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Cui H, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Progress on Poxvirus E3 Ubiquitin Ligases and Adaptor Proteins. Front Immunol 2021; 12:740223. [PMID: 34956175 PMCID: PMC8695901 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.740223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses have evolved a variety of innate immunity evasion mechanisms, some of which involve poxvirus-encoded E3 ubiquitin ligases and adaptor proteins. Based on their functional domains and ubiquitin transfer mechanisms, these poxvirus-encoded E3 ubiquitin ligases and adaptor proteins can be divided into five categories: PRANC, ANK/BC, BBK, P28/RING, and MARCH proteins. Although the substrates of many poxvirus E3 ubiquitin ligases remain to be discovered, most of the identified substrates are components of the innate immune system. In this review, we discuss the current research progress on poxvirus-encoded E3 ubiquitin ligases and adaptor proteins to provide mechanistic insights into the interplay between these viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yaxian Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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2
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Kappler-Gratias S, Bucher L, Top S, Quentin-Froignant C, Desbois N, Bertagnoli S, Louison M, Monge E, Bousquet-Melou A, Lacroix M, Gros CP, Gallardo F. Antipoxvirus Activity Evaluation of Optimized Corroles Based on Development of Autofluorescent ANCHOR Myxoma Virus. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2370-2382. [PMID: 34048219 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 43 antiviral corrole-based molecules have been tested on myxoma virus (Lausanne-like T1MYXV strain). An autofluorescent MYXV, with an ANCHOR cassette, has been used for the studies. A2B-fluorocorroles display various toxicities, from 40 being very toxic (CC50 = 1.7 μM) to nontoxic 38 (CC50 > 50 μM), whereas A3-fluorocorroles, with one to three fluorine atoms, are not toxic (with the exception of corroles 9, 10, and 22). In vitro, these compounds show a good selectivity index when used alone. Corrole 35 seems to be the most promising compound, which displays a high selectivity index with the lowest IC50. Interestingly, this "Hit" corrole is easy to synthesize in a two-step reaction. Upscaling production up to 25 g has been carried out for in vivo tests. In vivo studies on New Zealand white rabbits infected with myxoma virus show that symptoms are delayed and animal weight is increased upon treatment, while no acute toxicity of the corrole molecule was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Léo Bucher
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Sokunthea Top
- NeoVirTech, SAS, 1 place Pierre Potier, Oncopole, 31106 Toulouse, France
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Charlotte Quentin-Froignant
- NeoVirTech, SAS, 1 place Pierre Potier, Oncopole, 31106 Toulouse, France
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Nicolas Desbois
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | | | - Matthieu Louison
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Emma Monge
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | | | - Marlène Lacroix
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Claude P. Gros
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR CNRS 6302), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Franck Gallardo
- NeoVirTech, SAS, 1 place Pierre Potier, Oncopole, 31106 Toulouse, France
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3
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Mavian C, López-Bueno A, Martín R, Nitsche A, Alcamí A. Comparative Pathogenesis, Genomics and Phylogeography of Mousepox. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061146. [PMID: 34203773 PMCID: PMC8232671 DOI: 10.3390/v13061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV), the causative agent of mousepox, has threatened laboratory mouse colonies worldwide for almost a century. Mousepox has been valuable for the understanding of poxvirus pathogenesis and immune evasion. Here, we have monitored in parallel the pathogenesis of nine ECTVs in BALB/cJ mice and report the full-length genome sequence of eight novel ECTV isolates or strains, including the first ECTV isolated from a field mouse, ECTV-MouKre. This approach allowed us to identify several genes, absent in strains attenuated through serial passages in culture, that may play a role in virulence and a set of putative genes that may be involved in enhancing viral growth in vitro. We identified a putative strong inhibitor of the host inflammatory response in ECTV-MouKre, an isolate that did not cause local foot swelling and developed a moderate virulence. Most of the ECTVs, except ECTV-Hampstead, encode a truncated version of the P4c protein that impairs the recruitment of virions into the A-type inclusion bodies, and our data suggest that P4c may play a role in viral dissemination and transmission. This is the first comprehensive report that sheds light into the phylogenetic and geographic relationship of the worldwide outbreak dynamics for the ECTV species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mavian
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.); (A.L.-B.); (R.M.)
| | - Alberto López-Bueno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.); (A.L.-B.); (R.M.)
| | - Rocío Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.); (A.L.-B.); (R.M.)
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.); (A.L.-B.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Quillien L, Top S, Kappler-Gratias S, Redouté A, Dusetti N, Quentin-Froignant C, Lulka H, Camus-Bouclainville C, Buscail L, Gallardo F, Bertagnoli S, Cordelier P. A Novel Imaging Approach for Single-Cell Real-Time Analysis of Oncolytic Virus Replication and Efficacy in Cancer Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:166-177. [PMID: 33504260 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are novel cancer gene therapies that are moving toward the forefront of modern medicines. However, their full therapeutic potential is hindered by the lack of convenient and reliable strategies to visualize and quantify OV growth kinetics and therapeutic efficacy in live cells. In this study, we present an innovative imaging approach for single-cell real-time analysis of OV replication and efficacy in cancer cells. We selected SG33 as a prototypic new OV that derives from wild-type Myxoma virus (MYXV). Lausanne Toulouse 1 (T1) was used as control. We equipped SG33 and T1 genomes with the ANCHOR system and infected a panel of cell lines. The ANCHOR system is composed of a fusion protein (OR-GFP) that specifically binds to a short nonrepetitive DNA target sequence (ANCH) and spreads onto neighboring sequences by protein oligomerization. Its accumulation on the tagged viral DNA results in the creation of fluorescent foci. We found that (1) SG33 and T1-ANCHOR DNA can be readily detected and quantified by live imaging, (2) both OVs generate perinuclear replication foci after infection clustering into horse-shoe shape replication centers, and (3) SG33 replicates to higher levels as compared with T1. Lastly, as a translational proof of concept, we benchmarked SG33 replication and oncolytic efficacy in primary cancer cells derived from pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) both at the population and at the single-cell levels. In vivo, SG33 significantly replicates in experimental tumors to inhibit tumor growth. Collectively, we provide herein for the first time a novel strategy to quantify each step of OV infection in live cells and in real time by tracking viral DNA and provide first evidence of theranostic strategies for PDAC patients. Thus, this approach has the potential to rationalize the use of OVs for the benefit of patients with incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Quillien
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Agathe Redouté
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nelson Dusetti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Hubert Lulka
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Louis Buscail
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Cordelier
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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5
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Abstract
How virulence evolves after a virus jumps to a new host species is central to disease emergence. Our current understanding of virulence evolution is based on insights drawn from two perspectives that have developed largely independently: long-standing evolutionary theory based on limited real data examples that often lack a genomic basis, and experimental studies of virulence-determining mutations using cell culture or animal models. A more comprehensive understanding of virulence mutations and their evolution can be achieved by bridging the gap between these two research pathways through the phylogenomic analysis of virus genome sequence data as a guide to experimental study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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6
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Myxoma Virus M083 Is a Virulence Factor Which Mediates Systemic Dissemination. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02186-17. [PMID: 29343569 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02186-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses are large, DNA viruses whose protein capsid is surrounded by one or more lipid envelopes. Embedded into these lipid envelopes are three conserved viral proteins which are thought to mediate binding of virions to target cells. While the function of these proteins has been studied in vitro, their specific roles during the pathogenesis of poxviral disease remain largely unclear. Here we present data demonstrating that the putative chondroitin binding protein M083 from the leporipoxvirus myxoma virus is a significant virulence factor during infection of susceptible Oryctolagus rabbits. Removal of M083 results in a reduced capacity of virus to spread beyond the regional lymph nodes and completely eliminates infection-mediated mortality. In vitro, removal of M083 results in only minor intracellular replication defects but causes a significant reduction in the ability of myxoma virus to spread from infected epithelial cells onto primary lymphocytes. We hypothesize that the physiological role of M083 is therefore to mediate the spread of myxoma virus onto rabbit lymphocytes, allowing these cells to disseminate virus throughout infected rabbits.IMPORTANCE Poxviruses represent both a class of human pathogens and potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of human malignancy. Understanding the basic biology of these agents is therefore significant to human health in a variety of ways. While the mechanisms mediating poxviral binding have been well studied in vitro, how these mechanisms impact poxviral pathogenesis in vivo remains unclear. The current study advances our understanding of how poxviral binding impacts viral pathogenesis by demonstrating that the putative chondroitin binding protein M083 plays a critical role during the pathogenesis of myxoma virus in susceptible Oryctolagus rabbits by impacting viral dissemination through changes in the transfer of virions onto primary splenocytes.
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7
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Teferi WM, Desaulniers MA, Noyce RS, Shenouda M, Umer B, Evans DH. The vaccinia virus K7 protein promotes histone methylation associated with heterochromatin formation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173056. [PMID: 28257484 PMCID: PMC5336242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that many vaccinia virus proteins suppress host antiviral pathways by targeting the transcription of antiviral proteins, thus evading the host innate immune system. However, whether viral proteins have an effect on the host’s overall cellular transcription is less understood. In this study we investigated the regulation of heterochromatin during vaccinia virus infection. Heterochromatin is a highly condensed form of chromatin that is less transcriptionally active and characterized by methylation of histone proteins. We examined the change in methylation of two histone proteins, H3 and H4, which are major markers of heterochromatin, during the course of viral infection. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry we were able to track the overall change in the methylated levels of H3K9 and H4K20. Our results suggest that there is significant increase in methylation of H3K9 and H4K20 during Orthopoxviruses infection compared to mock-infected cells. However, this effect was not seen when we infected cells with Leporipoxviruses. We further screened several vaccinia virus single and multi-gene deletion mutant and identified the vaccinia virus gene K7R as a contributor to the increase in cellular histone methylation during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondimagegnehu M. Teferi
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Megan A. Desaulniers
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryan S. Noyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mira Shenouda
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brittany Umer
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David H. Evans
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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8
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Kerr PJ, Cattadori IM, Rogers MB, Fitch A, Geber A, Liu J, Sim DG, Boag B, Eden JS, Ghedin E, Read AF, Holmes EC. Genomic and phenotypic characterization of myxoma virus from Great Britain reveals multiple evolutionary pathways distinct from those in Australia. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006252. [PMID: 28253375 PMCID: PMC5349684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-evolution of myxoma virus (MYXV) and the European rabbit occurred independently in Australia and Europe from different progenitor viruses. Although this is the canonical study of the evolution of virulence, whether the genomic and phenotypic outcomes of MYXV evolution in Europe mirror those observed in Australia is unknown. We addressed this question using viruses isolated in the United Kingdom early in the MYXV epizootic (1954-1955) and between 2008-2013. The later UK viruses fell into three distinct lineages indicative of a long period of separation and independent evolution. Although rates of evolutionary change were almost identical to those previously described for MYXV in Australia and strongly clock-like, genome evolution in the UK and Australia showed little convergence. The phenotypes of eight UK viruses from three lineages were characterized in laboratory rabbits and compared to the progenitor (release) Lausanne strain. Inferred virulence ranged from highly virulent (grade 1) to highly attenuated (grade 5). Two broad disease types were seen: cutaneous nodular myxomatosis characterized by multiple raised secondary cutaneous lesions, or an amyxomatous phenotype with few or no secondary lesions. A novel clinical outcome was acute death with pulmonary oedema and haemorrhage, often associated with bacteria in many tissues but an absence of inflammatory cells. Notably, reading frame disruptions in genes defined as essential for virulence in the progenitor Lausanne strain were compatible with the acquisition of high virulence. Combined, these data support a model of ongoing host-pathogen co-evolution in which multiple genetic pathways can produce successful outcomes in the field that involve both different virulence grades and disease phenotypes, with alterations in tissue tropism and disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Kerr
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Isabella M. Cattadori
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Rogers
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States of America
| | - Adam Fitch
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States of America
| | - Adam Geber
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States of America
| | - June Liu
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Derek G. Sim
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States of America
| | - Brian Boag
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States of America
| | - Andrew F. Read
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States of America
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Braun C, Thürmer A, Daniel R, Schultz AK, Bulla I, Schirrmeier H, Mayer D, Neubert A, Czerny CP. Genetic Variability of Myxoma Virus Genomes. J Virol 2017; 91:e01570-16. [PMID: 27903800 PMCID: PMC5286896 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01570-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxomatosis is a recurrent problem on rabbit farms throughout Europe despite the success of vaccines. To identify gene variations of field and vaccine strains that may be responsible for changes in virulence, immunomodulation, and immunoprotection, the genomes of 6 myxoma virus (MYXV) strains were sequenced: German field isolates Munich-1, FLI-H, 2604, and 3207; vaccine strain MAV; and challenge strain ZA. The analyzed genomes ranged from 147.6 kb (strain MAV) to 161.8 kb (strain 3207). All sequences were affected by several mutations, covering 24 to 93 open reading frames (ORFs) and resulted in amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions. Only strains Munich-1 and MAV revealed the deletion of 10 ORFs (M007L to M015L) and 11 ORFs (M007L to M008.1L and M149R to M008.1R), respectively. Major differences were observed in the 27 immunomodulatory proteins encoded by MYXV. Compared to the reference strain Lausanne, strains FLI-H, 2604, 3207, and ZA showed the highest amino acid identity (>98.4%). In strains Munich-1 and MAV, deletion of 5 and 10 ORFs, respectively, was observed, encoding immunomodulatory proteins with ankyrin repeats or members of the family of serine protease inhibitors. Furthermore, putative immunodominant surface proteins with homology to vaccinia virus (VACV) were investigated in the sequenced strains. Only strain MAV revealed above-average frequencies of amino acid substitutions and frameshift mutations. Finally, we performed recombination analysis and found signs of recombination in vaccine strain MAV. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship of strain MAV and the MSW strain of Californian MYXV. However, in a challenge model, strain MAV provided full protection against lethal challenges with strain ZA. IMPORTANCE Myxoma virus (MYXV) is pathogenic for European rabbits and two North American species. Due to sophisticated strategies in immune evasion and oncolysis, MYXV is an important model virus for immunological and pathological research. In its natural hosts, MYXV causes a benign infection, whereas in European rabbits, it causes the lethal disease myxomatosis. Since the introduction of MYXV into Australia and Europe for the biological control of European rabbits in the 1950s, a coevolution of host and pathogen has started, selecting for attenuated virus strains and increased resistance in rabbits. Evolution of viruses is a continuous process and influences the protective potential of vaccines. In our analyses, we sequenced 6 MYXV field, challenge, and vaccine strains. We focused on genes encoding proteins involved in virulence, host range, immunomodulation, and envelope composition. Genes affected most by mutations play a role in immunomodulation. However, attenuation cannot be linked to individual mutations or gene disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Braun
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Thürmer
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Schultz
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Bulla
- Institute for Mathematics and Informatics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Horst Schirrmeier
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Kerr PJ, Liu J, Cattadori I, Ghedin E, Read AF, Holmes EC. Myxoma virus and the Leporipoxviruses: an evolutionary paradigm. Viruses 2015; 7:1020-61. [PMID: 25757062 PMCID: PMC4379559 DOI: 10.3390/v7031020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxoma virus (MYXV) is the type species of the Leporipoxviruses, a genus of Chordopoxvirinae, double stranded DNA viruses, whose members infect leporids and squirrels, inducing cutaneous fibromas from which virus is mechanically transmitted by biting arthropods. However, in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), MYXV causes the lethal disease myxomatosis. The release of MYXV as a biological control for the wild European rabbit population in Australia, initiated one of the great experiments in evolution. The subsequent coevolution of MYXV and rabbits is a classic example of natural selection acting on virulence as a pathogen adapts to a novel host species. Slightly attenuated mutants of the progenitor virus were more readily transmitted by the mosquito vector because the infected rabbit survived longer, while highly attenuated viruses could be controlled by the rabbit immune response. As a consequence, moderately attenuated viruses came to dominate. This evolution of the virus was accompanied by selection for genetic resistance in the wild rabbit population, which may have created an ongoing co-evolutionary dynamic between resistance and virulence for efficient transmission. This natural experiment was repeated on a continental scale with the release of a separate strain of MYXV in France and its subsequent spread throughout Europe. The selection of attenuated strains of virus and resistant rabbits mirrored the experience in Australia in a very different environment, albeit with somewhat different rates. Genome sequencing of the progenitor virus and the early radiation, as well as those from the 1990s in Australia and Europe, has shown that although MYXV evolved at high rates there was no conserved route to attenuation or back to virulence. In contrast, it seems that these relatively large viral genomes have the flexibility for multiple pathways that converge on a similar phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Kerr
- CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - June Liu
- CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Isabella Cattadori
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology and Global Institute of Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Andrew F Read
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences, and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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11
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Boutard B, Vankerckhove S, Markine-Goriaynoff N, Sarlet M, Desmecht D, McFadden G, Vanderplasschen A, Gillet L. The α2,3-sialyltransferase encoded by myxoma virus is a virulence factor that contributes to immunosuppression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118806. [PMID: 25705900 PMCID: PMC4338283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxoma virus (MYXV) induces a lethal disease called Myxomatosis in European rabbits. MYXV is one of the rare viruses that encodes an α2,3-sialyltransferase through its M138L gene. In this study, we showed that although the absence of the enzyme was not associated with any in vitro deficit, the M138L deficient strains are highly attenuated in vivo. Indeed, while all rabbits infected with the parental and the revertant strains died within 9 days post-infection from severe myxomatosis, all but one rabbit inoculated with the M138L deficient strains survived the infection. In primary lesions, this resistance to the infection was associated with an increased ability of innate immune cells, mostly neutrophils, to migrate to the site of virus replication at 4 days post-infection. This was followed by the development of a better specific immune response against MYXV. Indeed, at day 9 post-infection, we observed an important proliferation of lymphocytes and an intense congestion of blood vessels in lymph nodes after M138L knockouts infection. Accordingly, in these rabbits, we observed an intense mononuclear cell infiltration throughout the dermis in primary lesions and higher titers of neutralizing antibodies. Finally, this adaptive immune response provided protection to these surviving rabbits against a challenge with the MYXV WT strain. Altogether, these results show that expression of the M138L gene contributes directly or indirectly to immune evasion by MYXV. In the future, these results could help us to better understand the pathogenesis of myxomatosis but also the importance of glycans in regulation of immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- DNA, Viral/blood
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/immunology
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Male
- Myxoma virus/immunology
- Myxoma virus/pathogenicity
- Myxoma virus/physiology
- Myxomatosis, Infectious/blood
- Myxomatosis, Infectious/immunology
- Myxomatosis, Infectious/virology
- Rabbits
- Sialyltransferases/genetics
- Sialyltransferases/immunology
- Sialyltransferases/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
- Time Factors
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virulence/genetics
- Virulence/immunology
- Virulence Factors/genetics
- Virulence Factors/immunology
- Virulence Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Boutard
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sophie Vankerckhove
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Markine-Goriaynoff
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mickaël Sarlet
- Pathology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Pathology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gillet
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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12
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Herbert MH, Squire CJ, Mercer AA. Poxviral ankyrin proteins. Viruses 2015; 7:709-38. [PMID: 25690795 PMCID: PMC4353913 DOI: 10.3390/v7020709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple repeats of the ankyrin motif (ANK) are ubiquitous throughout the kingdoms of life but are absent from most viruses. The main exception to this is the poxvirus family, and specifically the chordopoxviruses, with ANK repeat proteins present in all but three species from separate genera. The poxviral ANK repeat proteins belong to distinct orthologue groups spread over different species, and align well with the phylogeny of their genera. This distribution throughout the chordopoxviruses indicates these proteins were present in an ancestral vertebrate poxvirus, and have since undergone numerous duplication events. Most poxviral ANK repeat proteins contain an unusual topology of multiple ANK motifs starting at the N-terminus with a C-terminal poxviral homologue of the cellular F-box enabling interaction with the cellular SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. The subtle variations between ANK repeat proteins of individual poxviruses suggest an array of different substrates may be bound by these protein-protein interaction domains and, via the F-box, potentially directed to cellular ubiquitination pathways and possible degradation. Known interaction partners of several of these proteins indicate that the NF-κB coordinated anti-viral response is a key target, whilst some poxviral ANK repeat domains also have an F-box independent affect on viral host-range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Herbert
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Christopher J Squire
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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13
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Bouet-Cararo C, Contreras V, Caruso A, Top S, Szelechowski M, Bergeron C, Viarouge C, Desprat A, Relmy A, Guibert JM, Dubois E, Thiery R, Bréard E, Bertagnoli S, Richardson J, Foucras G, Meyer G, Schwartz-Cornil I, Zientara S, Klonjkowski B. Expression of VP7, a Bluetongue virus group specific antigen by viral vectors: analysis of the induced immune responses and evaluation of protective potential in sheep. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111605. [PMID: 25364822 PMCID: PMC4218782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an economically important Orbivirus transmitted by biting midges to domestic and wild ruminants. The need for new vaccines has been highlighted by the occurrence of repeated outbreaks caused by different BTV serotypes since 1998. The major group-reactive antigen of BTV, VP7, is conserved in the 26 serotypes described so far, and its role in the induction of protective immunity has been proposed. Viral-based vectors as antigen delivery systems display considerable promise as veterinary vaccine candidates. In this paper we have evaluated the capacity of the BTV-2 serotype VP7 core protein expressed by either a non-replicative canine adenovirus type 2 (Cav-VP7 R0) or a leporipoxvirus (SG33-VP7), to induce immune responses in sheep. Humoral responses were elicited against VP7 in almost all animals that received the recombinant vectors. Both Cav-VP7 R0 and SG33-VP7 stimulated an antigen-specific CD4+ response and Cav-VP7 R0 stimulated substantial proliferation of antigen-specific CD8+ lymphocytes. Encouraged by the results obtained with the Cav-VP7 R0 vaccine vector, immunized animals were challenged with either the homologous BTV-2 or the heterologous BTV-8 serotype and viral burden in plasma was followed by real-time RT-PCR. The immune responses triggered by Cav-VP7 R0 were insufficient to afford protective immunity against BTV infection, despite partial protection obtained against homologous challenge. This work underscores the need to further characterize the role of BTV proteins in cross-protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR 892 INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Agathe Caruso
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Sokunthea Top
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Szelechowski
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, CNRS U5282, Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Bergeron
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alexandra Desprat
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anthony Relmy
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Eric Dubois
- Unité de pathologie des petits ruminants, ANSES, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Richard Thiery
- Unité de pathologie des petits ruminants, ANSES, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Gilles Foucras
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Meyer
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Stephan Zientara
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
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14
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Lamb SA, Rahman MM, McFadden G. Recombinant myxoma virus lacking all poxvirus ankyrin-repeat proteins stimulates multiple cellular anti-viral pathways and exhibits a severe decrease in virulence. Virology 2014; 464-465:134-145. [PMID: 25068401 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the production of single gene knockout viruses is a useful strategy to study viral gene functions, the redundancy of many host interactive genes within a complex viral genome can obscure their collective functions. In this study, a rabbit-specific poxvirus, myxoma virus (MYXV), was genetically altered to disrupt multiple members of the poxviral ankyrin-repeat (ANK-R) protein superfamily, M-T5, M148, M149 and M150. A particularly robust activation of the NF-κB pathway was observed in A549 cells following infection with the complete ANK-R knockout (vMyx-ANKsKO). Also, an increased release of IL-6 was only observed upon infection with vMyx-ANKsKO. In virus-infected rabbit studies, vMyx-ANKsKO was the most extensively attenuated and produced the smallest primary lesion of all ANK-R mutant constructs. This study provides the first insights into the shared functions of the poxviral ANK-R protein superfamily in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Lamb
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100266, Gainesville FL 32610, USA
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100266, Gainesville FL 32610, USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100266, Gainesville FL 32610, USA
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15
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Kerr PJ. Myxomatosis in Australia and Europe: a model for emerging infectious diseases. Antiviral Res 2012; 93:387-415. [PMID: 22333483 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myxoma virus is a poxvirus naturally found in two American leporid (rabbit) species (Sylvilagus brasiliensis and Sylvilagus bachmani) in which it causes an innocuous localised cutaneous fibroma. However, in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) the same virus causes the lethal disseminated disease myxomatosis. The introduction of myxoma virus into the European rabbit population in Australia in 1950 initiated the best known example of what happens when a novel pathogen jumps into a completely naïve new mammalian host species. The short generation time of the rabbit and their vast numbers in Australia meant evolution could be studied in real time. The carefully documented emergence of attenuated strains of virus that were more effectively transmitted by the mosquito vector and the subsequent selection of rabbits with genetic resistance to myxomatosis is the paradigm for pathogen virulence and host-pathogen coevolution. This natural experiment was repeated with the release of a separate strain of myxoma virus in France in 1952. The subsequent spread of the virus throughout Europe and its coevolution with the rabbit essentially paralleled what occurred in Australia. Detailed molecular studies on myxoma virus have dissected the role of virulence genes in the pathogenesis of myxomatosis and when combined with genomic data and reverse genetics should in future enable the understanding of the molecular evolution of the virus as it adapted to its new host. This review describes the natural history and evolution of myxoma virus together with the molecular biology and experimental pathogenesis studies that are informing our understanding of evolution of emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Kerr
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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16
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Top S, Foucras G, Deplanche M, Rives G, Calvalido J, Comtet L, Bertagnoli S, Meyer G. Myxomavirus as a vector for the immunisation of sheep: Protection study against challenge with bluetongue virus. Vaccine 2012; 30:1609-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark O. J. Olson
- Dept. Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, North State St. 2500, Jackson, 39216 Mississippi USA
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18
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Sonnberg S, Fleming SB, Mercer AA. Phylogenetic analysis of the large family of poxvirus ankyrin-repeat proteins reveals orthologue groups within and across chordopoxvirus genera. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2596-2607. [PMID: 21752962 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.033654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankyrin-repeat (ANK) protein-interaction domains are common in cellular proteins but are relatively rare in viruses. Chordopoxviruses, however, encode a large number of ANK domain-containing ORFs of largely unknown function. Recently, a second protein-interaction domain, an F-box-like motif, was identified in several poxvirus ANK proteins. Cellular F-box proteins recruit substrates to the ubiquitination machinery of the cell, a putative function for ANK/poxviral F-box proteins. Using publicly available genome sequence data we examined all 328 predicted ANK proteins encoded by 27 chordopoxviruses that represented the eight vertebrate poxvirus genera whose members encode ANK proteins. Within these we identified 15 putative ANK protein orthologue groups within orthopoxviruses, five within parapoxviruses, 23 within avipoxviruses and seven across members of the genera Leporipoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, Yatapoxvirus, Suipoxvirus and Cervidpoxvirus. Sequence comparisons showed that members of each of these four clusters of orthologues were not closely related to members of any of the other clusters. Of these ORFs, 67% encoded a C-terminal poxviral F-box-like motif, whose absence could largely be attributed to fragmentation of ORFs. Our findings suggest that the large family of poxvirus ANK proteins arose by extensive gene duplication and divergence that occurred independently in four major genus-based groups after the groups diverged from each other. It seems likely that the ancestor ANK proteins of poxviruses contained both the N-terminal ANK repeats and a C-terminal F-box-like domain, with the latter domain subsequently being lost in a small subset of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sonnberg
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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19
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Vaccinia virus F16 protein, a predicted catalytically inactive member of the prokaryotic serine recombinase superfamily, is targeted to nucleoli. Virology 2011; 417:334-42. [PMID: 21752417 PMCID: PMC3163719 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The F16L gene of vaccinia virus (VACV) is conserved in all chordopoxviruses except avipoxviruses. The crocodile poxvirus F16 protein ortholog has highly significant similarity to prokaryotic serine recombinases and contains all amino acids that comprise the catalytic site. In contrast, F16 orthologs encoded by other poxviruses show only marginally significant similarity to serine recombinases, lack essential amino acids of the active site and are most likely inactive derivatives of serine recombinases. Nevertheless, the conservation of F16L in non-avian poxviruses suggested an important function. However, a VACV mutant with the F16L gene knocked out replicated normally in dividing and quiescent cells. The F16 protein was synthesized early after infection and detected in virus cores. When expressed in infected or uninfected cells, F16 accumulated in nucleoli depending on the level of expression and confluency of cells. Evidence was obtained that F16 forms multimers, which might regulate concentration-dependent intracellular localization.
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20
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Guo CJ, Chen WJ, Yuan LQ, Yang LS, Weng SP, Yu XQ, He JG. The viral ankyrin repeat protein (ORF124L) from infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus attenuates nuclear factor-κB activation and interacts with IκB kinase β. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1561-1570. [PMID: 21471317 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.031120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ankyrin (ANK) repeat is one of the most common protein–protein interaction motifs, found predominantly in eukaryotes and bacteria, but the functions of the ANK repeat are rarely researched in animal viruses, with the exception of poxviruses. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is a typical member of the genus Megalocytivirus in the family Iridoviridae and is a causative agent of epizootics in fish. The genome of ISKNV contains four putative viral ANK (vANK) repeat proteins and their functions remain largely unknown. In the present study, it was found that ORF124L, a vANK repeat protein in ISKNV, encodes a protein of 274 aa with three ANK repeats. Transcription of ORF124L was detected at 12 h post-infection (p.i.) and reached a peak at 40 h p.i. ORF124L was found to localize to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm in mandarin fish fry cells. ISKNV ORF124L interacted with the mandarin fish IκB kinase β protein (scIKKβ), and attenuated tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)- or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced activity of a nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)–luciferase reporter but did not interfere with the activity of an activator protein 1 (AP-1)–luciferase reporter. Phosphorylation of IκBα and nuclear translocation of NF-κB were also impaired by ISKNV ORF124L. In summary, ORF124L was identified as a vANK repeat protein and its role in inhibition of TNF-α-induced NF-κB signalling was investigated through interaction with the mandarin fish IKKβ. This work may help to improve our understanding of the function of fish iridovirus ANK repeat proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Wei-Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Li-Qun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Li-Shi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shao-Ping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jian-Guo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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Jaglic Z, Jeklova E, Christensen H, Leva L, Register K, Kummer V, Kucerova Z, Faldyna M, Maskova J, Nedbalcova K. Host response in rabbits to infection with Pasteurella multocida serogroup F strains originating from fowl cholera. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2011; 75:200-208. [PMID: 22210996 PMCID: PMC3122976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although Pasteurella multocida serogroup F has been described as an avian-adapted serogroup, it was recently found in rabbit nests in the Czech Republic. Therefore, the ability of 2 avian P. multocida serogroup F strains to induce disease in rabbits was investigated. Two groups of 18 Pasteurella-free rabbits were intranasally challenged with strains isolated from chickens and turkeys. Half of the animals in each challenge group were immunosuppressed using dexamethasone. All of the challenged rabbits exhibited clinical signs of peracute septicemic disease, ending with shock, and died or were euthanized in the terminal stages of the disease 1 to 2 d post-infection. Gross pathological changes included systemic vascular collapse and vascular leak syndrome. Hyperemia, hemorrhage, edema, inflammatory cell infiltrates, focal necrosis, and degenerative changes were observed histologically in parenchymatous organs. This is the first study directly demonstrating that avian P. multocida serogroup F strains are highly virulent in rabbits and that avian hosts cannot be excluded as a possible source of rabbit infection with serogroup F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Jaglic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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22
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Spiesschaert B, McFadden G, Hermans K, Nauwynck H, Van de Walle GR. The current status and future directions of myxoma virus, a master in immune evasion. Vet Res 2011; 42:76. [PMID: 21658227 PMCID: PMC3131250 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxoma virus (MYXV) gained importance throughout the twentieth century because of the use of the highly virulent Standard Laboratory Strain (SLS) by the Australian government in the attempt to control the feral Australian population of Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit) and the subsequent illegal release of MYXV in Europe. In the European rabbit, MYXV causes a disease with an exceedingly high mortality rate, named myxomatosis, which is passively transmitted by biting arthropod vectors. MYXV still has a great impact on European rabbit populations around the world. In contrast, only a single cutaneous lesion, restricted to the point of inoculation, is seen in its natural long-term host, the South-American Sylvilagus brasiliensis and the North-American S. Bachmani. Apart from being detrimental for European rabbits, however, MYXV has also become of interest in human medicine in the last two decades for two reasons. Firstly, due to the strong immune suppressing effects of certain MYXV proteins, several secreted virus-encoded immunomodulators (e.g. Serp-1) are being developed to treat systemic inflammatory syndromes such as cardiovascular disease in humans. Secondly, due to the inherent ability of MYXV to infect a broad spectrum of human cancer cells, the live virus is also being developed as an oncolytic virotherapeutic to treat human cancer. In this review, an update will be given on the current status of MYXV in rabbits as well as its potential in human medicine in the twenty-first century. Table of contents Abstract 1. The virus 2. History 3. Pathogenesis and disease symptoms 4. Immunomodulatory proteins of MYXV 4.1. MYXV proteins with anti-apoptotic functions 4.1.1. Inhibition of pro-apoptotic molecules 4.1.2. Inhibition by protein-protein interactions by ankyrin repeat viral proteins 4.1.3. Inhibition of apoptosis by enhancing the degradation of cellular proteins 4.1.4. Inhibition of apoptosis by blocking host Protein Kinase R (PKR) 4.2. MYXV proteins interfering with leukocyte chemotaxis 4.3. MYXV serpins that inhibit cellular pro-inflammatory or pro-apoptotic proteases 4.4. MYXV proteins that interfere with leukocyte activation 4.5. MYXV proteins with sequence similarity to HIV proteins 4.6. MYXV proteins with unknown immune function 5. Vaccination strategies against myxomatosis 5.1. Current MYXV vaccines 5.2. Vaccination campaigns to protect European rabbits in the wild 6. Applications of myxoma virus for human medicine 6.1. MYXV proteins as therapeutics for allograft vasculopathy and atherosclerosis 6.2. Applications for MYXV as a live oncolytic virus to treat cancer 7. Discussion and Conclusions 8. List of Abbreviations References Author Details Authors' contributions Competing interests Figure Legends Acknowledgements
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Spiesschaert
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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23
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Barry M, van Buuren N, Burles K, Mottet K, Wang Q, Teale A. Poxvirus exploitation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Viruses 2010; 2:2356-2380. [PMID: 21994622 PMCID: PMC3185573 DOI: 10.3390/v2102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination plays a critical role in many cellular processes. A growing number of viruses have evolved strategies to exploit the ubiquitin-proteasome system, including members of the Poxviridae family. Members of the poxvirus family have recently been shown to encode BTB/kelch and ankyrin/F-box proteins that interact with cullin-3 and cullin-1 based ubiquitin ligases, respectively. Multiple members of the poxvirus family also encode ubiquitin ligases with intrinsic activity. This review describes the numerous mechanisms that poxviruses employ to manipulate the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Barry
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1 780 492-0702; Fax: +1 780 492-7521
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Cavadini P, Botti G, Barbieri I, Lavazza A, Capucci L. Molecular characterization of SG33 and Borghi vaccines used against myxomatosis. Vaccine 2010; 28:5414-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Blanié S, Gelfi J, Bertagnoli S, Camus-Bouclainville C. MNF, an ankyrin repeat protein of myxoma virus, is part of a native cellular SCF complex during viral infection. Virol J 2010; 7:56. [PMID: 20211013 PMCID: PMC2842262 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxoma virus (MYXV), a member of the Poxviridae family, is the agent responsible for myxomatosis, a fatal disease in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Like all poxviruses, MYXV is known for encoding multiple proteins that regulate cellular signaling pathways. Among them, four proteins share the same ANK/PRANC structure: M148R, M149R, MNF (Myxoma Nuclear factor) and M-T5, all of them described as virulence factors. This family of poxvirus proteins, recently identified, has drawn considerable attention for its potential role in modulating the host ubiquitin-proteasome system during viral infection. To date, many members of this novel protein family have been shown to interact with SCF components, in vitro. Here, we focus on MNF gene, which has been shown to express a nuclear protein presenting nine ANK repeats, one of which has been identified as a nuclear localization signal. In transfection, MNF has been shown to colocalise with the transcription factor NF-κB in the nucleus of TNFα-stimulated cells. Functionally, MNF is a critical virulence factor since its deletion generates an almost apathogenic virus. In this study, to pursue the investigation of proteins interacting with MNF and of its mechanism of action, we engineered a recombinant MYXV expressing a GFP-linked MNF under the control of MNF native promoter. Infection of rabbits with MYXV-GFPMNF recombinant virus provided the evidence that the GFP fusion does not disturb the main function of MNF. Hence, cells were infected with MYXV-GFPMNF and immunoprecipitation of the GFPMNF fusion protein was performed to identify MNF's partners. For the first time, endogenous components of SCF (Cullin-1 and Skp1) were co-precipitated with an ANK myxoma virus protein, expressed in an infectious context, and without over-expression of any protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Blanié
- INRA, UMR 1225 Interactions Hôtes - Agents Pathogènes F-31076 Toulouse, France
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Dalton KP, Nicieza I, Baragaño A, Alonso JMM, Parra F. Molecular characterisation of virulence graded field isolates of myxoma virus. Virol J 2010; 7:49. [PMID: 20187925 PMCID: PMC2845566 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myxoma virus (MV) has been endemic in Europe since shortly after its deliberate release in France in 1952. While the emergence of more resistant hosts and more transmissible and attenuated virus is well documented, there have been relatively few studies focused on the sequence changes incurred by the virus as it has adapted to its new host. In order to identify regions of variability within the MV genome to be used for phylogenetic studies and to try to investigate causes of MV strain attenuation we have molecularly characterised nine strains of MV isolated in Spain between the years 1992 and 1995 from wide ranging geographic locations and which had been previously graded for virulence by experimental infection of rabbits. Results The findings reported here show the analysis of 16 genomic regions accounting for approximately 10% of the viral genomes. Of the 20 genes analysed 5 (M034L, M069L, M071L, M130R and M135R) were identical in all strains and 1 (M122R) contained only a single point mutation in an individual strain. Four genes (M002L/R, M009L, M036L and M017L) showed insertions or deletions that led to disruption of the ORFs. Conclusions The findings presented here provide valuable tools for strain differentiation and phylogenetic studies of MV isolates and some clues as to the reasons for virus attenuation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Dalton
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Santiago Gascón, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, España.
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The myxoma virus m-t5 ankyrin repeat host range protein is a novel adaptor that coordinately links the cellular signaling pathways mediated by Akt and Skp1 in virus-infected cells. J Virol 2009; 83:12068-83. [PMID: 19776120 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00963-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Most poxviruses express multiple proteins containing ankyrin (ANK) repeats accounting for a large superfamily of related but unique determinants of poxviral tropism. Recently, select members of this novel family of poxvirus proteins have drawn considerable attention for their potential roles in modulating intracellular signaling networks during viral infection. The rabbit-specific poxvirus, myxoma virus (MYXV), encodes four unique ANK repeat proteins, termed M-T5, M148, M149, and M150, all of which include a carboxy-terminal PRANC domain which closely resembles a cellular protein motif called the F-box domain. Here, we show that each MYXV-encoded ANK repeat protein, including M-T5, interacts directly with the Skp1 component of the host SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, and that the binding of M-T5 to cullin 1 is indirect via binding to Skp1 in the host SCF complex. To understand the significance of these virus-host protein interactions, the various binding domains of M-T5 were mapped. The N-terminal ANK repeats I and II were identified as being important for interaction with Akt, whereas the C-terminal PRANC/F-box-like domain was essential for binding to Skp1. We also report that M-T5 can bind Akt and the host SCF complex (via Skp1) simultaneously in MYXV-infected cells. Finally, we report that M-T5 specifically mediates the relocalization of Akt from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during infection with the wild-type MYXV, but not the M-T5 knockout version of the virus. These results indicate that ANK/PRANC proteins play a critical role in reprogramming disparate cellular signaling cascades to establish a new cellular environment more favorable for virus replication.
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Interplay between poxviruses and the cellular ubiquitin/ubiquitin-like pathways. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:607-14. [PMID: 19174161 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational polypeptide tagging by conjugation with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like (Ub/Ubl) molecules is a potent way to alter protein functions and/or sort specific protein targets to the proteasome for degradation. Many poxviruses interfere with the host Ub/Ubl system by encoding viral proteins that can usurp this pathway. Some of these include viral proteins of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) domain, p28/Really Interesting New Gene (RING) finger, ankyrin-repeat/F-box and Broad-complex, Tramtrack and Bric-a-Brac (BTB)/Kelch subgroups of the E3 Ub ligase superfamily. Here we describe and discuss the various strategies used by poxviruses to target and subvert the host cell Ub/Ubl systems.
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