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Tikhonova IV, Grinevich AA, Kosyakova NI, Safronova VG. The effect of high temperature on kinetics of reactive species generation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 192:235-245. [PMID: 36198342 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The excessive amount of reactive species under chronic inflammation, which are accompanied by an increase body temperature, lead to diabetic complications. Phagocyte NADPH oxidase is the key enzyme in these processes. The role of high temperature in its regulation in diabetes is not clear. The aim was to investigate the effect of high temperature on NADPH-oxidase-dependent generation of reactive species in diabetic patients. Chemiluminescent method was applied to assess respiratory burst kinetics initiated by opsonized zymosan in blood or phorbol ester in isolated granulocytes. Analyzing ROC curves, the main predictors and changes in stages of activation of NADPH oxidase were determined. Phosphoisoforms of p47phox and p67phox were quantified by immunoblotting. Response to opsonized zymosan was lower in all subjects at 40 °C vs 37 °C, its kinetic parameters (except Tmax) were higher in blood of patients vs controls. Response rate was the main significant predictor to distinguish groups of subjects at 40 °C indicating NADPH oxidase upregulation in diabetes. Ca2+-dependent generation of reactive species by cells increased in both groups at 40 °C vs 37 °C, kinetic parameters were higher in patients. Initial phospho-p47phox level was higher in patient cells vs ones in controls. It was increased by ionomycin, phorbol ester, or 40 °C in control cells and unchanged in patient ones. Phospho-p67phox level was unchangeable in intact cells of healthy donors and patients at both temperatures. Excessive amounts of reactive species in patient cells were the consequence of granulocyte priming due to p47phox phosphorylation. Thus, high temperature decreased phagocytosis- and enhanced Ca2+-dependent generation of reactive species making the differences between controls and patients less pronounced. The effect of temperature on the generation of reactive species in blood granulocytes is associated with activity of NADPH oxidase that can be a prospective therapeutic target for pathologies accompanied by inflammation including type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Tikhonova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya st., 3 Pushchino, 142290, Russia.
| | - Andrei A Grinevich
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya st., 3 Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Ninel I Kosyakova
- Hospital of Pushchino Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya st., 1 Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Valentina G Safronova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya st., 3 Pushchino, 142290, Russia
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2
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Dowey R, Iqbal A, Heller SR, Sabroe I, Prince LR. A Bittersweet Response to Infection in Diabetes; Targeting Neutrophils to Modify Inflammation and Improve Host Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:678771. [PMID: 34149714 PMCID: PMC8209466 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and recurrent infections occur commonly in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D, T2D) and increase patient morbidity and mortality. Neutrophils are professional phagocytes of the innate immune system that are critical in pathogen handling. Neutrophil responses to infection are dysregulated in diabetes, predominantly mediated by persistent hyperglycaemia; the chief biochemical abnormality in T1D and T2D. Therapeutically enhancing host immunity in diabetes to improve infection resolution is an expanding area of research. Individuals with diabetes are also at an increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), highlighting the need for re-invigorated and urgent focus on this field. The aim of this review is to explore the breadth of previous literature investigating neutrophil function in both T1D and T2D, in order to understand the complex neutrophil phenotype present in this disease and also to focus on the development of new therapies to improve aberrant neutrophil function in diabetes. Existing literature illustrates a dual neutrophil dysfunction in diabetes. Key pathogen handling mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are decreased in diabetes, weakening the immune response to infection. However, pro-inflammatory neutrophil pathways, mainly neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, extracellular ROS generation and pro-inflammatory cytokine generation, are significantly upregulated, causing damage to the host and perpetuating inflammation. Reducing these proinflammatory outputs therapeutically is emerging as a credible strategy to improve infection resolution in diabetes, and also more recently COVID-19. Future research needs to drive forward the exploration of novel treatments to improve infection resolution in T1D and T2D to improve patient morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dowey
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Iqbal
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Heller
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sabroe
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne R. Prince
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Messerer DAC, Schmidt H, Frick M, Huber-Lang M. Ion and Water Transport in Neutrophil Granulocytes and Its Impairment during Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1699. [PMID: 33567720 PMCID: PMC7914618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are the vanguard of innate immunity in response to numerous pathogens. Their activity drives the clearance of microbe- and damage-associated molecular patterns, thereby contributing substantially to the resolution of inflammation. However, excessive stimulation during sepsis leads to cellular unresponsiveness, immunological dysfunction, bacterial expansion, and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction. During the short lifespan of neutrophils, they can become significantly activated by complement factors, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators. Following stimulation, the cells respond with a defined (electro-)physiological pattern, including depolarization, calcium influx, and alkalization as well as with increased metabolic activity and polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. Activity of ion transport proteins and aquaporins is critical for multiple cellular functions of innate immune cells, including chemotaxis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and phagocytosis of both pathogens and tissue debris. In this review, we first describe the ion transport proteins and aquaporins involved in the neutrophil ion-water fluxes in response to chemoattractants. We then relate ion and water flux to cellular functions with a focus on danger sensing, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst and approach the role of altered ion transport protein expression and activity in impaired cellular functions and cell death during systemic inflammation as in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alexander Christian Messerer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hanna Schmidt
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (H.S.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (H.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
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Tikhonova IV, Grinevich AA, Guseva IE, Safronova VG. Modified kinetics of generation of reactive species in peripheral blood of patients with type 2 diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 159:76-86. [PMID: 32763412 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Level of reactive species in blood is an important pathogenic factor in diabetes mellitus leading to dysfunctions of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells and coagulation system abnormality. A massive release of reactive species (respiratory burst), catalyzed by NADPH oxidase in blood phagocytes, is not well understood in diabetes. The work aimed to study kinetics of response to microbial particles in blood to specify changes in regulatory mechanisms of generation of reactive species in patients with type 2 diabetes. Production of reactive species in blood and isolated granulocytes was measured by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. Respiratory burst was initiated by serum opsonized zymosan in blood samples and phorbol ester in cell samples. Kinetic parameters were calculated from experimental kinetic curves of chemiluminescence intensity. ROC curve analysis and mathematical modeling were used to reveal the most significant predictors and clarify specific mechanisms of NADPH oxidase activation. It was shown that kinetic parameters of response to opsonized zymosan (lag-time, response rate, amplitude, production of reactive species) were higher in blood of patients than controls. Amplitude and response rate were the most statistically significant predictors for distinguishing patients and controls at high glucose. It indicated NADPH oxidase activation was the target of hyperglycemia. Mathematical modeling showed hyperglycemia increased stability of NADPH oxidase complex, decreased synchronization of its assembling and elevated neutrophil capacity to phagocytosis in patients. Weak or no dependence of response kinetics on ionomycin concentration was shown in patients indicating changed Ca2+-dependent mechanism of NADPH oxidase activation. Hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes causes disturbances in mechanisms of NADPH oxidase activation associated with both phagocytosis and the state of intracellular signaling systems, including Ca2+-dependent. We suggest that NADPH oxidase in blood granulocytes can be a promising target for clinical intervention improving management of diabetic complications associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Tikhonova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 3, Pushchino, 142290, Russia.
| | - Andrei A Grinevich
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 3, Pushchino, 142290, Russia; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 3, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Irina E Guseva
- Hospital of Pushchino Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 1, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Valentina G Safronova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 3, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
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5
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Xu W, Zhao T, Xiao H. The Implication of Oxidative Stress and AMPK-Nrf2 Antioxidative Signaling in Pneumonia Pathogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:400. [PMID: 32625169 PMCID: PMC7311749 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that chemical, physical, and biological factors can singly or synergistically evoke the excessive production of oxidative stress in pulmonary tissue that followed by pulmonary lesions and pneumonia. In addition, metabolic and endocrine disorder-induced diseases such as diabetes and obesity often expressed higher susceptibility to pulmonary infections, and presented severe symptoms which increasing the mortality rate. Therefore, the connection between the lesion of the lungs and the metabolic/endocrine disorders is an interesting and essential issue to be addressed. Studies have noticed a similar pathological feature in both infectious pneumonia and metabolic disease-intercurrent pulmonary lesions, that is, from the view of molecular pathology, the accumulation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pulmonary tissue accompanying with activated pro-inflammatory signals. Meanwhile, Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling plays important role in metabolic/endocrine homeostasis and infection response, and it's closely associated with the anti-oxidative capacity of the body. For this reason, this review will start from the summary upon the implication of ROS accumulation, and to discuss how AMPK-Nrf2 signaling contributes to maintaining the metabolic/endocrine homeostasis and attenuates the susceptibility of pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hengyi Xiao
- Lab for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Is Instrumental to Alternative Macrophage Polarization and Phagocytic Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194966. [PMID: 31597355 PMCID: PMC6801659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are highly plastic and dynamic cells that exert much of their function through phagocytosis. Phagocytosis depends on a coordinated, finely tuned, and compartmentalized regulation of calcium concentrations. We examined the role of mitochondrial calcium uptake and mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) in macrophage polarization and function. In primary cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages, calcium uptake in mitochondria was instrumental for alternative (M2) macrophage polarization. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibition with KB-R7943 or MCU knockdown, which prevented mitochondrial calcium uptake, reduced M2 polarization, while not affecting classical (M1) polarization. Challenging macrophages with E. coli fragments induced spikes of mitochondrial calcium concentrations, which were prevented by MCU inhibition or silencing. In addition, mitochondria remodelled in M2 macrophages during phagocytosis, especially close to sites of E. coli internalization. Remarkably, inhibition or knockdown of MCU significantly reduced the phagocytic capacity of M2 macrophages. KB-R7943, which also inhibits the membrane sodium/calcium exchanger and Complex I, reduced mitochondria energization and cellular ATP levels, but such effects were not observed with MCU silencing. Therefore, phagocytosis inhibition by MCU knockdown depended on the impaired mitochondrial calcium buffering rather than changes in mitochondrial and cellular energy status. These data uncover a new role for MCU in alternative macrophage polarization and phagocytic activity.
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D'Elia JA, Weinrauch LA. Calcium Ion Channels: Roles in Infection and Sepsis Mechanisms of Calcium Channel Blocker Benefits in Immunocompromised Patients at Risk for Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2465. [PMID: 30134544 PMCID: PMC6164603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression may occur for a number of reasons related to an individual's frailty, debility, disease or from therapeutic iatrogenic intervention or misadventure. A large percentage of morbidity and mortality in immunodeficient populations is related to an inadequate response to infectious agents with slow response to antibiotics, enhancements of antibiotic resistance in populations, and markedly increased prevalence of acute inflammatory response, septic and infection related death. Given known relationships between intracellular calcium ion concentrations and cytotoxicity and cellular death, we looked at currently available data linking blockade of calcium ion channels and potential decrease in expression of sepsis among immunosuppressed patients. Notable are relationships between calcium, calcium channel, vitamin D mechanisms associated with sepsis and demonstration of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that may utilize channels sensitive to calcium channel blocker. We note that sepsis shock syndrome represents loss of regulation of inflammatory response to infection and that vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor, and klotho interact with sepsis defense mechanisms in which movement of calcium and phosphorus are part of the process. Given these observations we consider that further investigation of the effect of relatively inexpensive calcium channel blockade agents of infections in immunosuppressed populations might be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A D'Elia
- E P Joslin Research Laboratory, Kidney and Hypertension Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston and Cambridge, 521 Mount Auburn Street Watertown, MA 02472, USA. jd'
| | - Larry A Weinrauch
- E P Joslin Research Laboratory, Kidney and Hypertension Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston and Cambridge, 521 Mount Auburn Street Watertown, MA 02472, USA.
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Shi W, Guan X, Han Y, Guo C, Rong J, Su W, Zha S, Wang Y, Liu G. Waterborne Cd 2+ weakens the immune responses of blood clam through impacting Ca 2+ signaling and Ca 2+ related apoptosis pathways. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:208-213. [PMID: 29609026 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metals such as Cadmium (Cd) may exert detrimental impacts on the immune responses of marine bivalve species. However, the immunotoxicity of Cd on blood clams remains unknown to date. Furthermore, though Cd2+ is known to compete with calcium (Ca2+) ions for their binding sites in cells and inhibit Ca2+ influx, whether Cd2+ weakens the immune responses of marine bivalves through inducing intracellular Ca2+ disorders still remains unclear. Therefore, the immunotoxicity of Cd2+ at different waterborne Ca2+ concentrations on blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, were investigated in the present study. Results obtained demonstrated that the total number, phagocytic activity, and red granulocytes ratio of the haemocytes were all significantly reduced after 10 days exposure of individuals to 25 μg/L Cd2+. However, when the waterborne Ca2+ concentrations were elevated by 10% and 20% (approximately 370 and 410 mg/L, respectively), mitigation effects on the immune responses of individuals were detected. In addition, though the expressions of genes from the Ca2+ signaling and Ca2+-related apoptosis pathways were significantly altered by Cd2+ exposure, the expression patterns of these genes were similar to that of the control when the waterborne Ca2+ concentrations were elevated, suggesting a relieving effect of waterborne Ca2+ on Cd2+ induced toxicity to haemocytes. The results obtained in the present study revealed that waterborne Cd2+ may hamper the immune responses of T. granosa through influencing Ca2+ signaling and Ca2+-related apoptosis pathways, which can be partially mitigated by elevating the waterborne Ca2+ concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Guan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Cheng Guo
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiahuan Rong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenhao Su
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shanjie Zha
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yichen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Ali F, Alsayegh F, Sharma P, Waheedi M, Bayoud T, Alrefai F. White blood cell subpopulation changes and prevalence of neutropenia among Arab diabetic patients attending Dasman Diabetes Institute in Kuwait. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193920. [PMID: 29547660 PMCID: PMC5856345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of diabetes mellitus on the differential white blood cell count are not widely studied in the Arab populations. The objective of this cross-sectional, retrospective study is to assess the influence of chronic diabetes mellitus on white blood cell counts, absolute neutrophil (ANC) and lymphocyte counts (ALC) as well as the prevalence of benign ethnic neutropenia among Arabs attending the Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI) in Kuwait. METHODS AND FINDINGS 1,580 out of 5,200 patients registered in the DDI database qualified for our study. Age, gender, HbA1c and creatinine levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate as well as average WBC, ANC and ALC levels, presence of diabetes-associated complications and anti-diabetic medications were analyzed. Our results showed the mean value of the WBC was 7.6 ± 1.93 x 109/L (95% CI: 2.95-17.15). The mean ANC was 4.3 x 109/L (95% CI: 0.97-10.40) and mean ALC was 2.5 x 109/L (95% CI: 0.29-10.80). Neutropenia (ANC: <1.5 x 109/L) was detected in fifteen patients (0.94%). Six patients (0.4%) fulfilled the definition of lymphopenia (ALC < 1 x109/L). Patients with an HbA1c ≥ 7% and those taking at least 3 anti-diabetic medications showed higher values for ANC and ALC. Patients with diabetes-associated neuropathy or nephropathy displayed higher mean ANC values. Our study was limited by overrepresentation of patients over 50 years old compared to those under 50 as well as selection bias given its retrospective nature. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that patients with poorly controlled diabetes displayed higher ANC and ALC levels. In addition, patients with DM-associated complications showed higher ANC levels. This finding would suggest that DM exerts a pro-inflammatory influence on differential WBC counts. Our study also showed that the prevalence of benign ethnic neutropenia was lower than previously reported in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center–Kuwait University, Al-Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Faisal Alsayegh
- Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center–Kuwait University, Al-Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Prem Sharma
- Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center–Kuwait University, Al-Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Mohammad Waheedi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Center–Kuwait University, Al-Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Tania Bayoud
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Center–Kuwait University, Al-Jabriya, Kuwait
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D'Elia JA, Gleason RE, Monaco AP, Weinrauch LA. Does calcium channel blockade have a role in prevention of expression of sepsis in renal transplant recipients? Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2016; 9:291-295. [PMID: 27920569 PMCID: PMC5125997 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s121492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many antihypertensive agents have been demonstrated to assist in preservation of kidney function, among them those that modulate calcium channels. Calcium channel blockers may also be of value in protecting hemodialysis patients from complications of sepsis. In diabetic recipients of kidney transplant allografts treated with cyclosporine, calcium channel blockade has been retrospectively linked to improved graft preservation and to fewer episodes of sepsis. This brief review outlines clinical and experimental publications on potential protection from sepsis by addition of calcium channel blockers to standard antibiotic therapy in individuals who may or may not have normal kidney function, or in the presence or absence of immunosuppression. Such mechanisms include blockade of antibiotic cytosolic extrusion in the cases of Pneumococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Plasmodium falciparum malaria, or Schistosoma mansoni; blockade of the calcineurin/calmodulin pathway (in immunosuppressed patients allowing for lower dosage of cyclosporine); stabilization of calcium movement at the level of sarcoplasmic reticulum by which shock (vasopressor instability) is prevented; or of cytosolic calcium influx and cell death (in the case of allograft acute tubular necrosis). Given the high cost of development of new antibiotics, a role for generic calcium channel blockade in sepsis prevention should be pursued by additional studies to investigate potential links between blockade of calcium channels and expression of sepsis in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A D'Elia
- Kidney and Hypertension Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA; Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | | | - Anthony P Monaco
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Larry A Weinrauch
- Kidney and Hypertension Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA; Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston MA; Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Unubol M, Yavasoglu I, Kacar F, Guney E, Omurlu IK, Ture M, Kadikoylu G, Bolaman Z. Relationship between glycemic control and histochemical myeloperoxidase activity in neutrophils in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7:119. [PMID: 26719776 PMCID: PMC4696277 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-015-0115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a lysosomal hemoprotein found in the azurophilic granules in neutrophils. Myeloperoxidase plays an important role in oxygen-dependent killing of bacteria, fungi, virus and malignant cells. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is listed among conditions that may lead to secondary MPO deficiency in neutrophils but inconsistent results concerning MPO activity in diabetic patients have been reported in the literature. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between glycemic control in patients with type 2 DM and MPO activity in neutrophils from a histochemical perspective. METHODS The study included 40 patients with type 2 DM with poor glycemic control, 30 patients with type 2 DM with good glycemic control and 31 healthy controls. Peripheral blood smears were analyzed for each patient included in the study. Myeloperoxidase dye was used for staining. Myeloperoxidase ratios in neutrophil were evaluated for proportions of staining with MPO in 100 neutrophils in each smear. SPSS 16.0 version was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Myeloperoxidase ratios in neutrophils were 70 (58.5-80) in type 2 DM patients with poor glycemic control compared to 80 (73.75-90) in those with good glycemic control and 88 (78-92) in healthy controls. The DM group with poor glycemic control was statistically significantly different from the other groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Poor glycemic control in diabetic patients results in decreased MPO activity in neutrophils histochemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Unubol
- />Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydın, Turkey
| | - Irfan Yavasoglu
- />Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Firuzan Kacar
- />Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Engin Guney
- />Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydın, Turkey
| | - Imran Kurt Omurlu
- />Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Mevlut Ture
- />Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Gurhan Kadikoylu
- />Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Zahit Bolaman
- />Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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12
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Fisher-Hoch SP. Worldwide increase in diabetes: implications for tuberculosis control. Res Rep Trop Med 2014; 5:35-44. [PMID: 32669890 PMCID: PMC7337143 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s45082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes presents a greater threat to global tuberculosis (TB) control than previously appreciated, with risk of reversing the achievements of several decades. An estimated 382 million people worldwide currently have diabetes, half of whom are undiagnosed. Most live in low- and middle-income countries alongside many of the two billion individuals infected with TB. Though the frequency of TB in type 1 diabetes was known for centuries, only recently have we observed the tripling of TB in type 2 diabetes, most significantly in high-burden TB populations such as in Peru, Russia, and the People's Republic of China. In India diabetes is estimated to have increased TB cases by 46% between 1998 and 2008. Diabetes is a greater long-term threat to TB control than human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) since ten-fold more people are affected by diabetes than HIV/AIDS in larger geographic areas. Diabetes in TB increases drug resistance, treatment failure, and mortality, and may increase the spread of drug-resistant strains. Delayed or missed diagnosis fuels transmission of TB and hinders control of diabetes. Tailored treatment for diabetes patients requires well-designed clinical trials. The World Health Organization (WHO) framework for care and control of diabetes and TB needs improved screening strategies. Determination of how best to establish bi-directional screening is hampered by lack of affordable and reliable methods. Recommendations include education of health care providers, patients, and communities. Structured diabetes programs with registries and effective follow-up could be modeled on and communicate with existing TB programs. Vital research should address new diagnostic tools, lowering cost and evaluation of intervention strategies, as well as better understanding of the impaired immune responses that make diabetes patients more susceptible to TB leading to targeted therapies. Solutions will require the combination of good science, good decision-making, adequate funding, and political will.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Fisher-Hoch
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Science, University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownsville Campus, Brownsville, TX, USA
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Kappala SS, Espino J, Pariente JA, Rodriguez AB, Rajbhandari S, Iyengar A, Bidasee KR, Singh J. FMLP-, thapsigargin-, and H2O2-evoked changes in intracellular free calcium concentration in lymphocytes and neutrophils of type 2 diabetic patients. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 387:251-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fisher-Hoch SP, Mathews CE, McCormick JB. Obesity, diabetes and pneumonia: the menacing interface of non-communicable and infectious diseases. Trop Med Int Health 2013; 18:1510-9. [PMID: 24237786 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review current knowledge on the epidemiological, clinical and biological impact of the pandemic of obesity and diabetes on pneumonias. METHODS We conducted a literature review using PubMed and EMBASE, supplemented by various sources. Given the disparate and fragmented nature of the literature, a formal systematic review was not possible. RESULTS In 2008, globally 10% of men and 14% of women were obese and an estimated 371 million had diabetes; half undiagnosed and many obese. Numbers are rising rapidly in low- and middle-income countries where the majority reside, but reliable data are lacking. The most frequent pneumonias in obesity and diabetes are tuberculosis, influenza and pneumococcal, staphylococcal and opportunistic pathogens. Diabetes impacts tuberculosis control and increases drug resistance and mortality. Mortality and morbidity from pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza are increased in obesity and diabetes. In addition to mechanical and physiological effects, there are considerable immunological abnormalities characterised by chronic, low-grade inflammation. Simultaneous up-regulation and dysregulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses impair control and killing of invading organisms. Prevention in those at risk is poorly practised, although screening for tuberculosis in diabetes is beginning in high-burden settings. CONCLUSIONS Pneumonia is a threat globally in obesity and diabetes with increased incidence and severity of disease. There is uncertainty about whether vaccines are equally effective in those with obesity and diabetes. Increased epidemiological, clinical and biological knowledge will be crucial to face this 21st century challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Fisher-Hoch
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownsville, TX, USA
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Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers inhibit non-esterified-fatty-acid-induced endothelial and rheological dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 125:247-55. [PMID: 23535137 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Circulating NEFAs (non-esterified fatty acids) from adipose tissue lipolysis lead to endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in patients with the metabolic syndrome or Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that DHP (dihydropyridine) CCBs (calcium channel blockers) prevent NEFA-induced endothelial and haemorheological dysfunction independently of their antihypertensive properties. Using a double-blind cross-over study design, nifedipine, amlodipine, diltiazem or placebo were administered to eight healthy subjects for 2 days before each study day. On the study days, the following were assessed before and after the infusion of lipid and heparin to raise serum NEFAs: endothelial function, by measuring FBF (forearm blood flow) responses to ACh (acetylcholine); leucocyte activation, by ex vivo measurement of plasma MPO (myeloperoxidase) levels, adherent leucocyte numbers and whole blood transit time through microchannels; and oxidative stress, by determining plasma levels of d-ROMs (derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites). Effects of the CCBs on NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) p65 phospholylation stimulated by NEFAs were assessed in cultured monocytic cells in vitro. Elevated NEFAs reduced the responses to ACh and significantly increased whole blood transit time, adherent leucocyte numbers and d-ROMs. Nifedipine and amlodipine, but not diltiazem, prevented NEFA-induced endothelial dysfunction, leucocyte activation and enhancement of oxidative stress without affecting BP (blood pressure), whereas all these drugs prevented NEFA-induced p65 activation in vitro. These results suggest that DHP CCBs, independent of their antihypertensive properties in humans, prevent NEFA-induced endothelial and haemorheological dysfunction through inhibition of NEFA-induced leucocyte activation, although the sensitivity to drugs of leucocyte Ca2+ channels may differ among cells.
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Abstract
Immune cells kill microbes by engulfing them in a membrane-enclosed compartment, the phagosome. Phagocytosis is initiated when foreign particles bind to receptors on the membrane of phagocytes. The best-studied phagocytic receptors, those for Igs (FcgammaR) and for complement proteins (CR), activate PLC and PLD, resulting in the intracellular production of the Ca(2+)-mobilizing second messengers InsP3 and S1P, respectively. The ensuing release of Ca(2+) from the ER activates SOCE channels in the plasma and/or phagosomal membrane, leading to sustained or oscillatory elevations in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. Cytosolic Ca(2+) elevations are required for efficient ingestion of foreign particles by some, but not all, phagocytic receptors and stringently control the subsequent steps involved in the maturation of phagosomes. Ca(2+) is required for the solubilization of the actin meshwork that surrounds nascent phagosomes, for the fusion of phagosomes with granules containing lytic enzymes, and for the assembly and activation of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase complex. Furthermore, Ca(2+) entry only occurs at physiological voltages and therefore, requires the activity of proton channels that counteract the depolarizing action of the phagocytic oxidase. The molecules that mediate Ca(2+) ion flux across the phagosomal membrane are still unknown but likely include the ubiquitous SOCE channels and possibly other types of Ca(2+) channels such as LGCC and VGCC. Understanding the molecular basis of the Ca(2+) signals that control phagocytosis might provide new, therapeutic tools against pathogens that subvert phagocytic killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Nunes
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
Obesity leads to insulin resistance because the larger adipocytes in obese persons secrete proinflammatory cytokines that cause chronic inflammation in adipose tissue. This, in turn, leads to the alteration of adipokine secretion, which can induce insulin resistance. However, the development of insulin resistance without obesity is still obscure. We aimed to use an animal inflammation model with cotton pellet granuloma (CPG) in adipose tissue to characterize insulin resistance formation. We found that CPG in epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT), rather than in interscapular brown adipose tissue, impaired insulin sensitivity, and glucose utilization, and that it decreased levels of phosphoinsulin receptor and phospho-Akt in both muscle and liver tissue, but that it did not modify the body weight or food intake in mice. Macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue, leukocyte counts, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interleukin-6 were elevated in CPG-treated mice. However, we found a marked decrease of plasma adiponectin only in the WAT group, which might have been because of the lower level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in WAT. These results show that granuloma formation in WAT by implantation of a cotton pellet may induce insulin resistance under nonobese condition through circulating inflammatory mediators, especially the low level of adiponectin.
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Hatanaka E, Monteagudo PT, Marrocos MSM, Campa A. Neutrophils and monocytes as potentially important sources of proinflammatory cytokines in diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 146:443-7. [PMID: 17100763 PMCID: PMC1810405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and monocytes play a central role in host defence. The invading leucocytes are capable of synthesizing and releasing a variety of proinflammatory mediators including cytokines. Given the importance of cytokines in the progression of chronic and acute inflammatory processes, we aimed to ascertain whether the release of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1beta, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-1ra of neutrophils and monocytes was modified in diabetes. To this end, we measured the release of cytokines in suspensions of cell culture in basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated conditions. In basal conditions, neutrophils of diabetics release 1.6, 3.2, 1.9 and 1.9-fold higher amounts of IL-8, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-1ra, respectively, than do healthy controls. Under our experimental conditions, this effect was more evident for neutrophils than for monocytes. Incremental cytokine production was also found to occur when neutrophils were stimulated with LPS. IL-8, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha increased, respectively, by 4.0, 1.7 and 2.8-fold. Although the effect was more marked for neutrophils, monocytes showed a tendency for increased cytokine production. The discovery of this increase in cytokines released by the neutrophils of diabetics contributes towards a clearer understanding of other deficiencies described for neutrophils in diabetes, such as the migration of neutrophils to inflammatory sites, phagocytes, release of lytic proteases, production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. The excessive production of cytokines may lead to inappropriate activation and tissue injury and even to increased susceptibility to invasive microorganisms. Thus, the increased responsiveness of neutrophils of diabetics demonstrated in this study may be considered part of the scenario of diabetes physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hatanaka
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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