far have resulted in marginal responses. Consequently, strategies are currently under development to improve the efficacy of DNA vaccines. A promising strategy is the use of synthetic particle formulations as carrier systems for DNA vaccines. This review discusses commonly used synthetic carriers for DNA vaccination and provides an overview of in vivo studies that use this strategy. Future recommendations on particle characteristics, target cell types and evaluation models are suggested for the potential improvement of current and novel particle delivery systems. Finally, hurdles which need to be tackled for clinical evaluation of these systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost H van den Berg
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dunn MD, Rossi SL, Carter DM, Vogt MR, Mehlhop E, Diamond MS, Ross TM. Enhancement of anti-DIII antibodies by the C3d derivative P28 results in lower viral titers and augments protection in mice. Virol J 2010; 7:95. [PMID: 20462412 PMCID: PMC2885341 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies generated against West Nile virus (WNV) during infection are essential for controlling dissemination. Recent studies have demonstrated that epitopes in all three domains of the flavivirus envelope protein (E) are targets for neutralizing antibodies, with determinants in domain III (DIII) eliciting antibodies with strong inhibitory properties. In order to increase the magnitude and quality of the antibody response against the WNV E protein, DNA vaccines with derivatives of the WNV E gene (full length E, truncated E, or DIII region, some in the context of the pre-membrane [prM] gene) were conjugated to the molecular adjuvant P28. The P28 region of the complement protein C3d is the minimum CR2-binding domain necessary for the adjuvant activity of C3d. Delivery of DNA-based vaccines by gene gun and intramuscular routes stimulated production of IgG antibodies against the WNV DIII region of the E protein. With the exception of the vaccine expressing prM/E given intramuscularly, only mice that received DNA vaccines by gene gun produced protective neutralizing antibody titers (FRNT80 titer >1/40). Correspondingly, mice vaccinated by the gene gun route were protected to a greater level from lethal WNV challenge. In general, mice vaccinated with P28-adjuvated vaccines produced higher IgG titers than mice vaccinated with non-adjuvanted vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Dunn
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 9047 Biomedical Science Tower 3, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Immune response induced by a linear DNA vector: influence of dose, formulation and route of injection. Vaccine 2010; 28:3642-9. [PMID: 20362204 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, minimalistic, immunogenetically defined gene expression (MIDGE) vectors were developed as effective and sophisticated carriers for DNA vaccination. Here we evaluate the influence of dose, formulation and delivery route on the immune response after vaccination with MIDGE-Th1 vectors encoding hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). An HBsAg-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibody response was induced in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio was independent of the injected DNA dose. Formulation of MIDGE-HBsAg-Th1 with the cationic pyridinium amphiphile SAINT-18 significantly increased antibody levels of IgG1 and IgG2a compared to the unformulated vector. In contrast, SAINT-18 had neither a significant effect on the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio nor on the type and strength of cellular immunity. Overall, the strongest immune response was generated after intradermal injection, followed by intramuscular and subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. The results show that the formulation of MIDGE-Th1 with SAINT-18 increased the efficacy of the MIDGE-Th1 DNA vaccine and is therefore a suitable approach to improve the efficacy of DNA vaccines also in large animals and humans.
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Tan G, Xu P, Lawson LB, He J, Freytag LC, Clements JD, John VT. Hydration effects on skin microstructure as probed by high-resolution cryo-scanning electron microscopy and mechanistic implications to enhanced transcutaneous delivery of biomacromolecules. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:730-40. [PMID: 19582754 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although hydration is long known to improve the permeability of skin, penetration of macromolecules such as proteins is limited and the understanding of enhanced transport is based on empirical observations. This study uses high-resolution cryo-scanning electron microscopy to visualize microstructural changes in the stratum corneum (SC) and enable a mechanistic interpretation of biomacromolecule penetration through highly hydrated porcine skin. Swollen corneocytes, separation of lipid bilayers in the SC intercellular space to form cisternae, and networks of spherical particulates are observed in porcine skin tissue hydrated for a period of 4-10 h. This is explained through compaction of skin lipids when hydrated, a reversal in the conformational transition from unilamellar liposomes in lamellar granules to lamellae between keratinocytes when the SC skin barrier is initially established. Confocal microscopy studies show distinct enhancement in penetration of fluorescein isothiocyanate-bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) through skin hydrated for 4-10 h, and limited penetration of FITC-BSA once skin is restored to its natively hydrated structure when exposed to the environment for 2-3 h. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of a 4-10 h hydration period to enhance transcutaneous penetration of large biomacromolecules without permanently damaging the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Tan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
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Villemejane J, Mir LM. Physical methods of nucleic acid transfer: general concepts and applications. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:207-19. [PMID: 19154421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical methods of gene (and/or drug) transfer need to combine two effects to deliver the therapeutic material into cells. The physical methods must induce reversible alterations in the plasma membrane to allow the direct passage of the molecules of interest into the cell cytosol. They must also bring the nucleic acids in contact with the permeabilized plasma membrane or facilitate access to the inside of the cell. These two effects can be achieved in one or more steps, depending upon the methods employed. In this review, we describe and compare several physical methods: biolistics, jet injection, hydrodynamic injection, ultrasound, magnetic field and electric pulse mediated gene transfer. We describe the physical mechanisms underlying these approaches and discuss the advantages and limitations of each approach as well as its potential application in research or in preclinical and clinical trials. We also provide conclusions, comparisons, and projections for future developments. While some of these methods are already in use in man, some are still under development or are used only within clinical trials for gene transfer. The possibilities offered by these methods are, however, not restricted to the transfer of genes and the complementary uses of these technologies are also discussed. As these methods of gene transfer may bypass some of the side effects linked to viral or biochemical approaches, they may find their place in specific clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Villemejane
- CNRS, UMR 8121, Institut Gustave Roussy PR2, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, Villejuif Cedex, France
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McElhaney J, Dutz J. Better Influenza Vaccines for Older People: What Will It Take? J Infect Dis 2008; 198:632-4. [DOI: 10.1086/590435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Han SY, Gai W, Yancovitz M, Osman I, Di Como CJ, Polsky D. Nucleofection is a highly effective gene transfer technique for human melanoma cell lines. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:405-11. [PMID: 18312380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing use of gene transfer strategies in the study of cellular and molecular biology, melanoma cells have remained difficult to transfect in a safe, efficient, and reproducible manner. In the present study, we report the successful use of nucleofector technology to transfect human melanoma cell lines. This technology uses an empirically derived combination of cell line-specific solutions and nucleofector programmes to electroporate nucleic acid substrates directly into the cell nucleus. Using a colorimetric beta-galactosidase assay, we optimized nucleofection parameters for 13 melanoma cell lines, leading to maximum transfection efficiency and cell survival. The combinations of cell solutions NHEM or T and nucleofector programmes A-24 or U-20 produced the best results. We compared nucleofection with two commercially available lipid-based gene transfer systems, effectene and lipofectamine 2000 using a green fluorescent protein reporter vector. Nucleofection demonstrated a 3- to 40-fold improvement in transfection efficiency when compared with the lipid-based counterparts. Nucleofection was also superior in transfecting small-interfering RNA (siRNA) as determined by Western blot analysis. Lastly, we applied nucleofection to the simultaneous transfection of a p53-dependent luciferase plasmid and p53-siRNA. Experiments using dual transfection showed knockdown of p53 expression and silencing of the reporter plasmid. In conclusion, nucleofection is highly effective for the transfer of nucleic acid substrates, singly or in combination, into human melanoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Y Han
- Department of Dermatology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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20
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Gaffal E, Schweichel D, Tormo D, Steitz J, Lenz J, Basner-Tschakarjan E, Limmer A, Tüting T. Comparative evaluation of CD8+CTL responses following gene gun immunization targeting the skin with intracutaneous injection of antigen-transduced dendritic cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:817-26. [PMID: 16928407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is an attractive target for antigen-specific vaccination. Particle bombardment of the epidermis with plasmid DNA using the gene gun results in antigen expression in keratinocytes of the epidermis leading to antigen presentation in the draining lymph nodes by migratory dendritic cells (DC). In order to better understand the role of the skin in stimulating antigen-specific CD8+cytotoxic T cells (CTL), we compared gene gun immunization with intracutaneous injections of antigen-transduced DC. A single intracutaneous injection of antigen-transduced DC was able to induce in vivo expansion of CD8+CTL specific for the model antigen chicken ovalbumin while four simultaneous shots with the gene gun were not effective. Antigen-transduced DC were much more efficient than particle bombardment of the epidermis in stimulating adoptively transferred TCR-transgenic CD8+CTL in the draining lymph nodes. Employing the novel technique of in vivo bioluminescence imaging, we demonstrated efficient gene transfer to the skin following gene gun bombardment and confirmed that a similar amount of antigen reached the lymph node when compared with injection of antigen-transduced DC. Our results suggest that direct transfection of the skin does not optimally reach and activate appropriate antigen-presenting DC. We believe that this reflects the immunological function of the epidermis which must balance immunity and tolerance to foreign antigens. Further investigations will have to address the role of Langerhans cells for the activation of cellular immunity in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Gaffal
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
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21
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Dobaño C, Widera G, Rabussay D, Doolan DL. Enhancement of antibody and cellular immune responses to malaria DNA vaccines by in vivo electroporation. Vaccine 2007; 25:6635-45. [PMID: 17669562 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effectiveness of in vivo electroporation (EP) for the enhancement of immune responses induced by DNA plasmids encoding the pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium yoelii antigens PyCSP and PyHEP17 administered intramuscularly and intradermally to mice. EP resulted in a 16- and 2-fold enhancement of antibody responses to PyCSP and PyHEP17, respectively. Immunization with 5 microg of DNA via EP was equivalent to 50 microg of DNA via conventional needle, thus reducing by 10-fold the required dose to produce a given effect. Moreover, IFN-gamma responses were increased by approximately 2-fold. Data demonstrate the potential of EP to enhance immune responses to DNA vaccines against infectious agents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Electroporation/methods
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunization/methods
- Injections, Intradermal
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/parasitology
- Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmodium yoelii/genetics
- Plasmodium yoelii/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Dobaño
- Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, United States.
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22
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Matthews K, Rhind SM, Gossner AG, Dalziel RG, Hopkins J. The effects of gene gun delivered pIL-3 adjuvant on skin pathology and cytokine expression. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 119:233-42. [PMID: 17628699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate skin immunopathology following gene gun delivery of plasmid-encoding interleukin 3 (pIL-3) and hence explore the possible mechanisms of its adjuvant activity. Using the sheep as the experimental model, expressible pIL-3 was administered to the epidermis and the dermal/epidermal junction and its effects on the skin were assessed by histopathology, immunohistology and quantitative RT-PCR for a range of pro-inflammatory and immune response polarizing cytokines. Delivery of both functional and non-functional plasmids caused an acute inflammatory response with the infiltration of neutrophils and micro-abscess formation; however, the response to pIL-3 was more severe and was also associated with an early (24 h) infiltration of B cells and a later accumulation of CD172a-/CD45RA+ dendritic cells (DC). In terms of cytokine transcript expression, an early TNFalpha response was stimulated by gene gun delivery of plasmid-associated gold beads, which coincided with an immediate infiltration of neutrophils. However, only pIL-3 triggered the short-lived expression of IL-3 (peaking at 6 h) and significant long-term increases in both TNFalpha and IL-1beta. pIL-3 did not affect the expression of the immune response polarizing cytokines, IL-10 and IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matthews
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
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23
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Matthews K, Rhind SM, Gossner AG, Dalziel RG, Hopkins J. The effect of gene gun-delivered pGM-CSF on the immunopathology of the vaccinated skin. Scand J Immunol 2007; 65:298-307. [PMID: 17309785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the skin immunopathology of gene gun-delivered plasmid-encoded granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (pGM-CSF) and hence explore the possible mechanisms of its adjuvant activity. Using sheep as the experimental model, expressible pGM-CSF was administered to the epidermis and the dermal/epidermal junction and its effects on the skin were assessed by histopathology, immunohistology and quantitative RT-PCR for a range of pro-inflammatory and immune response-polarizing cytokines. Both functional and non-functional plasmids caused an acute inflammatory response with the infiltration of neutrophils and micro-abscess formation; however, the response to pGM-CSF was more severe and was also associated with the accumulation of eosinophils, immature (CD1b(-)/CD172a(-)) dendritic cells and B cells. In terms of cytokine expression, an early TNF-alpha response was stimulated by gene gun delivery of plasmid-associated gold beads, which coincided with an immediate infiltration of neutrophils. However, only pGM-CSF triggered the short-lived expression of GM-CSF (peaking at 4 h) and significant long-term increases in both TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. pGM-CSF did not affect the expression of the immune response-polarizing cytokines, IL-10 and IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matthews
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, UK
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24
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Saitoh R, Ohtomo T, Yamada Y, Kamada N, Nezu JI, Kimura N, Funahashi SI, Furugaki K, Yoshino T, Kawase Y, Kato A, Ueda O, Jishage KI, Suzuki M, Fukuda R, Arai M, Iwanari H, Takahashi K, Sakihama T, Ohizumi I, Kodama T, Tsuchiya M, Hamakubo T. Viral envelope protein gp64 transgenic mouse facilitates the generation of monoclonal antibodies against exogenous membrane proteins displayed on baculovirus. J Immunol Methods 2007; 322:104-17. [PMID: 17374538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have been investigating the functional display of multipass membrane protein such as transporter or G-protein coupled receptor on the budded baculovirus (BV). We tested the use of a viral envelope protein gp64 transgenic mouse for the direct immunization of these membrane proteins displayed on BVs. The gp64 transgenic mice showed only a weak response to virus compared to wild type BALB/c mice. Immunizing gp64 transgenic mice with the BV expressing peptide transporter PepT1, we obtained 47 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). These mAbs were specific to the PepT1 on the pancreatic cancer cells AsPC-1 by fluorocytometric analysis and exhibited antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or complement-dependent cytotoxicity to AsPC-1. We also generated 7 mAbs by immunizing gp64 transgenic mice on a CCR2-deficient background with the BV expressing chemokine receptor CCR2 together with partially purified CCR2. These mAbs possessed specific binding to CCR2 in CHO cells on fluorocytometric analysis, and exhibited neutralizing activities for ligand-dependent inhibition of cyclic AMP production. This method provides a powerful tool for the generation of therapeutic/diagnostic mAbs against membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Saitoh
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
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25
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Brulet JM, Maudoux F, Thomas S, Thielemans K, Burny A, Leo O, Bex F, Hallez S. DNA vaccine encoding endosome-targeted human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein generates CD4+ T cell-dependent protection. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:376-84. [PMID: 17274002 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 is commonly implicated in cervical cancers. The viral genome encodes potential targets like the oncoprotein E7, expressed in transformed cells but thought to represent a poorly immunogenic antigen. We describe in this work a DNA-based vaccination protocol aimed at inducing an efficient anti-E7 immune response in vivo. Plasmids allowing the expression of the E7 protein in distinct cellular compartments were generated and assayed in an in vivo model of tumor growth. Our data demonstrate that mice vaccinated with a plasmid encoding for an E7 protein fused to a domain of the MHC class II-associated invariant chain (IiE7) were protected against tumor challenge. Mice immunized against an ubiquitinated form of E7 (Ub(Ala)E7) failed to control tumor growth. Protection induced by IiE7 was correlated with the development of CD8+ CTL and required the presence of CD4+ cells. In vitro studies confirmed that the IiE7 fusion protein was expressed at high levels in the endosomal compartment of transfected cells, while the natural and the ubiquitin-modified form of E7 were mainly nuclear. The present study suggests that an efficient anti-tumor response can be induced in vivo by DNA constructs encoding for E7 protein forms localizing at the endosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Brulet
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium.
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26
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Greenland JR, Letvin NL. Chemical adjuvants for plasmid DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2007; 25:3731-41. [PMID: 17350735 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA vaccines are a promising modality for immunization against a variety of human pathogens. Immunization via multiple routes with plasmid DNA can elicit potent cellular immune responses, and these immunogens can be administered repeatedly without inducing anti-vector immunity. Nonetheless, the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines has been limited by problems associated with delivery. A number of adjuvants have been designed to improve plasmid DNA immunogenicity, either by directly stimulating the immune system or by enhancing plasmid DNA expression. Chemical adjuvants for enhancing plasmid DNA expression include liposomes, polymers, and microparticles, all of which have shown promise for enhancing the expression and immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines in animal models. Micro- and nanoparticles have not been shown to enhance immune responses to plasmid DNA vaccines. However, formulation of plasmid DNA with some non-particulate polymeric adjuvants has led to a statistically significant enhancement of immune responses. Further development of these technologies will significantly improve the utility of plasmid DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Greenland
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Research East 113, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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27
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Fuller DH, Loudon P, Schmaljohn C. Preclinical and clinical progress of particle-mediated DNA vaccines for infectious diseases. Methods 2007; 40:86-97. [PMID: 16997717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of studies employing particle-mediated epidermal delivery (PMED) or the gene gun to administer DNA vaccines for infectious diseases in preclinical studies employing large animal models and in human clinical trials. It reviews the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of PMED DNA vaccines in nonhuman primates and swine and studies that have directly compared the effectiveness of PMED in these large animal models to existing licensed vaccines and intramuscular or intradermal delivery of DNA vaccines with a needle. Various clinical trials employing PMED have been completed and an overview of the immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of this approach in humans is described. Finally, efforts currently in progress for commercial development of particle-mediated DNA vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 260 Kappa Drive, PA 15238, USA.
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28
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Brown VA, Wilkins PA. Advanced Techniques in the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Pulmonary Diseases in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2006; 22:633-51, xi. [PMID: 16882489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques for novel approaches to the diagnosis and management of equine pulmonary disease continue to be developed and used in clinical practice. Diagnostic techniques involving immunoassays and nucleic acid-based tests not only decrease the time in which results become available but increase the sensitivity and specificity of test results. These assays do not substitute for careful clinical evaluation but can shorten the time to a confirmed accurate diagnosis, and thus allow for early initiation of therapeutic strategies and prevention protocols. With further understanding of the molecular biology and immunology of equine pulmonary disease, diagnostic and management techniques should become further refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Brown
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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29
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Leinonen J, Niemelä P, Lövgren J, Bocchi L, Pettersson K, Nevanlinna H, Stenman UH. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against prostate specific antigen produced by genetic immunization. J Immunol Methods 2006; 289:157-67. [PMID: 15251421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is the most important marker for prostate cancer. Antibodies against minor variants of PSA may be useful in the development of novel diagnostic tests for prostate cancer, but it has been difficult to produce such antibodies by protein immunization. In this study, we have compared the characteristics of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) obtained by genetic immunization with those obtained by protein immunization. The whole coding region of PSA-cDNA was cloned in a mammalian expression vector pCDNA-3. Six mice were immunized four times by intra-muscular (i.m.) injection of the PSA-pCDNA3 plasmid. The MAbs produced were characterized with respect to subclass, epitope specificity, binding to various molecular forms of PSA and affinity. After intra-muscular injection of DNA, anti-PSA antibodies were detected in the serum of all mice, but the antibody titers were markedly lower than after protein immunization. After fusion of the spleen cells from the mice, five hybridomas producing MAbs to PSA were obtained. The MAbs were of IgG1 and IgG2a isotype and they all recognized equally different forms of free PSA, namely enzymatically active, nicked and proPSA. Epitope mapping showed that these MAbs reacted with the same antigenic regions as those obtained by protein immunization. Thus, genetic immunization leads to production of anti PSA MAbs with similar characteristics to those obtained by immunizing with PSA protein. As applied in the present study, it is less efficient than protein immunization, but it is a useful technique when the antigen is not available in the quantities needed for immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Leinonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry in Biomedicum, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
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30
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Schweichel D, Steitz J, Tormo D, Gaffal E, Ferrer A, Büchs S, Speuser P, Limmer A, Tüting T. Evaluation of DNA vaccination with recombinant adenoviruses using bioluminescence imaging of antigen expression: impact of application routes and delivery with dendritic cells. J Gene Med 2006; 8:1243-50. [PMID: 16892456 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant DNA vaccines are able to induce strong CD8+ T cell mediated immunity and have become increasingly attractive for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Dendritic cells (DC), which critically control cellular immune responses, have been transduced with antigen ex vivo and used as 'nature's adjuvant' to enhance vaccine efficacy. The impact of the application route on the in vivo distribution of antigen and the stimulation of CD8+ T cells have been subjects of considerable debate. Here we report the construction of vectors expressing a fusion protein between EGFP, the H2-K(b)-binding peptide OVA(aa257-264) and green click beetle luciferase as a model antigen which allows for simultaneous quantitative assessment of antigen expression using fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging in correlation with CD8+ T cell stimulation in vivo. We applied this construct to evaluate DNA vaccination with recombinant adenoviral vectors, assess the impact of using cultured DC for vaccine delivery and investigate different application routes. Antigen expression was non-invasively followed in vivo by visualizing bioluminescence with an ultrasensitive CCD camera. CD8+ T cell stimulation was detected with H2-K(b)-OVA(aa257-264) tetramers. We found that intravenous injection of adenovirus-transduced DC stimulated the strongest OVA(aa257-264)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses although it delivered two orders of magnitude less antigen in vivo when compared to direct injection of recombinant adenovirus. We believe that our experimental approach has the potential to facilitate translational development of improved genetic immunization strategies targeting DC directly in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schweichel
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Bonn, Germany
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31
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Medi BM, Singh J. Skin targeted DNA vaccine delivery using electroporation in rabbits II. Safety. Int J Pharm 2005; 308:61-8. [PMID: 16356671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Achilles heel of gene-based therapy is gene delivery into the target cells efficiently with minimal toxic effects. Viral vectors for gene/DNA vaccine delivery are limited by the safety and immunological problems. Recently, nonviral gene delivery mediated by electroporation has been shown to be efficient in different tissues including skin. There are no detailed reports about the effects of electroporation on skin tissue, when used for gene/DNA vaccine delivery. In a previous study we demonstrated the efficacy of skin targeted DNA vaccine delivery using electroporation in rabbits [Medi, B.M., Hoselton, S., Marepalli, B.R., Singh, J., 2005. Skin targeted DNA vaccine delivery using electroporation in rabbits. I. Efficacy. Int. J. Pharm. 294, 53-63]. In the present study, we investigated the safety aspects of the electroporation technique in vivo in rabbits. Different electroporation parameters (100-300 V) were tested for their effects on skin viability, macroscopic barrier property, irritation and microscopic changes in the skin. Skin viability was not affected by the electroporation protocols tested. The electroporation pulses induced skin barrier perturbation and irritation as indicated by elevated transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema/edema, respectively. Microscopic studies revealed inflammatory responses in the epidermis following electroporation using 200 and 300 V pulses. However, these changes due to electroporation were reversible within a week. The results suggest that the electroporation does not induce any irreversible changes in the skin and can be a useful technique for skin targeted DNA vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu M Medi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58105, USA
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32
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Medi BM, Hoselton S, Marepalli RB, Singh J. Skin targeted DNA vaccine delivery using electroporation in rabbits. I: efficacy. Int J Pharm 2005; 294:53-63. [PMID: 15814230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Genetic immunization through skin is highly desirable as skin has plenty of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and is easily accessible. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of electroporation pulse amplitude, pulse length and number of pulses on cutaneous plasmid DNA vaccine delivery and immune responses, following intradermal injection in vivo in rabbits. Expression of the delivered plasmid was studied using a reporter plasmid, coding for beta-galactosidase. The efficiency of DNA vaccine delivery was investigated using a DNA vaccine against Hepatitis B, coding for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Serum samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were analyzed for humoral and cellular immunity, respectively, following immunization. The expression of transgene in the skin was transient and reached its peak in 2 days post-delivery with 200 and 300 V pulses. The expression levels with 200 and 300 V pulses were 48- and 129-fold higher, respectively, compared with the passive on day 2. In situ histochemical staining of skin with X-gal demonstrated the localized expression of beta-galactosidase with electroporation pulses of 200 and 300 V. Electroporation mediated cutaneous DNA vaccine delivery significantly enhanced both humoral and cellular immune responses (p<0.05) to Hepatitis B compared to passive delivery. The present study demonstrates the enhanced DNA vaccine delivery to skin and immune responses by topical electroporation. Hence, electroporation mediated cutaneous DNA vaccine delivery could be developed as a potential alternative for DNA vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu M Medi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
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33
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Steitz J, Wenzel J, Gaffal E, Tüting T. Initiation and regulation of CD8+T cells recognizing melanocytic antigens in the epidermis: implications for the pathophysiology of vitiligo. Eur J Cell Biol 2005; 83:797-803. [PMID: 15679123 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific CD8+T lymphocytes play an important role in defense against cutaneous microbial infection and skin cancer as well as in the pathophysiology of autoimmune skin disease such as lupus erythematodes and vitiligo. We have explored the role of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in an experimental mouse model of vitiligo, a pigmentation disorder characterized by focal loss of melanocytes in the skin. Using genetic immunization techniques we found that pigment cells in the epidermis can be destroyed by CD8+ T cells specifically recognizing a single H2-Kb-binding peptide derived from the model melanocytic self antigen tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2), a melanosomal enzyme involved in pigment synthesis. Experimental evidence suggests that peripheral tolerance of pigment cell-specific cytotoxic CD8+T cells is regulated in two steps. In the induction phase, stimulation and expansion of these T cells in vivo strictly depends on CD4+ T cell help. In the effector phase, autoimmune destruction of melanocytes in the skin depends on local inflammation facilitating the migration of T cells into the epidermis and supporting effector functions. Our results suggest that accidental stimulation of CD8+ CTL recognizing MHC class I-binding peptides derived from melanocytic proteins in the context of an inflammatory skin disease may play an important role in the pathophysiology of vitiligo. Further investigations will address the role of chemokines, chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules in this experimental system and will reveal the role of keratinocytes and Langerhans cells in regulating cutaneous CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Steitz
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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34
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Abstract
Classical immunization protocols have produced an antibody-based humoral response that is very effective against susceptible infectious diseases. Immunization introduces an external substance to induce the host immune system to respond specifically. Typically an antigen is used, but DNA, or a primed, pre-existing leukocyte or antigen-presenting cell, can also be used. Immunization is currently being used or investigated for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, addictions, allergies, pregnancy, and autoimmune diseases. It is also being used to produce biologically active materials such as polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, antivenins, and anti-toxins for treating a wide range of conditions. Animals have been integral to the development of immunization techniques, as producers of toxoids and antitoxins, as models (e.g., to validate materials and protocols used for immunization, to understand the impact of immunization itself on the immune system, and to help investigators devise methods for determining the efficacy of vaccines) and as beneficiaries themselves of vaccines and antitoxins. The choice of immunization protocols is complex, and results may be affected by many factors such as dose and concentration of antigen, choice of adjuvants, time between inoculation and response measurement, and method of detection. The immune system responses to an antigen are also complex and continue to develop with advancing age. Anatomical, physiological, and immune system differences between species influence responses to immunization, as do the purity and presentation of the antigens and adjuvants. When directly comparing results, animals should be sourced from the same supplier. This review highlights the many uses of immunization techniques and introduces important considerations for the choice of protocols and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Schunk
- Laboratories de Contrôle, Sanofi-Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
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Lisziewicz J, Trocio J, Whitman L, Varga G, Xu J, Bakare N, Erbacher P, Fox C, Woodward R, Markham P, Arya S, Behr JP, Lori F. DermaVir: A Novel Topical Vaccine for HIV/AIDS. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:160-9. [PMID: 15654970 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines have the potential to improve antiretroviral drug treatment by inducing cytotoxic killing of HIV-infected cells. Prophylactic vaccines utilize new antigens to initiate immunity; however, in HIV-infected individuals the load of viral antigen is not the limiting factor for the restoration of immune responses. Here we describe a novel immunization strategy with DermaVir that improves viral antigen presentation using dendritic cells (DC). DermaVir contains a distinctive plasmid DNA expressing all HIV proteins except integrase to induce immune responses with broad specificity. The DNA is formulated to a mannosilated particle to target antigen-presenting cells and to protect the DNA from intracellular degradation. After topical application, DermaVir-transduced cells migrate from the skin to the draining lymph node and interdigitate as DermaVir-expressing, antigen-presenting DC. We compared the immunogenicity of topical and ex vivo DC-based DermaVir vaccinations in naive rhesus macaques. Both vaccinations induced simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD4 helper and CD8 memory T cells detected by an in vivo skin test and an in vitro intracellular cytokine-based assay. Topical DermaVir vaccination represents an improvement upon existing ex vivo DC-based immunization technologies and may provide a new therapeutic option for HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Lisziewicz
- Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy (RIGHT), Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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36
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van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Babiuk SL, Babiuk LA. Strategies for improved formulation and delivery of DNA vaccines to veterinary target species. Immunol Rev 2004; 199:113-25. [PMID: 15233730 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Interest in DNA immunization of animals continues, despite the fact that immune responses induced by DNA vaccines are generally lower than those elicited by conventional vaccines. In attempts to enhance the immune response to DNA vaccines, individuals have tried a variety of immune modulators, cytokines, and costimulatory molecules, but these only boost immune responses marginally. These results clearly demonstrate that the major challenge to improving DNA-based vaccines is to improve the transfection efficiency. Gene gun and electroporation can increase transfection and improve immune responses significantly, but these technologies have not yet advanced to the stage of routine use in livestock. Hopefully, transfection efficiency can be increased further in a user-friendly manner to ensure that the benefits of using DNA vaccines become a reality.
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McGuire MJ, Sykes KF, Samli KN, Timares L, Barry MA, Stemke-Hale K, Tagliaferri F, Logan M, Jansa K, Takashima A, Brown KC, Johnston SA. A Library-Selected, Langerhans Cell-Targeting Peptide Enhances an Immune Response. DNA Cell Biol 2004; 23:742-52. [PMID: 15585132 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2004.23.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to deliver antigens and immunomodulators specifically to Langerhans cells (LCs) in the skin could impact vaccine development. However, cell-specific targeting of therapeutic molecules remains a challenge in biomedicine. Using phage display technologies, we have developed a protocol that identifies peptides that mediate uptake into target cell types. Employing this approach, we have isolated a 20-mer peptide that mediates specific uptake by immunopotent LCs. The peptide is functional outside the context of the phage and is able to deliver a nanoparticle to LCs in vitro. Although selected on cells in vitro, the peptide is able to direct antigens and genes to LCs in vivo. Liposomes bearing the LC targeting peptide are able to deliver a transcriptionally active gene to LCs in a mouse model. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a low-dose injection into mice of phage bearing the LC-targeting peptide yields faster and higher immune responses against phage-associated antigens than control-phage injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McGuire
- Center for Biomedical Inventions, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Kohli AK, Alpar HO. Potential use of nanoparticles for transcutaneous vaccine delivery: effect of particle size and charge. Int J Pharm 2004; 275:13-7. [PMID: 15081134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2003] [Revised: 10/27/2003] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of size and charge on the permeation of nanoparticles through the skin as the first step in designing a transdermal vaccine delivery system. Fluorescent particles ranging in size and charge were applied to the surface of full thickness pig skin in a diffusion chamber and the receptor fluid was assayed to determine permeation. Fluorescence microscopy was used to visualise the skin after experiments. The results showed that only 50 and 500 nm particles that were negatively charged were able to permeate the skin. This provides evidence of the potential of nanoparticles as delivery vectors for antigens and DNA for the purpose of transdermal vaccination protocols. The results would indicate that negative particles with sufficient charge may be ideal carriers for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Kohli
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Drug Delivery Research, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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39
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Kageyama Y, Koide Y, Uchijima M, Nagata T, Yoshida A, Taiki A, Miura T, Nagafusa T, Nagano A. Plasmid encoding interleukin-4 in the amelioration of murine collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:968-75. [PMID: 15022341 DOI: 10.1002/art.20107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the therapeutic effect of the administration of plasmid encoding interleukin-4 (IL-4) via gene-gun delivery and via intradermal injection on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS IL-4 plasmid was administered by gene-gun delivery and intradermal injection to DBA/1 mice immunized with type II collagen (CII). The therapeutic effect on the development of CIA was evaluated clinically with a visual scoring method for arthritis and serologically by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Treatment with IL-4-expressing plasmid significantly reduced the incidence and severity of CIA, including a reduction in the anti-CII antibody level. In particular, gene-gun delivery had a higher immunosuppressive effect on CIA compared with intradermal injection. As shown by in vitro stimulation assay, the spleen cells from mice immunized with CII and treated with IL-4 plasmid via gene gun exhibited higher Th2 cytokine responses compared with cells treated with control plasmid after in vitro stimulation with CII. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that treatment with IL-4 plasmid may constitute a new clinical use of cytokine gene therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Kageyama
- Departmentof Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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40
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Morel PA, Falkner D, Plowey J, Larregina AT, Falo LD. DNA immunisation: altering the cellular localisation of expressed protein and the immunisation route allows manipulation of the immune response. Vaccine 2004; 22:447-56. [PMID: 14670327 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA immunisation by intramuscular (IM) injection induces Th1 responses, whereas gene gun (GG) immunisation into the skin stimulates Th2 responses. Three ovalbumin (OVA) cDNA constructs, in which OVA is cytoplasmic (CYT), secreted (SECR), or transmembrane (TM), were compared in immunisation studies using intramuscular injection or biolistic bombardment of the skin. Gene gun immunisation with OVA-CYT or OVA-TM led to strong OVA-specific CTL responses, but not following OVA-SECR immunisation. In contrast, intramuscular immunisation with OVA-SECR or OVA-TM led to potent CTL while immunisation with OVA-CYT was ineffective. OVA-specific antibodies were detected following gene gun immunisation with all three constructs, whereas only the OVA-SECR construct induced antibody production following intramuscular immunisation. These results demonstrate the capacity to manipulate the nature of the immune response by altering the cellular localization of expressed proteins and the route of DNA immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Morel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower E1048, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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41
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Timares L, Safer KM, Qu B, Takashima A, Johnston SA. Drug-inducible, dendritic cell-based genetic immunization. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5483-90. [PMID: 12759425 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Determining the mechanism of Ag loading of Langerhans cells (LC) for genetic immunization (GI) is complicated by the inability to distinguish between the response generated by direct transfection of LC from that due to exogenous uptake. To unravel this mechanism, we examined the impact of gene gun treatment on LC with respect to their activation and migration from skin, transgene expression, and ability to initiate humoral and cellular immune responses upon transfer to naive mice. To assess responses generated by direct LC transfection, an RU486-inducible expression system was used as a GI vector. In vitro skin organ cultures were developed from gene gun immunized mouse ear specimens to obtain LC. Gene gun treatment markedly augmented (3-fold) LC migration from ear skin, and these LC expressed the transgene at RNA and protein levels. Transfer of 2 x 10(5) migratory cells resulted in identical cellular responses to, but 10-fold lower humoral responses than, standard GI. Using an RU486-inducible system, we were able to measure responses generated by directly transfected LC. Our results indicate that direct transfection is a predominant pathway for LC Ag loading. The ability to regulate transgene expression with inducible DC-based vaccines demonstrates a new level of immunological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Timares
- Center for Biomedical Inventions, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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42
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Ohyama M, Ota T, Aoki M, Tsunoda K, Harada R, Koyasu S, Nishikawa T, Amagai M. Suppression of the immune response against exogenous desmoglein 3 in desmoglein 3 knockout mice: an implication for gene therapy. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:610-5. [PMID: 12648224 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapies for recessive genetic diseases may provoke unwanted immune responses against the introduced gene product because patients, especially those with null mutation of a certain protein, have no tolerance for the protein of interest. This study used desmoglein 3 knockout (Dsg3-/-) mice as a disease model for a genetic defect in DSG3, to investigate whether nonviral gene therapy induces an immune response against Dsg3 and whether the reaction against Dsg3 can be prevented. When mouse Dsg3 cDNA was injected in the skin of Dsg3-/- mice, 50% of treated Dsg3-/- mice developed anti-Dsg3 IgG, which can bind native Dsg3 in vivo. To prevent this response, we used an anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody, MR1, which blocks the costimulatory interaction between CD40 and CD40L. To evaluate the effect of MR1, we grafted Dsg3+/+skin on Dsg3-/- mice, to mimic stable gene transfer of Dsg3. After skin grafting, all the recipient Dsg3-/- mice were treated with either MR1 (n=8) or control hamster IgG (n=8). All of the control IgG-treated mice developed circulating anti-Dsg3 IgG about 2 wk after grafting, and IgG deposition was observed on the surfaces of keratinocytes in the grafted Dsg3+/+skin. Such anti-Dsg3 IgG production was significantly prevented, however, when the recipient mice were treated with MR1. These findings suggested that gene therapies for recessive diseases may provoke an immune response against the transgene product, and that the CD40-CD40L interaction might be a reasonable target for effective prevention of such undesirable immune responses, leading, in turn, to a successful gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ohyama
- Department of Dermatology , Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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43
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Uchiyama H, Nagata T, Yamada T, Uchijima M, Aoshi T, Suda T, Chida K, Nakamura H, Koide Y. Endosomal/lysosomal targeting of a single helper T-cell epitope of an intracellular bacterium by DNA immunisation induces a specific T-cell subset and partial protective immunity in vivo. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 216:91-7. [PMID: 12423758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated here the effect of the intracellular targeting of a helper T-cell (Th) epitope, literiolysin O 215-226 derived from Listeria monocytogenes, on induction of a specific Th by gene gun immunisation. Immunisation of C3H/He mice with pE215LAMP plasmid encoding the Th epitope fused with the endosomal/lysosomal targeting signal of lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP)-1 gave the epitope-specific proliferative responses of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In addition, specific interferon-gamma production from the splenocytes was observed. Concomitantly, pE215LAMP-immunised mice showed moderate, but significant protective immunity against listerial challenge. These results suggest that the intracellular targeting of a Th epitope to endosomal/lysosomal compartments by DNA immunisation is useful for eliciting a specific Th subset in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Uchiyama
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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44
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Heckert RA, Elankumaran S, Oshop GL, Vakharia VN. A novel transcutaneous plasmid-dimethylsulfoxide delivery technique for avian nucleic acid immunization. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 89:67-81. [PMID: 12208052 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we show that dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) enhances liposome-mediated transfection of nucleic acid in chicken macrophage cells and that this could be exploited for the transcutaneous delivery of naked DNA through the intact skin of chickens. We found that DMSO enhanced transfection efficiencies of lipofectamine and polyethyleneimine in HD-11 chicken macrophage cells. Based on this principle, we showed that transcutaneous delivery of a DNA plasmid-dimethylsulfoxide mixture (1:1) to untreated skin of chickens results in a wide distribution of the plasmid in the body. Distribution studies were done using plasmids encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene and a bivalent DNA vaccine coding for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) immunogenic protein genes. This bivalent vaccine induced mucosal and systemic immune responses, as evidenced by IgA and IgM production in the tears and serum of vaccinated chickens. Mucosal immune responses in the tears after topical vaccination were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than after i.m. delivery of the same DNA vaccine and were characterized by the absence of an IgG response. The biodistribution of plasmid indicated that topical delivery with DMSO resulted in a wide distribution and persistence of the plasmid until 15 weeks post-primary vaccination. Both delivery methods resulted in insert-specific message being made in several body tissues, but after topical delivery the virus-specific mRNA could be detected in the bone marrow of one out of three chickens until 15 weeks post-primary vaccination. Furthermore, transcutaneous delivery of this DNA vaccine using DMSO conferred protection from challenge with virulent IBDV (86% survival) and NDV (86% survival). This novel transcutaneous method of delivery of a DNA vaccine shows promise as being an easy and effective way to deliver nucleic acids through intact skin for vaccination or therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Heckert
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-3711, USA.
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45
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Ioannou XP, Griebel P, Hecker R, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D plus Emulsigen are increased by formulation with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J Virol 2002; 76:9002-10. [PMID: 12186884 PMCID: PMC136463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.18.9002-9010.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2002] [Accepted: 06/11/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) subunit vaccine formulated with Emulsigen (Em) and a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides (CpG ODN) was determined in cattle. A truncated, secreted version of BHV-1 glycoprotein D (tgD) formulated with Em and CpG ODN at concentrations of 25, 2.5, or 0.25 mg/dose produced a more balanced immune response, higher levels of virus neutralizing antibodies, and greater protection after BHV-1 challenge compared to tgD adjuvanted with either Em or CpG ODN alone. In contrast, tgD formulated with Em and either 25 mg of a non-CpG ODN or another immunostimulatory compound, dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide, induced similar immunity and protection compared to tgD formulated with Em alone, a finding which confirms the immunostimulatory effect of ODN to be CpG motif mediated. Our results demonstrate the ability of CpG ODN to induce a strong and balanced immune response in a target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Ioannou
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3 Canada
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46
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Minichiello V. New vaccine technology--what do you need to know? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS 2002; 14:73-81. [PMID: 11892539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2002.tb00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the vaccine technology presently under development, in trials, or in some cases already available with a focus on applications for the primary care provider. DATA SOURCES Selected scientific literature and Internet sources. CONCLUSIONS Vaccine technology has made significant advances in the last 100 years. Newer approaches in vaccine designs include recombinant subunit vaccines, reassortment virus vaccines, live viral vectors, conjugate vaccines, and DNA vaccines. Traditional vaccines are generally expensive to produce and both live vaccines and protein-based vaccines require special storage conditions. These factors limit the worldwide usefulness of the familiar vaccines of today. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Keeping abreast of changes in this rapidly changing technology is necessary for health care providers to fulfill their roles effectively. New protocols that use nasal, vaginal, and intraperitoneal routes as well as subcutaneous injections and skin patches, edible vaccines and time release methods may be preferred depending on factors such as the age, health status, and emotional status of the patient. These advances hold promise for further progress in the development of vaccines that are protective against multiple organisms in more acceptable delivery systems.
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47
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Liu WJ, Zhao KN, Gao FG, Leggatt GR, Fernando GJ, Frazer IH. Polynucleotide viral vaccines: codon optimisation and ubiquitin conjugation enhances prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. Vaccine 2001; 20:862-9. [PMID: 11738751 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Papillomavirus infection is a major antecedent of anogenital malignancy. We have previously established that the L1 and L2 capsid genes of papillomavirus have suboptimal codon usage for expression in mammalian cells. We now show that the lack of immunogenicity of polynucleotide vaccines based on the L1 gene can be overcome with codon modified L1, which induces strong immune responses, including conformational virus neutralising antibody and delayed type hypersensitivity. Conjugation of a ubiquitin gene to a hybrid gene incorporating L1 and the E7 non-structural papillomavirus protein improved E7 specific CTL responses, and induced protection against an E7 expressing tumour, but induced little neutralising antibody. However, a mixture of ubiquitin conjugated and non-ubiquitin conjugated polynucleotides induced virus neutralising antibody and E7 specific CD8 T cells. An optimal combined prophylactic/therapeutic viral vaccine might therefore comprise ubiquitin conjugated and non-ubiquitinated genes, to induce prophylactic neutralising antibody and therapeutic cell mediated immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Codon/genetics
- Female
- Genes, Viral
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed
- Immunity, Cellular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutralization Tests
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomaviridae/immunology
- Papillomaviridae/pathogenicity
- Papillomavirus Infections/immunology
- Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Papillomavirus Infections/therapy
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Tumor Virus Infections/therapy
- Ubiquitin/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/genetics
- Vaccines, Conjugate/pharmacology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
- Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Liu
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
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48
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Cho JH, Youn JW, Sung YC. Cross-priming as a predominant mechanism for inducing CD8(+) T cell responses in gene gun DNA immunization. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5549-57. [PMID: 11698425 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA immunization induces CD8(+) CTL responses by bone marrow-derived APCs, which are directly transfected with a plasmid DNA and/or acquire Ags from DNA-transfected non-APCs. To investigate the relative contribution of DNA-transfected APCs vs non-APCs to the initiation of CD8(+) T cell responses, we used tissue-specific promoter-directed gene expression and adoptive transfer systems in gene gun DNA immunization. In this study, we demonstrated that non-APC-specific gene expressions induced significant CD8(+) CTL and IFN-gamma-producing cells and Ab responses, whereas APC-specific gene expressions led to moderate CTL and IFN-gamma-producers, but no Ab responses. Interestingly, mice immunized with a non-APC-specific plasmid induced more rapid, vigorous, and prolonged proliferation of adoptively transferred Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells than APC-specific plasmid-immunized mice. In addition, the in vivo proliferative responses elicited by a non-APC-specific plasmid administration were dependent on TAP, but were independent of CD4(+) T cell help. Collectively, our results suggest that cross-priming, in which Ags expressed in non-APCs are taken up, processed, and presented by APCs, plays an important role in the initiation, magnitude, and maintenance of CD8(+) T cell responses in gene gun DNA immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Cho
- National Research Laboratory of DNA Medicine, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Hyojadong, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
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49
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Ishii N, Sugita Y, Liu LJ, Watabe S, Toda S, Xin KQ, Okuda K. Immunologic characterization of HIV-specific DNA vaccine. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2001; 6:76-80. [PMID: 11764291 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.00014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We developed a method for applying HIV-1 DNA vaccine topically in mice. Topical application of DNA vaccine to the skin is useful against infections. To find a less expensive and less cumbersome vaccination method, we administered HIV-1 DNA vaccine to the skin of mice after elimination of keratinocytes using a fast-acting adhesive. HIV-1 DNA vaccine induced high levels of both humoral and cell-mediated immune activity against HIV-1 envelope antigen. A high level of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response was also observed, and a high level of IFN-gamma and IL-4 production was induced by the improved skin application of DNA vaccine. High levels of both HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte and delayed type hypersensitivity in topical application were induced by coadministration of the DNA vaccine with IL-12 expression plasmids and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression plasmids. These immune responses were inhibited by intradermal injection of anti-CD11c or anti-I-A/I-E antibody. Therefore, topical administration of DNA vaccine is an effective route, and may be very useful for the prevention of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ishii
- Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashi-murayama, Tokyo, Japan.
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50
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Liu LJ, Watabe S, Yang J, Hamajima K, Ishii N, Hagiwara E, Onari K, Xin KQ, Okuda K. Topical application of HIV DNA vaccine with cytokine-expression plasmids induces strong antigen-specific immune responses. Vaccine 2001; 20:42-8. [PMID: 11567744 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The topical application of DNA vaccine to the skin is a useful method of immunization because of its simplicity, painlessness and economy. But the immune responses that it elicits are relatively low. In this study, we administered human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) DNA vaccine with cytokine-expressing plasmids to the skin of mice by a new topical application technique involving prior elimination of keratinocytes using fast-acting adhesive. Our results revealed that the topical application of HIV-1 DNA vaccine induced high levels of both humoral and cell-mediated immune activity against HIV-1 envelope antigen. Co-administration of the DNA vaccine with cytokine expression plasmids of IL-12 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by this new method raised the levels of both the HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and facilitated the induction of substantial immune responses by DNA vaccine. Skin biopsy sections, thus, immunized showed significant increases of S-100 protein-positive dendritic cells (DCs). These results suggest that the topical application method described here is an efficient route of DNA vaccine administration and that the immune response may be induced by DNA plasmids taken in by DCs, Langerhans cells (LCs), or others such as antigen-presenting cells. This new topical application is likely to be of benefit in clinical use.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Administration, Cutaneous
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Biopsy
- Dermabrasion
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Gene Products, rev/administration & dosage
- Gene Products, rev/genetics
- Gene Products, rev/immunology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/administration & dosage
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/administration & dosage
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/immunology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Langerhans Cells/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- S100 Proteins/analysis
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Liu
- Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 236-0004, Yokohama, Japan
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