1
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Bieri M, Hendrickx R, Bauer M, Yu B, Jetzer T, Dreier B, Mittl PRE, Sobek J, Plückthun A, Greber UF, Hemmi S. The RGD-binding integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 are receptors for mouse adenovirus-1 and -3 infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010083. [PMID: 34910784 PMCID: PMC8673666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian adenoviruses (AdVs) comprise more than ~350 types including over 100 human (HAdVs) and just three mouse AdVs (MAdVs). While most HAdVs initiate infection by high affinity/avidity binding of their fiber knob (FK) protein to either coxsackievirus AdV receptor (CAR), CD46 or desmoglein (DSG)-2, MAdV-1 (M1) infection requires arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) binding integrins. To identify the receptors mediating MAdV infection we generated five novel reporter viruses for MAdV-1/-2/-3 (M1, M2, M3) transducing permissive murine (m) CMT-93 cells, but not B16 mouse melanoma cells expressing mCAR, human (h) CD46 or hDSG-2. Recombinant M1 or M3 FKs cross-blocked M1 and M3 but not M2 infections. Profiling of murine and human cells expressing RGD-binding integrins suggested that αvβ6 and αvβ8 heterodimers are associated with M1 and M3 infections. Ectopic expression of mβ6 in B16 cells strongly enhanced M1 and M3 binding, infection, and progeny production comparable with mαvβ6-positive CMT-93 cells, whereas mβ8 expressing cells were more permissive to M1 than M3. Anti-integrin antibodies potently blocked M1 and M3 binding and infection of CMT-93 cells and hαvβ8-positive M000216 cells. Soluble integrin αvβ6, and synthetic peptides containing the RGDLXXL sequence derived from FK-M1, FK-M3 and foot and mouth disease virus coat protein strongly interfered with M1/M3 infections, in agreement with high affinity interactions of FK-M1/FK-M3 with αvβ6/αvβ8, determined by surface plasmon resonance measurements. Molecular docking simulations of ternary complexes revealed a bent conformation of RGDLXXL-containing FK-M3 peptides on the subunit interface of αvβ6/β8, where the distal leucine residue dips into a hydrophobic pocket of β6/8, the arginine residue ionically engages αv aspartate215, and the aspartate residue coordinates a divalent cation in αvβ6/β8. Together, the RGDLXXL-bearing FKs are part of an essential mechanism for M1/M3 infection engaging murine and human αvβ6/8 integrins. These integrins are highly conserved in other mammals, and may favour cross-species virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bieri
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Life Sciences Graduate School, ETH and University Of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rodinde Hendrickx
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Life Sciences Graduate School, ETH and University Of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tania Jetzer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peer R. E. Mittl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Sobek
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F. Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Mestrallet G, Auvré F, Schenowitz C, Carosella ED, LeMaoult J, Martin MT, Rouas-Freiss N, Fortunel NO. Human Keratinocytes Inhibit CD4 + T-Cell Proliferation through TGFB1 Secretion and Surface Expression of HLA-G1 and PD-L1 Immune Checkpoints. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061438. [PMID: 34201301 PMCID: PMC8227977 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin protects the body against infection and injury. This protection involves immune and epithelial cells, but their interactions remain largely unknown. Here, we show that cultured epidermal keratinocytes inhibit allogenic CD4+ T-cell proliferation under both normal and inflammatory conditions. Inhibition occurs through the secretion of soluble factors, including TGFB1 and the cell-surface expression of HLA-G1 and PD-L1 immune checkpoints. For the first time, we here describe the expression of the HLA-G1 protein in healthy human skin and its role in keratinocyte-driven tissue immunomodulation. The overexpression of HLA-G1 with an inducible vector increased the immunosuppressive properties of keratinocytes, opening up perspectives for their use in allogeneic settings for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mestrallet
- CEA, Laboratory of Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, DRF, 91000 Evry, France; (G.M.); (F.A.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Frédéric Auvré
- CEA, Laboratory of Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, DRF, 91000 Evry, France; (G.M.); (F.A.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Chantal Schenowitz
- CEA, DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Hemato-Immunology Research Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France; (C.S.); (E.D.C.)
- U976 HIPI Unit, IRSL, Université Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Edgardo D. Carosella
- CEA, DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Hemato-Immunology Research Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France; (C.S.); (E.D.C.)
- U976 HIPI Unit, IRSL, Université Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Joel LeMaoult
- CEA, DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Hemato-Immunology Research Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France; (C.S.); (E.D.C.)
- U976 HIPI Unit, IRSL, Université Paris, 75010 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (M.T.M.); (N.R.-F.); (N.O.F.); Tel.: +33-1-60-87-34-91 (M.T.M.); +33-1-57-27-68-01 (N.R.-F.); +33-1-60-87-34-92 (N.O.F.)
| | - Michèle T. Martin
- CEA, Laboratory of Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, DRF, 91000 Evry, France; (G.M.); (F.A.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (M.T.M.); (N.R.-F.); (N.O.F.); Tel.: +33-1-60-87-34-91 (M.T.M.); +33-1-57-27-68-01 (N.R.-F.); +33-1-60-87-34-92 (N.O.F.)
| | - Nathalie Rouas-Freiss
- CEA, DRF, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, Hemato-Immunology Research Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France; (C.S.); (E.D.C.)
- U976 HIPI Unit, IRSL, Université Paris, 75010 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (M.T.M.); (N.R.-F.); (N.O.F.); Tel.: +33-1-60-87-34-91 (M.T.M.); +33-1-57-27-68-01 (N.R.-F.); +33-1-60-87-34-92 (N.O.F.)
| | - Nicolas O. Fortunel
- CEA, Laboratory of Genomics and Radiobiology of Keratinopoiesis, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, Francois Jacob Institute of Biology, DRF, 91000 Evry, France; (G.M.); (F.A.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (M.T.M.); (N.R.-F.); (N.O.F.); Tel.: +33-1-60-87-34-91 (M.T.M.); +33-1-57-27-68-01 (N.R.-F.); +33-1-60-87-34-92 (N.O.F.)
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3
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Vandamme N, Denecker G, Bruneel K, Blancke G, Akay Ö, Taminau J, De Coninck J, De Smedt E, Skrypek N, Van Loocke W, Wouters J, Nittner D, Köhler C, Darling DS, Cheng PF, Raaijmakers MIG, Levesque MP, Mallya UG, Rafferty M, Balint B, Gallagher WM, Brochez L, Huylebroeck D, Haigh JJ, Andries V, Rambow F, Van Vlierberghe P, Goossens S, van den Oord JJ, Marine JC, Berx G. The EMT Transcription Factor ZEB2 Promotes Proliferation of Primary and Metastatic Melanoma While Suppressing an Invasive, Mesenchymal-Like Phenotype. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2983-2995. [PMID: 32503808 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-inducing transcription factors (TF) are well known for their ability to induce mesenchymal states associated with increased migratory and invasive properties. Unexpectedly, nuclear expression of the EMT-TF ZEB2 in human primary melanoma has been shown to correlate with reduced invasion. We report here that ZEB2 is required for outgrowth for primary melanomas and metastases at secondary sites. Ablation of Zeb2 hampered outgrowth of primary melanomas in vivo, whereas ectopic expression enhanced proliferation and growth at both primary and secondary sites. Gain of Zeb2 expression in pulmonary-residing melanoma cells promoted the development of macroscopic lesions. In vivo fate mapping made clear that melanoma cells undergo a conversion in state where ZEB2 expression is replaced by ZEB1 expression associated with gain of an invasive phenotype. These findings suggest that reversible switching of the ZEB2/ZEB1 ratio enhances melanoma metastatic dissemination. SIGNIFICANCE: ZEB2 function exerts opposing behaviors in melanoma by promoting proliferation and expansion and conversely inhibiting invasiveness, which could be of future clinical relevance. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/14/2983/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vandamme
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Denecker
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Bruneel
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gillian Blancke
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Özden Akay
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joachim Taminau
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jordy De Coninck
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva De Smedt
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Skrypek
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Van Loocke
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Wouters
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Pathology, KULeuven and UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Nittner
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Corinna Köhler
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Douglas S Darling
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, and Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University of Zurich Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marieke I G Raaijmakers
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University of Zurich Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University of Zurich Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Udupi Girish Mallya
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College, Dublin, Ireland.,OncoMark Limited, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mairin Rafferty
- OncoMark Limited, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Balazs Balint
- OncoMark Limited, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William M Gallagher
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College, Dublin, Ireland.,OncoMark Limited, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lieve Brochez
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Florian Rambow
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Goossens
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joost J van den Oord
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Pathology, KULeuven and UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Berx
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Tio D, Kasiem FR, Willemsen M, van Doorn R, van der Werf N, Hoekzema R, Luiten RM, Bekkenk MW. Expression of cancer/testis antigens in cutaneous melanoma: a systematic review. Melanoma Res 2019; 29:349-357. [PMID: 30615012 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The cancer/testis antigen (CTA) family is a group of antigens whose expression is restricted to male germline cells of the testis and various malignancies. This expression pattern makes this group of antigens potential targets for immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to create an overview of CTA expressed by melanoma cells at mRNA and protein level. A systematic literature search was performed in Medline (PubMed) and Embase from inception up to and including February 2018. Studies were screened for eligibility by two independent reviewers. A total of 65 full-text articles were included in the final analysis. A total of 48 CTA have been studied in melanoma. Various CTA show different expression rates in primary and metastatic tumours. Of the 48 CTA, the most studied were MAGE-A3, MAGE-A1, NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A4, SSX2, MAGE-A2, MAGE-C1/CT7, SSX1, MAGE-C2/CT10 and MAGE-A12. On average, MAGE-A3 mRNA is present in 36% of primary tumours, whereas metastatic tumours have an expression rate of 55-81%. The same applies to the protein expression rate of MAGE-A3 in primary tumours, which is reported to be at 15-37%, whereas metastatic tumours have a higher expression rate of 25-70%. This trend of increased expression in metastases compared with primary tumours is observed with MAGE-A1, MAGE-A2, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A12 and NY-ESO-1. Many CTA are expressed on melanoma. This review provides an overview of the expression frequency of CTAs in melanoma and may aid in identifying CTA as the therapeutic target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Tio
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University
| | - Fazira R Kasiem
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam
- Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Marcella Willemsen
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam
- Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam
| | | | - Nienke van der Werf
- Medical Library, Leiden Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Hoekzema
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam
| | - Rosalie M Luiten
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam
- Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Marcel W Bekkenk
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam
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5
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Methylation-dependent SOX9 expression mediates invasion in human melanoma cells and is a negative prognostic factor in advanced melanoma. Genome Biol 2015; 16:42. [PMID: 25885555 PMCID: PMC4378455 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is the most fatal skin cancer displaying a high degree of molecular heterogeneity. Phenotype switching is a mechanism that contributes to melanoma heterogeneity by altering transcription profiles for the transition between states of proliferation/differentiation and invasion/stemness. As phenotype switching is reversible, epigenetic mechanisms, like DNA methylation, could contribute to the changes in gene expression. Results Integrative analysis of methylation and gene expression datasets of five proliferative and five invasion melanoma cell cultures reveal two distinct clusters. SOX9 is methylated and lowly expressed in the highly proliferative group. SOX9 overexpression results in decreased proliferation but increased invasion in vitro. In a B16 mouse model, sox9 overexpression increases the number of lung metastases. Transcriptional analysis of SOX9-overexpressing melanoma cells reveals enrichment in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways. Survival analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas melanoma dataset shows that metastatic patients with high expression levels of SOX9 have significantly worse survival rates. Additional survival analysis on the targets of SOX9 reveals that most SOX9 downregulated genes have survival benefit for metastatic patients. Conclusions Our genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression study of 10 early passage melanoma cell cultures reveals two phenotypically distinct groups. One of the genes regulated by DNA methylation between the two groups is SOX9. SOX9 induces melanoma cell invasion and metastasis and decreases patient survival. A number of genes downregulated by SOX9 have a negative impact on patient survival. In conclusion, SOX9 is an important gene involved in melanoma invasion and negatively impacts melanoma patient survival. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0594-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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6
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Schlegel NC, von Planta A, Widmer DS, Dummer R, Christofori G. PI3K signalling is required for a TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition (EMT-like) in human melanoma cells. Exp Dermatol 2014; 24:22-8. [PMID: 25363503 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a programme defined in epithelial cells and recognized as playing a critical role in cancer progression. Although melanoma is not a cancer of epithelial cells, hallmarks of EMT have been described to play a critical role in melanoma progression. Here, we demonstrate that long-term TGFβ exposure can induce a dedifferentiated EMT-like state resembling a previously described invasive phenotype (EMT-like). TGFβ-induced EMT-like is marked by the downregulation of melanocyte differentiation markers, such as MITF, and the upregulation of mesenchymal markers, such as N-cadherin, and an increase in melanoma cell migration and cell invasion. Pharmacological interference shows the dependency of TGFβ-induced EMT-like on the activation of the PDGF signalling pathway and the subsequent activation of PI3K in human melanoma cells. Together, the data provide novel insights into the transcriptional plasticity of melanoma cells that might contribute to tumor progression in patients and propose avenues to therapeutic interventions.
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7
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Widmer DS, Hoek KS, Cheng PF, Eichhoff OM, Biedermann T, Raaijmakers MIG, Hemmi S, Dummer R, Levesque MP. Hypoxia contributes to melanoma heterogeneity by triggering HIF1α-dependent phenotype switching. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2436-2443. [PMID: 23474946 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported a model for melanoma progression in which oscillation between melanoma cell phenotypes characterized by invasion or proliferation is fundamental to tumor heterogeneity and disease progression. In this study we examine the possible role of hypoxia as one of the microenvironmental influences driving metastatic progression by promoting a switch from a proliferative to an invasive phenotype. Immunohistochemistry on primary human cutaneous melanoma biopsies showed intratumoral heterogeneity for cells expressing melanocytic markers, and a loss of these markers correlated with hypoxic regions. Furthermore, we show that the downregulation of melanocytic markers is dependent on hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), a known regulator of the hypoxic response. In vitro invasion assays showed that a hypoxic environment increases the invasiveness of proliferative melanoma cell cultures in a HIF1α-dependent manner. In contrast, invasive phenotype melanoma cells showed no increase in invasive potential upon exposure to hypoxia. Thus, exposure of proliferative melanoma cells to hypoxic microenvironments is sufficient, in a HIF1α-dependent manner, to downregulate melanocytic marker expression and increase their invasive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Widmer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Keith S Hoek
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ossia M Eichhoff
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Biedermann
- Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Silvio Hemmi
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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8
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Widmer DS, Cheng PF, Eichhoff OM, Belloni BC, Zipser MC, Schlegel NC, Javelaud D, Mauviel A, Dummer R, Hoek KS. Systematic classification of melanoma cells by phenotype-specific gene expression mapping. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:343-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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Eichhoff OM, Weeraratna A, Zipser MC, Denat L, Widmer DS, Xu M, Kriegl L, Kirchner T, Larue L, Dummer R, Hoek KS. Differential LEF1 and TCF4 expression is involved in melanoma cell phenotype switching. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:631-42. [PMID: 21599871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations suggest that melanoma cells drive disease progression by switching back and forth between phenotypic states of proliferation and invasion. Phenotype switching has been linked to changes in Wnt signalling, and we therefore looked for cell phenotype-specific differences in the levels and activity of β-catenin and its LEF/TCF co-factors. We found that while cytosolic β-catenin distribution is phenotype-specific (membrane-associated in proliferative cells and cytosolic in invasive cells), its nuclear distribution and activity is not. Instead, the expression patterns of two β-catenin co-factors, LEF1 and TCF4, are both phenotype-specific and inversely correlated. LEF1 is preferentially expressed by differentiated/proliferative phenotype cells and TCF4 by dedifferentiated/invasive phenotype cells. Knock-down experiments confirmed that these co-factors are important for the phenotype-specific expression of M-MITF, WNT5A and other genes and that LEF1 suppresses TCF4 expression independently of β-catenin. Our data show that melanoma cell phenotype switching behaviour is regulated by differential LEF1/TCF4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossia M Eichhoff
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Zipser MC, Eichhoff OM, Widmer DS, Schlegel NC, Schoenewolf NL, Stuart D, Liu W, Gardner H, Smith PD, Nuciforo P, Dummer R, Hoek KS. A proliferative melanoma cell phenotype is responsive to RAF/MEK inhibition independent of BRAF mutation status. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:326-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fontecedro AC, Lutschg V, Eichhoff O, Dummer R, Greber UF, Hemmi S. Analysis of adenovirus trans-complementation-mediated gene expression controlled by melanoma-specific TETP promoter in vitro. Virol J 2010; 7:175. [PMID: 20670430 PMCID: PMC2920257 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human adenoviruses (Ads) have substantial potential for clinical applications in cancer patients. Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) include oncolytic adenoviruses in which expression of the immediate early viral transactivator protein E1A is controlled by a cancer cell-selective promoter. To enhance efficacy, CRAds are further armed to contain therapeutic genes. Due to size constraints of the capsid geometry, the capacity for packaging transgenes into Ads is, however, limited. To overcome this limitation, the employment of E1A-deleted replication-deficient viruses carrying therapeutic genes in combination with replication-competent CRAd vectors expressing E1A in trans has been proposed. Most trans-complementing studies involved transgene expressions from strong ubiquitous promoters, and thereby relied entirely on the cancer cell specificity of the CRAd vector. RESULTS Here we tested the trans-complementation of a CRAd and a replication-deficient transgene vector containing the same cancer cell-selective promoter. Hereto, we generated two new vectors expressing IL-2 and CD40L from a bicistronic expression cassette under the control of the melanoma/melanocyte-specific tyrosinase enhancer tyrosinase promoter (TETP), which we previously described for the melanoma-specific CRAd vector AdDeltaEP-TETP. These vectors gave rise to tightly controlled melanoma-specific transgene expression levels, which were only 5 to 40-fold lower than those from vectors controlled by the nonselective CMV promoter. Reporter analyses using Ad-CMV-eGFP in combination with AdDeltaEP-TETP revealed a high level of trans-complementation in melanoma cells (up to about 30-fold), but not in non-melanoma cells, unlike the AdCMV-eGFP/wtAd5 binary vector system, which was equally efficient in melanoma and non-melanoma cells. Similar findings were obtained when replacing the transgene vector AdCMV-eGFP with AdCMV-IL-2 or AdCMV-CD40L. However, the combination of the novel AdTETP-CD40L/IL-2 vector with AdDeltaEP-TETP or wtAd5 gave reproducible moderate 3-fold enhancements of IL-2 by trans-complementation only. CONCLUSIONS The cancer cell-selective TETP tested here did not give the expected enforceable transgene expression typically achieved in the Ad trans-complementing system. Reasons for this could include virus-mediated down regulation of limiting transcription factors, and/or competition for such factors by different promoters. Whether this finding is unique to the particular promoter system tested here, or also occurs with other promoters warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Curioni Fontecedro
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Verena Lutschg
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Zürich PhD Program in Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ossia Eichhoff
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Cancer Biology PhD Program, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Schlegel NC, Eichhoff OM, Hemmi S, Werner S, Dummer R, Hoek KS. Id2 suppression of p15 counters TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition of melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 22:445-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2009.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Hamaï A, Meslin F, Benlalam H, Jalil A, Mehrpour M, Faure F, Lecluse Y, Vielh P, Avril MF, Robert C, Chouaib S. ICAM-1 has a critical role in the regulation of metastatic melanoma tumor susceptibility to CTL lysis by interfering with PI3K/AKT pathway. Cancer Res 2009; 68:9854-64. [PMID: 19047166 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human primary melanoma cells (T1) were found to be more susceptible to lysis by a Melan-A/MART-1-specific CTL clone (LT12) than their metastatic derivative (G1). We show that this differential susceptibility does not involve antigen presentation by target cells, synapse formation between the metastatic target and CTL clone, or subsequent granzyme B (GrB) polarization. Although PI-9, an inhibitor of GrB, was found to be overexpressed in metastatic G1 cells, knockdown of the PI-9 gene did not result in the attenuation of G1 resistance to CTL-induced killing. Interestingly, we show that whereas T1 cells express high levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a dramatically reduced expression was noted on G1 cells. We also showed that sorted ICAM-1+ G1 cells were highly sensitive to CTL-induced lysis compared with ICAM-1- G1 cells. Furthermore, incubation of metastatic G1 cells with IFN-gamma resulted in the induction of ICAM-1 and the potentiation of their susceptibility to lysis by LT12. More importantly, we found that the level of ICAM-1 expression by melanoma cells correlated with decreased PTEN activity. ICAM-1 knockdown in T1 cells resulted in increased phosphorylation of PTEN and the subsequent activation of AKT. We have additionally shown that inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway by the specific inhibitor wortmannin induced a significant potentiation of susceptibility of G1 and ICAM-1 small interfering RNA-treated T1 cells to CTL-induced lysis. The present study shows that a shift in ICAM-1 expression, which was associated with an activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, can be used by metastatic melanoma cells to escape CTL-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hamaï
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U753, Laboratoire d'Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines: Interaction effecteurs cytotoxiques-système tumoral, Institut Gustave Roussy PR1 and IFR 54, Villejuif, France
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14
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The activation of human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) is implicated in melanoma cell malignant transformation. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:849-62. [PMID: 19167380 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma development is a multi-step process arising from a series of genetic and epigenetic events. Although the sequential stages involved in progression from melanocytes to malignant melanoma are clearly defined, our current understanding of the mechanisms leading to melanoma onset is still incomplete. Growing evidence show that the activation of endogenous retroviral sequences might be involved in transformation of melanocytes as well as in the increased ability of melanoma cells to escape immune surveillance. Here we show that human melanoma cells in vitro undergo a transition from adherent to a more malignant, non-adherent phenotype when exposed to stress conditions. Melanoma-derived non-adherent cells are characterized by an increased proliferative potential and a decreased expression of both HLA class I molecules and Melan-A/MART-1 antigen, similarly to highly malignant cells. These phenotypic and functional modifications are accompanied by the activation of human endogenous retrovirus K expression (HERV-K) and massive production of viral-like particles. Down-regulation of HERV-K expression by RNA interference prevents the transition from the adherent to the non-adherent growth phenotype in low serum. These results implicate HERV-K in at least some critical steps of melanoma progression.
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15
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Bazhin AV, Dalke C, Willner N, Abschütz O, Wildberger HGH, Philippov PP, Dummer R, Graw J, de Angelis MH, Schadendorf D, Umansky V, Eichmüller SB. Cancer-retina antigens as potential paraneoplastic antigens in melanoma-associated retinopathy. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:140-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Hoek KS, Eichhoff OM, Schlegel NC, Döbbeling U, Kobert N, Schaerer L, Hemmi S, Dummer R. In vivo switching of human melanoma cells between proliferative and invasive states. Cancer Res 2008; 68:650-6. [PMID: 18245463 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma represents a complex and heterogeneous disease for which there are no therapies to improve patient survival. Recent expression profiling of melanoma cell lines identified two transcription signatures, respectively, corresponding with proliferative and invasive cellular phenotypes. A model derived from these findings predicts that in vivo melanoma cells may switch between these states. Here, DNA microarray-characterized cell lines were subjected to in vitro characterization before s.c. injection into immunocompromised mice. Tumor growth rates were measured and postexcision samples were assessed by immunohistochemistry to identify invasive and proliferative signature cells. In vitro tests showed that proliferative signature melanoma cells are faster growing but less motile than invasive signature cells. In vivo proliferative signature cells initiated tumor growth in 14 +/- 3 days postinjection. By comparison, invasive signature cells required a significantly longer (P < 0.001) period of 59 +/- 11 days. Immunohistochemistry showed that regardless of the seed cell signature, tumors showed evidence for both proliferative and invasive cell types. Furthermore, proliferative signature cell types were detected most frequently in the peripheral margin of growing tumors. These data indicate that melanoma cells undergo transcriptional signature switching in vivo likely regulated by local microenvironmental conditions. Our findings challenge previous models of melanoma progression that evoke one-way changes in gene expression. We present a new model for melanoma progression that accounts for transcription signature plasticity and provides a more rational context for explaining observed melanoma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith S Hoek
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Switzerland.
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17
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SØRENSEN MARIARATHMANN, THOMSEN ALLANRANDRUP. Virus-based immunotherapy of cancer: what do we know and where are we going? APMIS 2007; 115:1177-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0643.2007.00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Urosevic M. HLA-G in the skin--friend or foe? Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:480-4. [PMID: 17981049 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body that harbors a robust and versatile immune surveillance system. Whereas impaired immune function of the skin enables tumor growth, excessive immune activation results in different inflammatory diseases of the skin. HLA-G is a non-classical MHC class I molecule that was initially described to provide immunotolerogenic signals. In this context, HLA-G was mainly investigated as a mechanism that tumor cells employ to evade and inhibit host immune response. Expression of HLA-G in several inflammatory conditions in the skin implicated that the (dys)function of this molecule may also underlie excessive immune stimulation observed in these disorders. This review focuses on the functionality of HLA-G in the skin and summarizes available data obtained from studies performed in skin cancer and inflammatory dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Urosevic
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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MacGill RS, Davis TA, Macko J, Mauceri HJ, Weichselbaum RR, King CR. Local gene delivery of tumor necrosis factor alpha can impact primary tumor growth and metastases through a host-mediated response. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:521-31. [PMID: 17653822 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
TNFerade is a replication incompetent adenovector designed to express human TNFalpha under control of the Egr-1 radiation and chemotherapy enhanced promoter, and is currently in Phase II/III clinical testing. Data from Phase I clinical testing of TNFerade in a limited set of melanoma patients suggested the potential to impact distal metastases following intratumoral injections of TNFerade. These clinical observations and the multiple potential mechanisms of TNFerade led us to hypothesize local treatment with TNFerade + radiation may impact metastatic disease. We explored this hypothesis in preclinical models using the spontaneously metastatic, syngeneic B16F10 murine melanoma model. Established subcutaneous B16F10 tumors were treated with intratumoral injections of TNFerade and localized 2 Gy fractionated radiation therapy, modeling the clinical treatment regimen. Following 10-14 days of treatment, mice were evaluated for metastases development in the iliac and axillary lymph nodes. Comparisons of metastatic burden to control groups indicated TNFerade +/- radiation suppressed the formation of metastases in the lymph nodes. Additional experiments in TNF receptor knockout mice, where the only possible effects are on tumor cells containing the TNFalpha receptor, indicate TNFerade's local and distal activities are critically dependent on a host-mediated response. These data provide direct preclinical evidence local therapy of a solid tumor with TNFerade can also reduce metastatic disease, in addition to effects on the treated lesion. Furthermore, our finding of a host dependant response(s) for TNFerade at both the treated tumor and on lymph node metastases suggest the potential for broad activity independent of tumor histology.
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20
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Rebmann V, Wagner S, Grosse-Wilde H. HLA-G expression in malignant melanoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:422-9. [PMID: 17689098 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Both, the expression of HLA-G (a non-classical HLA class I molecule) and the loss of classical HLA class I molecules enable tumor cells to evade from immunosurveillance of the host. Whereas HLA-G down-modulates the immune functions of all cells participating in the immune defence mechanisms, defects on HLA class I expression result in the resistance of tumor cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes attacks. This contribution reviews the HLA-G expression pattern in malignant melanoma lesions, its correlation to the loss of classical HLA class I antigens, and new aspects of HLA-G regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Rebmann
- Institut für Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Virchowstr. 171, D-45122 Essen, Germany.
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21
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Nakai N, Asai J, Ueda E, Takenaka H, Katoh N, Kishimoto S. Vaccination of Japanese patients with advanced melanoma with peptide, tumor lysate or both peptide and tumor lysate-pulsed mature, monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Dermatol 2006; 33:462-72. [PMID: 16848818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We performed a clinical trial to assess the feasibility and efficacy of immunotherapy with peptides, tumor lysate or both peptides and tumor lysate-pulsed mature, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) for advanced malignant melanoma patients that are resistant to conventional therapies. Sixteen patients were enrolled in this trial. All patients received DC vaccines i.d. in the proximal thigh, close to the inguinal lymph nodes, one treatment per week or 2 weeks. Several factors such as clinical findings, computed tomography (CT) images, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay, and immunohistochemistry in primary, metastatic lesions and the DTH site were evaluated. Clinical results through DC vaccination were as follows: in 11 evaluable cases, three stable disease, six progression of disease and two disease-free from the time of study entry to the completion of one vaccination course. One patient showed reduction of the tumors in the metastases on chest CT during the first and second course of DC vaccination. Ten out of 14 evaluable cases showed positive DTH responses to more than one treatment with melanoma peptides or tumor lysate. Eight out of 13 evaluable cases showed positive immunological responses to more than one treatment with melanoma peptides or tumor lysate in an ELISPOT assay. As for the experiences with toxicity and adverse reactions, autosensitization dermatitis-like eruptions appeared in five cases during DC vaccination. No severe adverse effects were seen in any of the patients. In our study, the clinical efficacy in prolongation of the patients' survival was confirmed. At the same time, cancer immunoediting of the tumor was also found. It will be necessary to improve the tumor-specificity of this therapeutic approach and to analyze the mechanism(s) of tumor escape from immunosurveillance in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Nakai
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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22
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Hoek KS, Schlegel NC, Brafford P, Sucker A, Ugurel S, Kumar R, Weber BL, Nathanson KL, Phillips DJ, Herlyn M, Schadendorf D, Dummer R. Metastatic potential of melanomas defined by specific gene expression profiles with no BRAF signature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 19:290-302. [PMID: 16827748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular biology of metastatic potential in melanoma has been studied many times previously and changes in the expression of many genes have been linked to metastatic behaviour. What is lacking is a systematic characterization of the regulatory relationships between genes whose expression is related to metastatic potential. Such a characterization would produce a molecular taxonomy for melanoma which could feasibly be used to identify epigenetic mechanisms behind changes in metastatic behaviour. To achieve this we carried out three separate DNA microarray analyses on a total of 86 cultures of melanoma. Significantly, multiple testing correction revealed that previous reports describing correlations of gene expression with activating mutations in BRAF or NRAS were incorrect and that no gene expression patterns correlate with the mutation status of these MAPK pathway components. Instead, we identified three different sample cohorts (A, B and C) and found that these cohorts represent melanoma groups of differing metastatic potential. Cohorts A and B were susceptible to transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta)-mediated inhibition of proliferation and had low motility. Cohort C was resistant to TGFbeta and demonstrated high motility. Meta-analysis of the data against previous studies linking gene expression and phenotype confirmed that cohorts A and C represent transcription signatures of weakly and strongly metastatic melanomas, respectively. Gene expression co-regulation suggested that signalling via TGFbeta-type and Wnt/beta-catenin pathways underwent considerable change between cohorts. These results suggest a model for the transition from weakly to strongly metastatic melanomas in which TGFbeta-type signalling upregulates genes expressing vasculogenic/extracellular matrix remodelling factors and Wnt signal inhibitors, coinciding with a downregulation of genes downstream of Wnt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith S Hoek
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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23
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Fensterle J, Trefzer U, Berger T, Andersen MH, Ugurel S, Becker JC. HLA-B8 association with late-stage melanoma--an immunological lesson? BMC Med 2006; 4:5. [PMID: 16533402 PMCID: PMC1421420 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in HLA allele frequencies between the diseased and healthy populations may signify efficient immune responses, a notion that has been successfully tested for infectious diseases or for association with genetic elements involved in a distinct type of immunity. This retrospective study is intended to detect differences in MHC class I carrier frequencies of advanced melanoma patients compared to healthy bone marrow donors. METHODS The HLA-A and -B carrier frequencies of 748 stage IV melanoma patients retrieved from serotyping at 6 different centers in Germany were compared using a chi-square test to 13,386 fully HLA typed bone marrow donors registered in the German national bone marrow donor registry. RESULTS The comparison of HLA carrier frequencies in advanced cancer patients with healthy bone marrow donors revealed a significant decrease in HLA-B8 carrier frequencies, which was also apparent in patients with advanced disease compared to patients with loco-regional disease. CONCLUSION The data suggest that protective immune responses restricted to distinct MHC class I molecules may be operational in a subset of melanoma patients, which is the prerequisite for a large scale screen for the corresponding epitopes. Alternatively, the known association of the ancestral haplotype HLA-A1, -B8 and -DR3 with genetic elements such as distinct TNF-alpha alleles might have a protective effect on disease progression. In any case, identification of the cause of protection within this patient subset might lead to a significant improvement in the efficacy of current immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Fensterle
- Inst. f. Med. Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung MSZ, University Clinics of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Zentaris GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Uwe Trefzer
- Department of Dermatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinics of Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Selma Ugurel
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinics of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen C Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinics of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Hofbauer GFL, Hatta N, Daigle I, Hemmi S, Spanaus Schlapbach K, Willers J, Burg G, Simon HU, Dummer R. Fas Ligand Reduces Viability in Primary Melanoma Short-Term Cell Cultures More than in Metastatic Melanoma Short-Term Cell Cultures. Dermatology 2005; 211:318-24. [PMID: 16286739 DOI: 10.1159/000088500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptotic pathway aberrations are reported as important tumor progression factors in melanoma. OBJECTIVE Effect of soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on short-term cultured melanoma cell viability from different stages of melanoma. RESULTS Recombinant human FasL reduced viability after 18 h in a dose-dependent manner in 4 of 5 cell cultures from primary tumors and 1 of 9 cell cultures from metastatic melanoma (67.5 vs. 96.4%, p = 0.007). DNA fragmentation on flow cytometry confirmed apoptosis. Incubation with TRAIL had no effect on melanoma cell viability. Immunohistochemistry showed Fas in 3 of 4 primary and in 6 of 7 metastatic lesions, no FasL in primary lesions, and FasL in 5 of 7 metastatic lesions. CONCLUSION Melanoma short-term cell cultures from primary tumors show decreased viability under FasL, but not TRAIL stimulation rather than short-term cell cultures derived from metastases.
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Anderegg U, Breitschwerdt K, Köhler MJ, Sticherling M, Haustein UF, Simon JC, Saalbach A. MEL4B3, a novel mRNA is induced in skin tumors and regulated by TGF-beta and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:709-18. [PMID: 16098131 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-stroma interactions play a decisive role in the growth and metastasis of solid tumors, and involve signalling either by soluble mediators or direct cell-cell interaction. Here, we report the isolation and characterisation of a novel cDNA (MEL4B3), which is induced in cultured dermal fibroblasts exposed to supernatants of melanoma cell lines. MEL4B3 shares high homology with two predicted cDNA sequences for which no activity has so far been described. In situ hybridisation revealed the expression of MEL4B3 in malignant melanoma increasing with tumor depth; in basal cell carcinoma and in squamous cell carcinoma. MEL4B3 was barely detectable in normal skin or non-malignant melanocytic naevi. Furthermore, MEL4B3 was expressed at high level in the epidermis of psoriatic skin. In vitro, the expression of MEL4B3 was found to be induced by the exposure of human dermal fibroblasts to melanoma cell culture supernatants or to transforming growth factor-beta, interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The expression MEL4B3 therefore reflects closely cell activation occurring during tumor growth, metastasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Anderegg
- Saxon Academy of Science in Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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26
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Urosevic M, Braun B, Willers J, Burg G, Dummer R. Expression of melanoma-associated antigens in melanoma cell cultures. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:491-7. [PMID: 15946236 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of melanoma immunotherapy appears to depend on both melanoma- and immune system-specific factors. Melanoma-specific factors include melanoma-associated antigen (MAA) expression as well as HLA class I molecule expression. We investigated the expression of five MAA - Melan-A/MART-1, tyrosinase, gp100, MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 - by means of FACS analysis in 50 melanoma cell cultures and compared them to the cultures of human foreskin-derived melanocytes and melanoma cell line UKRV-Mel2. Melan-A, tyrosinase and gp100 expression was frequently reduced in melanoma cell cultures, compared to that in foreskin melanocytes, whereas MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 expression showed variable degree of upregulation, compared to that in foreskin melanocytes. The expression of all tested MAA demonstrated high interindividual variability. We further show that cell cultures derived from the same tissue sample are oligoclonal in nature, by demonstrating the presence of up to three cell populations bearing distinct MAA profile. Analysing samples derived from the same patient but each at a different time point, we show that MAA expression profile changes over time either in positive (increase) or in negative (decrease) direction. Finally, we demonstrate that brain metastasis-derived cell cultures significantly overexpress Melan-A and MAGE-3, compared to primary tumours and other metastatic sites (P-value range: 0.05-0.001). Elucidation of the MAA expression patterns and the kinetics within the same patient as well as during the course of the disease may help improve current and develop new immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Urosevic
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Al-Batran SE, Rafiyan MR, Atmaca A, Neumann A, Karbach J, Bender A, Weidmann E, Altmannsberger HM, Knuth A, Jäger E. Intratumoral T-cell infiltrates and MHC class I expression in patients with stage IV melanoma. Cancer Res 2005; 65:3937-41. [PMID: 15867394 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration of tumors by T cells has been shown to correlate with prolonged patients' survival. However, it remains unclear why only some tumors are infiltrated with T cells. This study was designed to investigate possible correlations between intratumoral T-cell infiltrates and the expression of cancer-associated antigens and MHC class I and II molecules in patients with melanoma. Fresh frozen samples from 124 stage IV melanoma patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of Melan-A/MART-1, tyrosinase, gp100, NY-ESO-1, and MHC class I and II. Intratumoral T-cell and B-cell infiltrates were detected by staining with anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD3, and L26 antibodies. The NY-ESO-1 serum antibody status was assessed by Western blot analysis. Intratumoral CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were detected in 63.9% and 71.3% of patients, respectively. We observed a significant heterogeneity of the expression of the melanocyte differentiation antigens, NY-ESO-1, and MHC class I and II molecules. The only significant correlation was found between the expression of MHC class I and the presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (P < 0.0001). There was a strong association between these two variables with respect to the density and distribution of infiltrating T cells and the pattern of MHC class I expression (focal versus homogenous). Intratumoral T-cell infiltration is closely correlated with the MHC class I expression but not with the expression of differentiation antigens, cancer-associated antigens, or MHC class II molecules. These results may have implications for the definition of prognostic variables and for the identification of patients who may benefit from antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy.
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Murer K, Urosevic M, Willers J, Selvam P, Laine E, Burg G, Dummer R. Expression of Melan-A/MART-1 in primary melanoma cell cultures has prognostic implication in metastatic melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2005; 14:257-62. [PMID: 15305155 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000136713.21029.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The lack of melanoma-associated antigen (MAA) expression has been associated with the reduced overall survival in melanoma patients. In order to investigate whether the MAA expression detected on cell cultures established from melanoma patients might relate to the overall survival in these patients, we screened primary cell cultures derived from 37 melanoma metastases for the expression of five known MAA: Melan-A, tyrosinase, gp-100, MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). MAA expression detected by PCR was found at a high percentage in evaluated melanoma cell lines: 25 of 28 (89%) were positive for Melan-A, 22 of 28 (79%) were positive for tyrosinase, 26 of 28 (93%) were positive for gp-100, and 18 of 28 (64%) were positive for MAGE-3 expression. Using the FACS method the percentage of MAA-positive cell lines was much lower: 14 of 31 (45%) cell lines were positive for Melan-A, eight of 31 (26%) were positive for tyrosinase, 13 of 31 (42%) were positive for gp-100, six of 31 (19%) were positive for MAGE-1, and 14 of 31 (45%) were positive for MAGE-3 expression. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that the patients whose cell lines were positive for Melan-A expression by PCR had significantly longer overall survival time as Melan-A PCR-negative cases (P=0.0038). This could not be shown for any of the markers tested by FACS. Our results suggest that the expression of Melan-A/MART-1 in patient-derived cell cultures may help to identify a group of melanoma patients with prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Murer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Yang S, Meyskens FL. Alterations in Activating Protein 1 Composition Correlate with Phenotypic Differentiation Changes Induced by Resveratrol in Human Melanoma. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 67:298-308. [PMID: 15492115 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.006023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol has demonstrated preventive and therapeutic activities in a variety of tumors. However, the mechanistic basis of its pharmacological effects on human melanoma has not been well defined. Our results demonstrated that resveratrol significantly inhibited melanoma anchorage-independent growth, and even at high doses no distinct apoptosis or cell cycle arrest was observed. It is noteworthy that c83-2c (metastatic) and wm3211 (radial growth phase) melanoma cells became more dendritic shaped with resveratrol treatment. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen and Fas/CD95 constitutive surface expression levels were, respectively, increased by 2.7- and 1.6-fold of control in c83-2c cells. Resveratrol reduced both activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA binding and transcriptional activities, and supershift assay revealed that AP-1 composition was shifted from c-Jun/JunD/Fra-1 to JunD/Fra-1/Fra-2, with markedly increased JunD, Fra-1, and Fra-2 protein expression levels in the nucleus. Furthermore, we overexpressed Fra-2 in human melanoma cells by using a Fra-2 expression construct and both AP-1 transcriptional activity and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-induced transcriptional transactivation were reduced significantly, whereas MHC class I antigen and Fas/CD95 levels were elevated to 2.0 and 1.8 times of control, respectively. Addition of H(2)O(2) (10 muM) partially reversed the inhibition of colony proliferation; however, no effects on either MHC class I antigen or Fas expression was evident. Although H(2)O(2) restored participation of c-Jun in AP-1 complexes, H(2)O(2) addition did not affect the induction of Fra-1 and Fra-2 by resveratrol nor the morphological changes. We propose that alterations in AP-1 transcription signaling, mediated by changes in AP-1 dimeric composition and reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, substantially contribute to the phenotypic changes induced by resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yang
- College of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, 101 The City Drive South, Bldg. 56, Room 215, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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30
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Hofbauer GFL, Burkhart A, Schüler G, Dummer R, Burg G, Nestle FO. High frequency of melanoma-associated antigen or HLA class I loss does not correlate with survival in primary melanoma. J Immunother 2004; 27:73-8. [PMID: 14676635 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200401000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma-associated antigens are at the center of many immunotherapeutic trials in melanoma. Little is known about the impact of antigen expression on the natural course of disease. We stained 110 cases of primary melanoma with a median follow-up of 13 years (range 10-18 years) for melanoma-associated antigens gp100, MelanA/MART-1, MAGE-3, tyrosinase, and for HLA class I molecules. Of 91 cases evaluated, we found immunoreactivity for gp100, MelanA/MART-1, and tyrosinase in 88%, 80%, and 87% of primary tumors, respectively, for MAGE-3 in 37% and for HLA class I in 86% of primary tumors. Loss, that is, heterogeneous expression within primary tumors, was most pronounced for gp100 (73% of primary tumors) and least for MAGE-3 (27% of primary tumors). MelanA/MART-1 and tyrosinase expression loss was 58% and 59% of primary tumors, respectively. There was a high rate of expression loss for HLA class I (74%). Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis of expression in primary tumors and loss of melanoma antigens as well as HLA class I in individual primary tumors showed no significant correlation to overall survival. Loss of gp100 and loss of tyrosinase expression showed a negative survival trend over homogeneous expression of these antigens, although not reaching statistical significance (P = 0.08 and P = 0.09, respectively). We conclude that loss of melanoma antigen expression as well as HLA class I expression is a frequent observation in primary melanoma. However, no statistically significant correlation between loss of these antigens in individual primary tumors and negative impact on overall survival was found in our cohort.
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31
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Abstract
Despite well-defined and immunogenic tumor antigens, and even in the presence of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic cells, the immune system does not appear to be very effective in eradicating cells that have undergone malignant transformation. Tumor cells, even though invading and representing a threat, are not truly "foreign" but autologous cells that have become transformed in a subtle way, enabling them to escape the host immune system. Melanoma, and to less extent nonmelanoma, skin cancers have developed different strategies to circumvent host immunosurveillance. HLA-G is one of the molecules implicated in cancer immunescape. This review will concentrate on induction and expression of this nonclassical class I molecule in different skin cancer types presenting existing experimental evidence on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Urosevic
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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32
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Cabrera T, Pedrajas G, Cozar JM, Garrido A, Vicente J, Tallada M, Garrido F. HLA class I expression in bladder carcinomas. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2003; 62:324-7. [PMID: 12974799 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
HLA class I molecules are frequently lost in a large variety of human carcinomas, possibly because of T-cell immune selection of major histocompatibility complex class I deficient tumor variants. We report that this phenomenon is also a frequent event in bladder carcinomas. Of a total of 72 bladder carcinomas, 72% of the tumors had at least one alteration in HLA class I expression. These altered HLA class I phenotypes were classified as total HLA class I loss (25%; phenotype I); HLA-A or/and HLA-B locus-specific loss (12%; phenotype III); and HLA class I allelic loss (35%; phenotype II or IV). Comparison of histopathological parameters with HLA class I expression showed a statistically significant relationship with the degree of differentiation and tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cabrera
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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33
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Nagel H, Maag S, Tassis A, Nestlé FO, Greber UF, Hemmi S. The alphavbeta5 integrin of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells is a transduction receptor of RGD-4C fiber-modified adenoviruses. Gene Ther 2003; 10:1643-53. [PMID: 12923563 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial and endothelial cells expressing the primary Coxsackie virus B adenovirus (Ad) receptor (CAR) and integrin coreceptors are natural targets of human Ad infections. The fiber knob of species A, C, D, E and F Ad serotypes binds CAR by mimicking the CAR-homodimer interface, and the penton base containing arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) motifs binds with low affinity to alphav integrins inducing cell activation. Here, we generated seven different genetically modified Ad vectors with RGD sequences inserted into the HI loop of fiber knob. All mutants bound and infected CAR and alphav integrin-positive epithelial cells with equal efficiencies. However, the Ads containing two additional cysteines, both N and C terminals of the RGD sequence (RGD-4C), were uniquely capable of transducing CAR-less hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic human tumor cell lines and primary melanoma cells. Both binding and transduction of RGD-4C Ad were blocked by soluble RGD peptides. Flow cytometry of cell surface integrins and virus binding to CAR-less cells in the presence of function-blocking anti-integrin antibodies indicated that the alphavbeta5 integrin, but not alphavbeta3, alphaIIbbeta3 or beta1,alpha5 or alpha6-containing integrins served as a functional transduction receptor of the RGD-4C Ads. However, in cells with low levels of alphavbeta5 integrin, the function-blocking anti-alphavbeta5 antibodies were not effective, unlike soluble RGD peptides. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the alphavbeta5 integrin is a functional transduction receptor of RGD-4C Ads in the absence of CAR, and that additional RGD receptors are targets of these viruses. The RGD-4C vectors further extend the tropism of Ads towards potential human therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nagel
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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34
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Peter I, Graf C, Dummer R, Schaffner W, Greber UF, Hemmi S. A novel attenuated replication-competent adenovirus for melanoma therapy. Gene Ther 2003; 10:530-9. [PMID: 12646858 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To generate a replication-competent adenovirus (Ad) with specificity for melanoma, we constructed a tissue-specific promoter restricting E1A expression to melanoma cells. The combination of four copies of a mouse tyrosinase enhancer element (TE) fused to the human tyrosinase promoter (TP) yielded up to 2000-fold higher luciferase reporter activity in tyrosinase-expressing melanoma cells than in nonmelanoma cells. Insertion of the composite TETP construct upstream of the E1A gene was combined with deleting as far as possible the intertwined endogenous Ad enhancer/promoter (EP). The resulting AdDeltaEP-TETP vector, also deleted for the E3 region, was found to replicate in tyrosinase-positive melanoma cells, such as SK-Mel23 as efficiently as wild-type Ad5, but at a more than 50-fold reduced level in nonmelanoma tumour cells and primary human cells. Injection of AdDeltaEP-TETP into xenotransplanted melanomas, but not into HeLa-derived tumours led to long-lasting tumour regression in nude mice. This AdDeltaEP-TETP virus might be useful for the treatment of accessible lesions in advanced melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Peter
- 1Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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Bubanovic IV. Origin of anti-tumor immunity failure in mammals and new possibility for immunotherapy. Med Hypotheses 2003; 60:152-8. [PMID: 12606227 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is now much evidence that tumors can be immunogenic. Tumor cells very often express antigens in a form recognizable by the host immune system, but most frequently without consequences on tumor progression. This has been shown in many experimental models and different experimental conditions. Immediate mechanisms for the escape of tumors from immune response are very similar with mechanisms for the escape of fetoplacental unit (as an allograft) from maternal immune response. Similarity between these two mechanisms is so significant that any randomness is banished. Mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity in mammals are substantially different in comparison with mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity in other classes of vertebrates. Moreover, type of most frequently tumors in non-mammalians vertebrates is also significant different. Incidence of malignant tumors in non-mammalians vertebrates is significantly less than incidence of malignant tumors in mammals. These facts indicate that immune system of mammals during anti-tumor immune response is tricked with similarity between tumor cells and trophoblast or other placental cells. It may be a specific evolutionary approach in rendering of anti-tumor immunity failure in mammals, and new possibility for anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Bubanovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Center in Gnjilane, Gnjilane, Yugoslavia.
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36
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Seo N, Hayakawa S, Tokura Y. Mechanisms of immune privilege for tumor cells by regulatory cytokines produced by innate and acquired immune cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2002; 12:291-300. [PMID: 12147203 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-579x(02)00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In murine tumors, innate immunity act as a trigger for the development of acquired immunity. The innate immune cells, natural killer (NK) and natural T (NKT) cells, generate the acquired immune cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and T helper (Th) 1 cells, by releasing interferon (IFN)-gamma. Regulatory T cells co-infiltrate with these tumoricidal effectors. In the innate phase, T cell receptor (TCR) gammadelta-bearing T (gammadelta T) and TCRalphabeta intermediate T cells are the regulators that suppress NK and NKT cells by elaborating interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. The acquired phase has Th3/T regulatory 1-like cells that inhibit CTLs and Th1 cells by TGF-beta. Thus, cytokines from regulatory T cells exert profound effects on tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handa-Yama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
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37
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Geertsen R, Böni R, Blasczyk R, Romero P, Betts D, Rimoldi D, Hong X, Laine E, Willers J, Dummer R. Loss of single HLA class I allospecificities in melanoma cells due to selective genomic abbreviations. Int J Cancer 2002; 99:82-7. [PMID: 11948496 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Expression of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) Class I molecules is essential for the recognition of malignant melanoma (MM) cells by CD8(+) T lymphocytes. A complete or partial loss of HLA Class I molecules is a potent strategy for MM cells to escape from immunosurveillance. In 2 out of 55 melanoma cell cultures we identified a complete phenotypic loss of HLA allospecificities. Both patients have been treated unsuccessfully with HLA-A2 peptides. To identify the reasons underlying the loss of single HLA-A allospecificities, we searched for genomic alterations at the locus for HLA Class I alpha-chain on chromosome 6 in melanoma cell cultures established from 2 selected patients with MM in advanced stage. This deficiency was associated with alterations of HLA-A2 gene sequences as determined by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). Karyotyping revealed a chromosomal loss in Patient 1, whereas melanoma cell cultures established from Patient 2 displayed 2 copies of chromosome 6. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using markers located around position 6p21 was detected in both cases. By applying group-specific primer-mixes spanning the 5'-flanking region of the HLA-A2 gene locus the relevant region was amplified by PCR and subsequent sequencing allowed alignment with the known HLA Class I reference sequences. Functional assays using HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T-cell clones were performed in HLA-A2 deficient MM cultures and revealed a drastically reduced susceptibility to CTL lysis in HLA-A2 negative cells. We could document the occurrence of selective HLA-A2 deficiencies in cultured advanced-stage melanoma metastases and identify their molecular causes as genomic alterations within the HLA-A gene locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Geertsen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
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38
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Olie RA, Hafner C, Küttel R, Sigrist B, Willers J, Dummer R, Hall J, Stahel RA, Zangemeister-Wittke U. Bcl-2 and bcl-xL antisense oligonucleotides induce apoptosis in melanoma cells of different clinical stages. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:505-12. [PMID: 11874491 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies have shown the promise of bcl-2 antisense therapy in patients with melanoma. To further demonstrate the importance of bcl-2 and validate the related antiapoptotic protein bcl-xL as targets for antisense therapy in melanoma, their implication as survival factors in melanoma cells of different clinical stages as well as in normal melanocytes was investigated. Primary cell cultures derived from 17 melanomas, the cell line A375, and normal melanocytes from healthy donors were treated with antisense oligonucleotides targeting either the bcl-xL mRNA or the bcl-2 and the bcl-xL mRNAs simultaneously. Bcl-2 and bcl-xL expression in cells was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Cell viability was assessed in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and apoptosis assays. Bcl-2 expression was low in melanoma cells of stages I, II, and III, hardly detectable in A375 cells, but high in normal melanocytes. Bcl-xL expression was high in all cell types tested. As shown in A375 cells and the stage III melanoma cells 0513, both the bcl-xL monospecific oligonucleotide 4259 and the bcl-2/bcl-xL bispecific oligonucleotide 4625 effectively reduced tumor cell viability by induction of apoptosis with IC50 values ranging from 200 to 350 nM. Oligonucleotide 4625 proved to be superior to 4259, as it significantly reduced the viability of cells from all melanoma stages. Both oligonucleotides reduced also the viability of normal melanocytes. Our data suggest that bcl-2 and bcl-xL are promising targets for antisense therapy of melanoma, and that the simultaneous downregulation of their expression may provide additional clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Olie
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
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39
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Willers J, Urosevic M, Laine E, Geertsen R, Kündig T, Burg G, Dummer R. Decreased intraindividual HLA class I expression is due to reduced transcription in advanced melanoma and does not correlate with HLA-G expression. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:1498-504. [PMID: 11886514 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The presentation of endogenously synthesized peptides in association with HLA class I molecules allows the activation of CD8(+) lymphocytes. Tumor cells often fail to present antigenic peptides resulting in the immune escape of metastasizing cells. The aim of this study was to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms leading to reduced antigen presentation in melanoma. Melanoma cell short-time cultures were genotypically and phenotypically HLA-typed by sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction and complement-mediated microlymphocytotoxicity assays, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis of HLA-A2 and HLA-A3 allospecificities were performed to confirm typing results. Transcriptional levels of classical HLA-A, HLA-B genes and nonclassical HLA-G genes were detected using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (LightCycler). We found loss or downregulation of HLA proteins in 18% (for HLA-A) and 53% (for HLA-B) of all tested metastases. Genomic analysis, however, revealed the presence of the corresponding HLA class I gene in six out of seven cases. On the level of gene transcription we observed a differential regulation of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-G mRNA expression. There was no correlation between classical and nonclassical HLA gene transcription, but the transcriptional levels of classical HLA corresponded to the protein expression levels. Furthermore, an overall reduced amount of HLA class I gene transcription was observed in melanoma metastases during disease progression in three individuals. We postulate that there is a transcriptional regulation of HLA class I gene expression in melanoma cells. These data suggest that treatment approaches aimed at activating specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are most successful in early disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Willers
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
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40
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Hofbauer GF, Geertsen R, Laine E, Burg G, Dummer R. Impact of interferons on the expression of melanoma-associated antigens in melanoma short-term cell cultures. Melanoma Res 2001; 11:213-8. [PMID: 11468509 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200106000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Some immunotherapeutic approaches based on melanoma-associated antigens rely on in vitro cultivation of melanoma cells. A beneficial effect of interferons has been shown in melanoma. This study aimed to determine whether stimulation of patient-derived melanoma short-term cell cultures using interferon-alpha and -gamma changes the expression pattern of melanoma-associated antigens. Lymph node, skin and brain metastases were cultivated for up to 3 weeks and treated with interferon-alpha, interferon-gamma or mock stimulation. Expression of the melanoma-associated antigens MAGE-3, MelanA/MART-1 and tyrosinase was determined by flow cytometry and compared with the expression pattern of HLA class I molecules. We found consistently enhanced expression of HLA class I molecules, whereas the melanoma-associated antigens showed mixed responses, with moderate induction, suppression or no visible effect. The reaction to interferon stimulation was similar for all the antigens examined within a single melanoma cell culture. In contrast to the HLA class I molecules, which showed induced expression with interferon, the melanoma-associated antigens showed a varied response to interferon stimulation. Differential reaction to interferon stimulation is of importance to immunotherapeutic modalities and might influence progression of the disease. We therefore suggest that evaluation of variation in melanoma-associated antigen expression in the clinical setting may help to identify patients who would profit from adjuvant interferon therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Hofbauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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41
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Peter I, Mezzacasa A, LeDonne P, Dummer R, Hemmi S. Comparative analysis of immunocritical melanoma markers in the mouse melanoma cell lines B16, K1735 and S91-M3. Melanoma Res 2001; 11:21-30. [PMID: 11254112 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200102000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mouse melanoma cell lines B16, K1735 and Cloudman S91-M3 (and various sublines) are frequently used as melanoma models. Extensive comparative data of their immunological features are not available. In order to define the immunological profiles of these cell lines, relevant tumour markers were studied. S91-M3 melanoma cells constitutively expressed high levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I, in contrast to K1735-M2 and B16-F1 cells. MHC II expression was restricted to B16-F1 cells following interferon-gamma treatment. Tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-2 and gp100 were detected in B16-F1 and S91-M3 cells, but not in K1735-M2 cells. Constitutive surface expression and secretion of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was found on S91-M3 cells. No substantial secretion of interleukin-10 could be detected. In contrast, low levels of latent transforming growth factor-beta were found in the cell supernatants of B16-F1 and K1735-M2 cells. The expression pattern of Fas, FasL and FLICE inhibitory protein was comparable in all three cell lines. Thus our findings indicate that each cell line presents a characteristic immunological profile, confirming that B16-F1 is an appropriate murine tumour model for tumours with low levels of MHC I but expressing melanoma-associated antigens. S91-M3 represents a complementary, more immunogenic model. In contrast, K1735-M2 does not seem to be an appropriate model for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Peter
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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42
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Kamarashev J, Ferrone S, Seifert B, Böni R, Nestle FO, Burg G, Dummer R. TAP1 down-regulation in primary melanoma lesions: an independent marker of poor prognosis. Int J Cancer 2001; 95:23-8. [PMID: 11241306 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20010120)95:1<23::aid-ijc1004>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma tumor thickness is a major prognostic factor. Thin lesions, however, may metastasize, and sometimes thick tumors may not. To investigate the role of HLA class I-mediated antigen presentation, we correlated the expression of components of the antigen-processing machinery in primary melanoma lesions with their thickness and with the development of metastases. Seventeen formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary melanomas thinner than 0.76 mm and 21 thicker than 1.50 mm were stained with anti-LMP2, -LMP7, -TAP1, -TAP2, -HLA class I and -beta2-microglobulin monoclonal antibodies. Twenty patients remained tumor-free in the follow-up period (10.5 +/- 1.8 years). Eighteen patients relapsed within a median period of 15.0 months following tumor excision. Expression of all markers in the tested lesions was down-regulated, the frequency ranging from about 40% for LMP and TAP subunits to about 70% for HLA class I antigens. Expression of all markers was not correlated with tumor thickness. Only TAP1 and TAP2 down-regulation was significantly (p = 0.026 and 0.042, respectively) correlated with the development of metastases. This correlation was independent of tumor thickness for TAP1. We suggest that TAP1 and probably TAP2 expression in primary lesions represents an independent prognostic marker in melanoma. Abnormalities in antigen presentation may account for the lack of absolute correlation between tumor thickness and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kamarashev
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hurks HM, Metzelaar-Blok JA, Mulder A, Claas FH, Jager MJ. High frequency of allele-specific down-regulation of HLA class I expression in uveal melanoma cell lines. Int J Cancer 2000; 85:697-702. [PMID: 10699951 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000301)85:5<697::aid-ijc16>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intra-ocular tumor in adults and has a high mortality rate due to liver metastases, for which no effective treatment is available. To investigate whether immunotherapy might be feasible in uveal melanoma, the HLA class I surface expression of 6 uveal melanoma cell lines was analyzed by flow cytometry using a broad panel of allele-specific monoclonal antibodies. To up-regulate HLA expression, cells were also cultured with IFN-alpha or -gamma. In general, expression of HLA-A alleles was high (except for cell line EOM-3) and could be further up-regulated by both IFN-alpha and -gamma. In cell line EOM-3, IFN-gamma treatment resulted in significant HLA-A expression while IFN-alpha treatment did not. Expression of HLA-B alleles was low or even negative. Variable effects were observed after IFN treatment. In 3 cell lines, expression of some HLA-B alleles could not be induced by IFN-alpha or -gamma: HLA-B44 in cell line 92-1, HLA-B15 in cell line OCM-1 and HLA-B5 in cell line MEL-202. The other B alleles of these cell lines showed enhanced expression levels upon IFN stimulation. In OMM-1 cells, IFN-alpha and -gamma increased the expression of HLA-A but did not induce expression of the 2 B alleles, indicating an HLA-B locus-specific loss. We thus found a high frequency of allele-specific and locus-specific down-regulation of HLA expression in uveal melanoma cell lines. Some of these defects were not restored by IFN-alpha or -gamma treatment. The lack of HLA expression may explain why uveal melanoma cells escape immune surveillance by cytotoxic T cells and complicate the development of immunotherapy in uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Hurks
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Geertsen R, Zenklusen R, Kamarashev J, Burg G, Dummer R. Inverse regulation of neuronal cellular adhesion molecule (NCAM) by IFN-gamma in melanoma cell cultures established from CNS lesions. Int J Cancer 1999; 83:135-40. [PMID: 10449620 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990924)83:1<135::aid-ijc23>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In advanced stages of malignant melanoma (MM), metastases to the CNS are frequently observed. Few results are available on trophic factors and immunological features involved in the process of invasion and adhesion of circulating metastatic cells into the CNS. A direct comparison of remote metastases found in different locations of the same patient might help to identify such properties. For this purpose, we screened a panel of MM cell cultures, which had been established from patients with surgically removed MM lesions of the CNS, for expression and regulation of immunorelevant molecules. The results were compared with standard controls and cultures established from non-CNS metastatic lesions of the same patients. No significant differences were observed for expression of HLA-I, HLA-II, ICAM-1 and the melanoma-associated antigens Mage-3, MelanA and tyrosinase. Constitutive expression of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) was found in all CNS-derived samples and in fewer than 50% of non-CNS derived cultures. IFN-gamma was found to have a weak up-regulating effect in all non-CNS-derived cultures, except normal melanocytes. However, in 6/7 CNS-derived cultures, pre-treatment with IFN-gamma reduced expression of NCAM to 28% to 77% of the level in untreated cultures. The presence and regulation of NCAM differs between MM cells derived from CNS metastases and non-CNS-derived melanocytic cells. Thus, NCAM might be a candidate immunoregulating molecule involved in the formation of CNS metastases of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Geertsen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
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Yue FY, Geertsen R, Hemmi S, Burg G, Pavlovic J, Laine E, Dummer R. IL-12 directly up-regulates the expression of HLA class I, HLA class II and ICAM-1 on human melanoma cells: a mechanism for its antitumor activity? Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:1762-73. [PMID: 10382738 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199906)29:06<1762::aid-immu1762>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 enhances cytolytic activity and proliferation of NK and T cells, and induces cytokines such as IFN-gamma. No direct effects on non-hematopoietic cells have been shown. This study investigates the effects of IL-12 on melanoma cells in vitro. We analyzed 15 melanoma cell cultures and 1 melanoma cell line. Out of 16 samples 13 expressed the beta chain of the IL-12 receptor (IL-12Rbeta). Preincubation with IL-12 increased the surface levels of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I, HLA class II and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 of those cultures with IL-12Rbeta expression. The effects of IL-12 on HLA class I could be blocked by an IL-12-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb), but not by an mAb against IFN-gamma. Melanoma cells transduced with IL-12 expressed enhanced levels of HLA class I, HLA class II and ICAM-1 compared to controls. Co-incubation of the melanoma cells with allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) resulted in enhanced proliferation and increased production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma after pretreatment with IL-12. IL-12 pretreatment increased the susceptibility of melanoma cells to lysis by prestimulated autologous PBMC. Since IL-12 induced immunocritical surface molecules on melanoma cells, it might be beneficial during immune interventions in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Yue
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zürich Medical School, Switzerland
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Hemmi S, Geertsen R, Mezzacasa A, Peter I, Dummer R. The presence of human coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor is associated with efficient adenovirus-mediated transgene expression in human melanoma cell cultures. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:2363-73. [PMID: 9829535 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.16-2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (AdV)-mediated gene expression of immune stimulators represents a valuable in vivo approach for gene therapy of human cancer. The expression level of the therapeutic gene is of crucial importance for the efficacy of this type of treatment. Entry of AdV is dependent on the primary adenovirus receptor CAR and the secondary AdV receptor identified earlier to be a member of the integrin family of surface molecules. We have analyzed 14 different human melanoma cell cultures from different stages together with one melanoma cell line for their AdV-mediated transduction and expression efficiency. Recombinant viruses at various concentrations were used for expression of the B7-1 costimulatory molecule under the control of different promoters and the expression levels of B7-1 were analyzed by flow cytometry. AdV-mediated IL-12 expression was measured using a commercial ELISA. Levels of transgene expression were compared with the expression levels of HCAR, the alpha(v)beta3 and alpha(v)beta5 integrins, and HLA class I. In 4 of 14 cell cultures tested, the presence of the primary virus receptor CAR was associated with the high transduction efficiency phenotype when using the B7-1- and IL-12-expressing viruses at a relatively low multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 50. Immunohistochemistry on cryosections from the original biopsies yielded a strong signal specific for CAR. In contrast, cell cultures expressing low or undetectable levels of CAR needed a 20- to 40-fold higher viral input to show comparable expression level of B7-1 or IL-12. Expression levels of the transgenes hardly varied when using different promoters and no association was observed with the presence or absence of HLA class I molecules or with the expression levels of integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hemmi
- Institute of Molecular Biology I, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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