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Joles JA. Anemia and red blood cell deformability in proteinuric chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2022; 101:649. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Xu T, Li G, Wang X, Lv C, Tian Y. Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide ameliorates serum profiling in STZ-induced diabetic mice model. BMC Chem 2021; 15:64. [PMID: 34920751 PMCID: PMC8684258 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease mainly caused by the disorder of metabolism, which has become huge threat to human health. Polysaccharides are the main active substance from Inonotus obliquus (I. obliquus) with hypoglycemic effect. This study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity and investigate the molecular mechanism of I. obliquus polysaccharide (IOP) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice using metabolomics based on UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS method. RESULTS The results showed that the oral administration of IOP in high dose (1.2 g/kg) can significantly reduce the blood glucose with 31% reduction comparing with the diabetic model and relieve dyslipidemia in diabetic mice. By UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS method and multivariate statistical analysis, a total of 15 differential metabolites were identified, including 4 up-regulated and 11 down-regulated biomarkers, of which L-tryptophan, L-leucine, uric acid, 12-HETE, arachidonic acid, PC(20:1(11Z)/14:1(9Z)) and SM(d18:0/24:1(15Z)) were exhibited an important variation, as the potential biomarkers in diabetes. Pathway analysis indicated that phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis and arachidonic acid metabolism were prone to interference in diabetes. Moreover, leucine and proline were reversed and phytosphingosine was further reduced in diabetic mice under the intervention of IOP. CONCLUSION IOP has predominant hyperglycemic effect on STZ-induced diabetic mice via ameliorating serum profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanye Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
- Pharmacy Department, The 967Th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, No. 80 Shengli Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116021, Liaoning, China
| | - Guodao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Pharmacy Department, The 967Th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, No. 80 Shengli Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116021, Liaoning, China.
| | - Chongning Lv
- Pharmacy Department, The 967Th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, No. 80 Shengli Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116021, Liaoning, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanyong Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
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Biomarkers Utility: At the Borderline between Cardiology and Neurology. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8110139. [PMID: 34821692 PMCID: PMC8621331 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are important diagnostic and prognostic tools as they provide results in a short time while still being an inexpensive, reproducible and accessible method. Their well-known benefits have placed them at the forefront of research in recent years, with new and innovative discoveries being implemented. Cardiovascular and neurological diseases often share common risk factors and pathological pathways which may play an important role in the use and interpretation of biomarkers' values. Among the biomarkers used extensively in clinical practice in cardiology, hs-TroponinT, CK-MB and NTproBNP have been shown to be strongly influenced by multiple neurological conditions. Newer ones such as galectin-3, lysophosphatidylcholine, copeptin, sST2, S100B, myeloperoxidase and GDF-15 have been extensively studied in recent years as alternatives with an increased sensitivity for cardiovascular diseases, but also with significant results in the field of neurology. Thus, given their low specificity, the values interpretation must be correlated with the clinical judgment and other available investigations.
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van de Wouw J, Joles JA. Albumin is an interface between blood plasma and cell membrane, and not just a sponge. Clin Kidney J 2021; 15:624-634. [PMID: 35371452 PMCID: PMC8967674 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfab194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood plasma and acts as a carrier for many circulating molecules. Hypoalbuminaemia, mostly caused by either renal or liver disease or malnutrition, can perturb vascular homeostasis and is involved in the development of multiple diseases. Here we review four functions of albumin and the consequences of hypoalbuminaemia on vascular homeostasis. (i) Albumin is the main determinant of plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Hypoalbuminaemia was therefore thought to be the main mechanism for oedema in nephrotic syndrome (NS), however, experimental studies showed that intrarenal mechanisms rather than hypoalbuminaemia determine formation and, in particular, maintenance of oedema. (ii) Albumin functions as an interface between lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and circulating factors (lipoproteins and erythrocytes) and the endothelium. Consequently, hypoalbuminaemia results in higher LPC levels in lipoproteins and erythrocyte membrane, thereby increasing atherosclerotic properties of low-density lipoprotein and blood viscosity, respectively. Furthermore, albumin dose-dependently restores LPC-induced inhibition of vasodilation. (iii) Hypoalbuminaemia impacts on vascular nitric oxide (NO) signalling by directly increasing NO production in endothelial cells, leading to reduced NO sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle cells. (iv) Lastly, albumin binds free fatty acids (FFAs). FFAs can induce vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis, uncouple endothelial NO synthase and decrease endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Unbound FFAs can increase the formation of reactive oxygen species by mitochondrial uncoupling in multiple cell types and induce hypertriglyceridemia in NS. In conclusion, albumin acts as an interface in the circulation and hypoalbuminaemia impairs multiple aspects of vascular function that may underlie the association of hypoalbuminaemia with adverse outcomes. However, hypoalbuminaemia is not a key to oedema in NS. These insights have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Knuplez E, Marsche G. An Updated Review of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plasma Lysophosphatidylcholines in the Vascular System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124501. [PMID: 32599910 PMCID: PMC7350010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholines are a group of bioactive lipids heavily investigated in the context of inflammation and atherosclerosis development. While present in plasma during physiological conditions, their concentration can drastically increase in certain inflammatory states. Lysophosphatidylcholines are widely regarded as potent pro-inflammatory and deleterious mediators, but an increasing number of more recent studies show multiple beneficial properties under various pathological conditions. Many of the discrepancies in the published studies are due to the investigation of different species or mixtures of lysophatidylcholines and the use of supra-physiological concentrations in the absence of serum or other carrier proteins. Furthermore, interpretation of the results is complicated by the rapid metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in cells and tissues to pro-inflammatory lysophosphatidic acid. Interestingly, most of the recent studies, in contrast to older studies, found lower LPC plasma levels associated with unfavorable disease outcomes. Being the most abundant lysophospholipid in plasma, it is of utmost importance to understand its physiological functions and shed light on the discordant literature connected to its research. LPCs should be recognized as important homeostatic mediators involved in all stages of vascular inflammation. In this review, we want to point out potential pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of lysophospholipids in the vascular system and highlight recent discoveries about the effect of lysophosphatidylcholines on immune cells at the endothelial vascular interface. We will also look at their potential clinical application as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Knuplez
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (G.M.); Tel.: +43-385-74115 (E.K.); +43-316-385-74128 (G.M.)
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (G.M.); Tel.: +43-385-74115 (E.K.); +43-316-385-74128 (G.M.)
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6
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Knuplez E, Curcic S, Theiler A, Bärnthaler T, Trakaki A, Trieb M, Holzer M, Heinemann A, Zimmermann R, Sturm EM, Marsche G. Lysophosphatidylcholines inhibit human eosinophil activation and suppress eosinophil migration in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158686. [PMID: 32171907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are important multifaceted effector cells involved in allergic inflammation. Following allergen challenge, eosinophils and other immune cells release secreted phospholipases, generating lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs). LPCs are potent lipid mediators, and serum levels of LPCs associate with asthma severity, suggesting a regulatory activity of LPCs in asthma development. As of yet, the direct effects of LPCs on eosinophils remain unclear. In the present study, we tested the effects of the major LPC species (16:0, 18:0 and 18:1) on eosinophils isolated from healthy human donors. Addition of saturated LPCs in the presence of albumin rapidly disrupted cholesterol-rich nanodomains on eosinophil cell membranes and suppressed multiple eosinophil effector responses, such as CD11b upregulation, degranulation, chemotaxis, and downstream signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrate in a mouse model of allergic cell recruitment, that LPC treatment markedly reduces immune cell infiltration into the lungs. Our observations suggest a strong modulatory activity of LPCs in the regulation of eosinophilic inflammation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Knuplez
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sanja Curcic
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried-Schatz-Research-Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/D04, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Theiler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Bärnthaler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Athina Trakaki
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Trieb
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Holzer
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M Sturm
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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7
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Asai D, Kawano T, Murata M, Nakashima H, Toita R, Kang JH. Effect of Fetal Bovine Serum Concentration on Lysophosphatidylcholine-mediated Proliferation and Apoptosis of Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:255-260. [PMID: 32051357 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPtdCho) is produced by the phospholipase A2-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and can stimulate proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. We examined the influence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration in the culture medium on lysoPtdCho-mediated apoptosis and proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) as well as on the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2. In the presence of 1% FBS, HASMC viability increased after lysoPtdCho treatment at 1 and 10 μM but decreased at 25 and 50 μM. However, lysoPtdCho increased HASMC viability in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of 10% FBS. The activity of caspase 3/7 in HASMCs was increased by 25 μM lysoPtdCho in the presence of 1% FBS, but not 10% FBS. Furthermore, lysoPtdCho at 1 and 10 μM triggered ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the presence of 1% FBS, but not at 10% FBS. Thus, lysoPtdCho-mediated HASMC apoptosis, proliferation, and ERK1/2 activation are dependent on the concentration of FBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Asai
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Hideki Nakashima
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine
| | - Riki Toita
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).,AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
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8
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Zhang RR, Grudzinksi JJ, Mehta TI, Burnette RR, Hernandez R, Clark PA, Lubin JA, Pinchuk AN, Jeffrey J, Longino M, Kuo JS, Weichert JP. In Silico Docking of Alkylphosphocholine Analogs to Human Serum Albumin Predicts Partitioning and Pharmacokinetics. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3350-3360. [PMID: 31082240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alkylphosphocholine (APC) analogs are a novel class of broad-spectrum tumor-targeting agents that can be used for both diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The potential for clinical translation for APC analogs will strongly depend on their pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles. The aim of this work was to understand how the chemical structures of various APC analogs impact binding and PK. To achieve this aim, we performed in silico docking analysis, in vitro and in vivo partitioning experiments, and in vivo PK studies. Our results have identified 7 potential high-affinity binding sites of these compounds on human serum albumin (HSA) and suggest that the size of the functional group directly influences the albumin binding, partitioning, and PK. Namely, the bulkier the functional groups, the weaker the agent binds to albumin, the more the agent partitions onto lipoproteins, and the less time the agent spends in circulation. The results of these experiments provide novel molecular insights into the binding, partitioning, and PK of this class of compounds and similar molecules as well as suggest pharmacological strategies to alter their PK profiles. Importantly, our methodology may provide a way to design better drugs by better characterizing the PK profile for lead compound optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc Longino
- Cellectar Biosciences Inc. , Madison , Wisconsin , United States
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Law SH, Chan ML, Marathe GK, Parveen F, Chen CH, Ke LY. An Updated Review of Lysophosphatidylcholine Metabolism in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051149. [PMID: 30845751 PMCID: PMC6429061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is increasingly recognized as a key marker/factor positively associated with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. However, findings from recent clinical lipidomic studies of LPC have been controversial. A key issue is the complexity of the enzymatic cascade involved in LPC metabolism. Here, we address the coordination of these enzymes and the derangement that may disrupt LPC homeostasis, leading to metabolic disorders. LPC is mainly derived from the turnover of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the circulation by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). In the presence of Acyl-CoA, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) converts LPC to PC, which rapidly gets recycled by the Lands cycle. However, overexpression or enhanced activity of PLA2 increases the LPC content in modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL, which play significant roles in the development of atherosclerotic plaques and endothelial dysfunction. The intracellular enzyme LPCAT cannot directly remove LPC from circulation. Hydrolysis of LPC by autotaxin, an enzyme with lysophospholipase D activity, generates lysophosphatidic acid, which is highly associated with cancers. Although enzymes with lysophospholipase A1 activity could theoretically degrade LPC into harmless metabolites, they have not been found in the circulation. In conclusion, understanding enzyme kinetics and LPC metabolism may help identify novel therapeutic targets in LPC-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Law
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Lin Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, MacKay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan.
| | - Gopal K Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India.
| | - Farzana Parveen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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The CKD plasma lipidome varies with disease severity and outcome. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 13:176-185.e8. [PMID: 30177483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various alterations in lipid metabolism have been observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVES To determine the levels of lipid species in plasma from CKD and hemodialysis (HD) patients and test their association with CKD severity and patient outcome. METHODS Seventy-seven patients with CKD stage 2 to HD were grouped into classes of CKD severity at baseline and followed-up for 3.5 years for the occurrence of transition to HD or death (combined outcome). Plasma levels of phosphatidylcholines (PCs), lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), sphingomyelins (SMs), and fatty acids were analyzed by flow-injection analysis coupled to tandem mass spectrometry or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Kruskal Wallis rank tests and Cox regressions were used to analyze the association of lipids with CKD severity and the risk of combined outcome, respectively. RESULTS The plasma level of PCs, LPCs, and SMs was decreased in HD patients compared with nondialyzed CKD patients (all P < .05), whereas esterified and/or nonesterified fatty acids level did not change. Thirty-four lipids displayed significantly lower abundance in plasma of HD patients, whereas elaidic acid (C18:1ω9t) level was increased (P < .001). The total amount of LPCs and individual LPCs were associated with better outcome (P < .05). In particular, LPC 18:2 and LPC 20:3 were statistically associated with outcome in adjusted models (P < .05). DISCUSSION In HD patients, a reduction in plasma lipids is observed. Some of the alterations, namely reduced LPCs, were associated with the risk of adverse outcome. These changes could be related to metabolic dysfunctions.
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Suzuki H, Tsukamoto T, Muso E. Rituximab-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome With Successful Induction of Remission by Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis. Ther Apher Dial 2018; 21:295-296. [PMID: 28661090 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Kitano Hospital, The Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Tsukamoto
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Kitano Hospital, The Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eri Muso
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Kitano Hospital, The Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Ando D, Yasuda G. Circadian Blood Pressure Rhythm Is Changed by Improvement in Hypoalbuminemia and Massive Proteinuria in Patients with Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome. Cardiorenal Med 2016; 6:209-15. [PMID: 27275157 DOI: 10.1159/000444095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinuria and nighttime blood pressure (BP) elevation are notable risk markers of chronic kidney disease and correlate closely with each other. However, daily urinary protein excretion (UPE) always fluctuates. In patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), serum albumin concentrations (SAC) decrease but fluctuate less than UPE. We evaluated whether SAC is a reliable marker for proteinuria, and compared the relations among circadian BP changes, SAC, and UPE. METHODS In patients with MCNS (12 men and 11 women, 43 ± 18 years), blood and spot urine samples were collected on three consecutive days before treatment, and 24-hour BP was also measured on the three days. Then, an intervention study was conducted in the patients to examine circadian BP changes induced by treatment. Sleeping/waking BP ratio was analyzed as an indicator of circadian BP rhythm. RESULTS In the three-day measurements before treatment, mean coefficient of variation, an index of dispersion of data, for SAC was 7.4 ± 7.4%, which was markedly lower (p < 0.01) than 35.7 ± 15.4% for UPE. SAC correlated inversely with sleeping/waking systolic and diastolic BP ratios on all three days, whereas UPE did not correlate significantly with sleeping/waking diastolic BP ratio on day 3. Sleeping/waking systolic and diastolic BP ratios were 96 ± 5 and 95 ± 6%, and were higher (p < 0.05) than in healthy subjects (89 ± 8 and 88 ± 10%). Treatment improved hyperproteinuria and hypoalbuminemia, and was accompanied by decreases (p < 0.05) in sleeping and waking systolic/diastolic BP ratio to 91 ± 8 and 89 ± 9%. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that reduced SAC in patients with proteinuria is associated with disrupted circadian BP rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Ando
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Center Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gen Yasuda
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Center Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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13
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Lee YK, Lee DH, Kim JK, Park MJ, Yan JJ, Song DK, Vaziri ND, Noh JW. Lysophosphatidylcholine, oxidized low-density lipoprotein and cardiovascular disease in Korean hemodialysis patients: analysis at 5 years of follow-up. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:268-73. [PMID: 23400766 PMCID: PMC3565139 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.2.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) have been proposed as important mediators of the atherosclerosis, the long-term contribution to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in hemodialysis patients has not been evaluated. This study investigated the relation between oxidized LDL and LPC levels with long term risk of CVD. Plasma oxidized LDL and LPC levels were determined in 69 Korean hemodialysis patients as a prospective observational study for 5 yr. During the observation period, 18 cardiovascular events (26.1%) occurred including 6 deaths among the hemodialysis patients. The low LPC level group (≤ 254 µM/L, median value) had much more increased risk of CVD compared to the high LPC level group (> 254 µM/L) (P = 0.01). However, serum levels of oxidized LDL were not significantly different between groups with and without CVD. In adjusted Cox analysis, previous CVD, (hazard ratio [HR], 5.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.94-16.63, P = 0.002) and low LPC level (HR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.04-11.42, P = 0.04) were significant independent risk factors for development of CVD. It is suggested that low LPC, but not oxidized LDL, is associated with increased risk of CVD among a group of Korean hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ki Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Jing Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dong-Keun Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jung-Woo Noh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Satou M, Nishi Y, Yoh J, Hattori Y, Sugimoto H. Identification and characterization of acyl-protein thioesterase 1/lysophospholipase I as a ghrelin deacylation/lysophospholipid hydrolyzing enzyme in fetal bovine serum and conditioned medium. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4765-75. [PMID: 20685872 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin contains an octanoic acid at the third residue serine, and the presence of octanoic acid on ghrelin is critical to its physiological functions. The precise mechanism for the deacylation of ghrelin in circulation remains to be clarified, although the level of deacylated ghrelin (des-acyl ghrelin) is higher than that of acylated ghrelin in serum. In this study, rapid identification of ghrelin deacylation activity was achieved by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and a ghrelin deacylation enzyme was purified 1515-fold from fetal bovine serum. Chromatographic separation showed a 24-kDa band on SDS-PAGE corresponding to ghrelin deacylation activity, and the protein band was identified as acyl-protein thioesterase 1 (APT1)/lysophospholipase I. A ghrelin deacylation enzyme in medium from HepG2 cells was also purified and identified as APT1. Although it lacks a secretion signal sequence, APT1 may be released by cells expressing APT1, mainly from liver in vivo. APT1 was originally purified as a cytosolic lysophospholipid hydrolyzing enzyme (lysophospholipase I), and recombinant APT1 exhibited deacylation activity as well as lysophospholipase activity in vitro. APT1 is released at high levels from RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells into the culture medium after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and LPS suppresses APT1 mRNA and protein expressions in these cells. More potent ghrelin deacylase activities were detected in sera from LPS-treated rats than in control sera. These results suggested that the serum activity of APT1 may play an important role in determination of the concentration of des-acyl ghrelin in circulation, especially under septic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Satou
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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Abstract
Proteinuria, defined as urine protein excretion greater than 300 mg over 24 h, is a strong and independent predictor of increased risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with and without diabetes. Proteinuria is a sign of persistent dysfunction of the glomerular barrier and often precedes any detectable decline in renal filtration function. Measurement of proteinuria is important in stratifying the risk for cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease progression. A variety of basic pathophysiologic mechanisms that can partially explain simultaneous renal and cardiac disease will be discussed in this Review. In addition to being a prognostic marker, proteinuria is being considered as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular medicine. Therapeutic strategies for amelioration of proteinuria by achieving blood pressure targets, glycemic control in diabetes, treatment of hyperlipidemia, and reducing dietary salt and protein intake are also reviewed in this paper. Future clinical studies are needed to assess if proteinuria reduction should be a target of treatment to reduce the burden of end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and improve survival in this high-risk population.
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16
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Bassa BV, Noh JW, Ganji SH, Shin MK, Roh DD, Kamanna VS. Lysophosphatidylcholine stimulates EGF receptor activation and mesangial cell proliferation: regulatory role of Src and PKC. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:1364-71. [PMID: 17950662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a major component of oxidized-low density lipoproteins (ox-LDL), modulates various pathobiological processes involved in vascular and glomerular diseases. Although several studies have shown increased plasma concentrations of ox-LDL as well as LPC in patients with renal disease, the role of LPC in mesangial cell proliferation and associated signaling mechanisms are not clearly understood. In this study, we have shown that LPC induced the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), as well as the p42/44 MAP kinases. LPC activated Src-kinase and protein kinase C (PKC), and both Src kinase inhibitor PP-2 and PKC inhibitor inhibited the activation of EGFR by LPC. LPC (5-25 microM) stimulated human mesangial cell proliferation by 4-5 fold. Preincubation of mesangial cells with the Src inhibitor (PP-2), or PKC inhibitor (bisindolylmaleimide GF109203-X), or EGF receptor kinase inhibitor (AG1478), or MEK inhibitor (PD98059) significantly inhibited LPC-mediated mesangial cell proliferation. The data suggest that LPC, by activating Src and PKC signaling pathways, stimulates EGF receptor transactivation and down-stream MAP kinase signaling resulting in mesangial hypercellularity, which is a characteristic feature of diverse renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu V Bassa
- Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
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17
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Michel AD, Fonfria E. Agonist potency at P2X7 receptors is modulated by structurally diverse lipids. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:523-37. [PMID: 17700717 PMCID: PMC2050815 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The P2X(7) receptor exhibits a high degree of plasticity with agonist potency increasing after prolonged receptor activation. In this study we investigated the ability of lipids to modulate agonist potency at P2X(7) receptors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A variety of lipids, including lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingosylphosphorylcholine and hexadecylphosphorylcholine were studied for their effect on P2X(7) receptor-stimulated ethidium bromide accumulation in cells expressing human recombinant P2X(7) receptors and on P2X(7) receptor-stimulated interleukin-1 beta (IL1 beta) release from THP-1 cells. The effects of the lipids were also assessed in radioligand binding studies on human P2X(7) receptors. KEY RESULTS At concentrations (3-30 microM) below the threshold to cause cell lysis, the lipids increased agonist potency and/or maximal effects at P2X(7) receptors in both ethidium accumulation and IL1 beta release studies. There was little structure activity relationship (SAR) for this effect and sub-lytic concentrations of Triton X-100 partially mimicked the effects of the lipids. The lipids caused cell lysis and increased intracellular calcium at higher concentrations (30-100 microM) which complicated interpretation of their effects in functional studies. However, the lipids (3-100 microM) also increased agonist potency 30-100 fold in radioligand binding studies. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates that a diverse range of lipids increase agonist potency at the P2X(7) receptor in functional and binding studies. The broad SAR, including the effect of Triton X-100, suggests this may reflect changes in membrane properties rather than a direct effect on the P2X(7) receptor. Since many of the lipids studied accumulate in disease states they may enhance P2X(7) receptor function under pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Michel
- Neurology & GI Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development Limited, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, UK.
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18
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Blache D, Devaux S, Joubert O, Loreau N, Schneider M, Durand P, Prost M, Gaume V, Adrian M, Laurant P, Berthelot A. Long-term moderate magnesium-deficient diet shows relationships between blood pressure, inflammation and oxidant stress defense in aging rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:277-84. [PMID: 16814108 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies have indicated a relationship among aging, dietary Mg, inflammatory stress, and cardiovascular disease. Our aim in the present study was to investigate possible links between dietary Mg, oxidant stress parameters, and inflammatory status with aging in rats. We designed a long-term study in which rats were fed for 22 months with moderately deficient (150 mg/kg), standard (800 mg/kg), or supplemented (3200 mg/kg) Mg diets. Comparisons were made with young rats fed with the same diets for 1 month. Compared to the standard and supplemented diets, the Mg-deficient diet significantly increased blood pressure, plasma interleukin-6, fibrinogen, and erythrocyte lysophosphatidylcholine, particularly in aging rats, it decreased plasma albumin. The impairment of redox status was indicated by increases in plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and oxysterols and an increased blood susceptibility to in vitro free-radical-induced hemolysis. We concluded that Mg deficiency induced a chronic impairment of redox status associated with inflammation which could significantly contribute to increased oxidized lipids and promote hypertension and vascular disorders with aging. Extrapolating to the human situation and given that Mg deficiency has been reported to be surprisingly common, particularly in the elderly, Mg supplementation might be useful as an adjuvant therapy in preventing cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Blache
- INSERM U 498, Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, Dijon, F-21079, France.
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Vuong TD, de Kimpe S, de Roos R, Rabelink TJ, Koomans HA, Joles JA. Albumin restores lysophosphatidylcholine-induced inhibition of vasodilation in rat aorta. Kidney Int 2001; 60:1088-96. [PMID: 11532104 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0600031088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of vasodilation by oxidized low-density lipoprotein has been attributed to lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Albumin avidly binds LPC. Therefore, hypoalbuminemia may directly impair vasodilation and thus contribute to increased risk of atherosclerosis in nephrotic syndrome. The addition of albumin reduces LPC in erythrocytes and endothelial cells. We hypothesized that the addition of albumin will salvage vasodilation in aortic rings previously exposed to LPC. LPC increases superoxide production and disturbs L-arginine availability. Therefore, we also decreased superoxide with a superoxide dismutase mimic, MnCl(2), and supplemented L-arginine in an attempt to restore vasodilation. METHODS Rat aorta rings, which had been incubated with various concentrations of LPC and human serum albumin (HSA), were mounted in organ chambers. Relaxation was studied with acetylcholine (0.01 to 100 micromol/L) after precontraction with phenylephrine (CON, 0.3 micromol/L; LPC, 0.03 micromol/L). In some studies MnCl(2) or L-arginine was added to the organ chamber. RESULTS LPC had time- and dose-dependent inhibitory effects on acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation, but no effect on nitroprusside-mediated vasodilation. Preincubation with albumin (50 or 6 g/L) could protect vasodilation against very high levels of LPC. After preincubation with LPC, the addition of albumin to the incubation salvaged vasodilation. Albumin was more effective after short LPC incubation. MnCl(2) had no specific effect on the LPC-mediated disturbance in vasodilation. L-arginine completely salvaged vasodilation at low concentrations of LPC. However, even high concentrations of L-arginine (1 mmol/L) could not improve vasodilation at LPC levels at which vasodilation was restored by albumin. CONCLUSIONS LPC affects several pathways that inhibit vasodilation, all of which are salvaged by addition of albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Vuong
- Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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20
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Joles JA, Stroes ES, Rabelink TJ. Endothelial function in proteinuric renal disease. KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL. SUPPLEMENT 1999; 71:S57-61. [PMID: 10412739 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.07115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nephrotic-range proteinuria is associated with a several-fold increase risk of cardiovascular infarction. This increased risk is accompanied by endothelial dysfunction, which is not related to increased blood pressure and is not correctable by acute administration of L-arginine. The latter is in direct contrast to what has been found in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia, suggesting that either hypoalbuminemia itself or other aspects of the dyslipidemia characteristic of the nephrotic syndrome impair endothelial function. Lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) is formed during oxidative modification of cholesterol, and lyso-PC in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is responsible for reduced endothelial function in vitro. However, in the circulation, lyso-PC is tightly bound to albumin. Indeed, the addition of albumin can restore endothelial function, which was previously disturbed by lyso-PC. Hypoalbuminemia induces a shift in lyso-PC to lipoproteins, notably LDL, and to erythrocytes. The latter directly induces a reduction in deformability that can also be corrected by the addition of albumin. Hypoalbuminemia may disturb endothelial function, either by directly affecting Gi-protein-dependent signal transduction or indirectly by changing the configuration of the cell membrane. Such a change in cell membrane configuration will disturb binding of ligands to receptors and of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase to caveolin. However, other pathways have been suggested, such as stimulation by lyso-PC of vasoconstriction mediated by protein kinase C. It remains to be shown whether lipid-lowering and antiproteinuric strategies have independent positive effects on endothelial function in nephrotic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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