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Shen B, Yoon D, Castillo J, Biswal S. A Practical Guide to Sigma-1 Receptor Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A New Clinical Molecular Imaging Method to Identify Peripheral Pain Generators in Patients with Chronic Pain. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2023; 27:601-617. [PMID: 37935207 PMCID: PMC10629991 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1775744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Accurately identifying the peripheral pain generator in patients with chronic pain remains a major challenge for modern medicine. Millions of patients around the world suffer endlessly from difficult-to-manage debilitating pain because of very limited diagnostic tests and a paucity of pain therapies. To help these patients, we have developed a novel clinical molecular imaging approach, and, in its early stages, it has been shown to accurately identify the exact site of pain generation using an imaging biomarker for the sigma-1 receptor and positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging. We hope the description of the work in this article can help others begin their own pain imaging programs at their respective institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shen
- Cyclotron Radiochemistry Facility, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Daehyun Yoon
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Jessa Castillo
- Radiochemistry Facility, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Sandip Biswal
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Chamoun K, Mouawad J, Salameh P, Sacre H, Haddad R, Khabbaz LR, Megarbane B, Hajj A. Opioid use disorder in two samples of the Lebanese population: scale validation and correlation with sleep and mood disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:797. [PMID: 37914993 PMCID: PMC10619223 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The revised Opioid Risk Tool (ORT-OUD) is a brief, self-report scale designed to provide clinicians with a simple, validated method to screen for the risk of developing an Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) in patients without a prior history of substance abuse. This study aimed to translate and validate the Arabic version of ORT-OUD in the Lebanese population and assess its clinical validity in a sample of patients with OUD. METHODS This cross-sectional study in the Lebanese population used several validated scales to assess the risk of OUD, including the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Other tools evaluated chronotype and sleep and mood disturbances. Principal component analysis with Varimax rotation was applied to assess ORT-OUD construct validity. Convergent validity with the Arabic version of ASSIST was evaluated. The ORT-OUD criterion validity was then assessed in a clinical sample of patients with OUD. RESULTS This study included 581 participants. The prevalence of the OUD risk in the Lebanese population using the ORT-OUD scale and the ASSIST-opioids scale was estimated at 14.5% and 6.54%, respectively. No items of the ORT-OUD were removed; all items converged over a solution of four factors with an eigenvalue > 1, explaining a total of 68.2% of the variance (Cronbach's alpha = 0.648). The correlation coefficients between the ORT-OUD total score and ASSIST subscales were as follows: ASSIST-opioids (r = 0.174; p = < 0.001), ASSIST-sedatives (r = 0.249; p < 0.001), and ASSIST-alcohol (r = 0.161; p = < 0.001). ORT-OUD clinical validation showed a correlation with ASSIST-opioids (r = 0.251; p = 0.093) and ASSIST-sedatives (r = 0.598; p < 0.001). Higher ORT-OUD scores were associated with a family and personal history of alcohol and substance consumption and higher insomnia and anxiety scores. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to validate the Arabic version of ORT-OUD in the Lebanese population, an essential step towards improving the detection and management of OUD in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Chamoun
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie Clinique et Contrôle de Qualité des Médicaments, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Joseph Mouawad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie Clinique et Contrôle de Qualité des Médicaments, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie- Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Egkomi, Nicosia, 2417, Cyprus
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie- Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ramzi Haddad
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lydia Rabbaa Khabbaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie Clinique et Contrôle de Qualité des Médicaments, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bruno Megarbane
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière-Fernand Widal Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Aline Hajj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie Clinique et Contrôle de Qualité des Médicaments, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec city, Québec, Canada.
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec- Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
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Seymour RB, Wally MK, Hsu JR. Impact of clinical decision support on controlled substance prescribing. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2023; 23:234. [PMID: 37864226 PMCID: PMC10588193 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-023-02314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescription drug overdose and misuse has reached alarming numbers. A persistent problem in clinical care is lack of easy, immediate access to all relevant information at the actionable time. Prescribers must digest an overwhelming amount of information from each patient's record as well as remain up-to-date with current evidence to provide optimal care. This study aimed to describe prescriber response to a prospective clinical decision support intervention designed to identify patients at risk of adverse events associated with misuse of prescription opioids/benzodiazepines and promote adherence to clinical practice guidelines. METHODS This study was conducted at a large multi-center healthcare system, using data from the electronic health record. A prospective observational study was performed as clinical decision support (CDS) interventions were sequentially launched (January 2016-July 2019). All data were captured from the medical record prospectively via the CDS tools implemented. A consecutive series of all patient encounters including an opioid/benzodiazepine prescription were included in this study (n = 61,124,172 encounters; n = 674,785 patients). Physician response to the CDS interventions was the primary outcome, and it was assessed over time using control charts. RESULTS An alert was triggered in 23.5% of encounters with a prescription (n = 555,626). The prescriber decision was influenced in 18.1% of these encounters (n = 100,301). As the number of risk factors increased, the rate of decision being influenced also increased (p = 0.0001). The effect of the alert differed by drug, risk factor, specialty, and facility. CONCLUSION The delivery of evidence-based, patient-specific information had an influence on the final prescription in nearly 1 in 5 encounters. Our intervention was sustained with minimal prescriber fatigue over many years in a large and diverse health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Seymour
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute, 1000 Blythe Boulevard, Charlotte, NC, 28203, USA.
- Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute, 2001 Vail Avenue, 6th floor, Charlotte, NC, 28207, USA.
| | - Meghan K Wally
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute, 1000 Blythe Boulevard, Charlotte, NC, 28203, USA
| | - Joseph R Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute, 1000 Blythe Boulevard, Charlotte, NC, 28203, USA
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Vowles KE, Witkiewitz K, Clarke E, Schmidt Z, Borsari B, Edwards KE, Korecki JR, Moniz-Lewis DI, Bondzie JA, Mullins C, Thoreson CI, Delacruz J, Wilkins CH, Nelson S, Delventura J, Henderson R, Katz A, Hua W, Watson E, Baxley C, Canlas BR, Pendleton T, Herbst E, Batki S. Rationale and design of a multisite randomized clinical trial examining an integrated behavioral treatment for veterans with co-occurring chronic pain and opioid use disorder: The pain and opioids integrated treatment in veterans (POSITIVE) trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 126:107096. [PMID: 36693589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain and opioid use disorder (OUD) individually represent a risk to health and well-being. Concerningly, there is evidence that they are frequently co-morbid. While few treatments exist that simultaneously target both conditions, preliminary work has supported the feasibility of an integrated behavioral treatment targeting pain interference and opioid misuse. This treatment combined Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (ACT+MBRP). This paper describes the protocol for the adequately powered efficacy study of this integrated treatment. METHODS A multisite randomized controlled trial will examine the efficacy of ACT+MBRP in comparison to a parallel education control condition, focusing on opioid safety and pain education. Participants include veterans (n = 160; 21-75 years old) recruited from three Veterans Administration (VA) Healthcare Systems with chronic pain who are on a stable dose of buprenorphine. Both conditions include twelve weekly 90 min group sessions delivered via telehealth. Primary outcomes include pain interference (Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System - Pain Interference) and hazardous opioid use (Current Opioid Misuse Measure), which will be examined at the end of the active treatment phase and through 12 months post-intervention. Secondary analyses will evaluate outcomes including pain intensity, depression, pain-related fear, and substance use, as well as treatment mechanisms. CONCLUSION This study will determine the efficacy of an integrated behavioral treatment program for pain interference and hazardous opioid use among veterans with chronic pain and OUD who are prescribed buprenorphine, addressing a critical need for more integrated treatments for chronic pain and OUD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04648228.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E Vowles
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Erik Clarke
- Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Healthcare Administration, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Zachary Schmidt
- Raymond G. Murphy Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Mexico Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center and University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karlyn E Edwards
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J Richard Korecki
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Juliana A Bondzie
- Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Healthcare Administration, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Chloe Mullins
- Raymond G. Murphy Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Mexico Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Claire I Thoreson
- Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Healthcare Administration, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Joannalyn Delacruz
- San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center and University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Consuelo H Wilkins
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Nelson
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Ryan Henderson
- Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Healthcare Administration, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Andrea Katz
- Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Healthcare Administration, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - William Hua
- San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center and University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erin Watson
- San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center and University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Baxley
- San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center and University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bernard R Canlas
- Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Healthcare Administration, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Tiffany Pendleton
- Raymond G. Murphy Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Mexico Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ellen Herbst
- San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center and University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven Batki
- San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center and University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Deutsch L, Cloutier A, Leahy G, Teubner A, Abraham A, Taylor M, Paine P, Lal S. Factors associated with strong opioid use for noncancer pain in patients with chronic intestinal failure. Nutr Clin Pract 2023; 38:129-137. [PMID: 36184884 PMCID: PMC10092843 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic analgesic use is described in home parenteral nutrition (HPN)-dependent patients, but there are limited data on factors associated with opioid use for noncancerous pain. METHODS Patients attending a national UK intestinal failure reference center were divided in two groups according to strong opioid (SO) usage; risk factors for SO usage were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 168 HPN-dependent patients were included. During the study period, 73 patients (43.5%) had documented SO usage (SO group), whereas the remainder did not (No-SO group). The prevalence of Crohn's disease among the No-SO group was twofold higher than among the SO group (43.2% vs 24.7%; P = 0.013), whereas those with surgical complications were twice as prevalent among the SO group (19.2% vs 8.4%, respectively; P = 0.04). The rate of working-age unemployment was significantly higher in the SO group (90.6%) than the No-SO group (55.6%; P = 0.001). Multivariate regression showed unemployment as an independent risk factor for SO usage (OR, 6.005; 95% CI, 1.435-25.134), whereas Crohn's disease (OR, 0.284; 95% CI, 0.09-0.898) and <4 intravenous support (IVS) nights per week (OR, 0.113; 95% CI, 0.012-1.009) were protective factors. The life-long incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) was comparable between groups (34.2% SO vs 27.4% No-SO; P = 0.336). CONCLUSION SO use is frequent among HPN-dependent patients and associated with high rates of unemployment and ≥4 IVS nights per week, but not with increased rate of CRBSI. The reduced usage among patients with Crohn's disease warrants further evaluation but might be due to the chronicity as compared with other IF etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Deutsch
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation TrustSalfordUK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tel‐Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Anabelle Cloutier
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation TrustSalfordUK
- CHU de QuébecUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Gavin Leahy
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation TrustSalfordUK
| | - Antje Teubner
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation TrustSalfordUK
| | - Arun Abraham
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation TrustSalfordUK
| | - Michael Taylor
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation TrustSalfordUK
| | - Peter Paine
- Department of Gastroenterology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation TrustSalfordUK
| | - Simon Lal
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation TrustSalfordUK
- Academic Health Sciences CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Bertels Z, Mangutov E, Siegersma K, Cropper HC, Tipton A, Pradhan AA. PACAP-PAC1 receptor inhibition is effective in opioid induced hyperalgesia and medication overuse headache models. iScience 2023; 26:105950. [PMID: 36756376 PMCID: PMC9900514 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids prescribed for pain and migraine can produce opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) or medication overuse headache (MOH). We previously demonstrated that pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is upregulated in OIH and chronic migraine models. Here we determined if PACAP acts as a bridge between opioids and pain chronification. We tested PACAP-PAC1 receptor inhibition in novel models of opioid-exacerbated trigeminovascular pain. The PAC1 antagonist, M65, reversed chronic allodynia in a model which combines morphine with the migraine trigger, nitroglycerin. Chronic opioids also exacerbated cortical spreading depression, a correlate of migraine aura; and M65 inhibited this augmentation. In situ hybridization showed MOR and PACAP co-expression in trigeminal ganglia, and near complete overlap between MOR and PAC1 in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and periaqueductal gray. PACAPergic mechanisms appear to facilitate the transition to chronic headache following opioid use, and strategies targeting this system may be particularly beneficial for OIH and MOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah Bertels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizaveta Mangutov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kendra Siegersma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Haley C. Cropper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alycia Tipton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amynah A. Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Corresponding author
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Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R. CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain - United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep 2022; 71:1-95. [PMID: 36327391 PMCID: PMC9639433 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7103a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 198.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This guideline provides recommendations for clinicians providing pain care, including those prescribing opioids, for outpatients aged ≥18 years. It updates the CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016 (MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65[No. RR-1]:1-49) and includes recommendations for managing acute (duration of <1 month), subacute (duration of 1-3 months), and chronic (duration of >3 months) pain. The recommendations do not apply to pain related to sickle cell disease or cancer or to patients receiving palliative or end-of-life care. The guideline addresses the following four areas: 1) determining whether or not to initiate opioids for pain, 2) selecting opioids and determining opioid dosages, 3) deciding duration of initial opioid prescription and conducting follow-up, and 4) assessing risk and addressing potential harms of opioid use. CDC developed the guideline using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Recommendations are based on systematic reviews of the scientific evidence and reflect considerations of benefits and harms, patient and clinician values and preferences, and resource allocation. CDC obtained input from the Board of Scientific Counselors of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (a federally chartered advisory committee), the public, and peer reviewers. CDC recommends that persons with pain receive appropriate pain treatment, with careful consideration of the benefits and risks of all treatment options in the context of the patient's circumstances. Recommendations should not be applied as inflexible standards of care across patient populations. This clinical practice guideline is intended to improve communication between clinicians and patients about the benefits and risks of pain treatments, including opioid therapy; improve the effectiveness and safety of pain treatment; mitigate pain; improve function and quality of life for patients with pain; and reduce risks associated with opioid pain therapy, including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death.
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Garg R, Shojania K, De Vera MA. The association between cannabis and codeine use: a nationally representative cross-sectional study in Canada. J Cannabis Res 2022; 4:49. [PMID: 36085170 PMCID: PMC9463740 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the growing use of cannabis for the purposes of pain relief, evidence is needed on the impact of cannabis use on concurrent analgesic use. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the association between the use of cannabis and codeine. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the nationally representative Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (2017). The primary explanatory variable was self-reported use of cannabis within the past year. The outcome was the use of codeine-containing product(s) within the past year. We used multivariable binomial logistic regression models. Results Our study sample comprised 15,459 respondents including 3338 individuals who reported cannabis use within the past year of whom 955 (36.2%) used it for medical purposes. Among individuals who reported cannabis use, the majority were male (N = 1833, 62.2%). Self-reported use of cannabis was associated with codeine use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.89, 95% CI 1.36 to 2.62). Additionally, when limited to cannabis users only, we found people who used cannabis for medical purposes to be three times more likely to also report codeine use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.96, 95% CI 1.72 to 5.09). Discussion The use of cannabis was associated with increased odds of codeine use, especially among individuals who used it for medical purposes. Our findings suggest a potential role for healthcare providers to be aware of or monitor patients’ use of cannabis, as the long-term adverse events associated with concurrent cannabis and opioid use remain unknown.
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9
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Ballatori AM, Shahrestani S, Nyayapati P, Agarwal V, Krug R, Han M, Fields AJ, O'Neill C, Demir‐Deviren S, Lotz JC, Bailey JF. Influence of patient-specific factors when comparing multifidus fat infiltration between chronic low back pain patients and asymptomatic controls. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1217. [PMID: 36601370 PMCID: PMC9799081 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many studies have attempted to link multifidus (MF) fat infiltration with muscle quality and chronic low back pain (cLBP), but there is no consensus on these relationships. Methods In this cross-sectional cohort study, 39 cLBP patients and 18 asymptomatic controls were included. The MF muscle was manually segmented at each lumbar disc level and fat fraction (FF) measurements were taken from the corresponding advanced imaging water-fat images. We assessed the distribution patterns of MF fat from L1L2 to L5S1 and compared these patterns between groups. The sample was stratified by age, sex, body mass index (BMI), subject-reported pain intensity (VAS), and subject-reported low back pain disability (oswestry disability index, ODI). Results Older patients had significantly different MF FF distribution patterns compared to older controls (p < 0.0001). Male patients had 34.8% higher mean lumbar spine MF FF compared to male controls (p = 0.0006), significantly different MF FF distribution patterns (p = 0.028), 53.7% higher mean MF FF measurements at L2L3 (p = 0.037), and 50.6% higher mean MF FF measurements at L3L4 (p = 0.041). Low BMI patients had 29.7% higher mean lumbar spine MF FF compared to low BMI controls (p = 0.0077). High BMI patients only had 4% higher mean lumbar spine MF FF compared to high BMI controls (p = 0.7933). However, high BMI patients had significantly different MF FF distribution patterns compared to high BMI controls (p = 0.0324). Low VAS patients did not significantly differ from the control cohort for any of our outcomes of interest; however, high VAS patients had 24.3% higher mean lumbar spine MF FF values (p = 0.0011), significantly different MF FF distribution patterns (p < 0.0001), 34.7% higher mean MF FF at L2L3 (p = 0.040), and 34.6% higher mean MF FF at L3L4 (p = 0.040) compared to the control cohort. Similar trends were observed for ODI. Conclusions This study suggests that when the presence of paraspinal muscle fat infiltration is not characteristic of an individual's age, sex, and BMI, it may be associated with lower back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Ballatori
- Keck School of Medicine of USCLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shane Shahrestani
- Keck School of Medicine of USCLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Medical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Priya Nyayapati
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Albany Medical CollegeAlbanyNew YorkUSA
| | - Vibhu Agarwal
- Department of Quantitative SciencesStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Roland Krug
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Misung Han
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Aaron J. Fields
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Conor O'Neill
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sibel Demir‐Deviren
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeffrey C. Lotz
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeannie F. Bailey
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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10
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Self-management programs for chronic non-cancer pain: A rapid review of randomized trials. Neurol Sci 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35695082 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2022.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Werb D, Scheim AI, Soipe A, Aeby S, Rammohan I, Fischer B, Hadland SE, Marshall BDL. Health harms of non-medical prescription opioid use: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2022; 41:941-952. [PMID: 35437841 PMCID: PMC9064965 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ISSUES Non-medical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) contributes substantially to the global burden of morbidity. However, no systematic assessment of the scientific literature on the associations between NMPOU and health outcomes has yet been undertaken. APPROACH We undertook a systematic review evaluating health outcomes related to NMPOU based on ICD-10 clinical domains. We searched 13 electronic databases for original research articles until 1 July 2021. We employed an adaptation of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 'Levels of Evidence' scale to assess study quality. KEY FINDINGS Overall, 182 studies were included. The evidence base was largest on the association between NMPOU and mental and behavioural disorders; 71% (129) studies reported on these outcomes. Less evidence exists on the association of NMPOU with infectious disease outcomes (26; 14%), and on external causes of morbidity and mortality, with 13 (7%) studies assessing its association with intentional self-harm and 1 study assessing its association with assault (<1%). IMPLICATIONS A large body of evidence has identified associations between NMPOU and opioid use disorder as well as on fatal and non-fatal overdose. We found equivocal evidence on the association between NMPOU and the acquisition of HIV, hepatitis C and other infectious diseases. We identified weak evidence regarding the potential association between NMPOU and intentional self-harm, suicidal ideation and assault. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Findings may inform the prevention of harms associated with NMPOU, although higher-quality research is needed to characterise the association between NMPOU and the full spectrum of physical and mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Werb
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.,Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ayden I Scheim
- Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ayorinde Soipe
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Samantha Aeby
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Indhu Rammohan
- Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Schools of Population Health and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Scott E Hadland
- Grayken Center for Addiction and Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, USA.,Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, USA
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12
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Alsultan MM, Guo JJ. Utilization, Spending, and Price of Opioid Medications in the US Medicaid Programs Between 1991 and 2019. AMERICAN HEALTH & DRUG BENEFITS 2022; 15:31-37. [PMID: 35586617 PMCID: PMC9038001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The opioid epidemic and drug abuse are critical public health challenges in the United States. The number of deaths from exceeding the recommended opioid dose is increasing. OBJECTIVE To describe the recent trends in utilization, spending, and cost of opioid medications in the US Medicaid population between 1991 and 2019. METHODS This retrospective, descriptive study was designed to evaluate the utilization of, spending on, and cost of opioids from 1991 to 2019 in the Medicaid population. We extracted data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services national Medicaid pharmacy files. The opioids received included fentanyl, meperidine, morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, hydrocodone plus acetaminophen, oxycodone, oxycodone plus acetaminophen, tapentadol, and tramadol. The number of prescriptions and reimbursement spending were calculated for each medication per quarter year. The average per-prescription reimbursement as a proxy of drug price was calculated as the reimbursement amount divided by the number of prescriptions per quarter year. The market shares by spending and utilization were also calculated for each opioid medication. RESULTS The number of all opioid prescriptions in Medicaid increased from approximately 2.1 million in 1991 to approximately 41.6 million in 2015, and then reduced to approximately 19.1 million in 2019. During this 29-year study period, the opioid medications that were used as monotherapy were hydrocodone (246.8 million prescriptions), oxycodone (111.9 million prescriptions), and tramadol (75.2 million prescriptions). The total spending in the Medicaid population on opioids was $19.4 billion, including approximately $7.3 billion spending on oxycodone, approximately $3.7 billion on fentanyl, and approximately $3.3 billion on hydrocodone. The majority of opioid prices increased over time, and the highest average costs per opioid prescription in 2019 were $1188 for oxymorphone, $641 for tapentadol, and $198 for fentanyl. CONCLUSIONS The utilization of and spending on opioid medications in Medicaid increased over time, peaked in 2015, and then declined with the initiation of nationwide programs to combat the opioid epidemic. Effective cost-containment strategies and programs to combat the abuse of opioids are warranted in Medicaid programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Alsultan
- PhD Candidate, Division of Pharmacy Practice & Administrative Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, OH, at the writing of this article, and is Lecturer, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeff Jianfei Guo
- Professor, Division of Pharmacy Practice & Administrative Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, OH
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13
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Diagnostic and Predictive Capacity of the Spanish Versions of the Opioid Risk Tool and the Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain-Revised: A Preliminary Investigation in a Sample of People with Noncancer Chronic Pain. Pain Ther 2022; 11:493-510. [PMID: 35128624 PMCID: PMC9098780 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-022-00356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate assessment of the risk of opioid abuse and misuse in people with noncancer chronic pain is crucial for their prevention. This study aimed to provide preliminary evidence of the diagnostic and predictive capacity of the Spanish versions of the Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) and the Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain-Revised (SOAPP-R). METHODS We used the Current Opioid Misuse Measure (COMM) as criterion measure to assess the capacity of each tool to identify patients misusing opioids at the time of the assessment. Eighteen months later, we used the COMM and the Drug Abuse Screening Test-10 (DAST-10) to assess their predictive capacity. In total, 147 people with noncancer chronic pain participated in the diagnostic study, and 42 in the predictive study. RESULTS Receiver operating curve analysis showed that the SOAPP-R had an excellent capacity to identify participants who were misusing opioids at the time of assessment (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.827). The diagnostic capacity of the ORT was close to acceptable (AUC = 0.649-0.669), whereas its predictive capacity was poor (AUC = 0.522-0.554). The predictive capacity of the SOAPP-R was close to acceptable regarding misuse (AUC = 0.672) and poor regarding abuse (AUC = 0.423). CONCLUSION In the setting of Spanish-speaking communities, clinicians should be cautious when using these instruments to make decisions on opioid administration. Further research is needed on the diagnostic and predictive capacity of the Spanish versions of both instruments.
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14
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Vitzthum LK, Nalawade V, Riviere P, Marar M, Furnish T, Lin LA, Thompson R, Murphy JD. Impacts of an Opioid Safety Initiative on US Veterans Undergoing Cancer Treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 2022; 114:753-760. [PMID: 35078240 PMCID: PMC9086780 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited research on how the opioid epidemic and consequent risk reduction policies have affected pain management among cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze how the Opioid Safety Initiative (OSI) implemented at the Veterans Health Administration affected opioid prescribing patterns and opioid-related toxicity. METHODS We performed an interrupted time series analysis of 42 064 opioid-naïve patients treated at the Veterans Health Administration for prostate, lung, breast, and colorectal cancer from 2011 to 2016. Segmented regression was used to evaluate the impact of the OSI on the incidence of any new opioid prescriptions, high-risk prescriptions, persistent use, and pain-related emergency department (ED) visits. We compared the cumulative incidence of adverse opioid events including an opioid-related admission or diagnosis of misuse before and after the OSI. All statistical tests were 2-sided. RESULTS The incidence of new opioid prescriptions was 26.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 25.0% to 28.4%) in 2011 and increased to 50.6% (95% CI = 48.3% to 53.0%) by 2013 before OSI implementation (monthly rate of change: +3.3%, 95% CI = 1.3% to 4.2%, P < .001). After the OSI, there was a decrease in the monthly rate of change for new prescriptions (-3.4%, 95% CI = -3.9 to -2.9%, P < .001). The implementation of the OSI was associated with a decrease in the monthly rate of change of concomitant benzodiazepines and opioid prescriptions (-2.5%, 95% CI = -3.2% to -1.8%, P < .001), no statistically significant change in high-dose opioids (-1.2%, 95% CI = -3.2% to 0.9%, P = .26), a decrease in persistent opioid use (-5.7%, 95% CI = -6.8% to -4.7%, P < .001), and an increase in pain-related ED visits (+3.0%, 95% CI = 1.0% to 5.0%, P = .003). The OSI was associated with a decreased incidence of opioid-related admissions (3-year cumulative incidence: 0.9% [95% CI = 0.7% to 1.0%] vs 0.5% [95% CI = 0.4% to 0.6%], P < .001) and no statistically significant change in the incidence of opioid misuse (3-year cumulative incidence: 1.2% [95% CI = 1.0% to 1.3%] vs 1.2% [95% CI = 1.1% to 1.4%], P = .77). CONCLUSIONS The OSI was associated with a relative decline in the rate of new, persistent, and certain high-risk opioid prescribing as well as a slight increase in the rate of pain-related ED visits. Further research on patient-centered outcomes is required to optimize opioid prescribing policies for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas K Vitzthum
- Correspondence to: Lucas K. Vitzthum, MD, MAS, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 875 Blake Wilbur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (e-mail: )
| | - Vinit Nalawade
- Office of Research and Development, Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul Riviere
- Office of Research and Development, Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mallika Marar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Furnish
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lewei A Lin
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Addiction Center and Mental Health Innovations, Services and Outcomes Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Reid Thompson
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA,Office of Research and Development, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - James D Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Trends in the Prescription of Strong Opioids for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain in Primary Care in Catalonia: Opicat-Padris-Project. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020237. [PMID: 35213969 PMCID: PMC8876214 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP), evidence of the effectiveness of strong opioids (SO) is very limited. Despite this, their use is increasingly common. To examine SO prescriptions, we designed a descriptive, longitudinal, retrospective population-based study, including patients aged ≥15 years prescribed SO for ≥3 months continuously in 2013–2017 for CNCP in primary care in Catalonia. Of the 22,691 patients included, 17,509 (77.2%) were women, 10,585 (46.6%) were aged >80 years, and most had incomes of <€18,000 per year. The most common diagnoses were musculoskeletal diseases and psychiatric disorders. There was a predominance of transdermal fentanyl in the defined daily dose (DDD) per thousand inhabitants/day, with the greatest increase for tapentadol (312% increase). There was an increase of 66.89% in total DDD per thousand inhabitants/day for SO between 2013 (0.737) and 2017 (1.230). The mean daily oral morphine equivalent dose/day dispensed for all drugs was 83.09 mg. Transdermal fentanyl and immediate transmucosal release were the largest cost components. In conclusion, there was a sustained increase in the prescription of SO for CNCP, at high doses, and in mainly elderly patients, predominantly low-income women. The new SO are displacing other drugs.
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16
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Herzig SJ, Anderson TS, Jung Y, Ngo LH, McCarthy EP. Risk factors for opioid-related adverse drug events among older adults after hospital discharge. J Am Geriatr Soc 2022; 70:228-234. [PMID: 34528242 PMCID: PMC10911129 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although opioids are initiated on hospital discharge in millions of older adults each year, there are no studies examining patient- and prescribing-related risk factors for opioid-related adverse drug events (ADEs) after hospital discharge among medical patients. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of a national sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older, hospitalized for a medical reason, with at least one claim for an opioid within 2 days of hospital discharge. We excluded patients receiving hospice care and patients admitted from or discharged to a facility. We used administrative billing codes and medication claims to define potential opioid-related ADEs within 30 days of hospital discharge, and competing risks regression to identify risk factors for these events. RESULTS Among 22,879 medical hospitalizations (median age 74, 36.9% female) with an opioid claim within 2 days of hospital discharge, a potential opioid-related ADE occurred in 1604 (7.0%). Independent risk factors included age of 80 years and older (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.05-1.33); clinical conditions, including kidney disease (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.08-1.37), dementia/delirium (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.22-1.56), anxiety disorder (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.06-1.36), opioid use disorder (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.03-1.39), intestinal disorders (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.15-1.49), pancreaticobiliary disorders (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.09-1.61), and musculoskeletal and nervous system injuries (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.17-1.54); red flags for opioid misuse (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.04-1.80); opioid use in the 30 days before hospitalization (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08-1.34); and prescription of long-acting opioids (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06-1.70). CONCLUSIONS Potential opioid-related ADEs occurred within 30 days of hospital discharge in 7.0% of older adults discharged from a medical hospitalization with an opioid prescription. Identified risk factors can be used to inform physician decision-making, conversations with older adults about risk, and development and targeting of harm reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana J. Herzig
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy S. Anderson
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoojin Jung
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Long H. Ngo
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellen P. McCarthy
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Oh GY, Brouwer ES, Abner EL, Fardo DW, Freeman PR, Delcher C, Moga DC. Predictors of chronic opioid therapy in Medicaid beneficiaries with HIV who initiated antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15503. [PMID: 34326369 PMCID: PMC8322087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors associated with chronic opioid therapy (COT) in patients with HIV is understudied. Using Medicaid data (2002–2009), this retrospective cohort study examines COT in beneficiaries with HIV who initiated standard combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). We used generalized estimating equations on logistic regression models with backward selection to identify significant predictors of COT initiation. COT was initiated among 1014 out of 9615 beneficiaries with HIV (male: 10.4%; female: 10.7%). Those with older age, any malignancy, Hepatitis C infection, back pain, arthritis, neuropathy pain, substance use disorder, polypharmacy, (use of) benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids, antidepressants, and prior opioid therapies were positively associated with COT. In sex-stratified analyses, multiple predictors were shared between male and female beneficiaries; however, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver disease, any malignancy, and antipsychotic therapy were unique to female beneficiaries. Comorbidities and polypharmacy were important predictors of COT in Medicaid beneficiaries with HIV who initiated cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- GYeon Oh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emily S Brouwer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erin L Abner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patricia R Freeman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chris Delcher
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Daniela C Moga
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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18
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Fernandez AC, Lin LA, Bazzi AR, Boissoneault J, Borsari B, Blow F. Beliefs about Perioperative Opioid and Alcohol Use among Elective Surgical Patients Who Report Unhealthy Drinking: A Qualitative Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 22:2384-2392. [PMID: 33892495 PMCID: PMC8500720 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Elective surgical patients with unhealthy alcohol use have unique pain management needs and addiction risk factors that are relevant to surgical preparation and recovery. This descriptive qualitative study sought to better understand patients' beliefs and behaviors related to opioid use, alcohol use, and pain management in the perioperative context. DESIGN We conducted individual semi-structured interviews between July 2017 and March 2018. SETTING A large Midwestern academic health system. SUBJECTS Participants were elective surgical patients meeting unhealthy alcohol use criteria, recruited from the health system's preoperative anesthesia clinic. METHOD Semi-structured interview guides explored beliefs and behaviors relating to alcohol and opioid use, health status, and surgical care. Interview recordings were transcribed and coded for thematic analysis. RESULTS Among 20 elective surgical patients (25% female), we identified three key themes regarding alcohol use, opioid use, and their co-use before and after surgery. First, desires and intentions to use opioids for postoperative pain management varied widely, even before opioids were prescribed. Second, some participants described alcohol as a preferred pain management strategy. Third, participants held a range of beliefs about the risks and benefits of alcohol and opioid co-use. CONCLUSION Appropriate assessment of beliefs and intentions regarding opioid and alcohol use could help identify patients most vulnerable to new opioid problems and unhealthy alcohol use in the context of perioperative surgical pain. These findings have important implications for perioperative pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Fernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence to: Anne C. Fernandez, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan. North Campus Research Complex, 2800 PlymouthRoad, Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Tel: 734-232-0313; Fax: 734-764-7932; E-mail:
| | - Lewei A Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan and Center for Clinical Management Research, HSR&D, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Angela R Bazzi
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jeff Boissoneault
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brian Borsari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Frederic Blow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan and Center for Clinical Management Research, HSR&D, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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19
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Topper L, Rosas VM, Aarkoti M, Doucette J, Nabeel I. The Prescription of Long-Acting Opioids for Working-Age Patients With Workers' Compensation or Chronic Illness Diagnoses in the United States: From the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), 2010 to 2016. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:251-255. [PMID: 33394875 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations of workers' compensation, chronic conditions, age, sex, and race/ethnicity with primary prescription of long-acting opioids (LAO) among working-age patients in ambulatory care. METHODS Using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (2010 to 2016), we conducted descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses of patients aged 18 to 64 with an LAO as their primary medication. RESULTS Those prescribed an LAO were more likely to be men (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.48, 95% CI 1.13, 1.91), have workers' compensation (aOR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.12, 3.57), or have diagnoses of lower back pain (aOR = 4.70, 95% CI 3.51, 6.29), arthritis (aOR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.11, 2.09), or depression (aOR = 1.69; 95% CI 1.24, 2.31). Hispanic ethnicity/race had a lower likelihood of LAO use compared with non-Hispanic White (aOR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.37, 0.90). CONCLUSIONS Male sex, workers' compensation, and diagnoses of lower back pain, arthritis, or depression were independently associated with increased LAO prescription odds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Topper
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, Georgia (Ms Topper); Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (Ms Rosas, Dr Doucette, Dr Nabeel); New York Medical College (NYMC) (Ms Aarkoti), New York, New York
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20
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Rogers AH, Zvolensky MJ, Ditre JW, Buckner JD, Asmundson GJG. Association of opioid misuse with anxiety and depression: A systematic review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 84:101978. [PMID: 33515811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The opioid epidemic is a public health problem associated with a host of negative outcomes. Although clinicians recognize covariation between opioid misuse with anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders, research on this topic has only recently accumulated. Progress in this domain is impeded by the lack of systematic and integrative research to better understand and treat these co-occurring problems. This paper represents the first attempt to systematically review the empirical literature examining relations between opioid use and misuse, and anxiety and depression. In the first section, we define key terms and describe the article selection strategy. In the second section, we review the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among individuals who use and misuse prescription and illicit opioids. In the third section, we review the magnitude of associations between anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders with opioid misuse, as well as highlight studies examining the longitudinal and temporal sequence of the relations between these variables. In the fourth section, we focus on experimental therapeutics, reviewing what is known about individual difference and transdiagnostic vulnerability factors for anxiety and depression that might contribute to opioid misuse and its symptoms. Finally, we discuss current knowledge gaps and present a heuristic model to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Joseph W Ditre
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Julia D Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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21
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Jantarada C, Silva C, Guimarães-Pereira L. Prevalence of Problematic Use of Opioids in Patients with Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Pain Pract 2021; 21:715-729. [PMID: 33528858 DOI: 10.1111/papr.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Opioid prescription for chronic noncancer pain is associated with problematic use. We aimed to review and summarize the evidence on the prevalence of problematic use of opioids in adults with chronic noncancer pain and investigate whether the prevalence rates were changing over time. DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT A systematic review of the literature was undertaken following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. We systematically searched the literature in the electronic databases MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science and studies with adult participants with chronic noncancer pain using opioids with indication of one or more of the following terms about problematic opioid use: abuse, misuse, addiction, dependence, problematic use, and aberrant behavior/use were eligible for data extraction. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled prevalence rates using a random-effects model, and subanalysis was conducted. RESULTS Our search identified a total of 784 potentially relevant studies. After a thorough evaluation, 19 papers, mostly from the United States, were included in our qualitative and quantitative synthesis. The majority of the data came from speciality pain clinics. The estimated prevalence of problematic use of opioids in adults with chronic noncancer pain was 36.3% (95% confidence interval: 27.4 to 45.2%; I2 = 99.64%). Problematic opioid use was mostly identified using the questionnaire method. Thirteen studies (68%) presented a low risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents an alarming estimate regarding the prevalence of problematic use of opioids among patients with noncancer pain. These results deserve special attention from health care professionals and health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Jantarada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Guimarães-Pereira
- Department of Anesthesiology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Hood-Medland EA, White AEC, Kravitz RL, Henry SG. Agenda setting and visit openings in primary care visits involving patients taking opioids for chronic pain. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2021; 22:4. [PMID: 33397299 PMCID: PMC7780618 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-020-01317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Agenda setting is associated with more efficient care and better patient experience. This study develops a taxonomy of visit opening styles to assess use of agenda and non-agenda setting visit openings and their effects on participant experience. Methods This observational study analyzed 83 video recorded US primary care visits at a single academic medical center in California involving family medicine and internal medicine resident physicians (n = 49) and patients (n = 83) with chronic pain on opioids. Using conversation analysis, we developed a coding scheme that assessed the presence of agenda setting, distinct visit opening styles, and the number of total topics, major topics, surprise patient topics, and returns to prior topics discussed. Exploratory quantitative analyses were conducted to assess the relationship of agenda setting and visit opening styles with post-visit measures of both patient experience and physician perception of visit difficulty. Results We identified 2 visit opening styles representing agenda setting (agenda eliciting, agenda reframing) and 3 non-agenda setting opening styles (open-ended question, patient launch, physician launch). Agenda setting was only performed in 11% of visits and was associated with fewer surprise patient topics than visits without agenda setting (mean (SD) 2.67 (1.66) versus 4.28 (3.23), p = 0.03). Conclusions In this study of patients with chronic pain, resident physicians rarely performed agenda setting, whether defined in terms of “agenda eliciting” or “agenda re-framing.” Agenda setting was associated with fewer surprise topics. Understanding the communication context and outcomes of agenda setting may inform better use of this communication tool in primary care practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Angeline Hood-Medland
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, 4150 V Street Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,University of California Davis Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Anne E C White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, 4150 V Street Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. .,University of California Davis Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Richard L Kravitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, 4150 V Street Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,University of California Davis Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Stephen G Henry
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, 4150 V Street Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,University of California Davis Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, Sacramento, CA, USA
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23
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Agnoli A, Jerant A, Franks P. Prescription Opioids and Patient Sex: A National Cross-Sectional Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:29-35. [PMID: 32552225 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.8234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Surveillance data suggest that women are prescribed more opioid analgesics than men. It remains unclear whether these sex-related differences solely reflect the associations with other characteristics more prevalent among women (e.g., adverse socioeconomic and health status-related factors, and more contact with the health system). Materials and Methods: We examined the factors associated with opioid prescriptions and sex in a large, nationally representative U.S. sample. This observational analysis of the 2005-2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey included all adults aged ≥18 years with prescription and health service utilization data (n = 106,233). Negative binomial regressions examined associations between sex and number of opioid prescriptions. Analyses sequentially adjusted for sociodemographics, health status-related factors, and nonnarcotic prescriptions. Results: Overall, 9,387 women (16.2%) and 5,679 men (11.7%) received opioid prescriptions (female/male incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24-1.44). The IRR was lower with adjustment for sociodemographics (1.23 [95% CI = 1.14-1.31]) and additional adjustment for health status-related factors (1.12 [95% CI = 1.05-1.19]). With further adjustment for number of nonnarcotic prescriptions, the IRR was not significant (0.97 [95% CI = 0.91-1.03). Conclusions: In this nationally representative sample, women received higher rates of prescription opioids, consistent with prior surveillance data. However, this relationship was attenuated with adjustment for sociodemographic and health status-related factors, and nonsignificant with adjustment for higher rates of nonnarcotic prescriptions among women. Higher opioid prescription rates in women may simply be reflective of these other factors, and the overall greater use of health care among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Agnoli
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Anthony Jerant
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Peter Franks
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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24
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Shen Y, Bhagwandass H, Branchcomb T, Galvez SA, Grande I, Lessing J, Mollanazar M, Ourhaan N, Oueini R, Sasser M, Valdes IL, Jadubans A, Hollmann J, Maguire M, Usmani S, Vouri SM, Hincapie-Castillo JM, Adkins LE, Goodin AJ. Chronic Opioid Therapy: A Scoping Literature Review on Evolving Clinical and Scientific Definitions. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2020; 22:246-262. [PMID: 33031943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The management of chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) with chronic opioid therapy (COT) is controversial. There is a lack of consensus on how COT is defined resulting in unclear clinical guidance. This scoping review identifies and evaluates evolving COT definitions throughout the published clinical and scientific literature. Databases searched included PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. A total of 227 studies were identified from 8,866 studies published between January 2000 and July 2019. COT definitions were classified by pain population of application and specific dosage/duration definition parameters, with results reported according to PRISMA-ScR. Approximately half of studies defined COT as "days' supply duration >90 days" and 9.3% defined as ">120 days' supply," with other days' supply cut-off points (>30, >60, or >70) each appearing in <5% of total studies. COT was defined by number of prescriptions in 63 studies, with 16.3% and 11.0% using number of initiations or refills, respectively. Few studies explicitly distinguished acute treatment and COT. Episode duration/dosage criteria was used in 90 studies, with 7.5% by Morphine Milligram Equivalents + days' supply and 32.2% by other "episode" combination definitions. COT definitions were applied in musculoskeletal CNCP (60.8%) most often, and typically in adults aged 18 to 64 (69.6%). The usage of ">90 days' supply" COT definitions increased from 3.2 publications/year before 2016 to 20.7 publications/year after 2016. An increasing proportion of studies define COT as ">90 days' supply." The most recent literature trends toward shorter duration criteria, suggesting that contemporary COT definitions are increasingly conservative. PERSPECTIVE: This study summarized the most common, current definition criteria for chronic opioid therapy (COT) and recommends adoption of consistent definition criteria to be utilized in practice and research. The most recent literature trends toward shorter duration criteria overall, suggesting that COT definition criteria are increasingly stringent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety (CoDES), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hemita Bhagwandass
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tychell Branchcomb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sophia A Galvez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ivanna Grande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Julia Lessing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mikela Mollanazar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Natalie Ourhaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Razanne Oueini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael Sasser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ivelisse L Valdes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ashmita Jadubans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Josef Hollmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael Maguire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Silken Usmani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Scott M Vouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety (CoDES), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Juan M Hincapie-Castillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety (CoDES), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lauren E Adkins
- University of Florida Health Science Center Libraries, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Amie J Goodin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety (CoDES), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
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25
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Ghodke A, Ives TJ, Austin AE, Bennett WC, Patel NY, Eshet SA, Chelminski PR. Pain Agreements and Time-to-Event Analysis of Substance Misuse in a Primary Care Chronic Pain Program. PAIN MEDICINE 2020; 21:2154-2162. [PMID: 32186725 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Types and correlates of pain medication agreement (PMA) violations in the primary care setting have not been analyzed. METHODS A retrospective analysis was completed to examine patient characteristics and correlates of PMA violations, a proxy for substance misuse, over a 15-year period in an outpatient General Medicine Pain Service within the Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Patients who signed the PMA were managed for chronic pain from 2002 through 2017 (N = 1,210). The incidence of PMA violations was measured over a 15-year span. Substance misuse was defined a priori in the study as urine toxicology screen positive for illicit or nonprescribed controlled substances, patient engagement in prescription alteration, doctor-shopping, or diversion. RESULTS Most patients received a prescription for a controlled substance (77.4%). During enrollment, 488 (40.3%) patients had one or more violations of their PMA. One-third (33.4%) of pain service patients had a violation within 365 days of signing the agreement. Active tobacco smokers had double the incidence of agreement violation within the first 30 days of enrollment. Almost one-half (49.8%) of violations were due to inconsistent use of controlled substances. Patients with any prior DWI/DUI or drug-related offense had a significantly increased rate of substance misuse (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS PMA violations were common among a population of patients managed for chronic nonmalignant pain. Universal opioid prescribing precautions, including PMAs, require further investigation to assess their roles in mitigating the potential patient and societal harms associated with opioid prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Ghodke
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Timothy J Ives
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Anna E Austin
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William C Bennett
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Naishal Y Patel
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sharon A Eshet
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul R Chelminski
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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26
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Kutzler HL, Gannon R, Nolan W, Meisterling L, Cech M, Gleason D, Uzl J, Rochon C, Maneckshana B, Serrano OK, Riley J, O'Sullivan D, Urtasun Sotil E, Einstein M, Sheiner P. Opioid Avoidance in Liver Transplant Recipients: Reduction in Postoperative Opioid Use Through a Multidisciplinary Multimodal Approach. Liver Transpl 2020; 26:1254-1262. [PMID: 32657478 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of substance use disorder in the liver transplantation (LT) population makes postoperative pain management challenging. We report our initial experience with a novel, comprehensive, multidisciplinary opioid avoidance pathway in 13 LT recipients between January 2018 and September 2019. Patients received comprehensive pre-LT education on postoperative opioid avoidance by the surgeon, pharmacist, and psychologist at the time of listing. Immediately after LT, patients received a continuous incisional ropivacaine infusion, ketamine, acetaminophen, and gabapentin as standard nonopioid medications; rescue opioids were used as needed. We compared outcomes with a historical cohort of 27 LT recipients transplanted between August 2016 and January 2018 managed primarily with opioids. On average, opioid avoidance patients used 92% fewer median (interquartile range [IQR]) morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) versus the historical cohort (7 [1-11] versus 87 [60-130] MME; P < 0.001) per postoperative day over a similar length of stay (8 [7-10] versus 6 [6-10] days; P = 0.14). Fewer outpatient MMEs were prescribed within the first 60 days after LT in the opioid avoidance group versus the historical cohort: 125 (25-150) versus 270 (0-463) MME (P = 0.05). This proof-of-concept study outlines the potential to profoundly reduce opioid utilization in the LT population using a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Kutzler
- Department of Transplant, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT.,Department of Pharmacy, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | | | - William Nolan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | | | - Marbelia Cech
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | | | - Justin Uzl
- Department of Transplant, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | | | | | | | - Jenifer Riley
- Department of Transplant, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | - David O'Sullivan
- Department of Research Administration, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT
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27
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Parker KE, Sugiarto E, Taylor AMW, Pradhan AA, Al-Hasani R. Pain, Motivation, Migraine, and the Microbiome: New Frontiers for Opioid Systems and Disease. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:433-444. [PMID: 32958571 DOI: 10.1124/mol.120.119438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades the broad role of opioids in addiction, neuropsychiatric disorders, and pain states has been somewhat well established. However, in recent years, with the rise of technological advances, not only is the existing dogma being challenged, but we are identifying new disease areas in which opioids play a critical role. This review highlights four new areas of exploration in the opioid field. The most recent addition to the opioid family, the nociceptin receptor system, shows promise as the missing link in understanding the neurocircuitry of motivation. It is well known that activation of the kappa opioid receptor system modulates negative affect and dysphoria, but recent studies now implicate the kappa opioid system in the modulation of negative affect associated with pain. Opioids are critical in pain management; however, the often-forgotten delta opioid receptor system has been identified as a novel therapeutic target for headache disorders and migraine. Lastly, changes to the gut microbiome have been shown to directly contribute to many of the symptoms of chronic opioid use and opioid related behaviors. This review summarizes the findings from each of these areas with an emphasis on identifying new therapeutic targets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The focus of this minireview is to highlight new disease areas or new aspects of disease in which opioids have been implicated; this includes pain, motivation, migraine, and the microbiome. In some cases, this has resulted in the pursuit of a novel therapeutic target and resultant clinical trial. We believe this is very timely and will be a refreshing take on reading about opioids and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Parker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri (K.E.P, R.A.-H.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (K.E.P., R.A.-H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (E.S., A.M.W.T.); Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (E.S., A.M.W.T.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (A.A.P.); and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (R.A.-H.)
| | - Elizabeth Sugiarto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri (K.E.P, R.A.-H.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (K.E.P., R.A.-H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (E.S., A.M.W.T.); Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (E.S., A.M.W.T.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (A.A.P.); and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (R.A.-H.)
| | - Anna M W Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri (K.E.P, R.A.-H.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (K.E.P., R.A.-H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (E.S., A.M.W.T.); Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (E.S., A.M.W.T.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (A.A.P.); and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (R.A.-H.)
| | - Amynah A Pradhan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri (K.E.P, R.A.-H.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (K.E.P., R.A.-H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (E.S., A.M.W.T.); Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (E.S., A.M.W.T.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (A.A.P.); and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (R.A.-H.)
| | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri (K.E.P, R.A.-H.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (K.E.P., R.A.-H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (E.S., A.M.W.T.); Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (E.S., A.M.W.T.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (A.A.P.); and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (R.A.-H.)
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28
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Bertels Z, Pradhan AAA. Emerging Treatment Targets for Migraine and Other Headaches. Headache 2020; 59 Suppl 2:50-65. [PMID: 31291018 DOI: 10.1111/head.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a complex disorder that is characterized by an assortment of neurological and systemic effects. While headache is the most prominent feature of migraine, a host of symptoms affecting many physiological functions are also observed before, during, and after an attack. Furthermore, migraineurs are heterogeneous and have a wide range of responses to migraine therapies. The recent approval of calcitonin gene-related-peptide based therapies has opened up the treatment of migraine and generated a renewed interest in migraine research and discovery. Ongoing advances in migraine research have identified a number of other promising therapeutic targets for this disorder. In this review, we highlight emergent treatments within the following biological systems: pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptdie, 2 non-mu opioid receptors that have low abuse liability - the delta and kappa opioid receptors, orexin, and nitric oxide-based therapies. Multiple mechanisms have been identified in the induction and maintenance of migraine symptoms; and this divergent set of targets have highly distinct biological effects. Increasing the mechanistic diversity of the migraine tool box will lead to more treatment options and better patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah Bertels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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29
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Patterns of prescription opioid utilization among adolescents and adults with comorbid chronic pain and mental health diagnosis. Pain 2020; 161:2299-2307. [PMID: 32453130 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to examine the association between mental health disorders (MHD) and subsequent risk of opioid use among commercially insured youth and adults (aged 14-64 years) with comorbid chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) conditions. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using IQVIA Health Plan Claims database from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2015. Chronic noncancer pain was defined as any diagnosis of back, head, neck, arthritis, or chronic pain (index date). Mental health disorders were assessed in the 12 months before the index pain diagnosis. Based on days supply (none, acute, and chronic) and average daily dose (none, low, medium, and high), we constructed a 7-level categorical dependent measure of opioid use. We estimated the overall prevalence of MHD and opioid receipt. Among those with CNCP, multinomial logistic regression (AOR; 95 confidence interval) was used to estimate the association of MHD with opioid receipt. Among 879,815 individuals diagnosed with CNCP, 143,923 (16.4%) had comorbid MHD. Chronic/high-dose use of opioids was more common among those with CNCP and MHD compared to those with only CNCP. After adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, individuals with comorbid CNCP and MHD were significantly more likely to be prescribed opioids compared to those with only CNCP conditions. This effect varied by average daily dose and days supply: acute/low dose (1.08; 1.07-1.08); chronic/low dose (1.49; 1.49-1.50); acute/medium dose (1.07; 1.07-1.08); chronic/medium dose (1.61; 1.61-1.62); acute/high dose (1.03; 1.02-1.03); and chronic/high dose (1.53; 1.53-1.54). In individuals with CNCP, having a MHD was a strong predictor of prescription opioid use, particularly chronic use.
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30
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Herzig SJ, Stefan MS, Pekow PS, Shieh MS, Soares W, Raghunathan K, Lindenauer PK. Risk Factors for Severe Opioid-Related Adverse Events in a National Cohort of Medical Hospitalizations. J Gen Intern Med 2020; 35:538-545. [PMID: 31728892 PMCID: PMC7018928 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-019-05490-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioids are a leading cause of adverse drug events in the hospital. Guidelines recommend that physicians assess the risks of opioids and discuss them with patients when considering opioid use. There are no studies examining patient- and prescribing-related risk factors for opioid-related adverse drug events (ORADEs) in hospitalized medical patients. OBJECTIVE To identify independent risk factors for severe ORADEs in hospitalized medical patients. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. PATIENTS Medical patients hospitalized at US, non-federal, and acute care facilities, with at least one pharmacy charge for an opioid during hospitalization. We excluded patients with metastatic malignancy, hospice, or palliative care billing codes. MAIN MEASURES We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to identify risk factors for severe ORADEs, defined by a pharmacy charge for naloxone. Candidate risk factors were chosen a priori, based on clinical grounds and prior literature. KEY RESULTS Among 731,208 hospitalizations (median age 60, 56.5% female), a severe ORADE occurred in 2727 (0.4%). Independent risk factors included patient characteristics (advanced age, female gender), comorbidities (congestive heart failure, opioid abuse/dependence, non-opioid drug abuse/dependence, psychosis, depression, obstructive sleep apnea), organ failures on admission (respiratory failure, shock/hypotension, renal failure, hepatic failure, acidosis, and neurologic failure), medication co-administrations (antipsychotics and short-acting benzodiazepines), and characteristics of the opioid prescriptions themselves (total dose for the day, parenteral route of administration, and receipt of multiple types of opioids in a day). Although a risk prediction model derived from these factors performed well on stratified k-fold cross-validation (average c-statistics 0.68-0.71), the low incidence of the outcome limited the positive predictive value of the risk score. CONCLUSIONS In this national cohort of medical patients, we identified several risk factors for ORADEs that can be used to inform physician decision-making, conversations with patients about risk, and development and targeting of harm reduction strategies for at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana J Herzig
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mihaela S Stefan
- Institute for Healthcare Delivery and Population Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Penelope S Pekow
- Institute for Healthcare Delivery and Population Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Meng-Shiou Shieh
- Institute for Healthcare Delivery and Population Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - William Soares
- Institute for Healthcare Delivery and Population Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Karthik Raghunathan
- Anesthesiology Service, Durham VA Medical Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter K Lindenauer
- Institute for Healthcare Delivery and Population Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Agnoli A, Jerant A, Franks P. Cancer Screening Among Women Prescribed Opioids: A National Study. Ann Fam Med 2020; 18:59-65. [PMID: 31937534 PMCID: PMC7227474 DOI: 10.1370/afm.2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior work suggests that there are competing demands between addressing pain and other issues in primary care, potentially lessening delivery of evidence-based cancer screening. We assessed the association between opioid therapy and cancer screening among women in a nationally representative US sample. METHODS We conducted an observational analysis of the 2005-2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys. We included all women aged ≥18 years without cancer and with opioid prescription and preventive care services data. Logistic regression analyses examined associations between receipt of opioid prescription (any vs none) and receipt of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screenings. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, health status, health conditions, and usual source of care, as well as health care utilization. RESULTS Of 53,982 participants, 15.8% reported ≥1 opioid prescription. Compared with women not prescribed opioids, those prescribed opioids were more likely to visit their doctor (median number of visits per year = 5, vs 1). Without adjustment for number of visits, women prescribed opioids were more likely to receive all 3 cancer screenings; the adjusted odds ratio for breast cancer screening was 1.26 (95% CI, 1.16-1.38), that for cervical cancer screening was 1.22 (95% CI, 1.13-1.33), and that for colorectal cancer screening was 1.22 (95% CI, 1.12-1.33). With adjustment for number of visits, adjusted odds ratios decreased (breast 1.07 [95% CI, 0.98-1.18]; cervical 1.01 [95% CI, 0.93-1.09]; colorectal 1.04 [95% CI, 0.95-1.14]). CONCLUSIONS In a nationally representative sample, receipt of opioid prescriptions was not associated with less recommended cancer screenings. Rather, women receiving opioids had greater adjusted odds of receiving breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening, although the associations were attenuated by adjusting for their more frequent office visits relative to women not receiving opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Agnoli
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Anthony Jerant
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Peter Franks
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
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Integrated Behavioral Treatment for Veterans With Co-Morbid Chronic Pain and Hazardous Opioid Use: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 21:798-807. [PMID: 31760109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Opioid prescription in the treatment of chronic pain is frequent and carries a risk of increased morbidity and mortality in a clinically significant number of patients, particularly those who are using opioids in a hazardous manner. Few treatment options are available that target both pain-related interference and hazardous opioid use among patients with chronic pain. In military Veterans, this issue is of particular importance as numerous reports indicate continued high rates of opioid prescription for chronic pain, as well as significant opioid-related problems. The overall aim of the present study was to determine the feasibility of an integrated psychosocial treatment in Veterans with chronic pain, who also have evidence of hazardous opioid use. To examine this aim, a random design was used to assess the feasibility and initial efficacy of integrating 2 empirically supported interventions: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for chronic pain and Mindfulness Based Relapse Prevention for opioid misuse. Half of participants were randomized to the integrated treatment group and all participants received usual care through a Veteran's Administration co-occurring disorders medical clinic to treat chronic pain and opioid misuse. In total, 37 participants were randomized and included in intent-to-treat analyses and 32 individuals were included in per protocol analyses with 6-month follow-up serving as the primary study endpoint. Feasibility indicators included recruitment, retention, and treatment completion rates. Recruitment fell short of targeted enrollment, although retention and completion were excellent. Primary outcome measures were opioid misuse, pain interference, and pain behavior. Simultaneous multiple regression analyses controlled for pain duration, baseline opioid dose, and baseline value for outcome measures. Results of both the intent-to-treat and per protocol indicated a significant effect in favor of the integrated intervention for opioid misuse, pain interference, and pain behavior. Results support the feasibility of providing an integrated treatment for both opioid risk and pain interference. PERSPECTIVE: Opioid misuse occurs in some opioid-prescribed individuals with chronic pain. Few treatment options exist that target both pain interference and opioid misuse. This study examined feasibility and initial efficacy of an integrated behavioral treatment for Veterans. Feasibility was supported, except recruitment. Efficacy was supported compared to usual care.
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Risk Factors for Misuse of Prescribed Opioids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Emerg Med 2019; 74:634-646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Tong K, Nolan W, O'Sullivan DM, Sheiner P, Kutzler HL. Implementation of a Multimodal Pain Management Order Set Reduces Perioperative Opioid Use after Liver Transplantation. Pharmacotherapy 2019; 39:975-982. [PMID: 31446626 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Nonopioid strategies to optimize pain management in patients after liver transplantation remain underexplored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the use of a multimodal pain management (MPM) order set would reduce postoperative opioid use in adult patients after liver transplantation. DESIGN Retrospective pre- and post-order set implementation study. SETTING Large academic tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS Thirty-one adults who underwent liver transplantation were included; of these, 18 received provider-managed pain regimens (pre-MPM group: August 20, 2016-January 17, 2018), and 13 received the MPM order set (post-MPM group: January 18-July 31, 2018) after implementation of the order set on January 18, 2018. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The MPM order set included standardized receipt of acetaminophen 650 mg every 6 hours, gabapentin 300 mg every 8 hours (adjusted for renal function), and opioids for breakthrough pain. Patients managed with the MPM order set received, on average, 30.6 fewer opioid morphine milligram equivalents per day after final extubation than patients who did not receive MPM (median 16, interquartile range [IQR] 4.5-45.6 vs median 46.6, IQR 30.1-75.2; Mann-Whitney U test, p=0.031). Although patients in the post-MPM group had significantly worse renal function at baseline, no other statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics, pain scores, or prescribed outpatient opioids were noted between groups. Patients in the pre-MPM group had a shorter intensive care unit and overall length of stay; however, patients in the post-MPM group may have had more complex postoperative courses contributing to these differences. CONCLUSION Implementation of the MPM order set significantly reduced postoperative opioid use in liver transplant recipients. Our results provide a compelling rationale to further investigate the use of a non-opioid-centered strategy to optimize pain management in patients recovering from liver transplantation, a population vulnerable to the risks of opioid use such as opioid use disorder, increased susceptibility to adverse effects, and poor allograft and survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimhouy Tong
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - William Nolan
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - David M O'Sullivan
- Department of Research Administration, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Patricia Sheiner
- Department of Transplant, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Heather L Kutzler
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut.,Department of Transplant, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
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Singh S, Prasad S, Bhatnagar S, Lal R, Choudhary N, Sahi MS. A Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey of Medical Practitioners in India to Assess their Knowledge, Attitude, Prescription Practices, and Barriers toward Opioid Analgesic Prescriptions. Indian J Palliat Care 2019; 25:567-574. [PMID: 31673214 PMCID: PMC6812418 DOI: 10.4103/ijpc.ijpc_83_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Inadequate training of medical practitioners is a key factor responsible for inappropriate use of opioid analgesics. AIMS We assessed the current knowledge, attitude, prescribing practices, and barriers perceived by the Indian medical practitioners in three tertiary care hospitals toward the use of opioid analgesics. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Web-based survey of registered medical practitioner employed at three chosen tertiary health care institutions in New Delhi. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Descriptive analysis of survey responses was carried out. Comparative analysis was done using Chi-square test, independent samples t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS The response rate was 10.4% (n = 308). Two-thirds of the participants (61.7%) had never received formal pain management training, and 86.7% participants would like further training. Most participants (71.1%) agreed that opioids should be prescribed in cancer pain, while 26.3% agreed that opioids should be prescribed in noncancer pain. Half of the participants agreed that SOS (if necessary) dosing schedule (48.4%), low dosage (61.7%), and short duration of use (51.4%) could decrease the harmful effect of opioids. Lack of information about opioid-related policies and addiction potential were identified as the most common barriers to prescribing opioids. Those seeing more patients with chronic noncancer pain come across opioid misuse and diversion more often (P = 0.02). Those who understood addiction were more likely to agree that patients of chronic cancer pain with substance use disorders should be prescribed opioid analgesics (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Indian medical practitioners felt the need for formal pain management training. There is a lack of consensus on how to manage the pain using opioid analgesics. Tough regulations on medical and scientific use of opioids are the most commonly reported barrier to prescribing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Dr. B.R.A IRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Dr. B.R.A IRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushma Bhatnagar
- Department of Onco-Anaesthesia and Palliative Medicine, Dr. B.R.A IRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Lal
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Nandan Choudhary
- Department of Onco-Anaesthesia and Palliative Medicine, Dr. B.R.A IRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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Ahmadian-Moghadam H, Akbarabadi A, Toolee H, Sadat-Shirazi MS, Khalifeh S, Niknamfar S, Zarrindast MR. Correlation among the Behavioral Features in the Offspring of Morphine-Abstinent Rats. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2019; 11:262-275. [PMID: 32206219 PMCID: PMC7073814 DOI: 10.22122/ahj.v11i4.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical analysis of new evidence in medical sciences relies on statistics in terms of correlation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation coefficients among the behavioral features in the offspring of morphine-abstinent parent(s). METHODS The offspring of rats with various parental morphine-exposure were divided into four groups including offspring with healthy parents (CTL), offspring with paternal morphine-abstinent (PMA) parent, offspring with maternal morphine-abstinent (MMA) parent, and offspring with both morphine-abstinent (BMA) parents. Pain perception, depression-like behavior and avoidance-memory in the offspring were quantified. The association between variables was measured using Pearson correlation analysis. FINDINGS A strong correlation was observed between pain and depressive-like behavior in female and male offspring of healthy parents. Moreover, in the male and female offspring of healthy parents and BMA, no significant correlation was observed between avoidance memory and pain behavior or depressive-like behavior. However, in the offspring of MMA, a strong correlation was observed between avoidance memory and depressive-like behavior. CONCLUSION The results revealed that in comparison with the offspring with CTL, the correlation among the behavioral futures in the offspring with MMA or PMA parents is significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ahmadian-Moghadam
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Akbarabadi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heidar Toolee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Solmaz Khalifeh
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center, Amir Al-Momenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Niknamfar
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies AND Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Higgins DM, LaChappelle KM, Serowik KL, Driscoll MA, Lee A, Heapy AA. Predictors of Participation in a Nonpharmacological Intervention for Chronic Back Pain. PAIN MEDICINE 2019; 19:S76-S83. [PMID: 30753730 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain (CBT-CP) has been identified as an evidence-based adjunct or alternative to opioid pain care. However, little is known about which patients participate in CBT-CP. This study examined predictors of enrollment in a noninferiority trial of in-person vs technology-based CBT-CP for patients with chronic back pain. Setting A single Veterans Health Affairs (VHA) medical center. Subjects Veterans with chronic back pain. Design and Methods For eligible participants (N = 290), individual factors (demographics, distance from a VHA medical center, pain intensity, receipt of opioid prescription, and recruitment method) collected at trial screening were examined to identify predictors of enrollment (i.e., signed consent form). Of those who enrolled, duration of participation in the treatment portion of the study was examined. Results Among eligible patients, 54% declined enrollment due to lack of interest. Regression analyses revealed that patients not in receipt of an opioid were more likely to enroll. The probability of being in the trial long enough to receive a "dose" of treatment (3 visits or more) was 0.76 (0.04). Conclusions Overall, enrollment rates were low. However, most patients who enrolled in the study (102 of 134 signed consent) were retained and received a treatment dose. Patients not receiving opioids were more likely to enroll, suggesting that patients who are prescribed opioids, an important group for treatment outreach, are likely underengaged. Identifying predictors of enrollment in CBT-CP may help increase recruitment efficiency and assist in targeting patients who may benefit but are not currently interested in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Higgins
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine/Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn M LaChappelle
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Pain Research, Informatics, Multimorbidities, and Education (PRIME) Health Services Research and Development Center of Innovation, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kristin L Serowik
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine/Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary A Driscoll
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Pain Research, Informatics, Multimorbidities, and Education (PRIME) Health Services Research and Development Center of Innovation, West Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Allison Lee
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Pain Research, Informatics, Multimorbidities, and Education (PRIME) Health Services Research and Development Center of Innovation, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alicia A Heapy
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Pain Research, Informatics, Multimorbidities, and Education (PRIME) Health Services Research and Development Center of Innovation, West Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Philpot LM, Schumann ME, Ebbert JO. Social Relationship Quality Among Patients With Chronic Pain: A Population-Based Sample. J Patient Exp 2019; 7:316-323. [PMID: 32821790 PMCID: PMC7410145 DOI: 10.1177/2374373519862934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Chronic daily pain is experienced by 11.2% of United States adults and psychosocial factors have significant impact on self-reported pain. Most research in this area has focused on pain-related conditions, not the general population. This study sought to understand the associations between clinically significant chronic pain and multiple dimensions of social relationship quality in a general population. Methods A cross-sectional survey was deployed and adjusted logistic regression models were constructed for chronic pain against independent social support domains. The moderating effect of self-rated health on social support quality was explored. Results Of all, 26.1% of surveys were completed (3920/15 000) and 18.8% reported clinically significant chronic pain. Patients with chronic pain had lower friendship quality (aOR = 0.78; 0.64-0.94) and higher perceived rejection (aOR = 1.26; 1.04-1.53) and perceived hostility (aOR = 1.26; 1.05-1.52). Within our moderation analysis, chronic pain patients with low self-rated health had higher odds of low friendship quality, high loneliness, and high perceived rejection. Conclusions Chronic pain patients experience social relationships differently than those without, and self-rated health differentially impacts these perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Philpot
- Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew E Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jon O Ebbert
- Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Desveaux L, Saragosa M, Kithulegoda N, Ivers NM. Family Physician Perceptions of Their Role in Managing the Opioid Crisis. Ann Fam Med 2019; 17:345-351. [PMID: 31285212 PMCID: PMC6827657 DOI: 10.1370/afm.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the perspectives of family physicians (FPs) on opioid prescribing and management of chronic pain to better understand the barriers to safer prescribing in primary care and differences in perspectives that may be potential drivers of practice variation. METHODS We used an exploratory qualitative study design. Semistructured interviews were conducted in June and July 2017 with 22 FPs in Ontario and coded inductively. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes, and a framework analysis explored the influence of physician demographics on prescribing experience. RESULTS Three key themes emerged: the discrepancy between FPs' training and current practice, the tension between the FP's role and patient and system expectations, and the influence of length of time in practice and strength of therapeutic relationships on perspectives on opioid prescribing. There was an overarching sentiment among participants that FPs are unsupported in their efforts to manage chronic pain. More years in practice (≥15 years) seems to influence practice patterns by increasing trust in therapeutic relationships and decreasing reliance on emergent guidelines (vs clinical experience). CONCLUSION Number of years in practice influences FPs' response to emergent evidence, requiring initiatives to include strategies tailored to individual beliefs. Initiatives must move beyond dissemination and education to equip FPs with the skills they need to navigate emotionally charged conversations. External pressures and misaligned system and patient expectations place FPs at the center of a challenging situation, which may result in a higher risk of burnout compared with that of their specialist colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Desveaux
- Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Canada .,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Oleisky ER, Pennings JS, Hills J, Sivaganesan A, Khan I, Call R, Devin CJ, Archer KR. Comparing different chronic preoperative opioid use definitions on outcomes after spine surgery. Spine J 2019; 19:984-994. [PMID: 30611889 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT No consensus exists for defining chronic preoperative opioid use. Most spine studies rely solely on opioid duration to stratify patients into preoperative risk categories. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to compare established opioid definitions that contain both duration and dosage to opioid models that rely solely on duration, including the CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain, in patients undergoing spine surgery. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study that used opioid data from the Tennessee Controlled Substance Monitoring Database and prospective clinical data from a single-center academic spine registry. PATIENT SAMPLE The study cohort consisted of 2,373 patients who underwent elective spine surgery for degenerative conditions between January 2011 and February 2017 and who completed a follow-up assessment at 12 months after surgery. OUTCOME MEASURES Postoperative opioid use and patient-reported satisfaction (NASS Satisfaction Scale), disability (Oswestry/Neck Disability Index), and pain (Numeric Rating Scale) at 12 month follow-up. METHODS Six different chronic preoperative opioid use variables were created based on the number of times a prescription was filled and/or daily morphine milligram equivalent for the one year before surgery. These variables defined chronic opioid use as 1) most days for > 3 months (CDC), 2) continuous use for ≥ 6 months (Schoenfeld), 3) >4,500 mg for at least 9 months (Svendsen wide), 4) >9,000 mg for 12 months (Svendsen intermediary), 5) >18,000 mg for 12 months (Svendsen strict), 6) low-dose chronic (1-36 mg for >91 days), medium-dose chronic (36-120 mg for >91 days), and high-dose chronic (>120 mg for >91 days) (Edlund). Multivariable regression models yielding C-index and R2 values were used to compare chronic preoperative opioid use definitions by postoperative outcomes, adjusting for type of surgery. RESULTS Chronic preoperative opioid use was reported in 470 to 725 (19.8% to 30.6%) patients, depending on definition. The Edlund definition, accounting for duration and dosage, had the highest predictive ability for postoperative opioid use (77.5%), followed by Schoenfeld (75.7%), CDC (72.6%), and Svendsen (59.9% to 72.5%) definitions. A combined Edlund and Schoenfeld duration and dosage definition in post-hoc analysis, that included 3 and 6 month duration cut-offs, performed the best overall with a C-index of 78.4%. Both Edlund and Schoenfeld definitions explained similar amounts of variance in satisfaction, disability, and pain (4.2% to 8.5%). Svendsen and CDC definitions demonstrated poorer performance for patient-reported outcomes (1.4% to 7.2%). CONCLUSIONS The Edlund definition is recommended for identifying patients at highest risk for postoperative opioid use. When opioid dosage is unavailable, the Schoenfeld definition is a reasonable choice with similar predictive ability. For patient-reported outcomes, either the Edlund or Schoenfeld definition is recommended. Future work should consider combing dosage and duration, with 3 and 6 month cutoffs, into chronic opioid use definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Oleisky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jacquelyn S Pennings
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hills
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ahilan Sivaganesan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Inamullah Khan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard Call
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Clinton J Devin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Steamboat Orthopaedic and Spine Institute, Steamboat Springs, CO, USA
| | - Kristin R Archer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Desveaux L, Saragosa M, Kithulegoda N, Ivers NM. Understanding the behavioural determinants of opioid prescribing among family physicians: a qualitative study. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2019; 20:59. [PMID: 31077137 PMCID: PMC6511163 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-019-0947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longstanding variation in the views of family physicians (FPs) on the role of opioids seems to translate into widely varying prescribing rates. Improvement interventions are unlikely to achieve change if they do not understand and explicitly target the factors that determine physician prescribing behaviour. The aim of this work was to understand (1) the perspectives of FPs as it relates to opioid prescribing, and (2) the perceived barriers and enablers to guideline-adherent opioid prescribing and management of chronic non-cancer pain. METHODS A qualitative study involving one-on-one, semi-structured interviews with a sample of FPs in Ontario, Canada. Interviews were analyzed using a directed content analysis informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework. A framework approach was used to explore interaction across behavioural determinants (factors influencing behaviour) as well as demographic sources of variation. The behaviour of interest for the current study was the prescribing of opioid medications (including initiation, renewal, and dose reduction) for patients with chronic, non-cancer pain. Associated issues in the overall management of such patients were also explored. RESULTS Interviews were conducted with 22 FPs. Behavioural determinants interacted with one another to influence FPs prescribing behavior. The TDF domain Beliefs about Consequences played a central role in explaining physician prescribing behaviours as they related to the management of chronic non-cancer pain. Individual beliefs about prescribing consequences and patient behaviour interacted with prescriber beliefs about capabilities and perceptions of the FP's professional role to influence prescriber behaviour. Emotion and the environmental context influenced the impact of these determinants on opioid prescribing and the management of chronic non-cancer pain. CONCLUSIONS FPs face a wide range of complex (and often interacting) challenges when prescribing opioid therapy to their patients. Solution-based strategies should target these determinants directly using evidence-based strategies that move beyond guideline dissemination and general education. Shared decision-making strategies and patient-facing decision aids are likely to decrease the tension experienced in challenging conversations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Desveaux
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Ave, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada. .,Institute for Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, University of Toronto, 155 College Street Suite 425, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville St, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - M Saragosa
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Ave, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada
| | - N Kithulegoda
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Ave, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada
| | - N M Ivers
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Ave, Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada.,Institute for Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, University of Toronto, 155 College Street Suite 425, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Family Practice Health Centre, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Ave Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville St, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lombardi N, Vannacci A, Bettiol A, Marconi E, Pecchioli S, Magni A, Cricelli C, Lapi F. Prescribing Trends of Codeine-containing Medications and Other Opioids in Primary Care After A Regulatory Decision: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis. Clin Drug Investig 2019; 39:455-462. [DOI: 10.1007/s40261-019-00767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Prince JD. Correlates of Opioid Use Disorders among People with Severe Mental Illness in the United States. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1024-1034. [PMID: 30658543 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1559192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The number of Americans with opioid use disorders (OUDs: prescription painkillers or heroin) has increased dramatically, yet little is known about OUD among people with severe mental illness (SMI). METHODS Using the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 502,467), logistic regression was used to: (1) identify factors associated with past-year OUD among people with SMI; and (2) examine associations between OUD and adverse outcomes (e.g., suicide attempt). RESULTS After controlling for a number of factors, correlates of OUD among people with SMI included male gender, younger age, marital status (never been married), use of certain drugs before age 18 (especially marijuana), and ease of obtaining certain drugs. People with prescription painkiller use disorder (only) were 7.43 times more likely (CI = 4.55-12.14, p < .001) than people without substance use disorder to have criminal justice system involvement, while those with: (1) heroin use disorder (only) were 18.78 times more likely (CI = 9.22-38.24, p < .001); (2) both prescription painkiller and heroin use disorder (only) were 25.83 times more likely (CI = 14.06-47.47, p < .001); and (3) all other substance use disorders were 5.15 times more likely (CI = 3.95-6.72, p < .001). People with prescription painkiller use disorder (only) were 2.40 times more likely (CI = 1.72-3.35, p < .001) to attempt suicide than those without substance use disorder, and those with all other substance use disorders (i.e., apart from OUD) were 79% more likely (OR = 1.79, CI = 1.45-220, p < .001). Conclusions/Importance: My findings on OUD and OUD outcomes can help identify and understand individuals with SMI who could benefit from OUD prevention and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Prince
- a Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter College , City University of New York , New York , New York , USA
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Philpot LM, Ramar P, Elrashidi MY, Sinclair TA, Ebbert JO. A Before and After Analysis of Health Care Utilization by Patients Enrolled in Opioid Controlled Substance Agreements for Chronic Noncancer Pain. Mayo Clin Proc 2018; 93:1431-1439. [PMID: 30244811 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of opioid controlled substance agreements (CSAs) enrollment on health care utilization. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively evaluated health care utilization changes among 772 patients receiving long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain enrolled in a CSA between July 1, 2015, and December 31, 2015. We ascertained patient characteristics and utilization 12 months before and after CSA enrollment. Decreased utilization was defined as a decrease of 1 or more hospitalizations or emergency department visits and 3 or more outpatient primary and specialty care visits. Multivariate modeling assessed demographic characteristics associated with utilization changes. RESULTS The 772 patients enrolled in an opioid CSA during the study period had a mean ± SD age of 63.5±14.9 years and were predominantly female, white, and married. The CSA enrollment was associated with decreased outpatient primary care visits (odds ratio [OR], 0.16; 95% CI, 0.14-0.19) and increased diagnostic radiology services (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.02-1.47). After CSA enrollment, patients with greater comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index score >3) were more likely to have reduced hospitalizations (adjusted OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-6.0; P=.008), reduced outpatient primary care visits (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.2; P=.005), and reduced specialty care visits (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.3; P=.006). CONCLUSION For patients receiving long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain, CSA enrollment is associated with reductions in primary care visits and increased radiologic service utilization. Patients with greater comorbidity were more likely to have reductions in hospitalizations, outpatient primary care visits, and outpatient specialty clinic visits after CSA enrollment. The observational nature of the study does not allow the conclusion that CSA implementation is the primary reason for these observed changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Philpot
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Priya Ramar
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Muhamad Y Elrashidi
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN; Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Tiffany A Sinclair
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Jon O Ebbert
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN; Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN.
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Kearns NT, Powers MB, Jackson WT, Elliott TR, Ryan T. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters and substance use among patients with upper limb amputations due to traumatic injury. Disabil Rehabil 2018; 41:3157-3164. [PMID: 30182759 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1485180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Examining the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal, emotional numbing) on three substance use measures among individuals with upper limb amputation due to traumatic injury - an understudied population with high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder.Methods: Multi-site, cross-sectional design. Participants (N = 236) were recruited from seven prosthetic rehabilitation centres across the USA and completed measures of PTSD, alcohol use, prescription medication overuse, and illicit drug use.Results: Twenty-six percent of participants screened positive for posttraumatic stress disorder, 39% for problematic alcohol use, 12% for prescription medication overuse, and 7% for illicit drug use. No association was found between posttraumatic stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms clusters on problematic alcohol use. However, hyperarousal symptoms increased odds of overusing prescription medication (odds ratio = 3.30); further, a positive screen for posttraumatic stress disorder increased odds of illicit drug use (odds ratio = 2.95).Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the importance of assessing psychological well-being and a variety of substance use behaviours following amputation from traumatic injury. These findings may also provide clinically-relevant targets for prevention and intervention regarding prescription medication and illicit substance use, such as incorporating evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder hyperarousal symptoms (e.g., prolonged exposure) and/or integrated treatment for posttraumatic stress-substance misuse (e.g., Seeking Safety) into patients' long-term inpatient/outpatient rehabilitation plans.Implications for rehabilitationPosttraumatic stress disorder hyperarousal symptoms increased odds of overusing prescription medication among individuals with upper limb amputation due to traumatic injury; a positive screen for posttraumatic stress disorder increased odds of illicit drug use.Psychological assessments should be incorporated into treatment and rehabilitation plans following amputation from traumatic injury.Rehabilitation specialists should consider adding or integrating evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder into patients' long-term rehabilitation plan to reduce risk for problematic substance use.Findings support calls by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention to overhaul prescription medication guidelines, including the need to assess risk and address harms concerning overuse of prescription medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Kearns
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Mark B Powers
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Acute Care Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Warren T Jackson
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Acute Care Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Timothy R Elliott
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany Ryan
- Therapeutic Services, Advanced Arm Dynamics, Redondo Beach, CA, USA
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Kowalski-McGraw M, Green-McKenzie J, Pandalai SP, Schulte PA. Characterizing the Interrelationships of Prescription Opioid and Benzodiazepine Drugs With Worker Health and Workplace Hazards. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 59:1114-1126. [PMID: 28930799 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prescription opioid and benzodiazepine drug use, which has risen significantly, can affect worker health. Exploration of the scientific literature assessed (1) interrelationships of such drug use, occupational risk factors, and illness and injury, and (2) occupational and personal risk factor combinations that can affect their use. METHODS The scientific literature from 2000 to 2015 was searched to determine any interrelationships. RESULTS Evidence for eight conceptual models emerged based on the search yield of 133 articles. These models summarize interrelationships among prescription opioid and benzodiazepine use with occupational injury and illness. Factors associated with the use of these drugs included fatigue, impaired cognition, falls, motor vehicle crashes, and the use of multiple providers. CONCLUSION Prescription opioid and benzodiazepine drugs may be both a personal risk factor for work-related injury and a consequence of workplace exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Kowalski-McGraw
- The Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Drs Kowalski-McGraw, Green-McKenzie); Geisinger Health, Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania (Dr Kowalski-McGraw); and The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, Ohio (Drs Pandalai, Schulte)
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Bruce RD, Merlin J, Lum PJ, Ahmed E, Alexander C, Corbett AH, Foley K, Leonard K, Treisman GJ, Selwyn P. 2017 HIVMA of IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Chronic Pain in Patients Living With HIV. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 65:e1-e37. [PMID: 29020263 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain has always been an important part of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and its experience for patients. In this guideline, we review the types of chronic pain commonly seen among persons living with HIV (PLWH) and review the limited evidence base for treatment of chronic noncancer pain in this population. We also review the management of chronic pain in special populations of PLWH, including persons with substance use and mental health disorders. Finally, a general review of possible pharmacokinetic interactions is included to assist the HIV clinician in the treatment of chronic pain in this population.It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. The Infectious Diseases Society of American considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Douglas Bruce
- Department of Medicine, Cornell Scott-Hill Health Center and Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jessica Merlin
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Paula J Lum
- Division of HIV, Infectious Disease, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Ebtesam Ahmed
- St. Johns University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Metropolitan Jewish Health System Institute for Innovation in Palliative Care, New York
| | - Carla Alexander
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore
| | - Amanda H Corbett
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Kathleen Foley
- Attending Neurologist Emeritus, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Kate Leonard
- Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | | | - Peter Selwyn
- Department of Family and Social Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Haller IV, Renier CM, Juusola M, Hitz P, Steffen W, Asmus MJ, Craig T, Mardekian J, Masters ET, Elliott TE. Enhancing Risk Assessment in Patients Receiving Chronic Opioid Analgesic Therapy Using Natural Language Processing. PAIN MEDICINE 2018; 18:1952-1960. [PMID: 28034982 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnw283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Clinical guidelines for the use of opioids in chronic noncancer pain recommend assessing risk for aberrant drug-related behaviors prior to initiating opioid therapy. Despite recent dramatic increases in prescription opioid misuse and abuse, use of screening tools by clinicians continues to be underutilized. This research evaluated natural language processing (NLP) together with other data extraction techniques for risk assessment of patients considered for opioid therapy as a means of predicting opioid abuse. Design Using a retrospective cohort of 3,668 chronic noncancer pain patients with at least one opioid agreement between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2012, we examined the availability of electronic health record structured and unstructured data to populate the Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) and other selected outcomes. Clinician-documented opioid agreement violations in the clinical notes were determined using NLP techniques followed by manual review of the notes. Results Confirmed through manual review, the NLP algorithm had 96.1% sensitivity, 92.8% specificity, and 92.6% positive predictive value in identifying opioid agreement violation. At the time of most recent opioid agreement, automated ORT identified 42.8% of patients as at low risk, 28.2% as at moderate risk, and 29.0% as at high risk for opioid abuse. During a year following the agreement, 22.5% of patients had opioid agreement violations. Patients classified as high risk were three times more likely to violate opioid agreements compared with those with low/moderate risk. Conclusion Our findings suggest that NLP techniques have potential utility to support clinicians in screening chronic noncancer pain patients considered for long-term opioid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mitch Juusola
- Essentia Institute of Rural Health, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Paul Hitz
- Essentia Institute of Rural Health, Duluth, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth T Masters
- Outcomes and Evidence, Global Health and Value, Pfizer Inc., New York, New York, USA
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Ranapurwala SI, Naumann RB, Austin AE, Dasgupta N, Marshall SW. Methodologic limitations of prescription opioid safety research and recommendations for improving the evidence base. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2018; 28:4-12. [PMID: 29862602 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ongoing opioid epidemic has claimed more than a quarter million Americans' lives over the past 15 years. The epidemic began with an escalation of prescription opioid deaths and has now evolved to include secondary waves of illicit heroin and fentanyl deaths, while the deaths due to prescription opioid overdoses are still increasing. In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) moved to limit opioid prescribing with the release of opioid prescribing guidelines for chronic noncancer pain in March 2016. The guidelines represent a logical and timely federal response to this growing crisis. However, CDC acknowledged that the evidence base linking opioid prescribing to opioid use disorders and overdose was grades 3 and 4. METHODS Motivated by the need to strengthen the evidence base, this review details limitations of the opioid safety studies cited in the CDC guidelines with a focus on methodological limitations related to internal and external validity. RESULTS Internal validity concerns were related to poor confounding control, variable misclassification, selection bias, competing risks, and potential competing interventions. External validity concerns arose from the use of limited source populations, historical data (in a fast-changing epidemic), and issues with handling of cancer and acute pain patients' data. We provide a nonexhaustive list of 7 recommendations to address these limitations in future opioid safety studies. CONCLUSION Strengthening the opioid safety evidence base will aid any future revisions of the CDC guidelines and enhance their prevention impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbar I Ranapurwala
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca B Naumann
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anna E Austin
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nabarun Dasgupta
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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50
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McAuliffe WE. Critique of Cheatle et al.’s Study of Risk of Opioid Use Disorder Due to Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Noncancer Pain. PAIN MEDICINE 2018; 19:1100-1101. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnx313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William E McAuliffe
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge Health Alliance, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
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