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Rossmann C, Ranz C, Kager G, Ledinski G, Koestenberger M, Wonisch W, Wagner T, Schwaminger SP, Di Geronimo B, Hrzenjak A, Hallstöm S, Reibnegger G, Cvirn G, Paar M. Metformin Impedes Oxidation of LDL In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2111. [PMID: 37631325 PMCID: PMC10459002 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the most commonly prescribed glucose-lowering drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether metformin is capable of impeding the oxidation of LDL, a crucial step in the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. LDL was oxidized by addition of CuCl2 in the presence of increasing concentrations of metformin. The extent of LDL oxidation was assessed by measuring lipid hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde concentrations, relative electrophoretic mobilities, and oxidation-specific immune epitopes. Cytotoxicity of oxLDL in the vascular endothelial cell line EA.hy926 was assessed using the alamarBlue viability test. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to determine free energies of reactions between metformin and radicals typical for lipid oxidation. Metformin concentration-dependently impeded the formation of lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde, and oxidation-specific immune epitopes when oxidation of LDL was initiated by addition of Cu2+. The cytotoxicity of oxLDL was reduced when it was obtained under increasing concentrations of metformin. The quantum chemical calculations revealed that only the reaction of metformin with hydroxyl radicals is exergonic, whereas the reactions with hydroperoxyl radicals or superoxide radical anions are endergonic. Metformin, beside its glucose-lowering effect, might be a suitable agent to impede the development of atherosclerosis and associated CVD. This is due to its capability to impede LDL oxidation, most likely by scavenging hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rossmann
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.R.); (C.R.); (G.K.); (G.L.); (W.W.); (S.P.S.); (B.D.G.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Cornelia Ranz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.R.); (C.R.); (G.K.); (G.L.); (W.W.); (S.P.S.); (B.D.G.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Gerd Kager
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.R.); (C.R.); (G.K.); (G.L.); (W.W.); (S.P.S.); (B.D.G.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Gerhard Ledinski
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.R.); (C.R.); (G.K.); (G.L.); (W.W.); (S.P.S.); (B.D.G.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Martin Koestenberger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Willibald Wonisch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.R.); (C.R.); (G.K.); (G.L.); (W.W.); (S.P.S.); (B.D.G.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Sebastian P. Schwaminger
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.R.); (C.R.); (G.K.); (G.L.); (W.W.); (S.P.S.); (B.D.G.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bruno Di Geronimo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.R.); (C.R.); (G.K.); (G.L.); (W.W.); (S.P.S.); (B.D.G.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Andelko Hrzenjak
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Seth Hallstöm
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.R.); (C.R.); (G.K.); (G.L.); (W.W.); (S.P.S.); (B.D.G.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
- Division of Biomedical Research and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gilbert Reibnegger
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.R.); (C.R.); (G.K.); (G.L.); (W.W.); (S.P.S.); (B.D.G.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Gerhard Cvirn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.R.); (C.R.); (G.K.); (G.L.); (W.W.); (S.P.S.); (B.D.G.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Margret Paar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.R.); (C.R.); (G.K.); (G.L.); (W.W.); (S.P.S.); (B.D.G.); (S.H.); (G.R.); (M.P.)
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Gene Networks of Hyperglycemia, Diabetic Complications, and Human Proteins Targeted by SARS-CoV-2: What Is the Molecular Basis for Comorbidity? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137247. [PMID: 35806251 PMCID: PMC9266766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
People with diabetes are more likely to have severe COVID-19 compared to the general population. Moreover, diabetes and COVID-19 demonstrate a certain parallelism in the mechanisms and organ damage. In this work, we applied bioinformatics analysis of associative molecular networks to identify key molecules and pathophysiological processes that determine SARS-CoV-2-induced disorders in patients with diabetes. Using text-mining-based approaches and ANDSystem as a bioinformatics tool, we reconstructed and matched networks related to hyperglycemia, diabetic complications, insulin resistance, and beta cell dysfunction with networks of SARS-CoV-2-targeted proteins. The latter included SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors (ACE2 and DPP4), SARS-CoV-2 entry associated proteases (TMPRSS2, CTSB, and CTSL), and 332 human intracellular proteins interacting with SARS-CoV-2. A number of genes/proteins targeted by SARS-CoV-2 (ACE2, BRD2, COMT, CTSB, CTSL, DNMT1, DPP4, ERP44, F2RL1, GDF15, GPX1, HDAC2, HMOX1, HYOU1, IDE, LOX, NUTF2, PCNT, PLAT, RAB10, RHOA, SCARB1, and SELENOS) were found in the networks of vascular diabetic complications and insulin resistance. According to the Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, the defined molecules are involved in the response to hypoxia, reactive oxygen species metabolism, immune and inflammatory response, regulation of angiogenesis, platelet degranulation, and other processes. The results expand the understanding of the molecular basis of diabetes and COVID-19 comorbidity.
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Li YY, Wang H, Zhang YY. FVII gene R353Q polymorphism and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis including 3258 subjects. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 52:324-330. [PMID: 33387207 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-020-02363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The coagulation factor VII (FVII) gene R353Q polymorphism is suggested to be relevant to the coronary heart disease (CHD) susceptibility. However, the results of separate studies are not consistent with one another. A meta-analysis including 3258 participants from nine studies was conducted to investigate the relationship between the FVII gene R353Q polymorphism and the CHD in the Chinese population. The fixed-effect models were used to assess the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. A significant association was observed between the FVII gene R353Q polymorphism and the CHD in the Chinese population under allelic (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.10-1.65, P = 0.004), dominant (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.55-0.85, P = 0.0006), and heterozygous (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.55-0.85, P = 0.0007) genetic models. The FVII gene R353Q polymorphism was significantly correlated with the CHD susceptibility in the Chinese population. Persons with the R allele of the FVII gene R353Q polymorphism might have greater CHD risk than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Li
- Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, NO 300. Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No 300, Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- Department of General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Feng X, Gao X, Yao Z, Xu Y. Low apoA-I is associated with insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:69. [PMID: 28372564 PMCID: PMC5379622 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Insulin resistance predicts the progression of abnormal glucose metabolism, which is the main cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this study, we assessed the potential association between apoA-I levels and insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and the possible link between apoA-I and IGT. Methods This study evaluated a cross-sectional study of 108 participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT group) and 84 controls (control group). ApoA-I and clinical characteristics were measured, and a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Results The IGT group exhibited significantly lower apoA-I and higher HOMA-IR levels than the control group (apoA-I: 1.37 ± 0.36 vs 1.57 ± 0.39 g/L; HOMA-IR: 4.21 ± 1.56 vs 2.15 ± 0.99; P < 0.001 for both). ApoA-I was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR in both the IGT and control groups (IGT group: r = −0.269, P = 0.005; control group: r = −0.262, P = 0.016). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that low apoA-I levels (β = −1.470, P = 0.002) were independently correlated with high HOMA-IR levels in the IGT group. Moreover, logistic regression analysis identified that low apoA-I was an independent influencing factor for IGT (β = −1.170, OR = 0.310, P = 0.007). Conclusions ApoA-I is inversely associated with insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, and low apoA-I is an independent risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance. These results indicate that apoA-I plays an important role in regulating insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in patients with IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China.
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Girolami A, Morello M, Girolami B, Lombardi AM, Bertolo C. Myocardial Infarction and Arterial Thrombosis in Severe (Homozygous) FXII Deficiency: No Apparent Causative Relation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2016; 11:49-53. [PMID: 15678272 DOI: 10.1177/107602960501100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-one patients (12 female and 9 male) with severe (homozygous) factor XII (FXII) deficiency and 58 (32 female and 26 male) with heterozygous FXII deficiency were observed for an average 16.2 years. No patient with homozygous FXII deficiency experienced myocardial infarction or any other arterial thrombosis. The same was true for heterozygotes. The cases of FXII deficiency and arterial thrombosis reported in the literature were evaluated. In every instance, associated risk factors were present that could justify the arterial thrombosis. Dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes mellitus were the most frequent findings. The examination of the few papers that dealt with the prevalence of arterial thrombosis in patients with severe FXII deficiency showed that only 1 patient of 61 experienced myocardial infarction. In conclusion, it seems that the role of FXII deficiency in the pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis is minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Girolami
- University of Padua Medical School, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Second Chair of Medicine, Padua, Italy
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Akhter F, Khan MS, Alatar AA, Faisal M, Ahmad S. Antigenic role of the adaptive immune response to d -ribose glycated LDL in diabetes, atherosclerosis and diabetes atherosclerotic patients. Life Sci 2016; 151:139-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
The plasma coagulation system in mammalian blood consists of a cascade of enzyme activation events in which serine proteases activate the proteins (proenzymes and procofactors) in the next step of the cascade via limited proteolysis. The ultimate outcome is the polymerization of fibrin and the activation of platelets, leading to a blood clot. This process is protective, as it prevents excessive blood loss following injury (normal hemostasis). Unfortunately, the blood clotting system can also lead to unwanted blood clots inside blood vessels (pathologic thrombosis), which is a leading cause of disability and death in the developed world. There are two main mechanisms for triggering the blood clotting, termed the tissue factor pathway and the contact pathway. Only one of these pathways (the tissue factor pathway) functions in normal hemostasis. Both pathways, however, are thought to contribute to thrombosis. An emerging concept is that the contact pathway functions in host pathogen defenses. This review focuses on how the initiation phase of the blood clotting cascade is regulated in both pathways, with a discussion of the contributions of these pathways to hemostasis versus thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Smith
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , IL , USA
| | - Richard J Travers
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , IL , USA
| | - James H Morrissey
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , IL , USA
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Becker RC. Preoteomics, metabolomics and circulating endothelial progenitor cells in acute coronary syndromes. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2014; 21:203-6. [PMID: 16622619 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-006-5969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P. Should your family history of coronary heart disease scare you? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 79:721-32. [PMID: 23239210 DOI: 10.1002/msj.21348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional risk factors explain most of the risk associated with coronary heart disease, and after adjustment for risk factors family history was believed to contribute very little to population-attributable risk of coronary heart disease. However, the INTERHEART study demonstrated an independent association of family history of coronary heart disease with acute myocardial infarction. To assess this relationship more comprehensively in multiple datasets in different populations, we carried out a detailed review of the available evidence. Case-control studies involving 17,202 cases and 30,088 controls yielded a pooled unadjusted odds ratio (random-effects model, overall I(2) = 64.6%, P = 0.000) of 2.03 (95% confidence interval: 1.79-2.30), whereas cohort studies that included 313,837 individuals yielded an unadjusted relative risk for future coronary heart disease (random-effects model, overall I(2) = 88.7%, P = 0.000) of 1.60 (95% confidence interval: 1.44-1.77). Although the presence of family history of coronary heart disease indicates a cumulative exposure of shared genes and environment, the risk estimates for family history did not attenuate significantly after adjustment for conventional coronary heart disease risk factors in several studies. It is probably an oversimplification to dichotomize the family history variable into a simple "yes" or "no" risk factor, as the significance of family history is influenced by several variables, such as age, sex, number of relatives, and age at onset of disease in the relatives. Moreover, a quantitative risk-assessment model for the family history variable, such as the "family risk score," has a positive linear relationship with coronary heart disease. More studies are warranted to assess the benefits and risks of intensive interventions, both targeted individually and at the family level, among individuals with a valid family history and borderline elevated risk factors.
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Diabetes is associated with posttranslational modifications in plasminogen resulting in reduced plasmin generation and enzyme-specific activity. Blood 2013; 122:134-42. [PMID: 23699598 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-04-494641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with hypofibrinolysis by mechanisms that are only partially understood. We investigated the effects of in vivo plasminogen glycation on fibrinolysis, plasmin generation, protein proteolytic activity, and plasminogen-fibrin interactions. Plasma was collected from healthy controls and individuals with type 1 diabetes before and after improving glycemia. Plasma-purified plasmin(ogen) functional activity was evaluated by chromogenic, turbidimetric, and plasmin conversion assays, with surface plasmon resonance employed for fibrin-plasminogen interactions. Plasminogen posttranslational modifications were quantified by mass spectrometry and glycation sites located by peptide mapping. Diabetes was associated with impaired plasma fibrin network lysis, which partly normalized upon improving glycaemia. Purified plasmin(ogen) from diabetic subjects had impaired fibrinolytic activity compared with controls (723 ± 16 and 317 ± 4 s, respectively; P < .01), mainly related to decreased fibrin-dependent plasmin generation and reduced protease activity (Kcat/KM 2.57 ± 1.02 × 10⁻³ and 5.67 ± 0.98 × 10⁻³ M⁻¹s⁻¹, respectively; P < .05). Nε-fructosyl-lysine residue on plasminogen was increased in diabetes compared with controls (6.26 ± 3.43 and 1.82 ± 0.95%mol, respectively; P < .01) with preferential glycation of lysines 107 and 557, sites involved in fibrin binding and plasmin(ogen) cleavage, respectively. Glycation of plasminogen in diabetes directly affects fibrinolysis by decreasing plasmin generation and reducing protein-specific activity, changes that are reversible with modest improvement in glycemic control.
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Rabbani N, Chittari MV, Bodmer CW, Zehnder D, Ceriello A, Thornalley PJ. Increased glycation and oxidative damage to apolipoprotein B100 of LDL cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes and effect of metformin. Diabetes 2010; 59:1038-45. [PMID: 20068133 PMCID: PMC2844812 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether apolipoprotein B100 of LDL suffers increased damage by glycation, oxidation, and nitration in patients with type 2 diabetes, including patients receiving metformin therapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS For this study, 32 type 2 diabetic patients and 21 healthy control subjects were recruited; 13 diabetic patients were receiving metformin therapy (median dose: 1.50 g/day). LDL was isolated from venous plasma by ultracentrifugation, delipidated, digested, and analyzed for protein glycation, oxidation, and nitration adducts by stable isotopic dilution analysis tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Advanced glycation end product (AGE) content of apolipoprotein B100 of LDL from type 2 diabetic patients was higher than from healthy subjects: arginine-derived AGE, 15.8 vs. 5.3 mol% (P < 0.001); and lysine-derived AGE, 2.5 vs. 1.5 mol% (P < 0.05). Oxidative damage, mainly methionine sulfoxide residues, was also increased: 2.5 vs. 1.1 molar equivalents (P < 0.001). 3-Nitrotyrosine content was decreased: 0.04 vs. 0.12 mol% (P < 0.05). In diabetic patients receiving metformin therapy, arginine-derived AGE and methionine sulfoxide were lower than in patients not receiving metformin: 19.3 vs. 8.9 mol% (P < 0.01) and 2.9 vs. 1.9 mol% (P < 0.05), respectively; 3-nitrotyrosine content was higher: 0.10 vs. 0.03 mol% (P < 0.05). Fructosyl-lysine residue content correlated positively with fasting plasma glucose. Arginine-derived AGE residue contents were intercorrelated and also correlated positively with methionine sulfoxide. CONCLUSIONS Patients with type 2 diabetes had increased arginine-derived AGEs and oxidative damage in apolipoprotein B100 of LDL. This was lower in patients receiving metformin therapy, which may contribute to decreased oxidative damage, atherogenicity, and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, UK.
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Abstract
Atherothrombotic disease remains a major cause of mortality worldwide, and family clustering suggests an important contribution of genetic factors to disease pathogenesis. Thrombus formation represents the final step in atherothrombosis, a process influenced by genetic and environmental factors. A major difficulty of investigating the genetic regulation of thrombotic conditions is the complexity of the phenotype and the relatively modest effects of individual genetic variations. We address in this review genetic aspects involved in regulating thrombosis potential and their impact on the development of atherothrombotic disease. The effects of common genetic polymorphisms in clotting factors are discussed and examples of complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions are highlighted. Understanding the effects of genetic factors on predisposition to thrombotic disease and unravelling the complex gene-environment interactions will help to better understand the pathophysiology of this complex condition, which will enable the development of new preventative and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ajjan
- Division of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Leeds Institute for Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Insulin resistance: a proinflammatory state mediated by lipid-induced signaling dysfunction and involved in atherosclerotic plaque instability. Mediators Inflamm 2008; 2008:767623. [PMID: 18604303 PMCID: PMC2442435 DOI: 10.1155/2008/767623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of the insulin-glucose axis represents the crucial event in insulin resistance syndrome. Insulin resistance increases atherogenesis and atherosclerotic plaque instability by inducing proinflammatory activities on vascular and immune cells. This condition characterizes several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and other endocrinopathies, but also cancer. Recent studies suggest that the pathophysiology of insulin resistance is closely related to interferences with insulin-mediated intracellular signaling on skeletal muscle cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes. Strong evidence supports the role of free fatty acids (FFAs) in promoting insulin resistance. The FFA-induced activation of protein kinase C (PKC) delta, inhibitor kappaB kinase (IKK), or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) modulates insulin-triggered intracellular pathway (classically known as PI3-K-dependent). Therefore, reduction of FFA levels represents a selective target for modulating insulin resistance.
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Sa Q, Hart E, Hill AE, Nadeau JH, Hoover-Plow JL. Quantitative trait locus analysis for hemostasis and thrombosis. Mamm Genome 2008; 19:406-12. [PMID: 18787898 PMCID: PMC3375051 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-008-9122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to thrombosis varies in human populations as well as many in inbred mouse strains. The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic control of thrombotic risk on three chromosomes. Previously, utilizing a tail-bleeding/rebleeding assay as a surrogate of hemostasis and thrombosis function, three mouse chromosome substitution strains (CSS) (B6-Chr5(A/J), Chr11(A/J), Chr17(A/J)) were identified (Hmtb1, Hmtb2, Hmtb3). The tail-bleeding/rebleeding assay is widely used and distinguishes mice with genetic defects in blood clot formation or dissolution. In the present study, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis revealed a significant locus for rebleeding (clot stability) time (time between cessation of initial bleeding and start of the second bleeding) on chromosome 5, suggestive loci for bleeding time (time between start of bleeding and cessation of bleeding) also on chromosomes 5, and two suggestive loci for clot stability on chromosome 17 and one on chromosome 11. The three CSS and the parent A/J had elevated clot stability time. There was no interaction of genes on chromosome 11 with genes on chromosome 5 or chromosome 17. On chromosome 17, twenty-three candidate genes were identified in synteny with previously identified loci for thrombotic risk on human chromosome 18. Thus, we have identified new QTLs and candidate genes not previously known to influence thrombotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qila Sa
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Erika Hart
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Annie E. Hill
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Joseph H. Nadeau
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jane L. Hoover-Plow
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, NB50, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Grassi M, Kisialiou A, Assanelli D, Mozzini C, Archetti S, Pezzini A. Evidence of major genes effects on serum homocysteine and fibrinogen levels, and premature ischemic heart disease in Italian extended families. Hum Hered 2008; 66:50-60. [PMID: 18223316 DOI: 10.1159/000114165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of novel genetic factors on plasma levels of total homocysteine (tHcy) and fibrinogen (FIB). As tHcy and FIB have been consistently associated to increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and acute myocardial infarction (MI) also genes-trait-MI mediational effects were tested. METHODS A complex segregation analysis, and a mediation analysis of a highly selected group of 44 extended families (302 subjects), each including at least one member with fatal premature (<50 years) IHD were carried out. RESULTS tHcy and FIB levels turned out to be influenced by at least two major genes. A significant tHcy latent class-MI association (OR = 3.24; 95% CI, 1.37 to 7.68), and a non-significant tHcy plasma level-MI association (OR = 1.65 per 1 = log 10 mumol/l, 95% CI, 0.56 to 4.81) were estimated, suggesting a direct influence of the homocysteine major gene as suppressor of plasma tHcy levels effect. In contrast, FIB latent class-MI association (OR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.31 to 3.05) and FIB level-MI association (OR = 1.32 per 1 = 70 g/l; 95% CI, 0.88 to 2.00) were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence for a major latent gene effect influencing variation in tHcy plasma levels, which is independent on C677T MTHFR polymorphism, and significantly affecting the risk of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Grassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Sanitarie Applicate, Sezione di Statistica Medica & Epidemiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Herbeth B, Guilland JC, Rochette L, Siest G, Visvikis-Siest S. Genetic and environmental contributions to serum ascorbic acid concentrations: the Stanislas Family Study. Br J Nutr 2007; 96:1013-20. [PMID: 17181875 DOI: 10.1017/bjn20061978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous environmental factors are documented to influence serum ascorbic concentrations, little is known about the genetic versus environmental contributions to variation of this trait. The aim of this study was to estimate family correlation and, additive genetic heritability and household effects in a variance component analysis for serum ascorbic acid concentrations. In a sample of ninety French families, information was obtained regarding serum ascorbic acid concentrations, usual dietary intake, lifestyle, and other related covariates. Spouse, parent–offspring and offspring–offspring significant correlation coefficients for serum ascorbic acid concentrations, adjusted for age, cigarette consumption and oral contraceptive use, were 0·432, 0·298 and 0·485, respectively, and for adjusted values for additional diet covariates (vitamin C intake and fruit and vegetable consumption), were 0·362, 0·154 and 0·348, respectively. Variance component analysis for serum ascorbic concentrations showed no significant genetic contribution to variability of this trait. Conversely, household common environment accounted for 27·7 and 42·6 % in parents and offspring, respectively, after adjustment for age, cigarette consumption and oral contraceptive use. After adjustment for the two additional diet covariates (vitamin C intake and fruit and vegetable consumption) household common variance decreased to 13·6 and 30·5 % in parents and offspring, respectively. These results show that serum ascorbic acid concentrations aggregate within healthy families partly due to diet intake but without a significant genetic component.
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Ajjan RA, Grant PJ. Role of clotting factors and fibrin structure in predisposition to atherothrombotic disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2006; 3:1047-59. [PMID: 16292996 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.3.6.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atherothrombotic disease is a multifactorial disorder that develops secondary to a complex gene-environment interaction. The formation of an obstructive thrombus represents the final stage of the atherothrombotic process, and understanding the mechanisms involved in clot formation is essential in order to develop new preventive and therapeutic strategies aimed at decreasing mortality and morbidity from the disease. Studies have demonstrated an important correlation between final clot structure and predisposition to atherothrombotic disease. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the final ultrastructure of the clot, which, in turn, influences an individual's risk of the disease. This paper reviews the factors involved in determining clot structure. The role of commonly used therapeutic agents in modulating clot structure will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi A Ajjan
- The LIGHT laboratories, Leeds Institute of Genetics Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Abstract
Atherothrombotic disease arises secondary to a complex gene-environment interaction. In the initial stages, the condition is clinically silent but with more advanced disease, an occlusive thrombus is formed resulting in the classical clinical manifestations. Both environmental factors and genetic variations in elements of the clotting cascade influence thrombosis risk by inducing quantitative and qualitative changes in the mature protein, which may affect the final structure of the clot and determine its resistance to lysis. Understanding the fine details of gene-environment interactions in relation to thrombus formation will help to shed more light on disease pathogenesis. Consequently, this will allow the development of more efficacious treatment strategies and will also help to identify subjects at risk, thereby enabling the introduction of early preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Ajjan
- Academic Unit of Molecular Vascular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Genetics Health and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The LIGHT Laboratories, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Bae HJ, Yoon BW, Kang DW, Koo JS, Lee SH, Kim KB, Lee J, Roh JK. Correlation of Coronary and Cerebral Atherosclerosis: Difference between Extracranial and Intracranial Arteries. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006; 21:112-9. [PMID: 16340186 DOI: 10.1159/000090209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A difference with regard to the correlation with coronary atherosclerosis (CAS) between extracranial carotid atherosclerosis (ECAS) and intracranial cerebral atherosclerosis (ICAS) has been assumed but not proven clearly by direct comparison within the same population. METHODS A consecutive series of 246 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery were reviewed. The severity of CAS was estimated as a CAS score based on coronary angiography. The presence of ECAS and ICAS was screened by transcranial Doppler and carotid duplex sonography, and confirmed by magnetic resonance angiography. RESULTS The CAS scores in patients with ECAS were observed to be higher than those in patients without ECAS (10.62+/- 4.80 vs. 9.45+/- 4.25; p=0.054 on the Mann-Whitney U test). The difference in CAS scores was smaller between patients with and without ICAS (10.41+/- 4.44 vs. 9.66+/- 4.49; p=0.201). Similar patterns were observed on comparing the correlation of ECAS and ICAS with a quartile of the CAS score. An advanced CAS, which was generated by collapsing the quartiles of the CAS score into 75th percentile or less and more than the 75th percentile, was significantly associated with ECAS, but not with ICAS. These associations remained unchanged after adjustments had been made for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the correlation of CAS with ECAS is stronger than that of CAS with ICAS, and this difference is independent of the classic risk factors for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Karachalias N, Babaei-Jadidi R, Kupich C, Ahmed N, Thornalley PJ. High-dose thiamine therapy counters dyslipidemia and advanced glycation of plasma protein in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1043:777-83. [PMID: 16037305 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1333.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic rat experimental model of diabetes on insulin maintenance therapy exhibits dyslipidemia, mild thiamine deficiency, and increased plasma protein advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The reversal of thiamine deficiency by high-dose thiamine and S-benzoylthiamine monophosphate (benfotiamine) prevented the development of incipient nephropathy. Recently, we reported that high-dose thiamine (but not benfotiamine) countered diabetic dyslipidemia. To understand further the differences between the effects of thiamine and benfotiamine therapy, we quantified the levels of the AGEs in plasma protein. We found hydroimidazolone AGE residues derived from glyoxal and methylglyoxal, G-H1 and MG-H1, were increased 115% and 68% in STZ diabetic rats, with respect to normal controls, and were normalized by both thiamine and benfotiamine; whereas N-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) and N-carboxyethyl-lysine (CEL) residues were increased 74% and 118% in STZ diabetic rats and were normalized by thiamine only. The lack of effect of benfotiamine on plasma CML and CEL residue concentrations suggests there may be important precursors of plasma protein CML and CEL residues other than glyoxal and methylglyoxal. These are probably lipid-derived aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Karachalias
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
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Tamsma JT, Jazet IM, Beishuizen ED, Fogteloo AJ, Meinders AE, Huisman MV. The metabolic syndrome: a vascular perspective. Eur J Intern Med 2005; 16:314-20. [PMID: 16137543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Current definitions of MS use hypertension, waist circumference, fasting glucose, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol levels as defining variables. The prevalence of MS is increasing in our society due to lifestyle changes that result in decreased physical activity and increased body weight. Patients with MS have a three times greater risk of coronary heart disease and stroke, and a two to four times greater risk of dying from atherosclerotic coronary heart disease than those without MS. Imaging studies have shown an increased burden and progression of atherosclerosis. Also, MS patients seem to be more vulnerable to events at comparable levels of atherosclerosis. First-line treatment for MS is therapeutic lifestyle intervention, including exercise and weight reduction. Medical intervention strategies using blood pressure-lowering medication, statins, fibrates and metformin seem the most appropriate to date. The effects of thiazolidinediones on cardiovascular endpoints have not been studied to a large extent in the setting of MS. Evidence regarding risk assessment and optimal medical strategies will be an important aspect of vascular research in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Tamsma
- Vascular Medicine, Dept. of General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, C1-R45, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Huang T, Chen J. Cholesterol And Lipids In Depression: Stress, Hypothalamo‐Pituitary‐Adrenocortical Axis, And Inflammation/Immunity. Adv Clin Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(04)39003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Babaei-Jadidi R, Karachalias N, Kupich C, Ahmed N, Thornalley PJ. High-dose thiamine therapy counters dyslipidaemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetologia 2004; 47:2235-46. [PMID: 15662560 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-004-1582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Cardiovascular disease in diabetes is linked to increased risk of atherosclerosis, increased levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and enhanced hepatic lipogenesis. The hepatic hexosamine pathway has been implicated in signalling for de novo lipogenesis by the liver. In this study, we assessed if decrease of flux through the hexosamine pathway induced by high-dose thiamine therapy counters diabetic dyslipidaemia. METHODS The model of diabetes used was the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat with maintenance insulin therapy. Normal control and diabetic rats were studied for 24 weeks with and without oral high-dose therapy (7 and 70 mg/kg) with thiamine and benfotiamine. Plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were determined at 6-week intervals and hepatic metabolites and transketolase activity after death of the rats at 24 weeks. RESULTS We found that thiamine therapy (70 mg/kg) prevented diabetes-induced increases in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in diabetic rats but did not reverse the diabetes-induced decrease of HDL. This was achieved by prevention of thiamine depletion and decreased transketolase activity in the liver of diabetic rats. There was a concomitant decrease in hepatic UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and fatty acid synthase activity. Thiamine also normalised food intake of diabetic rats. A lower dose of thiamine (7 mg/kg) and the thiamine monophosphate prodrug benfotiamine (7 and 70 mg/kg) were ineffective. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION High-dose thiamine therapy prevented diabetic dyslipidaemia in experimental diabetes probably by suppression of food intake and hexosamine pathway signalling but other factors may also be involved. Benfotiamine was ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Babaei-Jadidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Grant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, UK.
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