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Sudmoon R, Kaewdaungdee S, Ameamsri U, Tanee T, Siripiyasing P, Wonok W, Chaveerach A. Investigation of Morinda citrifolia Activities through Pinoresinol and α-EG Related Gene Expression. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1985. [PMID: 35956463 PMCID: PMC9370766 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
α-EG is a unique substance that was first found in the leaves and fruits of Morinda citrifolia (Mc) growing in Thailand using GC-MS at 52.33% and 54.12%. It was then concentrated and its abundance quantified, along with that of pinoresinol, via GC, compared to the standards in leaves, ufp, rfp, rawfs, and seeds. α-EG and pinoresinol, which have collagen stimulating, skin whitening, and an inhibitory effect on wrinkle formation, were found in different concentrations and amounts. Three different concentrations of the five Mc part extracts were tested on NHDF for gene expression related to the aforementioned activities, COL1A1, COL1A2, and COL3A1, FGF1 and FGF7 by qRT-PCR. The results showed various expression levels, both stimulatory and inhibitory, with different concentrations of plant parts and genes. Similar results were revealed when the experiments were performed with Morus alba (Ma), which was found to contain 20.48 g protein p/100 g leaves at concentrations of 3.11 mg/mL. The studied Mc parts seem to have advantages based on the stated objectives, gene type and level of activity of each plant part. Rawfs and leaves supplemented with Ma samples were selected for toxicity tests with PBMCs. The lack of both cell and DNA toxicity from the rawfs indicated that they can be used safely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanit Kaewdaungdee
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.K.); (U.A.); (W.W.)
| | - Unchaleeporn Ameamsri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.K.); (U.A.); (W.W.)
| | - Tawatchai Tanee
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand;
| | - Pornnarong Siripiyasing
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajabhat Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand;
| | - Warin Wonok
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.K.); (U.A.); (W.W.)
| | - Arunrat Chaveerach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.K.); (U.A.); (W.W.)
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The Evolutionary History of the Chymase Locus -a Locus Encoding Several of the Major Hematopoietic Serine Proteases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010975. [PMID: 34681635 PMCID: PMC8537139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several hematopoietic cells of the immune system store large amounts of proteases in cytoplasmic granules. The absolute majority of these proteases belong to the large family of chymotrypsin-related serine proteases. The chymase locus is one of four loci encoding these granule-associated serine proteases in mammals. The chymase locus encodes only four genes in primates, (1) the gene for a mast-cell-specific chymotryptic enzyme, the chymase; (2) a T-cell-expressed asp-ase, granzyme B; (3) a neutrophil-expressed chymotryptic enzyme, cathepsin G; and (4) a T-cell-expressed chymotryptic enzyme named granzyme H. Interestingly, this locus has experienced a number of quite dramatic expansions during mammalian evolution. This is illustrated by the very large number of functional protease genes found in the chymase locus of mice (15 genes) and rats (18 genes). A separate expansion has also occurred in ruminants, where we find a new class of protease genes, the duodenases, which are expressed in the intestinal region. In contrast, the opossum has only two functional genes in this locus, the mast cell (MC) chymase and granzyme B. This low number of genes may be the result of an inversion, which may have hindered unequal crossing over, a mechanism which may have been a major factor in the expansion within the rodent lineage. The chymase locus can be traced back to early tetrapods as genes that cluster with the mammalian genes in phylogenetic trees can be found in frogs, alligators and turtles, but appear to have been lost in birds. We here present the collected data concerning the evolution of this rapidly evolving locus, and how these changes in gene numbers and specificities may have affected the immune functions in the various tetrapod species.
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Fox sign in a case of terminal stage pancreatic cancer and suggestions for diagnosis. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2021; 17:486-492. [PMID: 34191249 PMCID: PMC8413162 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-021-00392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Skin signs in acute pancreatitis are well-known and frequently discussed manifestations accompanied by unfavorable prognoses although they may rarely appear in clinical and forensic medicine. In 2018, the district attorney’s office ordered a forensic autopsy for a 74-year-old man with terminal stage pancreatic cancer. The autopsy was ordered based on accusations of the deceased’s widow regarding alleged medical malpractice and poor hospital care. The widow filed a grievance about multiple unsuccessful attempts to draw blood from her husband in addition to a diaper dermatitis at the right groin. An autopsy and additional histological examinations were performed. After considering all findings, the diaper dermatitis was eventually assumed to be a Fox sign caused by acute pancreatitis, and the allegations of medical malpractice were refuted. This case led us to identify another case with suspected cutaneous manifestations in pancreatic disease. We performed immunohistochemical staining on those two cases and six control cases to examine whether there was detectable presence of pancreatic lipase and trypsin in the skin discolorations and whether it could be used as a feasible method to verify skin signs associated with pancreatitis. Based on our findings, a minor disseminated lipase and trypsin staining should be considered regular and is therefore not conclusive of a skin sign associated with pancreatitis. Moreover, trypsin does not seem to be as suitable as lipase for this suggested immunohistochemical method. Nevertheless, this method might be a useful addition for determining the origin of skin discoloration and verifying skin signs associated with pancreatitis.
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Alexandre-Moreno S, Bonet-Fernández JM, Atienzar-Aroca R, Aroca-Aguilar JD, Escribano J. Null cyp1b1 Activity in Zebrafish Leads to Variable Craniofacial Defects Associated with Altered Expression of Extracellular Matrix and Lipid Metabolism Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126430. [PMID: 34208498 PMCID: PMC8234340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CYP1B1 is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in oxidative metabolism of different endogenous lipids and drugs. The loss of function (LoF) of this gene underlies many cases of recessive primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), an infrequent disease and a common cause of infantile loss of vision in children. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to generate a cyp1b1 knockout zebrafish model. The zebrafish line did not exhibit glaucoma-related phenotypes; however, adult mutant zebrafish presented variable craniofacial alterations, including uni- or bilateral craniofacial alterations with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Transcriptomic analyses of seven-dpf cyp1b1-KO zebrafish revealed differentially expressed genes related to extracellular matrix and cell adhesion, cell growth and proliferation, lipid metabolism and inflammation. Overall, this study provides evidence for the complexity of the phenotypes and molecular pathways associated with cyp1b1 LoF, as well as for the dysregulation of extracellular matrix gene expression as one of the mechanisms underlying cyp1b1 disruption-associated pathogenicity. Abstract CYP1B1 loss of function (LoF) is the main known genetic alteration present in recessive primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), an infrequent disease characterized by delayed embryonic development of the ocular iridocorneal angle; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. To model CYP1B1 LoF underlying PCG, we developed a cyp1b1 knockout (KO) zebrafish line using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. This line carries the c.535_667del frameshift mutation that results in the 72% mRNA reduction with the residual mRNA predicted to produce an inactive truncated protein (p.(His179Glyfs*6)). Microphthalmia and jaw maldevelopment were observed in 23% of F0 somatic mosaic mutant larvae (144 hpf). These early phenotypes were not detected in cyp1b1-KO F3 larvae (144 hpf), but 27% of adult (four months) zebrafish exhibited uni- or bilateral craniofacial alterations, indicating the existence of incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. These phenotypes increased to 86% in the adult offspring of inbred progenitors with craniofacial defects. No glaucoma-related phenotypes were observed in cyp1b1 mutants. Transcriptomic analyses of the offspring (seven dpf) of cyp1b1-KO progenitors with adult-onset craniofacial defects revealed functionally enriched differentially expressed genes related to extracellular matrix and cell adhesion, cell growth and proliferation, lipid metabolism (retinoids, steroids and fatty acids and oxidation–reduction processes that include several cytochrome P450 genes) and inflammation. In summary, this study shows the complexity of the phenotypes and molecular pathways associated with cyp1b1 LoF, with species dependency, and provides evidence for the dysregulation of extracellular matrix gene expression as one of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity associated with cyp1b1 disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Alexandre-Moreno
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (S.A.-M.); (J.-M.B.-F.); (R.A.-A.)
- Cooperative Research Network on Age-Related Ocular Pathology, Visual and Life Quality (OFTARED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Manuel Bonet-Fernández
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (S.A.-M.); (J.-M.B.-F.); (R.A.-A.)
- Cooperative Research Network on Age-Related Ocular Pathology, Visual and Life Quality (OFTARED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Atienzar-Aroca
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (S.A.-M.); (J.-M.B.-F.); (R.A.-A.)
- Cooperative Research Network on Age-Related Ocular Pathology, Visual and Life Quality (OFTARED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Daniel Aroca-Aguilar
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (S.A.-M.); (J.-M.B.-F.); (R.A.-A.)
- Cooperative Research Network on Age-Related Ocular Pathology, Visual and Life Quality (OFTARED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.-D.A.-A.); (J.E.)
| | - Julio Escribano
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (S.A.-M.); (J.-M.B.-F.); (R.A.-A.)
- Cooperative Research Network on Age-Related Ocular Pathology, Visual and Life Quality (OFTARED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.-D.A.-A.); (J.E.)
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Inhibitory effects of skin permeable glucitol-core containing gallotannins from red maple leaves on elastase and their protective effects on human keratinocytes. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Albarella S, Lorenzi LD, Rossi E, Prisco F, Riccardi MG, Restucci B, Ciotola F, Parma P. Analysis of XX SRY-Negative Sex Reversal Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091667. [PMID: 32947906 PMCID: PMC7552623 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The study of XX SRY-negative sex reversal cases is of great interest because testicular tissue develops in these subjects in the absence of SRY gene, thus allowing us to deepen the knowledge of all the other genes involved in the development of testes and the structures related to the male reproductive apparatus. This paper reports the results of the study of four new canine disorders of sex development (DSDs) XX SRY-negative cases in which 11 copy number variations (CNVs) are observed, five of which are never described. Abstract Impaired fertility associated with disorders of sex development (DSDs) due to genetic causes in dogs are more and more frequently reported. Affected dogs are usually of specific breeds thus representing a cause of economic losses for breeders. The aim of this research is to report the clinical, cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings of four XX SRY-negative DSD dog cases. All the subjects showed a female aspect and the presence of an enlarged clitoris with a penis bone. Morphopathological analyses performed in three of the four cases showed the presence of testes in two cases and ovotestis in another. Conventional and R-banded cytogenetic techniques were applied showing that no chromosome abnormalities were involved in these DSDs. CGH arrays show the presence of 11 copy number variations (CNVs), one of which is a duplication of 458 Kb comprising the genomic region between base 17,503,928 and base 17,962,221 of chromosome 9 (CanFam3 genome assembly). This CNV, confirmed also by qPCR, includes the promoter region of SOX9 gene and could explain the observed phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Albarella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (B.R.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2536502; Fax: +39-081-292981
| | - Lisa De Lorenzi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milano University, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.D.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Elena Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pavia University, via Forlanini 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Prisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (B.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Marita Georgia Riccardi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (B.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesca Ciotola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (B.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Pietro Parma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milano University, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.D.L.); (P.P.)
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Genes involved in angiogenesis and circulatory system development are differentially expressed in porcine epithelial oviductal cells during long-term primary in vitro culture – a transcriptomic study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/acb-2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
An oviduct is an essential organ for gamete transport, oocyte maturation, fertilization, spermatozoon capacitation and early embryo development. The epithelium plays an important role in oviduct functioning. The products of secretory cells provide an optimal environment and influence gamete activities and embryonic development. The oviduct physiology changes during the female cycle, thus, the ratio of the secreted molecules in the oviduct fluid differs between phases. In this study, a differential gene expression in porcine oviduct epithelial cells was examined during the long-term primary in vitro culture. The microarray expression analysis revealed 2552 genes, 1537 of which were upregulated and 995 were downregulated after 7 days of culture, with subsequent changes in expression during 30 day-long culture. The obtained genes were classified into 8 GO BP terms, connected with angiogenesis and circulatory system development, extracted by DAVID software. Among all genes, 10 most up-regulated and 10 most down-regulated genes were selected for further investigation. Interactions between genes were indicated by STRING software and REACTOME FIViz application to the Cytoscape 3.6.0 software. Most of the genes belonged to more than one ontology group. Although studied genes are mostly responsible for angiogenesis and circulatory system development, they can also be found to be expressed in processes connected with fertilization and early embryo development. The latter function is focused on more, considering the fact that these genes were expressed in epithelial cells of the fallopian tube which is largely responsible for reproductive processes.
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An Expanded Multi-Organ Disease Phenotype Associated with Mutations in YARS. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8120381. [PMID: 29232904 PMCID: PMC5748699 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole exome sequence analysis was performed in a Swedish mother–father-affected proband trio with a phenotype characterized by progressive retinal degeneration with congenital nystagmus, profound congenital hearing impairment, primary amenorrhea, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and liver disease. A homozygous variant c.806T > C, p.(F269S) in the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase gene (YARS) was the only identified candidate variant consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. Mutations in YARS have previously been associated with both autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome and a recently reported autosomal recessive multiorgan disease. Herein, we propose that mutations in YARS underlie another clinical phenotype adding a second variant of the disease, including retinitis pigmentosa and deafness, to the spectrum of YARS-associated disorders.
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Weiss FU, Budde C, Lerch MM. Specificity of a Polyclonal Fecal Elastase ELISA for CELA3. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159363. [PMID: 27459204 PMCID: PMC4961393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elastase is a proteolytic pancreatic enzyme that passes through the gastrointestinal tract undergoing only limited degradation. ELISA tests to determine stool elastase concentrations have therefore been developed for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Five different isoforms of pancreatic elastase (CELA1, CELA2A, CELA2B, CELA3A, CELA3B) are encoded in the human genome. We have investigated three different polyclonal antisera that are used in a commercial fecal elastase ELISA to determine their specificity for different pancreatic elastase isoforms. Material and Methods Different polyclonal rabbit antisera against human elastase peptides (BIOSERV Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) were tested by Western blot analysis of human pancreatic juice, in HEK-293 cells expressing Elastase constructs, and in the protein content of porcine pancreatin, used for treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Results In human pancreatic juice the polyclonal antisera detected proteins at the corresponding size of human pancreatic elastase isoforms (~29kDa). Transiently expressed GFP fusion protein of elastase isoform CELA3A (CELA3A-GFP), but not CELA2A (CELA2A-GFP) could be precipitated from HEK-293 cell lysates with the elastase antisera. We detected no cross-reactivity with elastases in the porcine pancreatic extracts (pancreatin) used for enzyme replacement therapy. Conclusion The polyclonal antisera used in a commercial fecal elastase ELISA are specific for the human pancreatic elastase isoform CELA3 and do not cross-react with elastase contained in pig pancreatin. While pancreatic elastase 1 (CELA1) is not expressed in the adult human pancreas, possible differences between the other isoforms regarding their cellular expression, pathophysiological role and relevance in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ulrich Weiss
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Medicine A, Ferdinand Sauerbruch-Str., D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph Budde
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Medicine A, Ferdinand Sauerbruch-Str., D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Medicine A, Ferdinand Sauerbruch-Str., D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kubota K, Inaba SI, Nakano R, Watanabe M, Sakurai H, Fukushima Y, Ichikawa K, Takahashi T, Izumi T, Shinagawa A. Identification of activating enzymes of a novel FBPase inhibitor prodrug, CS-917. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00138. [PMID: 26171222 PMCID: PMC4492754 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CS-917 (MB06322) is a selective small compound inhibitor of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), which is expected to be a novel drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes by inhibiting gluconeogenesis. CS-917 is a bisamidate prodrug and activation of CS-917 requires a two-step enzyme catalyzed reaction. The first-step enzyme, esterase, catalyzes the conversion of CS-917 into the intermediate form (R-134450) and the second-step enzyme, phosphoramidase, catalyzes the conversion of R-134450 into the active form (R-125338). In this study, we biochemically purified the CS-917 esterase activity in monkey small intestine and liver. We identified cathepsin A (CTSA) and elastase 3B (ELA3B) as CS-917 esterases in the small intestine by mass spectrometry, whereas we found CTSA and carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) in monkey liver. We also purified R-134450 phosphoramidase activity in monkey liver and identified sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, acid-like 3A (SMPADL3A), as an R-134450 phosphoramidase, which has not been reported to have any enzyme activity. Recombinant human CTSA, ELA3B, and CES1 showed CS-917 esterase activity and recombinant human SMPDL3A showed R-134450 phosphoramidase activity, which confirmed the identification of those enzymes. Identification of metabolic enzymes responsible for the activation process is the requisite first step to understanding the activation process, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of CS-917 at the molecular level. This is the first identification of a phosphoramidase other than histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein (HINT) family enzymes and SMPDL3A might generally contribute to activation of the other bisamidate prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuishi Kubota
- Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inaba
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rika Nakano
- Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Watanabe
- Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Sakurai
- Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Fukushima
- Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimihisa Ichikawa
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Takahashi
- New Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Izumi
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shinagawa
- Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
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Thoenes M, Zimmermann U, Ebermann I, Ptok M, Lewis MA, Thiele H, Morlot S, Hess MM, Gal A, Eisenberger T, Bergmann C, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Steel KP, Knipper M, Bolz HJ. OSBPL2 encodes a protein of inner and outer hair cell stereocilia and is mutated in autosomal dominant hearing loss (DFNA67). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:15. [PMID: 25759012 PMCID: PMC4334766 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early-onset hearing loss is mostly of genetic origin. The complexity of the hearing process is reflected by its extensive genetic heterogeneity, with probably many causative genes remaining to be identified. Here, we aimed at identifying the genetic basis for autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss (ADNSHL) in a large German family. Methods A panel of 66 known deafness genes was analyzed for mutations by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the index patient. We then conducted genome-wide linkage analysis, and whole-exome sequencing was carried out with samples of two patients. Expression of Osbpl2 in the mouse cochlea was determined by immunohistochemistry. Because Osbpl2 has been proposed as a target of miR-96, we investigated homozygous Mir96 mutant mice for its upregulation. Results Onset of hearing loss in the investigated ADNSHL family is in childhood, initially affecting the high frequencies and progressing to profound deafness in adulthood. However, there is considerable intrafamilial variability. We mapped a novel ADNSHL locus, DFNA67, to chromosome 20q13.2-q13.33, and subsequently identified a co-segregating heterozygous frameshift mutation, c.141_142delTG (p.Arg50Alafs*103), in OSBPL2, encoding a protein known to interact with the DFNA1 protein, DIAPH1. In mice, Osbpl2 was prominently expressed in stereocilia of cochlear outer and inner hair cells. We found no significant Osbpl2 upregulation at the mRNA level in homozygous Mir96 mutant mice. Conclusion The function of OSBPL2 in the hearing process remains to be determined. Our study and the recent description of another frameshift mutation in a Chinese ADNSHL family identify OSBPL2 as a novel gene for progressive deafness. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0238-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Thoenes
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Zimmermann
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Inga Ebermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Martin Ptok
- Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Morag A Lewis
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG) and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Susanne Morlot
- Institute for Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Markus M Hess
- Department of Voice, Speech and Hearing Disorders, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Gal
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Carsten Bergmann
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany. .,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Gudrun Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG) and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG) and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Karen P Steel
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Marlies Knipper
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hanno Jörn Bolz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany.
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12
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Roy-Chaudhury P, Kruska L. Future Directions for Vascular Access for Hemodialysis. Semin Dial 2014; 28:107-13. [DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- Dialysis Vascular Access Research Group; Division of Nephrology; University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati VA Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Lindsay Kruska
- Division of Nephrology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina
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13
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Human type I pancreatic elastase treatment of arteriovenous fistulas in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Vasc Surg 2014; 60:454-461.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bachovchin DA, Koblan LW, Wu W, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhao P, Woznica I, Shu Y, Lai JH, Poplawski SE, Kiritsy CP, Healey SE, DiMare M, Sanford DG, Munford RS, Bachovchin WW, Golub TR. A high-throughput, multiplexed assay for superfamily-wide profiling of enzyme activity. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:656-63. [PMID: 24997602 PMCID: PMC5953424 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The selectivity of an enzyme inhibitor is a key determinant of its usefulness as a tool compound or its safety as a drug. Yet selectivity is never assessed comprehensively in the early stages of the drug discovery process, and only rarely in the later stages, because technical limitations prohibit doing otherwise. Here, we report EnPlex, an efficient, high-throughput method for simultaneously assessing inhibitor potency and specificity, and pilot its application to 96 serine hydrolases. EnPlex analysis of widely used serine hydrolase inhibitors revealed numerous previously unrecognized off-target interactions, some of which may help to explain previously confounding adverse effects. In addition, EnPlex screening of a hydrolase-directed library of boronic acid- and nitrile-containing compounds provided structure-activity relationships in both potency and selectivity dimensions from which lead candidates could be more effectively prioritized. Follow-up of a series of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors showed that EnPlex indeed predicted efficacy and safety in animal models. These results demonstrate the feasibility and value of high-throughput, superfamily-wide selectivity profiling and suggest that such profiling can be incorporated into the earliest stages of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke W. Koblan
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wengen Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Youhua Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Iwona Woznica
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Ying Shu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jack H. Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sarah E. Poplawski
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Sarah E. Healey
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Matthew DiMare
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - David G. Sanford
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Robert S. Munford
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William W. Bachovchin
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Arisaph Pharmaceuticals, 100 High Street, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Todd R. Golub
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
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15
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Liu S, Young SM, Varisco BM. Dynamic expression of chymotrypsin-like elastase 1 over the course of murine lung development. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L1104-16. [PMID: 24793170 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00126.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal lung development requires coordination of three processes (surface area expansion, microvascular growth, and matrix remodeling). Because normal elastin structure is important for lung morphogenesis, because physiological remodeling of lung elastin has never been defined, and because elastin remodeling is angiogenic, we sought to test the hypothesis that, during lung development, elastin is remodeled in a defined temporal-spatial pattern, that a novel protease is associated with this remodeling, and that angiogenesis is associated with elastin remodeling. By elastin in situ zymography, lung elastin remodeling increased 24-fold between embryonic day (E) 15.5 and postnatal day (PND) 14. Remodeling was restricted to major vessels and airways on PND1 with a sevenfold increase in alveolar wall elastin remodeling from PND1 to PND14. By inhibition assays and literature review, we identified chymotrypsin-like elastase 1 (CELA1) as a potential mediator of elastin remodeling. CELA1 mRNA levels increased 12-fold from E15.5 to PND9, and protein levels increased 3.4-fold from E18.5 to PND9. By costaining experiments, the temporal-spatial pattern of CELA1 expression matched that of elastin remodeling, and 58-85% of CELA1(+) cells were <10 μm from an elastase signal. An association between elastin remodeling and angiogenesis was tested by similar methods. At PND7 and PND14, 60-95% of angiogenin(+) cells were associated with elastin remodeling. Both elastase inhibition and CELA1 silencing impaired angiogenesis in vitro. Our data defines the temporal-spatial pattern of elastin remodeling during lung development, demonstrates an association of this remodeling with CELA1, and supports a role for elastin remodeling in regulating angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Sarah Marie Young
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Brian Michael Varisco
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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16
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Raykova D, Klar J, Azhar A, Khan TN, Malik NA, Iqbal M, Tariq M, Baig SM, Dahl N. Autosomal recessive transmission of a rare KRT74 variant causes hair and nail ectodermal dysplasia: allelism with dominant woolly hair/hypotrichosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93607. [PMID: 24714551 PMCID: PMC3979697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pure hair and nail ectodermal dysplasia (PHNED) comprises a heterogeneous group of rare heritable disorders characterized by brittle hair, hypotrichosis, onychodystrophy and micronychia. Autosomal recessive (AR) PHNED has previously been associated with mutations in either KRT85 or HOXC13 on chromosome 12p11.1-q14.3. We investigated a consanguineous Pakistani family with AR PHNED linked to the keratin gene cluster on 12p11.1 but without detectable mutations in KRT85 and HOXC13. Whole exome sequencing of affected individuals revealed homozygosity for a rare c.821T>C variant (p.Phe274Ser) in the KRT74 gene that segregates AR PHNED in the family. The transition alters the highly conserved Phe274 residue in the coil 1B domain required for long-range dimerization of keratins, suggesting that the mutation compromises the stability of intermediate filaments. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses confirmed a strong keratin-74 expression in the nail matrix, the nail bed and the hyponychium of mouse distal digits, as well as in normal human hair follicles. Furthermore, hair follicles and epidermis of an affected family member stained negative for Keratin-74 suggesting a loss of function mechanism mediated by the Phe274Ser substitution. Our observations show for the first time that homozygosity for a KRT74 missense variant may be associated with AR PHNED. Heterozygous KRT74 mutations have previously been associated with autosomal dominant woolly hair/hypotrichosis simplex (ADWH). Thus, our findings expand the phenotypic spectrum associated with KRT74 mutations and imply that a subtype of AR PHNED is allelic with ADWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doroteya Raykova
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory at Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joakim Klar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory at Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aysha Azhar
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Naeem Khan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Altaf Malik
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicines Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory at Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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A multi-center, dose-escalation study of human type I pancreatic elastase (PRT-201) administered after arteriovenous fistula creation. J Vasc Access 2012; 14:143-51. [PMID: 23172172 PMCID: PMC6159815 DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the safety and efficacy of PRT-201. Methods Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose escalation study of PRT-201 (0.0033 to 9 mg) applied after arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation. Participants were followed for one year. The primary outcome measure was safety. Efficacy measures were the proportion with intra-operative increases in AVF outflow vein diameter or blood flow ≥25% (primary), changes in outflow vein diameter and blood flow, AVF maturation and lumen stenosis by ultrasound criteria and AVF patency. Results The adverse events in the PRT-201 group (n=45) were similar to those in the placebo group (n=21). There were no differences in the proportion with ≥25% increase in vein diameter or blood flow, successful maturation or lumen stenosis. There was no statistically significant difference in primary patency between the dose groups (placebo n=21, Low Dose n=16, Medium Dose n=17 and High Dose n=12). In a subgroup analysis that excluded three participants with early surgical failures, the hazard ratio (HR) for primary patency loss of Low Dose compared with placebo was 0.38 (95% CI 0.10-1.41, P=0.15). In a Cox model, Low Dose (HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.04-0.79, P=0.09), white race (HR 0.17, 95% CI 0.03-0.79, P=0.02), and age <65 years (HR 0.25, CI 0.05-1.15, P=0.08) were associated (P<0.10) with a decreased risk of primary patency loss. Conclusions PRT-201 was not different from placebo for safety or efficacy measures. There was a suggestion for improved AVF primary patency with Low Dose PRT-201 that is now being studied in a larger clinical trial.
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Sukhwal A, Bhattacharyya M, Vishveshwara S. Network approach for capturing ligand-induced subtle global changes in protein structures. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2011; 67:429-39. [PMID: 21543845 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444911007062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-induced conformational changes in proteins are of immense functional relevance. It is a major challenge to elucidate the network of amino acids that are responsible for the percolation of ligand-induced conformational changes to distal regions in the protein from a global perspective. Functionally important subtle conformational changes (at the level of side-chain noncovalent interactions) upon ligand binding or as a result of environmental variations are also elusive in conventional studies such as those using root-mean-square deviations (r.m.s.d.s). In this article, the network representation of protein structures and their analyses provides an efficient tool to capture these variations (both drastic and subtle) in atomistic detail in a global milieu. A generalized graph theoretical metric, using network parameters such as cliques and/or communities, is used to determine similarities or differences between structures in a rigorous manner. The ligand-induced global rewiring in the protein structures is also quantified in terms of network parameters. Thus, a judicious use of graph theory in the context of protein structures can provide meaningful insights into global structural reorganizations upon perturbation and can also be helpful for rigorous structural comparison. Data sets for the present study include high-resolution crystal structures of serine proteases from the S1A family and are probed to quantify the ligand-induced subtle structural variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Sukhwal
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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19
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Kalsotra A, Du L, Wang Y, Ladd PA, Kikuta Y, Duvic M, Boyd AS, Keeney DS, Strobel HW. Inflammation resolved by retinoid X receptor-mediated inactivation of leukotriene signaling pathways. FASEB J 2007; 22:538-47. [PMID: 17884973 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-9244com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse, inflammation-driven diseases. Metabolic inactivation of leukotriene signaling is an innate response to resolve inflammation, yet little is known of mechanisms regulating disposition of leukotrienes in peripheral tissues afflicted in common inflammatory diseases. We studied leukotriene hydroxylases (CYP4F gene products) in human skin, a common target of inflammation and adverse drug reactions. Epidermal keratinocytes express at least six CYP4F enzymes; the most highly expressed and highly regulated is CYP4F3A-the main neutrophil leukotriene hydroxylase. Differentiation-specific factors and retinoids are positive CYP4F regulators in vitro, effecting increased leukotriene B4 hydroxylation (inactivation). CYP4F expression is up-regulated in situ in hyperproliferative dermatoses-an innate mechanism to repair and restore epidermal barrier competency-and after retinoid therapy. Enhanced CYP4F-mediated inactivation of leukotriene signaling is a previously unrecognized antiinflammatory property of therapeutic retinoids mediated by preferential interactions between retinoid X receptors and CYP4F promoter elements in epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auinash Kalsotra
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Medical School Bldg. 6, Room 200, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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20
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Abstract
Degradation of elastin, the main amorphous component of elastic fibers, by elastases belonging to the serine, metallo, or cysteine families leads to the generation of elastin fragments, designated as elastokines in keeping with their cytokine-like properties. Generation of elastokines from one of the longest lived protein in human might represent a strong tissue repair signal. Indeed, they (1) exhibit potent chemotactic activity for leukocytes, (2) stimulate fibroblast and smooth muscle cell proliferation, and (3) display proangiogenic activity as potent as VEGF. However, continuous exposure of cells to these matrikines, through increased elastase(s) expression with age, can contribute to the formation of a chronic inflammatory state, that is, inflamm-aging. Importantly, binding of elastokines to S-Gal, their cognate receptor, proved to stimulate matrix metalloproteinase expression in normal and cancer cells. Besides, these elastin fragments can polarize lymphocytes toward a Th-1 response or induce an osteogenic response in smooth muscle cells, and arterial wall calcification. In this chapter, emphasis will be made on the contribution of elastokines on the genesis of age-related arterial wall diseases, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). An elastokine theory of AAAs progression will be proposed. Age is one main risk factor of cancer incidence and development. The myriad of biological effects exerted by elastokines on stromal and inflammatory cells led us to hypothesize that they might be main actors in elaborating a favorable cancerization field in melanoma; for instance these peptides could catalyze the vertical growth phase transition in melanoma through increased expression of gelatinase A and membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Antonicelli
- Faculty of Medicine Extracellular Matrix and Cell Signaling--Reims University, UMR 6198 CNRS 51095 Reims Cedex, France
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21
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Borgoño CA, Michael IP, Komatsu N, Jayakumar A, Kapadia R, Clayman GL, Sotiropoulou G, Diamandis EP. A potential role for multiple tissue kallikrein serine proteases in epidermal desquamation. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:3640-52. [PMID: 17158887 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607567200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Desquamation of the stratum corneum is a serine protease-dependent process. Two members of the human tissue kallikrein (KLK) family of (chymo)tryptic-like serine proteases, KLK5 and KLK7, are implicated in desquamation by digestion of (corneo)desmosomes and inhibition by desquamation-related serine protease inhibitors (SPIs). However, the epidermal localization and specificity of additional KLKs also supports a role for these enzymes in desquamation. This study aims to delineate the probable contribution of KLK1, KLK5, KLK6, KLK13, and KLK14 to desquamation by examining their interactions, in vitro, with: 1) colocalized SPI, lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI, four recombinant fragments containing inhibitory domains 1-6 (rLEKTI(1-6)), domains 6-8 and partial domain 9 (rLEKTI(6-9')), domains 9-12 (rLEKTI(9-12)), and domains 12-15 (rLEKTI(12-15)), secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, and elafin and 2) their ability to digest the (corneo)desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein 1. KLK1 was not inhibited by any SPI tested. KLK5, KLK6, KLK13, and KLK14 were potently inhibited by rLEKTI(1-6), rLEKTI(6-9'), and rLEKTI(9-12) with Ki values in the range of 2.3-28.4 nm, 6.1-221 nm, and 2.7-416 nm for each respective fragment. Only KLK5 was inhibited by rLEKTI(12-15) (Ki = 21.8 nm). No KLK was inhibited by secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor or elafin. Apart from KLK13, all KLKs digested the ectodomain of desmoglein 1 within cadherin repeats, Ca2+ binding sites, or in the juxtamembrane region. Our study indicates that multiple KLKs may participate in desquamation through cleavage of desmoglein 1 and regulation by LEKTI. These findings may have clinical implications for the treatment of skin disorders in which KLK activity is elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Borgoño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
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Vascotto SG, Beug S, Liversage RA, Tsilfidis C. Expression profiles of elastase1 (NvElastaseI) and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (NvSLPI) during forelimb regeneration in adult Notophthalmus viridescens suggest a role in epithelial remodeling and delamination. Dev Genes Evol 2006; 216:499-509. [PMID: 16508785 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-006-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular proteases and their inhibitors may regulate a number of important processes involved in forelimb regeneration in the adult newt, including epithelial remodeling, breakdown of extracellular matrix, and dedifferentiation. We have identified a newt homologue of human ElastaseI (NvElastaseI) and its potential inhibitor, SLPI (NvSLPI), and evaluated their spatial and temporal expression during limb regeneration. NvElastaseI is upregulated early in regeneration and is associated with subdermal and wound epithelial cells, suggesting an involvement in wound healing and the generation of the wound epithelium. Up until 15 days post-amputation, NvElastaseI is also scattered throughout the developing blastema and may have a role in the dedifferentiation of stump tissues. NvSLPI is found at the interface between the intact skin and the wound epithelium, and may limit NvElastaseI activity. NvSLPI is also expressed in dermal glands, and is likely involved in anti-microbial activity or function. Quite apart from regeneration, complementary patterns of expression of NvElastaseI and NvSLPI are associated with newt epithelial sloughing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Gian Vascotto
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute,Ottawa Hospital, General Division, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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23
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Szepessy E, Sahin-Tóth M. Inactivity of recombinant ELA2B provides a new example of evolutionary elastase silencing in humans. Pancreatology 2006; 6:117-22. [PMID: 16327289 PMCID: PMC1447606 DOI: 10.1159/000090031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The archetypal mammalian elastase (ELA1) is not expressed in the human pancreas, because evolutionary mutations suppressed transcription of the ELA1 gene. AIMS In this study, we tested the theory that the unique duplication of the ELA2 gene in humans might compensate for the loss of ELA1. METHODS Recombinant ELA2A and ELA2B were expressed in Escherichia coli, and their activity was tested on Glt-Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu-p-nitroanilide, DQ elastin and bovine milk protein. RESULTS Surprisingly, recombinant ELA2B was completely devoid of proteolytic activity, while ELA2A readily hydrolyzed all three test substrates. Furthermore, ELA2A formed an SDS-resistant complex with alpha1-antitrypsin, whereas ELA2B did not bind covalently to the inhibitor. Finally, chimeras and point mutations engineered between ELA2A and ELA2B revealed that multiple evolutionary mutations inactivated ELA2B. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that ELA2B is not an elastase enzyme and confirm that ELA2A is the major elastase in the human pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Szepessy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Mass., USA
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Freudenstein-Dan A, Gold D, Fishelson Z. Killing of schistosomes by elastase and hydrogen peroxide: implications for leukocyte-mediated schistosome killing. J Parasitol 2004; 89:1129-35. [PMID: 14740899 DOI: 10.1645/ge-96r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated leukocytes participate in immunity to infection by the parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. They attach to the surface of schistosomes and secrete schistosomicidal substances. Cationic proteins, hydrolytic enzymes, and oxidants, produced by the leukocytes, have been implicated in the damage to the schistosomes. To examine the possible involvement of elastase in the killing of schistosomes by leukocytes, young and adult stages of S. mansoni were treated in vitro with pancreatic elastase (PE) and neutrophil elastase (NE). Schistosomula, lung-stage schistosomula (LSS), and adult worms (AW) have been found to be sensitive to both PE and NE. Male AW were more sensitive to PE than female AW. The enzymatic activity of elastase is essential for its toxic effect because heat-inactivation and specific elastase inhibitors prevented elastase-mediated schistosome killing. Thus, alpha1-antitrypsin and the chloromethyl ketone (CMK)-derived tetrapeptides Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-CMK and Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala-CMK but not Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-CMK and Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu-CMK blocked PE caseinolytic and schistosomulicidal activities. As shown previously, schistosomes are also efficiently killed by hydrogen peroxide. LSS appear to be more resistant than AW and early-stage schistosomula to the lytic effects of hydrogen peroxide. Cotreatment experiments with both elastase and hydrogen peroxide indicated that they exert an additive toxic effect and that hydrogen peroxide sensitizes schistosomula to the toxic effect of elastase but not vice versa. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that elastases may be toxic molecules used by neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages to kill various developmental stages of S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela Freudenstein-Dan
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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25
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Tang Z, Tracy RP. Candidate genes and confirmed genetic polymorphisms associated with cardiovascular diseases: a tabular assessment. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2001; 11:49-81. [PMID: 11248790 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008956327032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Tang
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry Research, Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Colchester 05446, USA.
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