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Fu M, Eimes JA, Kong S, Lamichhaney S, Waldman B. Identification of major histocompatibility complex genotypes associated with resistance to an amphibian emerging infectious disease. Infect Genet Evol 2023; 113:105470. [PMID: 37336279 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), emerged from Asia and spread globally. By comparing functional MHC IIß1 alleles from an Asian Bd-resistant anuran species (Bufo gargarizans) with those of an Australasian Bd-susceptible species (Litoria caerulea), we identified MHC genotypes associated with Bd resistance. These alleles encode a glycine deletion (G90β1) and adjacent motifs in the deepest pathogen-derived peptide-binding groove. Every Bd-resistant individual, but no susceptible individuals, possessed at least one allele encoding the variant. We detected trans-species polymorphism at the end of the MHC IIβ1 sequences. The G90β1 deletion was encoded by different alleles in the two species, suggesting it may have evolved independently in each species rather than having been derived from a common ancestor. These results are consistent with a scenario by which MHC adaptations that confer resistance to the pathogen have evolved by convergent evolution. Immunogenetic studies such as this are critical to ongoing conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Fu
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - John A Eimes
- University College, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Sungsik Kong
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sangeet Lamichhaney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44243, USA
| | - Bruce Waldman
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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2
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Ferraris P, Wichit S, Cordel N, Missé D. Human host genetics and susceptibility to ZIKV infection. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 95:105066. [PMID: 34487865 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Managing emerging infectious diseases is a current challenge in the fields of microbiology and epidemiology. Indeed, among other environmental and human-related factors, climate change and global warming favor the emergence of new pathogens. The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic, of which the large and rapid spread surprised the scientific community, is a reminder of the importance to study viruses currently responsible for sporadic infections. Increasing our knowledge of key factors involved in emerging infections is essential to implement specific monitoring that can be oriented according to the pathogen, targeted population, or at-risk environment. Recent technological developments, such as high-throughput sequencing, genome-wide association studies and CRISPR screenings have allowed the identification of human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in infectious disease outcome. This review focuses on the human genetic host factors that have been identified and shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of ZIKV infection and candidate SNP targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Ferraris
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Sineewanlaya Wichit
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Nadège Cordel
- Guadeloupe University Hospital, Department of Dermatology and Clinical Immunology, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe and Normandie University, UNIROUEN, IRIB, Inserm, U1234, Rouen, France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France
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3
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Lado S, Elbers JP, Plasil M, Loney T, Weidinger P, Camp JV, Kolodziejek J, Futas J, Kannan DA, Orozco-terWengel P, Horin P, Nowotny N, Burger PA. Innate and Adaptive Immune Genes Associated with MERS-CoV Infection in Dromedaries. Cells 2021; 10:1291. [PMID: 34070971 PMCID: PMC8224694 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has refocused attention to the betacoronaviruses, only eight years after the emergence of another zoonotic betacoronavirus, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). While the wild source of SARS-CoV-2 may be disputed, for MERS-CoV, dromedaries are considered as source of zoonotic human infections. Testing 100 immune-response genes in 121 dromedaries from United Arab Emirates (UAE) for potential association with present MERS-CoV infection, we identified candidate genes with important functions in the adaptive, MHC-class I (HLA-A-24-like) and II (HLA-DPB1-like), and innate immune response (PTPN4, MAGOHB), and in cilia coating the respiratory tract (DNAH7). Some of these genes previously have been associated with viral replication in SARS-CoV-1/-2 in humans, others have an important role in the movement of bronchial cilia. These results suggest similar host genetic pathways associated with these betacoronaviruses, although further work is required to better understand the MERS-CoV disease dynamics in both dromedaries and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lado
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (S.L.); (J.P.E.)
| | - Jean P. Elbers
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (S.L.); (J.P.E.)
| | - Martin Plasil
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (J.F.); (P.H.)
- RG Animal Immunogenomics, Ceitec Vetuni, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tom Loney
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates; (T.L.); (N.N.)
| | - Pia Weidinger
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.W.); (J.V.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Jeremy V. Camp
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.W.); (J.V.C.); (J.K.)
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.W.); (J.V.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Futas
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (J.F.); (P.H.)
- RG Animal Immunogenomics, Ceitec Vetuni, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pablo Orozco-terWengel
- The Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Petr Horin
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (J.F.); (P.H.)
- RG Animal Immunogenomics, Ceitec Vetuni, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates; (T.L.); (N.N.)
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.W.); (J.V.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Pamela A. Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (S.L.); (J.P.E.)
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Lowe M, Kock MM, Coetzee J, Hoosien E, Peirano G, Strydom KA, Ehlers MM, Mbelle NM, Shashkina E, Haslam DB, Dhawan P, Donnelly RJ, Chen L, Kreiswirth BN, Pitout JDD. Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307 with bla OXA-181, South Africa, 2014-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:739-747. [PMID: 30882333 PMCID: PMC6433043 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.181482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type (ST) 307 is an emerging global antimicrobial drug-resistant clone. We used whole-genome sequencing and PCR to characterize K. pneumoniae ST307 with oxacillinase (OXA) 181 carbapenemase across several private hospitals in South Africa during 2014-2016. The South Africa ST307 belonged to a different clade (clade VI) with unique genomic characteristics when compared with global ST307 (clades I-V). Bayesian evolution analysis showed that clade VI emerged around March 2013 in Gauteng Province, South Africa, and then evolved during 2014 into 2 distinct lineages. K. pneumoniae ST307 clade VI with OXA-181 disseminated over a 15-month period within 42 hospitals in 23 cities across 6 northeastern provinces, affecting 350 patients. The rapid expansion of ST307 was most likely due to intrahospital, interhospital, intercity, and interprovince movements of patients. This study highlights the importance of molecular surveillance for tracking emerging antimicrobial clones.
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Torres M, Reina JC, Fuentes-Monteverde JC, Fernández G, Rodríguez J, Jiménez C, Llamas I. AHL-lactonase expression in three marine emerging pathogenic Vibrio spp. reduces virulence and mortality in brine shrimp (Artemia salina) and Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195176. [PMID: 29664914 PMCID: PMC5903640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infectious diseases produced by Vibrio are the main cause of economic losses in aquaculture. During recent years it has been shown that the expression of virulence genes in some Vibrio species is controlled by a population-density dependent gene-expression mechanism known as quorum sensing (QS), which is mediated by the diffusion of signal molecules such as N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs). QS disruption, especially the enzymatic degradation of signalling molecules, known as quorum quenching (QQ), is one of the novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of bacterial infections. In this study, we present the detection of AHLs in 34 marine Vibrionaceae strains. Three aquaculture-related pathogenic Vibrio strains, V. mediterranei VibC-Oc-097, V. owensii VibC-Oc-106 and V. coralliilyticus VibC-Oc-193 were selected for further studies based on their virulence and high production of AHLs. This is the first report where the signal molecules have been characterized in these emerging marine pathogens and correlated to the expression of virulence factors. Moreover, the results of AHL inactivation in the three selected strains have been confirmed in vivo against brine shrimps (Artemia salina) and Manila clams (Venerupis philippinarum). This research contributes to the development of future therapies based on AHL disruption, the most promising alternatives for fighting infectious diseases in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Torres
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Carlos Reina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Fuentes-Monteverde
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Center for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Gerardo Fernández
- Research Support Service (SAI), Central Services (ESCI) University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jaime Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Center for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Center for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Llamas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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6
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Lau SKP. Molecular Research on Emerging Viruses: Evolution, Diagnostics, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020398. [PMID: 29385690 PMCID: PMC5855620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Abstract
The recent Ebola and Zika epidemics demonstrate the need for the continuous surveillance, rapid diagnosis and real-time tracking of emerging infectious diseases. Fast, affordable sequencing of pathogen genomes - now a staple of the public health microbiology laboratory in well-resourced settings - can affect each of these areas. Coupling genomic diagnostics and epidemiology to innovative digital disease detection platforms raises the possibility of an open, global, digital pathogen surveillance system. When informed by a One Health approach, in which human, animal and environmental health are considered together, such a genomics-based system has profound potential to improve public health in settings lacking robust laboratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Gardy
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, V5Z 4R4 British Columbia Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3 British Columbia Canada
| | - Nicholas J. Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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8
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Horner AA, Hoffman EA, Tye MR, Hether TD, Savage AE. Cryptic chytridiomycosis linked to climate and genetic variation in amphibian populations of the southeastern United States. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175843. [PMID: 28448517 PMCID: PMC5407605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
North American amphibians have recently been impacted by two major emerging pathogens, the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and iridoviruses in the genus Ranavirus (Rv). Environmental factors and host genetics may play important roles in disease dynamics, but few studies incorporate both of these components into their analyses. Here, we investigated the role of environmental and genetic factors in driving Bd and Rv infection prevalence and severity in a biodiversity hot spot, the southeastern United States. We used quantitative PCR to characterize Bd and Rv dynamics in natural populations of three amphibian species: Notophthalmus perstriatus, Hyla squirella and Pseudacris ornata. We combined pathogen data, genetic diversity metrics generated from neutral markers, and environmental variables into general linear models to evaluate how these factors impact infectious disease dynamics. Occurrence, prevalence and intensity of Bd and Rv varied across species and populations, but only one species, Pseudacris ornata, harbored high Bd intensities in the majority of sampled populations. Genetic diversity and climate variables both predicted Bd prevalence, whereas climatic variables alone predicted infection intensity. We conclude that Bd is more abundant in the southeastern United States than previously thought and that genetic and environmental factors are both important for predicting amphibian pathogen dynamics. Incorporating both genetic and environmental information into conservation plans for amphibians is necessary for the development of more effective management strategies to mitigate the impact of emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A. Horner
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Hoffman
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Tye
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tyler D. Hether
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Anna E. Savage
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Epstein B, Jones M, Hamede R, Hendricks S, McCallum H, Murchison EP, Schönfeld B, Wiench C, Hohenlohe P, Storfer A. Rapid evolutionary response to a transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12684. [PMID: 27575253 PMCID: PMC5013612 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cancer rarely acts as an infectious disease, a recently emerged transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) is virtually 100% fatal. Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) has swept across nearly the entire species' range, resulting in localized declines exceeding 90% and an overall species decline of more than 80% in less than 20 years. Despite epidemiological models that predict extinction, populations in long-diseased sites persist. Here we report rare genomic evidence of a rapid, parallel evolutionary response to strong selection imposed by a wildlife disease. We identify two genomic regions that contain genes related to immune function or cancer risk in humans that exhibit concordant signatures of selection across three populations. DFTD spreads between hosts by suppressing and evading the immune system, and our results suggest that hosts are evolving immune-modulated resistance that could aid in species persistence in the face of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Epstein
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
| | - Menna Jones
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Hamede
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Sarah Hendricks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051, USA
| | - Hamish McCallum
- School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Elizabeth P. Murchison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Barbara Schönfeld
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Cody Wiench
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051, USA
| | - Paul Hohenlohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051, USA
| | - Andrew Storfer
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
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Nau JY. [Not Available]. Rev Med Suisse 2016; 12:1250-1251. [PMID: 27506073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Moreira‐Soto A, Taylor‐Castillo L, Vargas‐Vargas N, Rodríguez‐Herrera B, Jiménez C, Corrales‐Aguilar E. Neotropical Bats from Costa Rica harbour Diverse Coronaviruses. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 62:501-5. [PMID: 25653111 PMCID: PMC7165833 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Bats are hosts of diverse coronaviruses (CoVs) known to potentially cross the host-species barrier. For analysing coronavirus diversity in a bat species-rich country, a total of 421 anal swabs/faecal samples from Costa Rican bats were screened for CoV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene sequences by a pancoronavirus PCR. Six families, 24 genera and 41 species of bats were analysed. The detection rate for CoV was 1%. Individuals (n = 4) from four different species of frugivorous (Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia perspicillata and Carollia castanea) and nectivorous (Glossophaga soricina) bats were positive for coronavirus-derived nucleic acids. Analysis of 440 nt. RdRp sequences allocated all Costa Rican bat CoVs to the α-CoV group. Several CoVs sequences clustered near previously described CoVs from the same species of bat, but were phylogenetically distant from the human CoV sequences identified to date, suggesting no recent spillover events. The Glossophaga soricina CoV sequence is sufficiently dissimilar (26% homology to the closest known bat CoVs) to represent a unique coronavirus not clustering near other CoVs found in the same bat species so far, implying an even higher CoV diversity than previously suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Moreira‐Soto
- CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases)VirologyFaculty of MicrobiologyUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica
| | - L. Taylor‐Castillo
- CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases)VirologyFaculty of MicrobiologyUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica
| | - N. Vargas‐Vargas
- CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases)VirologyFaculty of MicrobiologyUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica
| | | | - C. Jiménez
- Tropical Diseases Research Program (PIET)National University of Costa RicaHerediaCosta Rica
| | - E. Corrales‐Aguilar
- CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases)VirologyFaculty of MicrobiologyUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica
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Benga L, Benten WPM, Engelhardt E, Gougoula C, Sager M. Spontaneous bacterial and fungal infections in genetically engineered mice: Is Escherichia coli an emerging pathogen in laboratory mouse? Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2015; 128:278-284. [PMID: 26281439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The impact of particular microbes on genetically engineered mice depends on the genotype and the environment. Infections resulting in clinical disease have an obvious impact on animal welfare and experimentation. In this study, we investigated the bacterial and fungal aetiology of spontaneous clinical disease of infectious origin among the genetically engineered mice from our institution in relation to their genotype. A total of 63 mice belonging to 33 different mice strains, from severe immunodeficient to wild-type, were found to display infections as the primary cause leading to their euthanasia. The necropsies revealed abscesses localized subcutaneously as well as in the kidney, preputial glands, seminal vesicles, in the uterus, umbilicus or in the lung. In addition, pneumonia, endometritis and septicaemia cases were recorded. Escherichia coli was involved in 21 of 44 (47.72%) of the lesions of bacterial origin, whereas [Pasteurella] pneumotropica was isolated from 19 of 44 (43.18%) cases. The infections with the two agents mentioned above included three cases of mixed infection with both pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus was considered responsible for five of 44 (11.36%) cases whereas Enterobacter cloacae was found to cause lesions in two of 44 (4.54%) mice. Overall, 16 of the 44 (36.36%) cases of bacterial aetiology affected genetically engineered mice without any explicit immunodeficiency or wild-type strains. The remaining 19 cases of interstitial pneumonia were caused by Pneumocystis murina. In conclusion, the susceptibility of genetically modified mice to opportunistic infections has to be regarded with precaution, regardless of the type of genetic modification performed. Beside the classical opportunists, such as [Pasteurella] pneumotropica and Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli should as well be closely monitored to evaluate whether it represents an emerging pathogen in the laboratory mouse.
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Merseguel KB, Nishikaku AS, Rodrigues AM, Padovan AC, e Ferreira RC, de Azevedo Melo AS, Briones MRDS, Colombo AL. Genetic diversity of medically important and emerging Candida species causing invasive infection. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:57. [PMID: 25887032 PMCID: PMC4339437 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has been studied among fungi. However, the numbers of ITS sequence polymorphisms in the various Candida species and their associations with sources of invasive fungal infections remain poorly investigated. Here, we characterized the intraspecific and interspecific ITS diversity of Candida spp. strains collected from patients with bloodstream or oroesophageal candidiasis. METHODS We selected cultures of representative medically important species of Candida as well as some rare and emerging pathogens. Identification was performed by micromorphology and by biochemical testing using an ID32C system, as well as by the sequencing of rDNA ITS. The presence of intraspecific ITS polymorphisms was characterized based on haplotype networks, and interspecific diversity was characterized based on Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Among 300 Candida strains, we identified 76 C. albicans, 14 C. dubliniensis, 40 C. tropicalis, 47 C. glabrata, 34 C. parapsilosis (sensu stricto), 31 C. orthopsilosis, 3 C. metapsilosis, 21 Meyerozyma guilliermondii (C. guilliermondii), 12 Pichia kudriavzevii (C. krusei), 6 Clavispora lusitaniae (C. lusitaniae), 3 C. intermedia, 6 Wickerhamomyces anomalus (C. pelliculosa), and 2 C. haemulonii strains, and 1 C. duobushaemulonii, 1 Kluyveromyces marxianus (C. kefyr), 1 Meyerozyma caribbica (C. fermentati), 1 Pichia norvegensis (C. norvegensis), and 1 Lodderomyces elongisporus strain. Out of a total of seven isolates with inconsistent ID32C profiles, ITS sequencing identified one C. lusitaniae strain, three C. intermedia strains, two C. haemulonii strains and one C. duobushaemulonii strain. Analysis of ITS variability revealed a greater number of haplotypes among C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata and C. lusitaniae, which are predominantly related to endogenous sources of acquisition. Bayesian analysis confirmed the major phylogenetic relationships among the isolates and the molecular identification of the different Candida spp. CONCLUSIONS Molecular studies based on ITS sequencing are necessary to identify closely related and emerging species. Polymorphism analysis of the ITS rDNA region demonstrated its utility as a genetic marker for species identification and phylogenetic relationships as well as for drawing inferences concerning the natural history of hematogenous infections caused by medically important and emerging Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Bellinghausen Merseguel
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia (LEMI), Disciplina de Infectologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, quinto andar, Edifício de Pesquisas II, Zipcode 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Angela Satie Nishikaku
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia (LEMI), Disciplina de Infectologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, quinto andar, Edifício de Pesquisas II, Zipcode 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Disciplina de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Padovan
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia (LEMI), Disciplina de Infectologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, quinto andar, Edifício de Pesquisas II, Zipcode 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
| | - Renata Carmona e Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva e Biocomplexidade, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Analy Salles de Azevedo Melo
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia (LEMI), Disciplina de Infectologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, quinto andar, Edifício de Pesquisas II, Zipcode 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro da Silva Briones
- Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva e Biocomplexidade, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Arnaldo Lopes Colombo
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia (LEMI), Disciplina de Infectologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, quinto andar, Edifício de Pesquisas II, Zipcode 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Neofytos D, Kuhn B, Shen S, Hua Zhu X, Jungkind D, Flomenberg P. Emergence of Staphylococcal Cassette ChromosomemecType IV Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusas a Cause of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 28:1206-9. [PMID: 17828701 DOI: 10.1086/520746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec(SCCmec) type IV methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) strains were identified in 8 (19.5%) of 41 consecutive patients with MRSA ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in this retrospective, observational study. There were no significant differences in VAP severity and crude mortality rates between patients with SCCmectype II strains and patients with SCCmectype IV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neofytos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Environmental Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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15
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Scaria J, Mao C, Chen JW, McDonough SP, Sobral B, Chang YF. Differential stress transcriptome landscape of historic and recently emerged hypervirulent strains of Clostridium difficile strains determined using RNA-seq. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78489. [PMID: 24244315 PMCID: PMC3820578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C. difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea in North America and Europe. Genomes of individual strains of C. difficile are highly divergent. To determine how divergent strains respond to environmental changes, the transcriptomes of two historic and two recently isolated hypervirulent strains were analyzed following nutrient shift and osmotic shock. Illumina based RNA-seq was used to sequence these transcriptomes. Our results reveal that although C. difficile strains contain a large number of shared and strain specific genes, the majority of the differentially expressed genes were core genes. We also detected a number of transcriptionally active regions that were not part of the primary genome annotation. Some of these are likely to be small regulatory RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Scaria
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Chunhong Mao
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jenn-Wei Chen
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Sean P. McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America;
| | - Bruno Sobral
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Del Chierico F, Petrucca A, Vernocchi P, Bracaglia G, Fiscarelli E, Bernaschi P, Muraca M, Urbani A, Putignani L. Proteomics boosts translational and clinical microbiology. J Proteomics 2013; 97:69-87. [PMID: 24145144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The application of proteomics to translational and clinical microbiology is one of the most advanced frontiers in the management and control of infectious diseases and in the understanding of complex microbial systems within human fluids and districts. This new approach aims at providing, by dedicated bioinformatic pipelines, a thorough description of pathogen proteomes and their interactions within the context of human host ecosystems, revolutionizing the vision of infectious diseases in biomedicine and approaching new viewpoints in both diagnostic and clinical management of the patient. Indeed, in the last few years, many laboratories have matured a series of advanced proteomic applications, aiming at providing individual proteome charts of pathogens, with respect to their morph and/or cell life stages, antimicrobial or antimycotic resistance profiling, epidemiological dispersion. Herein, we aim at reviewing the current state-of-the-art on proteomic protocols designed and set-up for translational and diagnostic microbiological purposes, from axenic pathogens' characterization to microbiota ecosystems' full description. The final goal is to describe applications of the most common MALDI-TOF MS platforms to advanced diagnostic issues related to emerging infections, increasing of fastidious bacteria, and generation of patient-tailored phylotypes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Trends in Microbial Proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Del Chierico
- Unit of Parasitology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; Unit of Metagenomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - A Petrucca
- Unit of Parasitology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; Unit of Metagenomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; Department of Diagnostic Science, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - P Vernocchi
- Unit of Parasitology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; Unit of Metagenomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; Interdipartimental Centre for Industrial Research-CIRI-AGRIFOOD, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Bracaglia
- Unit of Parasitology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; Unit of Metagenomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - E Fiscarelli
- Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - P Bernaschi
- Unit of Microbiology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - M Muraca
- Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - A Urbani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; IRCCS-Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - L Putignani
- Unit of Parasitology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; Unit of Metagenomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
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17
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Bieringer M, Han JW, Kendl S, Khosravi M, Plattet P, Schneider-Schaulies J. Experimental adaptation of wild-type canine distemper virus (CDV) to the human entry receptor CD150. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57488. [PMID: 23554862 PMCID: PMC3595274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV), a close relative of measles virus (MV), is widespread and well known for its broad host range. When the goal of measles eradication may be achieved, and when measles vaccination will be stopped, CDV might eventually cross the species barrier to humans and emerge as a new human pathogen. In order to get an impression how fast such alterations may occur, we characterized required adaptive mutations to the human entry receptors CD150 (SLAM) and nectin-4 as first step to infect human target cells. Recombinant wild-type CDV-A75/17(red) adapted quickly to growth in human H358 epithelial cells expressing human nectin-4. Sequencing of the viral attachment proteins (hemagglutinin, H, and fusion protein, F) genes revealed that no adaptive alteration was required to utilize human nectin-4. In contrast, the virus replicated only to low titres (10(2) pfu/ml) in Vero cells expressing human CD150 (Vero-hSLAM). After three passages using these cells virus was adapted to human CD150 and replicated to high titres (10(5) pfu/ml). Sequence analyses revealed that only one amino acid exchange in the H-protein at position 540 Asp→Gly (D540G) was required for functional adaptation to human CD150. Structural modelling suggests that the adaptive mutation D540G in H reflects the sequence alteration from canine to human CD150 at position 70 and 71 from Pro to Leu (P70L) and Gly to Glu (G71E), and compensates for the gain of a negative charge in the human CD150 molecule. Using this model system our data indicate that only a minimal alteration, in this case one adaptive mutation, is required for adaptation of CDV to the human entry receptors, and help to understand the molecular basis why this adaptive mutation occurs.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/genetics
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/metabolism
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission
- Distemper/genetics
- Distemper/metabolism
- Distemper/transmission
- Distemper Virus, Canine/physiology
- Dogs
- Humans
- Mutation, Missense
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1
- Vero Cells
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bieringer
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jung Woo Han
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Kendl
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mojtaba Khosravi
- Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Plattet
- Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Yang RF, Cui YJ, Li DF. [Open source genomics: a new tool for countermeasuring emerging and remerging infectious diseases]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2012; 46:485-487. [PMID: 22943890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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19
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Robinson SJ, Samuel MD, Johnson CJ, Adams M, McKenzie DI. Emerging prion disease drives host selection in a wildlife population. Ecol Appl 2012; 22:1050-9. [PMID: 22645831 DOI: 10.1890/11-0907.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are increasingly recognized as an important force driving population dynamics, conservation biology, and natural selection in wildlife populations. Infectious agents have been implicated in the decline of small or endangered populations and may act to constrain population size, distribution, growth rates, or migration patterns. Further, diseases may provide selective pressures that shape the genetic diversity of populations or species. Thus, understanding disease dynamics and selective pressures from pathogens is crucial to understanding population processes, managing wildlife diseases, and conserving biological diversity. There is ample evidence that variation in the prion protein gene (PRNP) impacts host susceptibility to prion diseases. Still, little is known about how genetic differences might influence natural selection within wildlife populations. Here we link genetic variation with differential susceptibility of white-tailed deer to chronic wasting disease (CWD), with implications for fitness and disease-driven genetic selection. We developed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay to efficiently genotype deer at the locus of interest (in the 96th codon of the PRNP gene). Then, using a Bayesian modeling approach, we found that the more susceptible genotype had over four times greater risk of CWD infection; and, once infected, deer with the resistant genotype survived 49% longer (8.25 more months). We used these epidemiological parameters in a multi-stage population matrix model to evaluate relative fitness based on genotype-specific population growth rates. The differences in disease infection and mortality rates allowed genetically resistant deer to achieve higher population growth and obtain a long-term fitness advantage, which translated into a selection coefficient of over 1% favoring the CWD-resistant genotype. This selective pressure suggests that the resistant allele could become dominant in the population within an evolutionarily short time frame. Our work provides a rare example of a quantifiable disease-driven selection process in a wildlife population, demonstrating the potential for infectious diseases to alter host populations. This will have direct bearing on the epidemiology, dynamics, and future trends in CWD transmission and spread. Understanding genotype-specific epidemiology will improve predictive models and inform management strategies for CWD-affected cervid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie J Robinson
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Room 208 Russell Labs, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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20
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Kerr PJ. Myxomatosis in Australia and Europe: a model for emerging infectious diseases. Antiviral Res 2012; 93:387-415. [PMID: 22333483 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myxoma virus is a poxvirus naturally found in two American leporid (rabbit) species (Sylvilagus brasiliensis and Sylvilagus bachmani) in which it causes an innocuous localised cutaneous fibroma. However, in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) the same virus causes the lethal disseminated disease myxomatosis. The introduction of myxoma virus into the European rabbit population in Australia in 1950 initiated the best known example of what happens when a novel pathogen jumps into a completely naïve new mammalian host species. The short generation time of the rabbit and their vast numbers in Australia meant evolution could be studied in real time. The carefully documented emergence of attenuated strains of virus that were more effectively transmitted by the mosquito vector and the subsequent selection of rabbits with genetic resistance to myxomatosis is the paradigm for pathogen virulence and host-pathogen coevolution. This natural experiment was repeated with the release of a separate strain of myxoma virus in France in 1952. The subsequent spread of the virus throughout Europe and its coevolution with the rabbit essentially paralleled what occurred in Australia. Detailed molecular studies on myxoma virus have dissected the role of virulence genes in the pathogenesis of myxomatosis and when combined with genomic data and reverse genetics should in future enable the understanding of the molecular evolution of the virus as it adapted to its new host. This review describes the natural history and evolution of myxoma virus together with the molecular biology and experimental pathogenesis studies that are informing our understanding of evolution of emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Kerr
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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21
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Wang LF, Walker PJ, Poon LLM. Mass extinctions, biodiversity and mitochondrial function: are bats 'special' as reservoirs for emerging viruses? Curr Opin Virol 2011; 1:649-57. [PMID: 22440923 PMCID: PMC7102786 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For the past 10-15 years, bats have attracted growing attention as reservoirs of emerging zoonotic viruses. This has been due to a combination of factors including the emergence of highly virulent zoonotic pathogens, such as Hendra, Nipah, SARS and Ebola viruses, and the high rate of detection of a large number of previously unknown viral sequences in bat specimens. As bats have ancient evolutionary origins and are the only flying mammals, it has been hypothesized that some of their unique biological features may have made them especially suitable hosts for different viruses. So the question 'Are bats different, special or exceptional?' has become a focal point in the field of virology, bat biology and virus-host co-evolution. In this brief review, we examine the topic in a relatively unconventional way, that is, our discussion will be based on both scientific discoveries and theoretical predictions. This approach was chosen partially because the data in this field are so limited that it is impossible to conduct a useful review based on published results only and also because we believe it is important to provoke original, speculative or even controversial ideas or theories in this important field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Fa Wang
- CSRIO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
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22
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Hedberg ST, Törös B, Fredlund H, Olcén P, Mölling P. Genetic characterisation of the emerging invasive Neisseria meningitidis serogroup Y in Sweden, 2000 to 2010. Euro Surveill 2011; 16:19885. [PMID: 21679677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis serogroups B and C have been responsible for the majority of invasive meningococcal disease in Europe. Recently, an increase of N. meningitidis disease due to serogroup Y has been noted in Sweden (in 2010, the proportion was 39%, with an incidence of 0.23 per 100,000 population), as well as in other northern European countries. We aimed to investigate the clonal pattern of the emerging serogroup Y in Sweden during 2000 to 2010. The serogroup Y isolates identified during this time (n=85) were characterised by multilocus sequence typing and sequencing of the fetA, fHbp, penA, porA and porB genes. The most frequent clone (comprising 28 isolates) with identical allele combinations of the investigated genes, was partly responsible for the observed increased number of N. meningitidis serogroup Y isolates. It was sulfadiazine resistant, with genosubtype P1.5-2,10-1,36-2, sequence type 23, clonal complex 23, porB allele 3-36, fetA allele F4-1, fHbp allele 25 and penA allele 22. The first case with disease due to this clone was identified in 2002: there was a further case in 2004, six during 2006 to 2007, eight during 2008 to 2009, with a peak of 12 cases in 2010. An unusual increase of invasive disease in young adults (aged 20–29 years) caused by this clone was shown, but no increase in mortality rate was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thulin Hedberg
- National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, orebro University Hospital, orebro, Sweden
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23
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An TQ, Tian ZJ, Xiao Y, Li R, Peng JM, Wei TC, Zhang Y, Zhou YJ, Tong GZ. Origin of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:365-7. [PMID: 20113592 PMCID: PMC2957991 DOI: 10.3201/eid1602.090005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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24
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Miyahara K, Miyake Y, Yasunaka T, Ikeda F, Takaki A, Iwasaki Y, Kobashi H, Kang JH, Takahashi K, Arai M, Yamamoto K. Acute hepatitis due to hepatitis E virus genotype 1 as an imported infectious disease in Japan. Intern Med 2010; 49:2613-6. [PMID: 21139302 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An 18-year-old Nepalese man was admitted due to general malaise and anorexia a month after coming to Japan. Laboratory tests showed elevation of transaminase and positivity for IgM anti-HEV antibody. Serum HEV RNA was detected by RT-PCR amplifications. An HEV genome phylogenetic tree, constructed using an 821-nucleotide sequence in the open reading frame 1, indicated that the genotype was 1. HEV genotype 1 is epidemic in South Asia, Africa and South America, and the incidence of acute hepatitis due to HEV genotype 1 is low in Japan. Thereafter, attention should be paid to HEV genotype 1 infection as an imported infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miyahara
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Eisen
- University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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26
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27
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Teleman M. [Factors incriminated in the onset of emerging infections]. Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol 2008; 53:173-182. [PMID: 19856856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A new variant C trachomatis (nvCT) strain has been recently isolated in Sweden, which has a 377 bp deletion in a portion of the plasmid that is the target area for some C trachomatis nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). Consequently, these platforms generate false negative results when presented with this strain. OBJECTIVE To determine if nvCT is present in England and Wales. METHODS Specimens which had been determined to be C trachomatis positive using an unaffected platform were tested for the presence of the deletion using an in-house nested PCR assay which generated a 253 bp fragment in new variant strains and a 630 bp fragment in wild-type strains. The specimens tested could be divided into two main groups: (a) 933 specimens sourced from patients attending both genitourinary medicine services and the National Chlamydia Screening Programme were forwarded from eight key laboratories within England and Wales; (b) 179 specimens were sourced from men who have sex with men and forwarded from 30 clinics throughout the UK. RESULTS A total of 1112 specimens were screened for the presence of the 377 bp deletion. An in-house PCR method showed that 1066 were wild-type strains. Forty-six strains failed to generate an amplicon and were therefore untypable. This is consistent with differences in the analytical sensitivity of different NAATs and probably reflective of low C trachomatis DNA load. No nvCT strains were identified. CONCLUSION Currently, there is no evidence that nvCT is present in England and Wales. However, screening and prevalence studies are continuing and UK clinicians and microbiologists should remain vigilant for suspicious, negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alexander
- Sexually Transmitted Bacteria Reference Laboratory, Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Ave, London NW9 5HT, UK.
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Pekosz A, Glass GE. Emerging viral diseases. Md Med 2008; 9:11-16. [PMID: 18491811 PMCID: PMC2496997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
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Abstract
First we remind general considerations concerning biodiversity on earth and particularly the loss of genetic biodiversity that seems irreversible whether its origin is directly or indirectly linked to human activities. Urgent and considerable efforts must be made from now on to cataloge, understand, preserve, and enhance the value of biodiversity while ensuring food safety and human and animal health. Ambitious integrated and multifield research programs must be implemented in order to understand the causes and anticipate the consequences of loss of biodiversity. Such losses are a serious threat to sustainable development and to the quality of life of future generations. They have an influence on the natural balance of global biodiversity in particularly in reducing the capability of species to adapt rapidly by genetic mutations to survive in modified ecosystems. Usually, the natural immune systems of mammals (both human and animal), are highly polymorphic and able to adapt rapidly to new situations. We more specifically discuss the fact that if the genetic diversity of the affected populations is low the invading microorganisms, will suddenly expand and create epidemic outbreaks with risks of pandemic. So biodiversity appears to function as an important barrier (buffer), especially against disease-causing organisms, which can function in different ways. Finally, we discuss the importance of preserving biodiversity mainly in the wildlife ecosystems as an integrated and sustainable approach among others in order to prevent and control the emergence or reemergence of diseases in animals and humans (zoonosis). Although plants are also part of this paradigm, they fall outside our field of study.
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31
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Yates A, Antia R, Regoes RR. How do pathogen evolution and host heterogeneity interact in disease emergence? Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:3075-83. [PMID: 17015347 PMCID: PMC1679899 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the parameters governing the spread of infectious diseases is a common feature of real-world epidemics. It has been suggested that for pathogens with basic reproductive number R(0)>1, increasing heterogeneity makes extinction of disease more likely during the early rounds of transmission. The basic reproductive number R(0) of the introduced pathogen may, however, be less than 1 after the introduction, and evolutionary changes are then required for R(0) to increase to above 1 and the pathogen to emerge. In this paper, we consider how host heterogeneity influences the emergence of both non-evolving pathogens and those that must undergo adaptive changes to spread in the host population. In contrast to previous results, we find that heterogeneity does not always make extinction more likely and that if adaptation is required for emergence, the effect of host heterogeneity is relatively small. We discuss the application of these ideas to vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roland R Regoes
- Department of Biology, Emory University1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Abstract
Plasmid-mediated qnrA1 is an emerging resistance trait. An outbreak of Enterobacter cloacae infections with variable susceptibility to fluoroquinolones occurred in the University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands in 2002. Our investigation showed that a qnrA1 gene was present in 78 (94%) of 83 outbreak isolates and that a qnrA1-encoding plasmid transferred to other strains of the same species and other species. The earliest isolate carrying this same plasmid was isolated in 1999. qnrA1 was located in a complex integron consisting of the intI1, aadB, qacEΔ1, sul1, orf513, qnrA1, ampR, qacEΔ1, and sul1 genes that were not described previously. On the same plasmid, 2 other class 1 integrons were present. One was a new integron associated with the blaCTX-M-9 extended-spectrum β-lactamase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Paauw
- Eijkman-Winkler Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Inflammation, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Liu W, Tang F, Fontanet A, Zhan L, Wang TB, Zhang PH, Luan YH, Cao CY, Zhao QM, Wu XM, Xin ZT, Zuo SQ, Baril L, Vabret A, Shao YM, Yang H, Cao WC. Molecular epidemiology of SARS-associated coronavirus, Beijing. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 11:1420-4. [PMID: 16229772 PMCID: PMC3310602 DOI: 10.3201/eid1109.040773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral adaptation to the host may be occurring under selective immune pressure. Single nucleotide variations (SNVs) at 5 loci (17564, 21721, 22222, 23823, and 27827) were used to define the molecular epidemiologic characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) from Beijing patients. Five fragments targeted at the SNV loci were amplified directly from clinical samples by using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), before sequencing the amplified products. Analyses of 45 sequences obtained from 29 patients showed that the GGCTC motif dominated among samples collected from March to early April 2003; the TGTTT motif predominanted afterwards. The switch from GGCTC to TGTTT was observed among patients belonging to the same cluster, which ruled out the possibility of the coincidental superposition of 2 epidemics running in parallel in Beijing. The Beijing isolates underwent the same change pattern reported from Guangdong Province. The same series of mutations occurring in separate geographic locations and at different times suggests a dominant process of viral adaptation to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Tang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Lin Zhan
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Bao Wang
- Beijing Armed Force Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-He Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-He Luan
- Beijing Armed Force Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Yang Cao
- Beijing Armed Force Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Min Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Tao Xin
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qing Zuo
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Yi-Ming Shao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Chou CC, Lee TT, Chen CH, Hsiao HY, Lin YL, Ho MS, Yang PC, Peck K. Design of microarray probes for virus identification and detection of emerging viruses at the genus level. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:232. [PMID: 16643672 PMCID: PMC1523220 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most virus detection methods are geared towards the detection of specific single viruses or just a few known targets, and lack the capability to uncover the novel viruses that cause emerging viral infections. To address this issue, we developed a computational method that identifies the conserved viral sequences at the genus level for all viral genomes available in GenBank, and established a virus probe library. The virus probes are used not only to identify known viruses but also for discerning the genera of emerging or uncharacterized ones. RESULTS Using the microarray approach, the identity of the virus in a test sample is determined by the signals of both genus and species-specific probes. The genera of emerging and uncharacterized viruses are determined based on hybridization of the viral sequences to the conserved probes for the existing viral genera. A detection and classification procedure to determine the identity of a virus directly from detection signals results in the rapid identification of the virus. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the validity and feasibility of the above strategy with a small number of viral samples. The probe design algorithm can be applied to any publicly available viral sequence database. The strategy of using separate genus and species probe sets enables the use of a straightforward virus identity calculation directly based on the hybridization signals. Our virus identification strategy has great potential in the diagnosis of viral infections. The virus genus and specific probe database and the associated summary tables are available at http://genestamp.sinica.edu.tw/virus/index.htm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Chou
- Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, ROC
| | - Te-Tsui Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, ROC
| | - Chun-Houh Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Yun Hsiao
- Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, ROC
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, ROC
| | - Mei-Shang Ho
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, ROC
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, ROC
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, ROC
| | - Konan Peck
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, ROC
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Sansonetti P. [How to define the species barrier to pathogen transmission?]. Bull Acad Natl Med 2006; 190:611-22; discussion 623, 625-7. [PMID: 17140099 PMCID: PMC7111048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A given microbial pathogen usually targets a restricted number of animal species. Some pathogens can be transmitted to humans from another animal species, either directly (rabies, brucellosis, etc.) or through a vector (Lyme's disease, West Nile fever, etc.). Few infectious agents with animal reservoirs infect humans, and even fewer are capable of human-human transmission. This is attributed to the "species barrier", a simplistic concept that in fact involves a series of conditions for successful inter-species transmission. These include access to an infectable surface, multiplication on that surface, colonisation, invasion, multiplication inside the new host, and resistance to innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Each of these steps requires a specific ligand-receptor interaction. The full series of events must be "reprogrammed" for efficient implantation in a new host. These changes occur through mutations or genetic exchanges. Direct human-to-human transmission often requires additional adaptive modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie microbienne moléculaire, INSERM U786, Institut Pasteur, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris 15
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Wolfe ND, Heneine W, Carr JK, Garcia AD, Shanmugam V, Tamoufe U, Torimiro JN, Prosser AT, Lebreton M, Mpoudi-Ngole E, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, Folks TM, Burke DS, Switzer WM. Emergence of unique primate T-lymphotropic viruses among central African bushmeat hunters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:7994-9. [PMID: 15911757 PMCID: PMC1142377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501734102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) types 1 and 2 originated independently and are related to distinct lineages of simian T-lymphotropic viruses (STLV-1 and STLV-2, respectively). These facts, along with the finding that HTLV-1 diversity appears to have resulted from multiple cross-species transmissions of STLV-1, suggest that contact between humans and infected nonhuman primates (NHPs) may result in HTLV emergence. We investigated the diversity of HTLV among central Africans reporting contact with NHP blood and body fluids through hunting, butchering, and keeping primate pets. We show that this population is infected with a wide variety of HTLVs, including two previously unknown retroviruses: HTLV-4 is a member of a phylogenetic lineage that is distinct from all known HTLVs and STLVs; HTLV-3 falls within the phylogenetic diversity of STLV-3, a group not previously seen in humans. We also document human infection with multiple STLV-1-like viruses. These results demonstrate greater HTLV diversity than previously recognized and suggest that NHP exposure contributes to HTLV emergence. Our discovery of unique and divergent HTLVs has implications for HTLV diagnosis, blood screening, and potential disease development in infected persons. The findings also indicate that cross-species transmission is not the rate-limiting step in pandemic retrovirus emergence and suggest that it may be possible to predict and prevent disease emergence by surveillance of populations exposed to animal reservoirs and interventions to decrease risk factors, such as primate hunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Wolfe
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Gürtler L. [SIV as a source of HIV. On the origin of human immunodeficiency viruses from non-human primates]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2004; 47:680-4. [PMID: 15254823 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-004-0862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is assumed that HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus, started its spread after the Second World War. Molecular analysis of the genome of various HIV-1 types has shown that this virus can be divided into the groups M, N, and O and that these genome sequences fit perfectly to the genomes found in SIV of chimpanzees (SIVcpz) living in the area of West and Central Africa. SIVcpz is nonpathogenic for chimpanzees indicating that the virus and host have adapted for a long period. HIV-2 genome sequences converge with SIV sequences of sooty mangabey monkeys from West Africa (SIVsm), covering the subtypes A to G from HIV-2. SIVsm is nonpathogenic for mangabey monkeys. All available data indicate that HIV-1 and HIV-2 have been introduced into humans at least several times. Since SIVcpz and SIVs from other monkeys are recombinant viruses, it cannot be excluded that a new recombinant SIV might again enter the human population and initiate a new epidemic.
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Abstract
Could the next SARS-like virus reach epidemic proportions? Quantifying the likely threat of emerging diseases isn't easy, but evolution is a crucial factor that may tip the balance in favour of such human parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Bull
- Section of Integrative Biology and the Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, 78712 Texas USA
| | - Dan Dykhuizen
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, 11794 New York USA
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Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC, Lina G, Nimmo GR, Heffernan H, Liassine N, Bes M, Greenland T, Reverdy ME, Etienne J. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9:978-84. [PMID: 12967497 PMCID: PMC3020611 DOI: 10.3201/eid0908.030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1256] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by community-acquired (CA)-methicillin--resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been reported worldwide. We assessed whether any common genetic markers existed among 117 CA-MRSA isolates from the United States, France, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, and Western Samoa by performing polymerase chain reaction for 24 virulence factors and the methicillin-resistance determinant. The genetic background of the strain was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). The CA-MRSA strains shared a type IV SCCmec cassette and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin locus, whereas the distribution of the other toxin genes was quite specific to the strains from each continent. PFGE and MLST analysis indicated distinct genetic backgrounds associated with each geographic origin, although predominantly restricted to the agr3 background. Within each continent, the genetic background of CA-MRSA strains did not correspond to that of the hospital-acquired MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Naimi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez
- IRD Research Unit 034, Emerging Infectious Diseases and Information Systems, Mahidol University, Thailand
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, Center for Vaccine Development, Mahidol University, Thailand
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Gonzalez-Salazar D, Estrada-Franco JG, Carrara AS, Aronson JF, Weaver SC. Equine amplification and virulence of subtype IE Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses isolated during the 1993 and 1996 Mexican epizootics. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9:161-8. [PMID: 12603985 PMCID: PMC2901937 DOI: 10.3201/eid0902.020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the role of horses as amplification hosts during the 1993 and 1996 Mexican Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) epizootics, we subcutaneously infected 10 horses by using four different equine isolates. Most horses showed little or no disease and low or nonexistent viremia. Neurologic disease developed in only 1 horse, and brain histopathologic examination showed meningeal lymphocytic infiltration, perivascular cuffing, and focal encephalitis. Three animals showed mild meningoencephalitis without clinical disease. Viral RNA was detected in the brain of several animals 12-14 days after infection. These data suggest that the duration and scope of the recent Mexican epizootics were limited by lack of equine amplification characteristic of previous, more extensive VEE outbreaks. The Mexican epizootics may have resulted from the circulation of a more equine-neurotropic, subtype IE virus strain or from increased transmission to horses due to amplification by other vertebrate hosts or transmission by more competent mosquito vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Gonzalez-Salazar
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias, Mexico City, Mexico
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Greenblatt C, Spigelman M, Vernon K. The impact of "ancient pathogen" studies on the practice of public health. Public Health Rev 2003; 31:81-91. [PMID: 15255158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A new field of "ancient pathogens" is making an impact on our concepts of the evolution of infectious diseases, and it will eventually alter the practice of public health in their control. It has begun to answer important questions regarding past epidemics of influenza and tuberculosis by recovering the genetic sequences of the ancient causative agents. Vaccination strategics will have to study these microbial variants in order to develop tomorrow's vaccines. It may also be possible to examine the role of past and present reservoirs in the dynamics of emerging diseases. In unraveling the evolution of pathogens, insights into the mechanisms of drug and antibiotic resistance are possible. As "genome projects" of more and more pathogens are being completed. Targets for chemotherapy are being revealed which are totally different from the metabolic processes of the mammalian host. Signal molecules are being identified which alter the virulence of the microbe. Focussing on these mechanisms without attempting to kill the pathogen may in some cases drive it into a benign state. These and other aspects of the evolution of pathogens are discussed which may lead to innovative approaches to the control of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Greenblatt
- The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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