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White CA, Serrat MA. Dysregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in postnatal bone elongation. Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 101:388-393. [PMID: 37246759 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2023-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a critical modulator of cell growth and survival, making it a central part of maintaining essentially every biological system in the body. Knowledge of the intricate mechanisms involved in activating IGF-1 signaling is not only key to understanding basic processes of growth and development, but also for addressing diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. This brief review explores how dysregulation of normal IGF-1 signaling can impact growth by examining its role in postnatal bone elongation. IGF-1 actions are dysregulated in autoimmune diseases, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis and chronic kidney disease, which results in growth stunting. Conversely, childhood obesity results in growth acceleration, premature growth cessation, and ultimately, diminished bone quality, while systemic IGF-1 levels remain normal. Understanding the role of IGF-1 signaling in normal and dysregulated growth can add to other studies that address how this system regulates chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassaundra A White
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Maria A Serrat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
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2
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Du H, Zhou Y, Du X, Zhang P, Cao Z, Sun Y. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5b of Trachinotus ovatus and its heparin-binding motif play a critical role in host antibacterial immune responses via NF-κB pathway. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126843. [PMID: 36865533 PMCID: PMC9972581 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) exerts an essential biological role in many processes, including apoptosis, cellular differentiation, growth, and immune responses. However, compared to mammalians, our knowledge of IGFBP5 in teleosts remains limited. Methods In this study, TroIGFBP5b, an IGFBP5 homologue from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) was identified. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to check its mRNA expression level in healthy condition and after stimulation. In vivo overexpression and RNAi knockdown method were performed to evaluate the antibacterial profile. We constructed a mutant in which HBM was deleted to better understand the mechanism of its role in antibacterial immunity. Subcellular localization and nuclear translocation were verified by immunoblotting. Further, proliferation of head kidney lymphocytes (HKLs) and phagocytic activity of head kidney macrophages (HKMs) were detected through CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence microscopy assay (IFA) and dual luciferase reporter (DLR) assay were used to evaluate the activity in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κβ) pathway. Results The TroIGFBP5b mRNA expression level was upregulated after bacterial stimulation. In vivo, TroIGFBP5b overexpression significantly improved the antibacterial immunity of fish. In contrast, TroIGFBP5b knockdown significantly decreased this ability. Subcellular localization results showed that TroIGFBP5b and TroIGFBP5b-δHBM were both present in the cytoplasm of GPS cells. After stimulation, TroIGFBP5b-δHBM lost the ability to transfer from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In addition, rTroIGFBP5b promoted the proliferation of HKLs and phagocytosis of HKMs, whereas rTroIGFBP5b-δHBM, suppressed these facilitation effects. Moreover, the in vivo antibacterial ability of TroIGFBP5b was suppressed and the effects of promoting expression of proinflammatory cytokines in immune tissues were nearly lost after HBM deletion. Furthermore, TroIGFBP5b induced NF-κβ promoter activity and promoted nuclear translocation of p65, while these effects were inhibited when the HBM was deleted. Discussion Taken together, our results suggest that TroIGFBP5b plays an important role in golden pompano antibacterial immunity and activation of the NF-κβ signalling pathway, providing the first evidence that the HBM of TroIGFBP5b plays a critical role in these processes in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehe Du
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiangyu Du
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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3
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Brown DD, Dauber A. Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Dysregulation in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 94:105-114. [PMID: 34256372 DOI: 10.1159/000516558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor growth is a common finding in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) that has been associated with poor long-term outcomes. The etiology of poor growth in this population is multifactorial and includes dysregulation of the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis. In this review, we describe the data on GH resistance or insensitivity and inappropriate levels or reduced bioactivity of IGF proposed as contributing factors of growth impairment in children with CKD. Additionally, we describe the theorized negative effect of metabolic acidosis, another frequent finding in pediatric CKD, on the GH/IGF axis and growth. Last, we present the current and potential therapies for the treatment of short stature in pediatric CKD that target the GH/IGF hormonal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver D Brown
- Division of Nephrology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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4
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The Roles of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein Family in Development and Diseases. Adv Ther 2021; 38:885-903. [PMID: 33331986 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system comprises ligands of IGF-I/II, IGF receptors (IGFR), IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), and IGFBP hydrolases. The IGF system plays multiple roles during various disease development as IGFs are widely involved in cell proliferation and differentiation through regulating DNA transcription. Meanwhile, IGFBPs, which are mainly synthesized in the liver, can bind to IGFs and perform two different functions: either inhibition of IGFs by forming inactive compounds with IGF or enhancement of the function of IGFs by strengthening the IGF-IGFR interaction. Interestingly, IGFBPs may have wider functions through IGF-independent mechanisms. Studies have shown that IGFBPs play important roles in cardiovascular disease, tumor progression, fetal growth, and neuro-nutrition. In this review, we emphasize that different IGFBP family members have common or unique functions in numerous diseases; moreover, IGFBPs may serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prediction.
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5
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Sun M, Hu L, Wang S, Huang T, Zhang M, Yang M, Zhen W, Yang D, Lu W, Guan M, Peng S. Circulating MicroRNA-19b Identified From Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture Patients Increases Bone Formation. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:306-316. [PMID: 31614022 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulating gene expression and have been reported to be involved in various metabolic diseases, including osteoporosis. Although the transcriptional regulation of osteoblast differentiation has been well characterized, the role of circulating miRNAs in this process is poorly understood. Here we discovered that the level of circulating miR-19b was significantly lower in osteoporotic patients with vertebral compression fractures than that of healthy controls. The expression level of miR-19b was increased during osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and MC3T3-E1 cells, and transfection with synthetic miR-19b could promote osteoblastic differentiation of hMSCs and MC3T3-E1 cells. PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10) was found to be directly repressed by miR-19b, with a concomitant increase in Runx2 expression and increased phosphorylation of AKT (protein kinase B, PKB). The expression level of circulating miR-19b in aged ovariectomized mice was significantly lower than in young mice. Moreover, the osteoporotic bone phenotype in aged ovariectomized mice was alleviated by the injection of chemically modified miR-19b (agomiR-19b). Taken together, our results show that circulating miR-19b plays an important role in enhancing osteoblastogenesis, possibly through regulation of the PTEN/pAKT/Runx2 pathway, and may be a useful therapeutic target in bone loss disorders, such as osteoporosis. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second College of Medicine, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Centre for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liqiu Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second College of Medicine, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second College of Medicine, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tongling Huang
- Centre for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minyi Zhang
- Centre for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Centre for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanxin Zhen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second College of Medicine, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dazhi Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second College of Medicine, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - William Lu
- Centre for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Guan
- Centre for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Songlin Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second College of Medicine, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Khan S. IGFBP-2 Signaling in the Brain: From Brain Development to Higher Order Brain Functions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:822. [PMID: 31824433 PMCID: PMC6883226 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) is a pleiotropic polypeptide that functions as autocrine and/or paracrine growth factors. IGFBP-2 is the most abundant of the IGFBPs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and developing brain showed the highest expression of IGFBP-2. IGFBP-2 expressed in the hippocampus, cortex, olfactory lobes, cerebellum, and amygdala. IGFBP-2 mRNA expression is seen in meninges, blood vessels, and in small cell-body neurons (interneurons) and astrocytes. The expression pattern of IGFBP-2 is often developmentally regulated and cell-specific. Biological activities of IGFBP-2 which are independent of their abilities to bind to insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are mediated by the heparin binding domain (HBD). To execute IGF-independent functions, some IGFBPs have shown to bind with their putative receptors or to translocate inside the cells. Thus, IGFBP-2 functions can be mediated both via insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-IR) and independent of IGF-Rs. In this review, I suggest that IGFBP-2 is not only involved in the growth, development of the brain but also with the regulation of neuronal plasticity to modulate high-level cognitive operations such as spatial learning and memory and information processing. Hence, IGFBP-2 serves as a neurotrophic factor which acts via metaplastic signaling from embryonic to adult stages.
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7
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Wang F, Zhang L, Sai B, Wang L, Zhang X, Zheng L, Tang J, Li G, Xiang J. BMSC-derived leptin and IGFBP2 promote erlotinib resistance in lung adenocarcinoma cells through IGF-1R activation in hypoxic environment. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 21:61-71. [PMID: 31559898 PMCID: PMC7012080 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1665952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
EGFR-TKIs such as erlotinib and gefitinib have been introduced into the first-line treatment for patients having a mutation of deletion in exon 19 or L858R missense mutations in exon 21. Almost all patients who respond to EGFR-TKIs at first place eventually develop acquired resistance after several months of therapy. The secondary mutations and bypass signaling activation are involved in the generation of the resistance. Hypoxia in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an important factor in treatment resistance including radiotherapy, chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI therapy. In this study, the effect of hypoxic cancer microenvironment in the bypass signaling activation was investigated. We found that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) residing in the hypoxic solid cancer microenvironment highly produced molecules associated with adipocytes including adipokine leptin and IGFBPs. Leptin could induce the resistance of lung cancer cells to erlotinib through activating IGF-1R signaling. IGFBP2 counteracted the activation role of IGF-1 and induced erlotinib resistance by activating IGF-1R signaling in an IGF-1 independent manner. IGFBP2 had synergistic effect with leptin to induce erlotinib resistance. Leptin and IGFBP2 may be predictive factors for acquired resistance for EGFR-TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Buqing Sai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lujuan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xina Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Leliang Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiuqi Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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Wang S, Zhao G, Shao W, Liu H, Wang W, Wu C, Lammi MJ, Guo X. The Importance of Se-Related Genes in the Chondrocyte of Kashin-Beck Disease Revealed by Whole Genomic Microarray and Network Analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:367-375. [PMID: 29948913 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic, chronic, and degenerative osteoarthropathy. Selenium (Se) deficiency plays important role in the pathogenesis of KBD. We aimed to screen Se-related gene from chondrocytes of patients with KBD. Whole-genome oligonucleotide microarrays were used to detect differentially expressed genes. qRT-PCR was used to confirm the microarray results. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) was used to screen Se-related genes from differentially expressed genes. Gene Ontology (GO) classifications and network analysis of Se-related genes were constituted by STRING online system. Three hundred ninety-nine differentially expressed genes were obtained from microarray. Among them, 54 Se-related genes were identified by CTD. The qRT-PCR validation showed that four genes expressed similarly with the ones in the microarray transcriptional profiles. The Se-related genes were categorized into 6 cellular components, 8 molecular functions, 44 biological processes, 10 pathways, and 1 network by STRING. The Se-related gene insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), interleukin 6 (IL6), BCL2, apoptosis regulator (BCL2), and BCL2-associated X, apoptosis regulator (BAX), which involved in many molecular functions, biological processes, and apoptosis pathway may play important roles in the pathogenesis of KBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- Xi'an Honghui Hospital, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanzhen Shao
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weizhuo Wang
- Orthopedic Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cuiyan Wu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mikko J Lammi
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.
- , Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiong Guo
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- , Xi'an, China.
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9
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Wang D, Yang H, Zhang M, Zhang H, Lu L, Zhang J, Wan X, Wang M. Insulin-like growth factor-1 engaged in the mandibular condylar cartilage degeneration induced by experimental unilateral anterior crossbite. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 98:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Clemmons DR. Role of IGF-binding proteins in regulating IGF responses to changes in metabolism. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T139-T169. [PMID: 29563157 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The IGF-binding protein family contains six members that share significant structural homology. Their principal function is to regulate the actions of IGF1 and IGF2. These proteins are present in plasma and extracellular fluids and regulate access of both IGF1 and II to the type I IGF receptor. Additionally, they have functions that are independent of their ability to bind IGFs. Each protein is regulated independently of IGF1 and IGF2, and this provides an important mechanism by which other hormones and physiologic variables can regulate IGF actions indirectly. Several members of the family are sensitive to changes in intermediary metabolism. Specifically the presence of obesity/insulin resistance can significantly alter the expression of these proteins. Similarly changes in nutrition or catabolism can alter their synthesis and degradation. Multiple hormones such as glucocorticoids, androgens, estrogen and insulin regulate IGFBP synthesis and bioavailability. In addition to their ability to regulate IGF access to receptors these proteins can bind to distinct cell surface proteins or proteins in extracellular matrix and several cellular functions are influenced by these interactions. IGFBPs can be transported intracellularly and interact with nuclear proteins to alter cellular physiology. In pathophysiologic states, there is significant dysregulation between the changes in IGFBP synthesis and bioavailability and changes in IGF1 and IGF2. These discordant changes can lead to marked alterations in IGF action. Although binding protein physiology and pathophysiology are complex, experimental results have provided an important avenue for understanding how IGF actions are regulated in a variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Clemmons
- Department of MedicineUNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Guo W, Zhang B, Li Y, Duan HQ, Sun C, Xu YQ, Feng SQ. Gene expression profile identifies potential biomarkers for human intervertebral disc degeneration. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8665-8672. [PMID: 29039500 PMCID: PMC5779940 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to reveal the potential genes associated with the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) by analyzing microarray data using bioinformatics. Gene expression profiles of two regions of the intervertebral disc were compared between patients with IDD and controls. GSE70362 containing two groups of gene expression profiles, 16 nucleus pulposus (NP) samples from patients with IDD and 8 from controls, and 16 annulus fibrosus (AF) samples from patients with IDD and 8 from controls, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. A total of 93 and 114 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in NP and AF samples, respectively, using a limma software package for the R programming environment. Gene Ontology (GO) function enrichment analysis was performed to identify the associated biological functions of DEGs in IDD, which indicated that the DEGs may be involved in various processes, including cell adhesion, biological adhesion and extracellular matrix organization. Pathway enrichment analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) demonstrated that the identified DEGs were potentially involved in focal adhesion and the p53 signaling pathway. Further analysis revealed that there were 35 common DEGs observed between the two regions (NP and AF), which may be further regulated by 6 clusters of microRNAs (miRNAs) retrieved with WebGestalt. The genes in the DEG‑miRNA regulatory network were annotated using GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, among which extracellular matrix organization was the most significant disrupted biological process and focal adhesion was the most significant dysregulated pathway. In addition, the result of protein‑protein interaction network modules demonstrated the involvement of inflammatory cytokine interferon signaling in IDD. These findings may not only advance the understanding of the pathogenesis of IDD, but also identify novel potential biomarkers for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- No. 2 Department of Orthopaedics, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou No. 2 Hospital), Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Quan Duan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Qiang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Qing Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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12
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Kazezian Z, Li Z, Alini M, Grad S, Pandit A. Injectable hyaluronic acid down-regulates interferon signaling molecules, IGFBP3 and IFIT3 in the bovine intervertebral disc. Acta Biomater 2017; 52:118-129. [PMID: 28003146 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain which is a major cause of disability for people aged between 20 and 50years imposes a serious socio-economic burden. The current focus of regenerative medicine is on identifying molecular markers to facilitate the design of targeted therapeutics. Previously, we have demonstrated that expression of the anti-proliferative interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) and pro-apoptotic insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3), are up-regulated as downstream targets of the inflammatory cytokine interferon α (IFNα) signaling pathway in the human annulus fibrosus (AF). Here, we hypothesised that injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) would have an anti-inflammatory and matrix modulatory effect on injured and IFNα2β inflamed bovine intervertebral discs (IVD). Discs with an AF defect and challenged with IFNα2β were used in a bovine IVD organ culture model to test the effect of HA on the IFNα2β pathway, as well as the matrix proteins aggrecan and collagen I. qRT-PCR was used to assess the gene expression of IFNα2β signaling molecules. Additionally, immunostaining was used to measure protein expression. Our results show that HA treatment significantly down-regulates IFNAR1, IFNAR2, STAT1/2, JAK1, IFIT3 and IGFBP3 mRNA expression in the inflamed groups. Protein analysis confirmed the PCR results. In the extracellular matrix, aggrecan and collagen I were up-regulated while ADAMTS4 was down-regulated upon treatment of the injured and inflamed discs with HA. Hence, HA demonstrates both an anti-inflammatory role, resulting in the down-regulation of IFIT3 and IGFBP3 in the AF, and a matrix modulatory effect by up-regulating aggrecan and collagen I expression. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The pro-inflammatory environment of the degenerated IVD represents a challenge for regenerative therapies. The study demonstrates that hyaluronan acts as an anti-inflammatory molecule by down-regulating IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, the signaling molecules STAT1, STAT2, JAK1 and the downstream apoptotic targets IGFBP3 and IFIT3. We also demonstrated that hyaluronan modulates the disc matrix environment by increasing aggrecan and collagen I synthesis and down-regulating ADAMTS4 that degrades the matrix under inflammatory conditions. The significance of this work lies in the fact that hyaluronan acts as an anti-inflammatory molecule by shifting the disc environment towards a more anabolic state and by promoting native IVD matrix production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepur Kazezian
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Repair Program, AO Foundation, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | - Zhen Li
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos 7270, Switzerland; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Repair Program, AO Foundation, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos 7270, Switzerland; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Repair Program, AO Foundation, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Grad
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos 7270, Switzerland; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Repair Program, AO Foundation, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Repair Program, AO Foundation, Davos 7270, Switzerland.
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Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint: Immunohistochemical examinations regarding the role of insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in the etiology of this disease. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:198-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Wang S, Duan C, Liu H, Shao W, Wu C, Han J, Guo X. The roles of selenium, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in the pathogenesis of Kashin-Beck disease. Biomarkers 2016; 21:409-15. [PMID: 27099071 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1141990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to verify the levels of IGFBP2 and SOCS3 in cartilage and chondrocytes of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) patients and the effects of different selenium concentrations on the protein expression levels. Chondrocytes were cultured with sodium selenite in vitro. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to verify the protein expressions. IGFBP2 and SOCS3 were up-regulated in KBD chondrocytes and decreased with increasing selenium concentrations. IGFBP2 expressed highest in the middle zone of KBD cartilage, SOCS3 expressed higher in the middle and deep zone. IGFBP2 and SOCS3 may be the biomarkers for KBD diagnosis and evaluating the effect of selenium supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Chen Duan
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Wanzhen Shao
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Cuiyan Wu
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Jing Han
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and
| | - Xiong Guo
- a School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission , Xi'an , PR China
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Wong SC, Dobie R, Altowati MA, Werther GA, Farquharson C, Ahmed SF. Growth and the Growth Hormone-Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 Axis in Children With Chronic Inflammation: Current Evidence, Gaps in Knowledge, and Future Directions. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:62-110. [PMID: 26720129 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth failure is frequently encountered in children with chronic inflammatory conditions like juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cystic fibrosis. Delayed puberty and attenuated pubertal growth spurt are often seen during adolescence. The underlying inflammatory state mediated by proinflammatory cytokines, prolonged use of glucocorticoid, and suboptimal nutrition contribute to growth failure and pubertal abnormalities. These factors can impair growth by their effects on the GH-IGF axis and also directly at the level of the growth plate via alterations in chondrogenesis and local growth factor signaling. Recent studies on the impact of cytokines and glucocorticoid on the growth plate further advanced our understanding of growth failure in chronic disease and provided a biological rationale of growth promotion. Targeting cytokines using biological therapy may lead to improvement of growth in some of these children, but approximately one-third continue to grow slowly. There is increasing evidence that the use of relatively high-dose recombinant human GH may lead to partial catch-up growth in chronic inflammatory conditions, although long-term follow-up data are currently limited. In this review, we comprehensively review the growth abnormalities in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cystic fibrosis, systemic abnormalities of the GH-IGF axis, and growth plate perturbations. We also systematically reviewed all the current published studies of recombinant human GH in these conditions and discussed the role of recombinant human IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Wong
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.C.W., M.A.A., S.F.A.), University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom; Division of Developmental Biology (R.D., C.F.), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and Hormone Research (G.A.W.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - R Dobie
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.C.W., M.A.A., S.F.A.), University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom; Division of Developmental Biology (R.D., C.F.), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and Hormone Research (G.A.W.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - M A Altowati
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.C.W., M.A.A., S.F.A.), University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom; Division of Developmental Biology (R.D., C.F.), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and Hormone Research (G.A.W.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - G A Werther
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.C.W., M.A.A., S.F.A.), University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom; Division of Developmental Biology (R.D., C.F.), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and Hormone Research (G.A.W.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - C Farquharson
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.C.W., M.A.A., S.F.A.), University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom; Division of Developmental Biology (R.D., C.F.), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and Hormone Research (G.A.W.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - S F Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (S.C.W., M.A.A., S.F.A.), University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom; Division of Developmental Biology (R.D., C.F.), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and Hormone Research (G.A.W.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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Gene Expression Profiling Identifies Interferon Signalling Molecules and IGFBP3 in Human Degenerative Annulus Fibrosus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15662. [PMID: 26489762 PMCID: PMC4614807 DOI: 10.1038/srep15662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is a major cause of disability especially for people between 20 and 50 years of age. As a costly healthcare problem, it imposes a serious socio-economic burden. Current surgical therapies fail to replace the normal disc in facilitating spinal movements and absorbing load. The focus of regenerative medicine is on identifying biomarkers and signalling pathways to improve our understanding about cascades of disc degeneration and allow for the design of specific therapies. We hypothesized that comparing microarray profiles from degenerative and non-degenerative discs will lead to the identification of dysregulated signalling and pathophysiological targets. Microarray data sets were generated from human annulus fibrosus cells and analysed using IPA ingenuity pathway analysis. Gene expression values were validated by qRT-PCR, and respective proteins were identified by immunohistochemistry. Microarray analysis revealed 238 differentially expressed genes in the degenerative annulus fibrosus. Seventeen of the dysregulated molecular markers showed log2-fold changes greater than ±1.5. Various dysregulated cellular functions, including cell proliferation and inflammatory response, were identified. The most significant canonical pathway induced in degenerative annulus fibrosus was found to be the interferon pathway. This study indicates interferon-alpha signalling pathway activation with IFIT3 and IGFBP3 up-regulation, which may affect cellular function in human degenerative disc.
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Pickard A, McDade SS, McFarland M, McCluggage WG, Wheeler CM, McCance DJ. HPV16 Down-Regulates the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 to Promote Epithelial Invasion in Organotypic Cultures. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004988. [PMID: 26107517 PMCID: PMC4479471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a multi-stage disease caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV) infection of cervical epithelial cells, but the mechanisms regulating disease progression are not clearly defined. Using 3-dimensional organotypic cultures, we demonstrate that HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins alter the secretome of primary human keratinocytes resulting in local epithelial invasion. Mechanistically, absence of the IGF-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) caused increases in IGFI/II signalling and through crosstalk with KGF/FGFR2b/AKT, cell invasion. Repression of IGFBP2 is mediated by histone deacetylation at the IGFBP2 promoter and was reversed by treatment with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Our in vitro findings were confirmed in 50 invasive cancers and 79 cervical intra-epithelial neoplastic lesions caused by HPV16 infection, where IGFBP2 levels were reduced with increasing disease severity. In summary, the loss of IGFBP2 is associated with progression of premalignant disease, and sensitises cells to pro-invasive IGF signalling, and together with stromal derived factors promotes epithelial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pickard
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AP); (DJM)
| | - Simon S. McDade
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Marie McFarland
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - W. Glenn McCluggage
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Cosette M. Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Dennis J. McCance
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AP); (DJM)
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Maïmoun L, Georgopoulos NA, Sultan C. Endocrine disorders in adolescent and young female athletes: impact on growth, menstrual cycles, and bone mass acquisition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:4037-50. [PMID: 24601725 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Puberty is a crucial period of dramatic hormonal changes, accelerated growth, attainment of reproductive capacity, and acquisition of peak bone mass. Participation in recreational physical activity is widely acknowledged to provide significant health benefits in this period. Conversely, intense training imposes several constraints, such as training stress and maintenance of very low body fat to maximize performance. Adolescent female athletes are therefore at risk of overtraining and/or poor dietary intake, which may have several consequences for endocrine function. The "adaptive" changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal, -adrenal, and somatotropic axes and the secretory role of the adipose tissue are reviewed, as are their effects on growth, menstrual cycles, and bone mass acquisition. DESIGN A systematic search on Medline between 1990 and 2013 was conducted using the following terms: "intense training," "physical activity," or "exercise" combined with "hormone," "endocrine," and "girls," "women," or "elite female athletes." All articles reporting on the endocrine changes related to intense training and their potential implications for growth, menstrual cycles, and bone mass acquisition were considered. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Young female athletes present a high prevalence of menstrual disorders, including delayed menarche, oligomenorrhea, and amenorrhea, characterized by a high degree of variability according to the type of sport. Exercise-related reproductive dysfunction may have consequences for growth velocity and peak bone mass acquisition. Recent findings highlight the endocrine role of adipose tissue and energy balance in the regulation of homeostasis and reproductive function. A better understanding of the mechanisms whereby intense training affects the endocrine system may orient research to develop innovative strategies (ie, based on nutritional or pharmacological approaches and individualized modalities of training and competition) to improve the medical care of these adolescents and protect their reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Maïmoun
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire (L.M.), Hôpital Lapeyronie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier and Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), 34295 Montpellier, France; Département d'Hormonologie (L.M., C.S.), Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (L.M.), INSERM Unité 1046, Université Montpellier 1 (UM1) and Université Montpellier 2 (UM2), 34295 Montpellier, France; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology (N.A.G.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, Patras 265 04, Greece; and Unité d'Endocrinologie et Gynécologie Pédiatrique (C.S.), Département de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU Montpellier et UM1, 34295 Montpellier, France
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Troib A, Landau D, Kachko L, Rabkin R, Segev Y. Epiphyseal growth plate growth hormone receptor signaling is decreased in chronic kidney disease–related growth retardation. Kidney Int 2013; 84:940-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Toledo JB, Da X, Bhatt P, Wolk DA, Arnold SE, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Davatzikos C. Relationship between plasma analytes and SPARE-AD defined brain atrophy patterns in ADNI. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55531. [PMID: 23408997 PMCID: PMC3568142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Different inflammatory and metabolic pathways have been associated with Alzheimeŕs disease (AD). However, only recently multi-analyte panels to study a large number of molecules in well characterized cohorts have been made available. These panels could help identify molecules that point to the affected pathways. We studied the relationship between a panel of plasma biomarkers (Human DiscoveryMAP) and presence of AD-like brain atrophy patterns defined by a previously published index (SPARE-AD) at baseline in subjects of the ADNI cohort. 818 subjects had MRI-derived SPARE-AD scores, of these subjects 69% had plasma biomarkers and 51% had CSF tau and Aβ measurements. Significant analyte-SPARE-AD and analytes correlations were studied in adjusted models. Plasma cortisol and chromogranin A showed a significant association that did not remain significant in the CSF signature adjusted model. Plasma macrophage inhibitory protein-1α and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 showed a significant association with brain atrophy in the adjusted model. Cortisol levels showed an inverse association with tests measuring processing speed. Our results indicate that stress and insulin responses and cytokines associated with recruitment of inflammatory cells in MCI-AD are associated with its characteristic AD-like brain atrophy pattern and correlate with clinical changes or CSF biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon B. Toledo
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xiao Da
- Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Priyanka Bhatt
- Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David A. Wolk
- Penn Memory Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- Penn Memory Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leslie M. Shaw
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Macqueen DJ, Garcia de la Serrana D, Johnston IA. Evolution of ancient functions in the vertebrate insulin-like growth factor system uncovered by study of duplicated salmonid fish genomes. Mol Biol Evol 2013; 30:1060-76. [PMID: 23360665 PMCID: PMC3670735 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication (WGD) was experienced twice by the vertebrate ancestor (2 rounds; 2R), again by the teleost fish ancestor (3R) and most recently in certain teleost lineages (4R). Consequently, vertebrate gene families are often expanded in 3R and 4R genomes. Arguably, many types of “functional divergence” present across 2R gene families will exceed that between 3R/4R paralogs of genes comprising 2R families. Accordingly, 4R offers a form of replication of 2R. Examining whether this concept has implications for molecular evolutionary research, we studied insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs), whose six 2R family members carry IGF hormones and regulate interactions between IGFs and IGF1-receptors (IGF1Rs). Using phylogenomic approaches, we resolved the complete IGFBP repertoire of 4R-derived salmonid fishes (19 genes; 13 more than human) and established evolutionary relationships/nomenclature with respect to WGDs. Traits central to IGFBP action were determined for all genes, including atomic interactions in IGFBP–IGF1/IGF2 complexes regulating IGF–IGF1R binding. Using statistical methods, we demonstrate that attributes of these protein interfaces are overwhelming a product of 2R IGFBP family membership, explain 49–68% of variation in IGFBP mRNA concentration in several different tissues, and strongly predict the strength and direction of IGFBP transcriptional regulation under differing nutritional states. The results support a model where vertebrate IGFBP family members evolved divergent structural attributes to provide distinct competition for IGFs with IGF1Rs, predisposing different functions in the regulation of IGF signaling. Evolution of gene expression then acted to ensure the appropriate physiological production of IGFBPs according to their structural specializations, leading to optimal IGF-signaling according to nutritional-status and the endocrine/local mode of action. This study demonstrates that relatively recent gene family expansion can facilitate inference of functional evolution within ancient genetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Macqueen
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom.
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Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein 2 functions coordinately with receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β and the IGF-I receptor to regulate IGF-I-stimulated signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4116-30. [PMID: 22869525 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01011-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and has been implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) modify IGF-I actions independently of IGF binding, but a receptor-based mechanism by which they function has not been elucidated. We investigated the role of IGFBP-2 and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β (RPTPβ) in regulating IGF-I signaling and cellular proliferation. IGFBP-2 bound RPTPβ, which led to its dimerization and inactivation. This enhanced PTEN tyrosine phosphorylation and inhibited PTEN activity. Utilization of substrate trapping and phosphatase-dead mutants showed that RPTPβ bound specifically to PTEN and dephosphorylated it. IGFBP-2 knockdown led to decreased PTEN tyrosine phosphorylation and decreased AKT Ser473 activation. IGFBP-2 enhanced IGF-I-stimulated VSMC migration and proliferation. Analysis of aortas obtained from IGFBP-2(-/-) mice showed that RPTPβ was activated, and this was associated with inhibition of IGF-I stimulated AKT Ser473 phosphorylation and VSMC proliferation. These changes were rescued following administration of IGFBP-2. These findings present a novel mechanism for coordinate regulation of IGFBP-2 and IGF-I signaling functions that lead to stimulation of VSMC proliferation. The results have important implications for understanding how IGFBPs modulate the cellular response to IGF-I.
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Wang S, Guo X, Wang W, Wang S. Genome-wide study identifies the regulatory gene networks and signaling pathways from chondrocyte and peripheral blood monocyte of Kashin-Beck disease. Genes Cells 2012; 17:619-32. [PMID: 22776318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This investigation was designed to unravel gene networks in Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and better identify target genes of KBD for gene therapy development. RNA was isolated separately from cartilage and peripheral blood samples of patients with KBD and healthy controls. Agilent 44K human whole-genome oligonucleotide microarrays were used to detect differentially expressed genes. Three significant canonical pathways and nine chondrocyte networks from chondrocytic gene expression profiles were screened using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), but only one network and no canonical pathways from peripheral blood monocytic gene profile were identified. Bak1, APAF-1, CASP6, IGFBP2, Col5a2 and TGFBI extracted from significant genes that involved in chondrocytic canonical pathways and networks may have closer relationship with the etiopathogenesis of KBD. Those genes may be potential targets for gene diagnosis and treatment. Six physiological functions were predominant and unique to the chondrocytic genes, whereas two were unique to peripheral blood monocytic genes. The identified genes may represent a source of potentially novel molecular targets, which may provide a better understanding of the molecular details in KBD pathogenesis and also provide useful pathways and network maps for the future research in osteochondrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- Medicine College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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Kiepe D, Tönshoff B. Insulin-like growth factors in normal and diseased kidney. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2012; 41:351-74, vii. [PMID: 22682635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the physiology of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in the kidney and the changes and potential role of this system in selected renal diseases. The potential therapeutic uses of recombinant human IGF-I for the treatment of acute and chronic kidney failure are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kiepe
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, INF 430, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Dragoo JL, Korotkova T, Wasterlain AS, Pouliot MA, Kim HJ, Golish SR. Age-Related Changes of Chondrogenic Growth Factors in Platelet-Rich Plasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1053/j.oto.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wang J, Zhu X, Li X, Wang W, Wang X, Liu L, Deng Q, Bai G, Wang J, Feng H, Wang Z, Liu G. Effects of copper on proliferation and autocrine secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in chondrocytes from newborn pigs in vitro. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:588-96. [PMID: 22180012 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes from the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur taken from 1-day-old piglets were cultured in medium supplemented with 0, 7.8, 15.6, 31.2, and 62.5 μmol/L copper. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) levels in culture medium were determined by radioimmunoassay. DNA synthesis in chondrocytes was measured by tritiated thymidine ((3)H-TdR) incorporation. Proliferation-promoting activity and incorporation of (3)H-TdR in chondrocytes were increased in all culture media supplemented with copper and 15% fetal calf serum (FCS). The contents of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were also enhanced significantly in culture media containing 15% FCS and supplemented with copper at 15.6, 31.2, and 62.5 μmol/L. The optimal copper concentration for promoting chondrocyte proliferation and autocrine secretion of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 was 31.2 μmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
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Blakytny R, Spraul M, Jude EB. Review: The diabetic bone: a cellular and molecular perspective. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2011; 10:16-32. [PMID: 21444607 DOI: 10.1177/1534734611400256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing worldwide prevalence of diabetes the resulting complications, their consequences and treatment will lead to a greater social and financial burden on society. One of the many organs to be affected is bone. Loss of bone is observed in type 1 diabetes, in extreme cases mirroring osteoporosis, thus a greater risk of fracture. In the case of type 2 diabetes, both a loss and an increase of bone has been observed, although in both cases the quality of the bone overall was poorer, again leading to a greater risk of fracture. Once a fracture has occurred, healing is delayed in diabetes, including nonunion. The reasons leading to such changes in the state of the bone and fracture healing in diabetes is under investigation, including at the cellular and the molecular levels. In comparison with our knowledge of events in normal bone homeostasis and fracture healing, that for diabetes is much more limited, particularly in patients. However, progress is being made, especially with the use of animal models for both diabetes types. Identifying the molecular and cellular changes in the bone in diabetes and understanding how they arise will allow for targeted intervention to improve diabetic bone, thus helping to counter conditions such as Charcot foot as well as preventing fracture and accelerating healing when a fracture does occur.
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Tryfonidou MA, Hazewinkel HAW, Riemers FM, Brinkhof B, Penning LC, Karperien M. Intraspecies disparity in growth rate is associated with differences in expression of local growth plate regulators. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E1044-52. [PMID: 20858751 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00170.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Disparities in longitudinal growth within a species can be partly explained by endocrinological differences. We hypothesized that regulatory networks acting locally in the growth plate may also be important. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the IGF/IGFBP expression, the vitamin D pathway, and the PTHrP-Indian hedgehog (IHH) feedback loop in rib growth plates from 10- and 21-wk-old small- (Miniature Poodles, MP) and large-breed dogs (Great Danes, GD) using immunohistochemistry and quantitative (q)PCR. The rib growth plates of GD were 1.7 times thicker compared with those of MP, with larger proliferative (in absolute terms) and larger hypertrophic (in absolute and relative terms) zones. IGF/IGFBP gene expression profiling of the growth plates revealed decreased gene expression of igfbp2, -4, and -6 and an unaltered expression of igf-I and igf-II and their respective receptors in GD vs. MP. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR findings showed that the vitamin D pathway was more active in GD than in MP. Staining for 1α- and 24-hydroxylase was more abundant and intense in GD and the gene expressions of 1α-hydroxylase and the vitamin D receptor-driven 24-hydroxylase were six- and eightfold higher in GD vs. MP, respectively. Consistent with the immunohistochemistry findings, the expression of mRNA for components of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP)-IHH loop was different in GD compared with MP, with there being a relative threefold downregulation of Pthrp and a tenfold upregulation of Ihh in GD vs MP. These differences suggest that the effects of IHH in the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy, both independently of PTHrP, can become more dominant during rapid growth rates. In conclusion, our data suggest that, in addition to modest endocrine differences, more pronounced changes in the expression of locally acting regulatory networks, such as the IGF system, vitamin D pathway, and PTHrP-IHH feedback loop are important contributors to within-species disparities in growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Lu FZ, Jiang ZY, Wang XX, Luo YH, Li XF, Liu HL. Role of the insulin-like growth factor system in epiphyseal cartilage on the development of Langshan and Arbor Acres chickens, Gallus domesticus. Poult Sci 2010; 89:956-65. [PMID: 20371848 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured the mRNA transcript expression patterns for members of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system during embryonic and postnatal development in epiphyseal cartilage from Langshan (LS) and Arbor Acres (AA) chickens. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-2 expression was positively correlated with IGF-I from embryonic day (E) 14 to postnatal d (P) 0 and with IGF-II from E14 to P14 but negatively correlated with IGF-I from P0 to P42 and IGF-II from P14 to P42. Expression of IGFBP-5 correlated positively with IGF-I from E14 to P0 but negatively from P0 to P28. The results suggest that these genes are regulated in a coordinated fashion during development. A negative correlation was found between IGFBP-7 and IGF-II during P0 to P42. A positive correlation was found between IGFBP-3 (E14 to E18, P14 to P42) and IGF-IR and between IGFBP-3 (E14 to P0, P14 to P42) and IGF-I. The endocrine factors can be integrated with nutrition to regulate animal growth. In our study, AA chickens were fed a nutrient-rich AA diet, and LS chickens were fed either an AA diet or a less-rich diet. The LS and AA chickens fed the same AA diet showed no differences in IGF-I, IGF-I receptor, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-5, IGFBP-7, and IGFBP-3 but did still show differences in IGF-II. Our data indicate that these select genes may show linked expression during certain periods of development and that differences in gene expression respond differently to nutrient intake in LS and AA chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Z Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
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30
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Ho L, Stojanovski A, Whetstone H, Wei QX, Mau E, Wunder JS, Alman B. Gli2 and p53 cooperate to regulate IGFBP-3- mediated chondrocyte apoptosis in the progression from benign to malignant cartilage tumors. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:126-36. [PMID: 19647223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that benign cartilage lesions can progress to malignant chondrosarcoma, but the molecular events in this progression are unknown. Mice that develop benign cartilage lesions due to overexpression of Gli2 in chondrocytes developed lesions similar to chondrosarcomas when they were also deficient in p53. Gli2 overexpression and p53 deficiency had opposing effects on chondrocyte differentiation, but had additive effects negatively regulating apoptosis. Regulation of Igfbp3 expression and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling by Gli and p53 integrated their effect on apoptosis. Treatment of human chondrosarcomas or fetal mouse limb explants with IGFBP3 or by blocking IGF increased the apoptosis rate, and mice expressing Gli2 developed substantially fewer tumors when they were also deficient for Igf2. IGF signaling-meditated apoptosis regulates the progression to malignant chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Ho
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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31
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Fernández-Cancio M, Audi L, Carrascosa A, Toran N, Andaluz P, Esteban C, Granada ML. Vitamin D and growth hormone regulate growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis gene expression in human fetal epiphyseal chondrocytes. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009; 19:232-237. [PMID: 19056306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell proliferation and gene expression regulation were studied in human fetal epiphyseal chondrocytes to ascertain the involvement of GH-IGF axis components in human fetal growth regulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (VitD) and growth hormone (GH). DESIGN Chondrocytes from primary cultures were plated in serum-free medium for 48 h and incubated for a further 48 h with VitD (10(-11) to 10(-6)M) and/or IGF-I (100 ng/ml) and/or GH (500 ng/ml). We analyzed (3)H-thymidine incorporation into DNA and IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GHR, SOX9, COL2A1, aggrecan and COMP gene expression by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS VitD dose-dependently and significantly inhibited (3)H-thymidine incorporation whereas GH had no effect on proliferation and, when combined with VitD, the same inhibition was observed as with VitD alone. IGF-I (100 ng/ml) significantly stimulated proliferation and opposed inhibition by VitD. VitD dose-dependently stimulated IGF-I (11.1+/-19.8 at VitD10(-6)M), IGFBP-3 (2.6+/-0.9), GHR (3.8+/-2.8) and COMP (1.5+/-0.6) expression whereas it inhibited SOX9 (0.7+/-0.2), COL2A1 (0.6+/-0.3) and aggrecan (0.6+/-0.2) expression and had no significant effect on IGF-II. IGF-I stimulated IGF-I, IGFBP-3, SOX9, COL2A1 and aggrecan expression and opposed COL2A1 and aggrecan gene expression inhibition by VitD. GH alone had no effect on gene expression whereas, in the presence of VitD, significantly-increased IGF-I expression stimulation was observed above values obtained with VitD alone (17.5+/-7.4). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that VitD regulation of fetal growth cartilage could have consisted of parallel enhancing of cell differentiation and conditioning to a phenotype more sensitive to regulation by other hormones such as GH as shown by increased GHR and IGF-I expression, but not by IGF-II expression which was not regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández-Cancio
- Research Institute, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, CIBERER (Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
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32
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Fernandez-Cancio M, Esteban C, Carrascosa A, Toran N, Andaluz P, Audi L. IGF-I and not IGF-II expression is regulated by glucocorticoids in human fetal epiphyseal chondrocytes. Growth Horm IGF Res 2008; 18:497-505. [PMID: 18515166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the involvement of IGF axis components and the potential effects of glucocorticoids (GCs) in human fetal growth regulation. DESIGN We studied the regulation by dexamethasone (Dx) and IGF-I of proliferation and IGF axis components and matrix protein gene expression in human fetal epiphyseal chondrocytes. RESULTS High Dx concentration (10(-7)-10(-6)M) inhibited (3)H-thymidine incorporation, mifepristone (MF) 10(-6)M limited inhibition by Dx, and IGF-I (100 ng/ml) significantly stimulated proliferation and completely opposed inhibition by Dx. Dx dose-dependently (10(-9)-10(-6)M) inhibited IGF-I, IGFBP3 and SOX9 gene expression and expression of GHR, COL2A1 and aggrecan from 10(-7)M to 10(-6)M whereas it stimulated IGF-IR expression. By contrast, Dx had no significant effect on IGF-II expression. IGF-I stimulated IGF-I, IGFBP3, SOX9, COL2A1 and aggrecan expression whereas it inhibited IGF-IR expression. IGF-I could oppose COL2A1 and aggrecan gene expression inhibition by Dx. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time by real-time quantitative PCR that human fetal epiphyseal chondrocytes expressed IGF axis components, such as IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP3, IGF-IR and GHR and SOX9, COL2A1 and aggrecan, and that their expression was regulated by Dx and IGF-I. Among IGFs, IGF-I and not IGF-II expression was demonstrated to be down-regulated by GCs whereas IGF-I expression was up-regulated by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernandez-Cancio
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Unit, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain.
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33
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Kiepe D, Van Der Pas A, Ciarmatori S, Ständker L, Schütt B, Hoeflich A, Hügel U, Oh J, Tönshoff B. Defined carboxy-terminal fragments of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-2 exert similar mitogenic activity on cultured rat growth plate chondrocytes as IGF-I. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4901-11. [PMID: 18556354 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The IGF/IGF binding protein (IGFBP) system is an important component in the hormonal regulation of longitudinal growth. Evidence from in vitro studies indicates that IGFBPs may have IGF-independent effects. We analyzed the biological activity of intact IGFBP-2 and defined carboxy-terminal IGFBP-2 fragments isolated from human hemofiltrate in two cell culture systems of the growth plate: rat growth plate chondrocytes in primary culture and the mesenchymal chondrogenic cell line RCJ3.1C5.18. The IGFBP-2 fragments IGFBP-2(167-279), IGFBP-2(167-289), and IGFBP-2(104-289) exerted a strong (2- to 3-fold) mitogenic effect on growth plate chondrocytes, which was comparable with IGF-I in equimolar concentrations (7.8 nm) but was not mediated through the type 1 IGF receptor. In a dose-response experiment, the most effective concentration of IGFBP-2(104-289) for the stimulation of cell proliferation was 10 nm. This biological activity of IGFBP-2 fragments was associated with cell membrane binding, demonstrated by Western blot analysis of fractionated cell lysates and immunohistochemistry. Whereas intact IGFBP-2 did not modulate chondrocyte proliferation, partially reduced (by dithiothreitol) full-length IGFBP-2 stimulated cell proliferation to a comparable extent (3.4-fold) as carboxy-terminal IGFBP-2 fragments. The mitogenic activity of these IGFBP-2 fragments and of partially reduced full-length IGFBP-2 was mediated through the use of the MAPK/ERK 1/2. These data imply a novel role of naturally occurring IGFBP-2 fragments for the endocrine and paracrine/autocrine regulation of longitudinal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kiepe
- University Children's Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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34
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Leach RM, Richards MP, Praul CA, Ford BC, McMurtry JP. Investigation of the insulin-like growth factor system in the avian epiphyseal growth plate. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2007; 33:143-53. [PMID: 16740373 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system were investigated in chondrocytes isolated from the avian growth plate. The genes for IGF-I, IGF-II, type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-R), IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2), IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-7 were found to be expressed in both proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes. The expression of IGF-II in proliferative chondrocytes was extremely high relative to IGF-I. Although IGF-I expression was significantly increased in hypertrophic chondrocytes, the level was still low relative to IGF-II. In cell culture, IGF-I stimulated proteoglycan synthesis and increased the expression of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and type X collagen, markers of chondrocyte differentiation. IGF-II was found to be equally efficacious in stimulating proteoglycan biosynthesis. These observations suggest that IGF-II may play a significant role in avian growth plate physiology, which is consistent with several reports on mammalian endochondral bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Leach
- Department of Poultry Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 205 William L Henning Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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35
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Ischander M, Zaldivar F, Eliakim A, Nussbaum E, Dunton G, Leu SY, Cooper DM, Schneider M. Physical Activity, Growth, and Inflammatory Mediators in BMI-Matched Female Adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:1131-8. [PMID: 17596781 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318053e7a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical inactivity is deleterious to health, but it has been difficult to determine the extent to which these effects are attributable to abnormal body composition or to factors related to physical activity alone. To begin to gauge independent effects of physical activity on health risk, we matched by BMI two groups of normal-weight adolescent females, one physically active (all participants in high school sports), and one sedentary. METHODS Thirty-seven sedentary and 37 physically active adolescent females (mean 15.5 yr) were matched for age and BMI percentile (mean = 58.8). Comparisons included fitness, body composition and bone mineralization (by DEXA), circulating inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, bone-turnover markers, leptin, and adiponectin. RESULTS Compared with the normal-weight sedentary girls, active girls had significantly (P < 0.05) higher fitness level (peak VO2 35.5 +/- 5.2 vs 24.4 +/- 4.1 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)), lean body mass (43.2 +/- 4.4 vs 38.7 +/- 3.6 kg), bone mineralization (spinal BMD z-scores 0.04 +/- 0.88 vs -0.41 +/- 0.85), and lower percent body fat (25.4 +/- 04.6 vs 29.7 +/- 03.7%). Additionally, active girls had lower inflammatory cytokines levels (e.g., TNF-alpha 1.7 +/- 1.3 vs 2.6 +/- 2.2 pg.mL(-1)), and leptin (17.4 +/- 11.2 vs 24.7 +/- 14.7 ng.mL(-1)), and higher bone-turnover markers (e.g. osteocalcin 12.6 +/- 7.6 vs 7.8 +/- 3.0 U.L(-1)), IGFBP-3 (6416 +/- 21280 vs 4247 +/- 1082 ng.mL(-1)), and adiponectin levels (11919 +/- 3935 vs 9305 +/- 2843 ng.mL(-1)). CONCLUSION The normal-weight, physically active group was fitter and had greater lean body mass, stronger bones, and lower levels of inflammatory markers than did the normal-weight, sedentary group. In adolescent girls, the choice of a lifestyle involving high school sports is characterized by a circulating mediator and body composition pattern that, if sustained, is associated with generally lower long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Ischander
- Pediatric Exercise Research Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Ulinski T, Cochat P. Longitudinal growth in children following kidney transplantation: from conservative to pharmacological strategies. Pediatr Nephrol 2006; 21:903-9. [PMID: 16773400 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-006-0117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of longitudinal growth in children with chronic renal failure (CRF) is multifactorial. It is mainly due to disturbances in the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)/IGF-binding protein axis. Growth failure can be managed by optimizing nutrition and fluid/electrolyte homeostasis, and overcoming the growth-inhibiting effects of uremia by high-dose recombinant human (rh) GH treatment. A sufficient catch-up growth is one of the determining issues for the overall success of pediatric kidney transplantation (Tx). However, despite satisfactory renal function, spontaneous catch-up growth is often insufficient as glucocorticoid treatment is the main inhibiting factor for longitudinal growth after Tx. In addition, longitudinal growth may be jeopardized by low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and African American or Hispanic background. Supraphysiological doses of GH and/or IGF-I in vitro and in vivo can partially overcome the growth-inhibiting effects of glucocorticoid treatment. GH-associated increase of leukocyte proliferation and cytotoxicity with stimulated interferon synthesis have been demonstrated. However, it is not clear whether such stimulatory effects on leukocyte function are a transitory or a constant risk factor after organ Tx. Clinical trials of GH in children after renal Tx have suggested a rather moderate or transient effect of rhGH on the immune system, and corticosteroids induce a hyporesponsiveness to the action of GH. As long as corticosteroids are believed to be essential after renal Tx, rhGH should be considered to optimize longitudinal growth in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ulinski
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Inserm U515, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Université Paris VI, 26, Avenue du Docteur Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
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Kiepe D, Ciarmatori S, Haarmann A, Tönshoff B. Differential expression of IGF system components in proliferating vs. differentiating growth plate chondrocytes: the functional role of IGFBP-5. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E363-71. [PMID: 16204335 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00363.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The growth plate is an important target tissue for insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), but little is known about the regulation of the IGF system during the developmental sequence of chondrocytes. We therefore examined the expression profile of IGF system components in proliferating vs. differentiating growth plate chondrocytes by use of two cell culture models of the growth cartilage. In rat growth plate chondrocytes in primary culture, IGF-I expression increased twofold during the process of differentiation. IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) expression showed a biphasic pattern of with a twofold increase at the onset of differentiation and a downregulation in late differentiating chondrocytes to 25% of baseline levels; the expression patterns of IGFBP-2, -4 and -6 were not dependent on the developmental stage. In IGF- and IGFBP-3-deficient RCJ3.1C5.18 (RCJ) mesenchymal chondrogenic cells, IGFBP-2 and -6 synthesis declined by 50% during differentiation. IGFBP-5 expression was markedly upregulated during the process of differentiation in both cell culture models. Although IGFBP-5 overexpression did not have an IGF-independent effect on RCJ cell differentiation, it promoted IGF-I-enhanced differentiation of these cells. A potential mechanism for this effect is the specific increase of Akt phosphorylation in IGFBP-5-overexpressing cells in the presence of IGF-I, indicating an increased activity of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase pathway. These data suggest that the developmental stage of the chondrocyte is an important determinant of IGF and IGFBP expression and imply a functional role for IGFBP-5 for upregulating IGF action during chondrocyte differentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kiepe
- University Children's Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Fisher MC, Meyer C, Garber G, Dealy CN. Role of IGFBP2, IGF-I and IGF-II in regulating long bone growth. Bone 2005; 37:741-50. [PMID: 16183342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The IGF axis is important for long bone development, homeostasis and disease. The activities of IGF-I and IGF-II are regulated by IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). IGF-I and IGFBP2 are co-expressed in dynamic fashions in the developing long bones of the chick wing, and we have found that IGF-II is present in the cartilage model and surrounding perichondrium, proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes and developing periosteum. To gain insight into endogenous roles of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP2 in long bone development, we have overexpressed IGFBP2 in the developing skeletal elements of the embryonic chick wing in vivo, using an RCAS retroviral vector. IGFBP2 overexpression led to an obvious shortening of the long bones of the wing. We have investigated, at the cellular and molecular levels, the mechanism of action whereby IGFBP2 overexpression impairs long bone development in vivo. At an early stage, IGFBP2 excess dramatically inhibits proliferation by the chondrocytes of the cartilage models that prefigure the developing long bones. Later, IGFBP2 excess also reduces proliferation of the maturing chondrocytes and attenuates proliferation by the perichondrium/developing periosteum. IGFBP2 excess does not affect morphological or molecular indicators of chondrocyte maturation, osteoblast differentiation or cell/matrix turnover, such as expression of Ihh, PTHrP, type X collagen and osteopontin, or distribution and relative abundance of putative clast cells. We also have found that IGFBP2 blocks the ability of IGF-I and IGF-II to promote proliferation and matrix synthesis by wing chondrocytes in vitro. Together, our results suggest that the mechanism of action whereby IGFBP2 excess impairs long bone development is to inhibit IGF-mediated proliferation and matrix synthesis by the cartilage model; reduce the proliferation and progression to hypertrophy by the maturing chondrocytes; and attenuate proliferation and formation of the periosteal bony collar. These actions retard the growth and longitudinal expansion of the developing long bones, resulting in shortened wing skeletal elements. Our results emphasize the importance of a balance of IGF/IGFBP2 action at several stages during normal long bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C Fisher
- Center for Limb and Skeletal Development, Department of BioStructure and Function, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Kiepe D, Ciarmatori S, Hoeflich A, Wolf E, Tönshoff B. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I stimulates cell proliferation and induces IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and IGFBP-5 gene expression in cultured growth plate chondrocytes via distinct signaling pathways. Endocrinology 2005; 146:3096-104. [PMID: 15845624 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bioactivity of IGF-I in the cellular microenvironment is modulated by both inhibitory and stimulatory IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), whose production is partially under control of IGF-I. However, little is known on the IGF-mediated regulation of these IGFBPs in the growth plate. We therefore studied the effect of IGF-I on IGFBP synthesis and the involved intracellular signaling pathways in two cell culture models of rat growth plate chondrocytes. In growth plate chondrocytes in primary culture, incubation with IGF-I increased the concentrations of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 in conditioned cell culture medium in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Coincubation of IGF-I with specific inhibitors of the p42/44 MAPK pathway (PD098059 or U0126) completely abolished the stimulatory effect of IGF-I on IGFBP-3 mRNA expression but did not affect increased IGFBP-5 mRNA levels. In contrast, inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling pathway by LY294002 abrogated both IGF-I-stimulated IGFBP-3 and -5 mRNA expression. Comparable results regarding IGFBP-5 were obtained in the mesenchymal chondrogenic cell line RCJ3.1C5.18, which does not express IGFBP-3. The IGF-I-induced IGFBP-5 gene expression required de novo mRNA transcription and de novo protein synthesis. These data suggest that IGF-I modulates its activity in cultured rat growth plate chondrocytes by the synthesis of both inhibitory (IGFBP-3) and stimulatory (IGFBP-5) binding proteins. The finding that IGF-I uses different and only partially overlapping intracellular signaling pathways for the regulation of two IGFBPs with opposing biological functions might be important for the modulation of IGF bioactivity in the cellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kiepe
- University Children's Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Gordon PV, Paxton JB, Kuemmerle JF, Fox NS. A 14-kDa cathepsin L-derived carboxyl IGFBP-2 fragment is sequestered by cultured rat ileal crypt cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G79-87. [PMID: 15705658 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00384.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
IGF-II gut drives mucosal growth during gestation. IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) has a high affinity for IGF-II and tightly regulates IGF-II availability during fetal and early neonatal growth. We have previously demonstrated that glucocorticoids alter IGF homeostasis in the neonatal ileum, but the mechanism(s) by which this occurs is poorly understood. We hypothesized that dexamethasone alters proteolytic regulation of IGFBP-2 in ileal crypt cells. To test this, ileal crypt [ileal epithelial (IEC)-18] cells were cultured in serum-free media and used to study IGFBP-2 catabolism by immunochemistry, gene array analysis, and pharmacological perturbation with dexamethasone. In addition, isolated human IGFBP-2, IGF-II, and cathepsins B, D, and L were utilized for in vitro protease assays. We found IGFBP-2 to be highly abundant in IEC-18 culture, and sequestration of carboxyl IGFBP-2 antigen was seen within vesicular bodies of some cells. Dexamethasone significantly decreased the number of these cells and decreased IGFBP-2 in the media. On gene array analysis, cathepsin L's message abundance was significantly increased by dexamethasone, and, by in vitro assay, cathepsin L created a 14-kDa carboxyl fragment that corresponded to the sole antigen detected in IEC-18 cell lysates as well as a 16.5-kDa fragment found in the media. The sequestered fragment size was formed preferentially when IGF-II was present, whereas the larger fragment size was formed preferentially when IGF-II was absent. Cathepsins B and D did not produce these fragments in vitro and were not detected in IEC-18 media. We conclude that dexamethasone alters IGFBP-2 catabolism through its effects on cathepsin L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip V Gordon
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-6 is unique among IGFBPs for its IGF-II binding specificity. IGFBP-6 inhibits growth of a number of IGF-II-dependent cancers, including rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma and colon cancer. Although the major action of IGFBP-6 appears to be inhibition of IGF-II actions, a number of studies suggest that it may also have IGF-independent actions. Gene array studies show regulation of IGFBP-6 in many circumstances that are consistent with antiproliferative actions. However, other studies show the opposite, so that IGFBP-6 may be acting as a counter-regulator in these situations or it may have other as yet undetermined actions. Both the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of IGFBP-6 contribute to high affinity IGF binding, and the C-terminal domain appears to confer its IGF-II specificity. The three-dimensional structure of the C-domain of IGFBP-6 contains a thyroglobulin type 1 fold, and the IGF-II binding site is located in the proximal half of this domain adjacent to the glycosaminoglycan binding site. Future studies are needed to further delineate the putative IGF-independent actions of IGFBP-6 and to build on the structural information to enhance our understanding of this IGFBP. This is particularly significant since IGFBP-6 provides an attractive basis for therapy of IGF-II-dependent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon A Bach
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia.
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Finger F, Schörle C, Soder S, Zien A, Goldring MB, Aigner T. Phenotypic characterization of human chondrocyte cell line C-20/A4: a comparison between monolayer and alginate suspension culture. Cells Tissues Organs 2005; 178:65-77. [PMID: 15604530 DOI: 10.1159/000081717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA microarray analysis was used to investigate the molecular phenotype of one of the first human chondrocyte cell lines, C-20/A4, derived from juvenile costal chondrocytes by immortalization with origin-defective simian virus 40 large T antigen. Clontech Human Cancer Arrays 1.2 and quantitative PCR were used to examine gene expression profiles of C-20/A4 cells cultured in the presence of serum in monolayer and alginate beads. In monolayer cultures, genes involved in cell proliferation were strongly upregulated compared to those expressed by human adult articular chondrocytes in primary culture. Of the cell cycle-regulated genes, only two, the CDK regulatory subunit and histone H4, were downregulated after culture in alginate beads, consistent with the ability of these cells to proliferate in suspension culture. In contrast, the expression of several genes that are involved in pericellular matrix formation, including MMP-14, COL6A1, fibronectin, biglycan and decorin, was upregulated when the C-20/A4 cells were transferred to suspension culture in alginate. Also, nexin-1, vimentin, and IGFBP-3, which are known to be expressed by primary chondrocytes, were differentially expressed in our study. Consistent with the proliferative phenotype of this cell line, few genes involved in matrix synthesis and turnover were highly expressed in the presence of serum. These results indicate that immortalized chondrocyte cell lines, rather than substituting for primary chondrocytes, may serve as models for extending findings on chondrocyte function not achievable by the use of primary chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Finger
- Osteoarticular and Arthritis Research, Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Tönshoff B, Kiepe D, Ciarmatori S. Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor system in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20:279-89. [PMID: 15692833 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-005-1821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of the somatotropic hormone axis play an important pathogenic role in growth retardation and catabolism in children with chronic renal failure (CRF). The apparent discrepancy between normal or elevated growth hormone (GH) levels and diminished longitudinal growth in CRF has led to the concept of GH insensitivity, which is caused by multiple alterations in the distal components of the somatotropic hormone axis. Serum levels of IGF-I and IGF-II are normal in preterminal CRF, while in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) IGF-I levels are slightly decreased and IGF-II levels slightly increased. In view of the prevailing elevated GH levels in ESRD, these serum IGF-I levels appear inadequately low. Indeed, there is both clinical and experimental evidence for decreased hepatic production of IGF-I in CRF. This hepatic insensitivity to the action of GH may be partly the consequence of reduced GH receptor expression in liver tissue and partly a consequence of disturbed GH receptor signaling. The actions and metabolism of IGFs are modulated by specific high-affinity IGFBPs. CRF serum has an IGF-binding capacity that is increased by seven- to tenfold, leading to decreased IGF bioactivity of CRF serum despite normal total IGF levels. Serum levels of intact IGFBP-1, -2, -4, -6 and low molecular weight fragments of IGFBP-3 are elevated in CRF serum in relation to the degree of renal dysfunction, whereas serum levels of intact IGFBP-3 are normal. Levels of immunoreactive IGFBP-5 are not altered in CRF serum, but the majority of IGFBP-5 is fragmented. Decreased renal filtration and increased hepatic production of IGFBP-1 and -2 both contribute to high levels of serum IGFBP. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that these excessive high-affinity IGFBPs in CRF serum inhibit IGF action in growth plate chondrocytes by competition with the type 1 IGF receptor for IGF binding. These data indicate that growth failure in CRF is mainly due to functional IGF deficiency. Combined therapy with rhGH and rhIGF-I is therefore a logical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Tönshoff
- University Children's Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Jia D, Heersche JNM. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A proteolytic activity in rat vertebral cell cultures: Stimulation by dexamethasone-a potential mechanism for glucocorticoid regulation of osteoprogenitor proliferation and differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:848-58. [PMID: 15754336 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) at physiological concentrations stimulate osteoprogenitor proliferation and differentiation in rat bone cell populations, and this is mediated in part by an increased response to insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). Since IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) modulate IGF actions, we evaluated whether the increased IGF responsiveness might be associated with decreased inhibitory IGFBP-4 peptide levels. Rat vertebral cells were cultured for up to 20 days with or without dexamethasone (Dex). Cell layer proteins were extracted at day 6, 8, 14, and 20, conditioned media (CM) collected at day 8, 14, and 20, and total RNA isolated at day 14 and 20 of culture. Western blotting showed that cell layer IGFBP-4 levels were lower, while IGFBP-4 protease activity in CM was higher, in Dex-treated cultures. Addition of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) antibody to CM abrogated IGFBP-4 proteolysis. PAPP-A mRNA levels were the same in control and Dex-treated cultures as evaluated by RT-PCR. Our data demonstrate that activity of the IGFBP-4 protease, PAPP-A, in rat bone cell cultures is increased by Dex via post-transcriptional mechanisms. Since IGFBP-4 mRNA levels in Dex-treated cultures were the same as in controls at day 8, slightly lower than in controls at day 14, and higher than in controls at day 20 as shown previously, the decreased IGFBP-4 peptide levels in Dex-treated cultures likely result from increased IGFBP-4 proteolysis by the elevated PAPP-A enzymatic activity. Our findings underscore a novel mechanism whereby GCs increase IGF responses in rat bone cells via PAPP-A-induced IGFBP-4 proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jia
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Davenport-Goodall CLM, Boston RC, Richardson DW. Effects of insulin-like growth factor-II on the mitogenic and metabolic activities of equine articular cartilage with and without interleukin 1-beta. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:238-44. [PMID: 14974582 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) on DNA and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and the expression of matrix-related genes in equine articular cartilage explants and chondrocytes, respectively, with and without interleukin 1-beta (IL1-beta). SAMPLE POPULATION Articular cartilage from 12 adult horses. PROCEDURE Articular cartilage was incubated in standard media with and without equine IL1-beta (10 ng/mL) containing various concentrations of IGF-II for 72 hours. Synthesis of DNA and GAG was determined by incorporation of thymidine labeled with radioactive hydrogen (3H) and sulfate labeled with radioactive sulfur (35S), respectively. Total GAG content of the explants and spent media was determined by use of the 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue assay. Northern blots of RNA from cultured equine articular cartilage chondrocytes were hybridized with cDNA of major matrix molecules. RESULTS Insulin-like growth factor-II stimulated DNA and GAG synthesis at concentrations of 25 and 50 ng/mL, respectively. In cartilage explants conditioned with IL1-beta, IGF-II stimulated DNA and GAG synthesis at concentrations of 500 and 50 ng/mL, respectively. Insulin-like growth factor-II had no effect on total GAG content as determined by the 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue assay. No specific effects on steady-state levels of messenger RNAs were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Insulin-like growth factor-II stimulated DNA and GAG synthesis in equine adult cartilage and may have potential application in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia L M Davenport-Goodall
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Reichenmiller KM, Mattern C, Ranke MB, Elmlinger MW. IGFs, IGFBPs, IGF-Binding Sites and Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism during Differentiation in Human Pulp Fibroblasts. HORMONE RESEARCH 2004; 62:33-9. [PMID: 15166484 DOI: 10.1159/000078747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2003] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of the insulin-like growth factors (IGF) system during the differentiation of human pulp-derived fibroblasts (HPF). METHODS Primary HPF were cultured for 24 days in DMEM medium with IGF-I or IGF-II (50 ng/ml each). Cell growth and morphology, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, the concentration of free deoxypyridinoline (DPD), IGF-I, -II, IGFBP-2 and -3 were studied. The number of (125)I-IGF-I binding sites was estimated by Scatchard analysis. RESULTS Light-microscopically visible nodules emerged during differentiation. Simultaneously, the ALP activity increased steadily between days 8 and 24, while the DPD concentration decreased by about 50%. The HPF produced high concentrations of IGF-II (2.00-1.30 microg/10(6) cells) but low IGF-I, IGFBP-2. IGFBP-2 was not changed, IGFBP-3 increased by 65% during differentiation. The number of IGF binding sites increased from 8,500 +/- 55 per cell (day 8) up to 22,000 +/- 570 (day 24). CONCLUSION The increasing number of IGF-binding sites accompanied by alterations in the biochemical bone markers during the differentiation of HPF suggests an autocrine/paracrine role for the IGFs in the formation of dentinal hard tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Reichenmiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine at the University of Tübingen, Germany.
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