1
|
The Involvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in the Initiation and Perpetuation of Sjögren's Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020658. [PMID: 33440862 PMCID: PMC7826728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the infiltration of exocrine glands including salivary and lachrymal glands responsible for the classical dry eyes and mouth symptoms (sicca syndrome). The spectrum of disease manifestations stretches beyond the classical sicca syndrome with systemic manifestations including arthritis, interstitial lung involvement, and neurological involvement. The pathophysiology underlying SS is not well deciphered, but several converging lines of evidence have supported the conjuncture of different factors interplaying together to foster the initiation and perpetuation of the disease. The innate and adaptive immune system play a cardinal role in this process. In this review, we discuss the inherent parts played by both the innate and adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of SS.
Collapse
|
2
|
Classification criteria for secondary Sjögren's syndrome. Current state of knowledge. Reumatologia 2019; 57:277-280. [PMID: 31844340 PMCID: PMC6911247 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2019.89520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dryness of mucosa and eyes is the most recognizable symptom of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). Secondary SS (sSS) is diagnosed when symptoms of SS coexist with other systemic connective tissue disease. The sSS is often identified based on the symptoms of dryness in the presence of other connective tissue disease, making the diagnosis of sSS very subjective. The goal of this work was to summarize previously used and current criteria for the diagnosis of sSS. Classification criteria for sSS, which are universally accepted standards, do not exist. The diagnosis of sSS still depends on the experience of the investigator. Histopathological examination of minor salivary glands appears to be crucial for characterization of patients with sSS due to a specific picture of the disease and repeatability of the test.
Collapse
|
3
|
Distinct Salivary Gland Features in Sjögren's Syndrome and Lupus Erythematosus Sialadenite. Am J Dermatopathol 2019; 42:407-413. [PMID: 31592858 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an important cause of xerostomia, and the presence of this symptom in lupus erythematosus (LE) is usually referred to as secondary SS. Although these diseases share many clinical and laboratory aspects, the histopathological changes of minor salivary glands (MSG) have been widely evaluated to determine whether this damage is specific for each disease. Based on this query, the aim of this study was to analyze morphological findings of minor salivary glands in pSS or LE. METHODS Two groups of 30 (MSG) from patients with pSS and LE were histopathologically evaluated, and the results were statistically analyzed using the two-tailed Fisher exact test. RESULTS The morphological changes were distinct among the groups and statistically significant. In pSS, the most evident features were the focal lymphocytic ductal aggression, with the focus score ≥1 and the periductal fibroplasia, while in LE, perivascular inflammatory infiltrate, spongiosis of ductal cells not associated with the exocytosis, and hyalinization of the periductal basement membrane were detected. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that in each disorder, MSG have their specific morphological changes, which lead to xerostomia, and the impairment of MSG in LE is probably due to a lupus sialadenitis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Li P, Yang Y, Jin Y, Zhao R, Dong C, Zheng W, Zhang T, Li J, Gu Z. B7-H3 participates in human salivary gland epithelial cells apoptosis through NF-κB pathway in primary Sjögren's syndrome. J Transl Med 2019; 17:268. [PMID: 31412888 PMCID: PMC6694606 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disorder mainly characterized by exocrine gland injury. Costimulatory molecules play an important role in immune-regulatory networks. Although B7 family costimulatory molecules were previously discovered in human salivary gland epithelial (HSGE) cells in pSS, the effects of the B7 family member B7-H3 (CD276) have not been well elucidated. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of B7-H3 in HSGE cells in pSS. Methods The expression of B7-H3, B7-H1, PD-1 in serum, saliva and salivary gland were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunofluorescence was used to test the expression and distribution of B7-H3, AQP5 and CK-8 in salivary gland tissues. Flow cytometry, Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) and western blot (WB) were performed to research the apoptotic, proliferative and inflammatory effects of B7-H3 in primary HSGE cells and HSGE cell lines. Results Our results showed that the expression of PD-1, B7-H1 and B7-H3 in peripheral blood, and salivary glands in pSS patients was higher than that in healthy controls, which was positive correlation with the grade of the salivary glands. The expression of B7-H3 in saliva was higher in pSS patients than that in healthy controls, which was detected with the most significant difference of them. The expression of B7-H3 in primary HSGE cells of pSS patients was significantly higher than healthy controls. B7-H3 increased activity of NF-κB pathway and promoted inflammation of HSGE cells, decreasing the expression of AQP5. Furthermore, B7-H3 overexpression inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in HSGE cell lines. Conclusion B7-H3 could promote inflammation and induce apoptosis of HSGE cells by activating NF-κB pathway, which might be a promising therapeutic target for pSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20th Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20th Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jin
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20th Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20th Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Dong
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20th Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20th Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20th Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhifeng Gu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20th Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pringle S, Wang X, Bootsma H, Spijkervet FKL, Vissink A, Kroese FGM. Small-molecule inhibitors and the salivary gland epithelium in Sjögren's syndrome. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:605-616. [PMID: 31203680 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1631796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The salivary gland (SG) in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is characterized by its lack of function (hyposalivation) and lymphocytic invasion. Small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs) are a new class of drugs, whose diminutive size permits diffusion into cells. SMIs targeting components of the immune system are eagerly being trialed for their potential therapeutic utility in pSS. Neglected until now, however, is a discussion of the potential effects of SMIs on the SG epithelium. AREAS COVERED We begin by reminding the reader of the SG epithelial compartment, its complicity in inflammatory milieu formation in pSS, and categories of SMIs which merit attention. We discuss each SMI category, including pre-clinical data concerning pSS and likely consequences of their application on the SG epithelium. EXPERT OPINION Recovery of saliva production in pSS requires restoring the function of the SG epithelium, not solely on inflammation resolution. Many SMIs, for example, those blocking JAK-STAT signaling, interfere with critical epithelial cell pathways, most notably EGF signaling. If the effect of SMIs on SG epithelium is ignored, recovery of SG function will be challenging. We predict that NFκB signaling blockade will impart the least SG epithelium damage whilst reducing inflammation and facilitating recovery from hyposalivation in pSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pringle
- a Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- a Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Hendrika Bootsma
- a Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Fred K L Spijkervet
- b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Vissink
- b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- a Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pringle S, Wang X, Verstappen GMPJ, Terpstra JH, Zhang CK, He A, Patel V, Jones RE, Baird DM, Spijkervet FKL, Vissink A, Bootsma H, Coppes RP, Kroese FGM. Salivary Gland Stem Cells Age Prematurely in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:133-142. [PMID: 29984480 PMCID: PMC6607019 DOI: 10.1002/art.40659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A major characteristic of the autoimmune disease primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is salivary gland (SG) hypofunction. The inability of resident SG stem cells (SGSCs) to maintain homeostasis and saliva production has never been explained and limits our comprehension of mechanisms underlying primary SS. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of salivary gland stem cells in hyposalivation in primary SS. METHODS SGSCs were isolated from parotid biopsy samples from controls and patients classified as having primary SS or incomplete primary SS, according to the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria. Self-renewal and differentiation assays were used to determine SGSC regenerative potential, RNA was extracted for sequencing analysis, single telomere length analysis was conducted to determine telomere length, and frozen tissue samples were used for immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS SGSCs isolated from primary SS parotid gland biopsy samples were regeneratively inferior to healthy control specimens. We demonstrated that SGSCs from samples from patients with primary SS are not only lower in number and less able to differentiate, but are likely to be senescent, as revealed by telomere length analysis, RNA sequencing, and immunostaining. We further found that SGSCs exposed to primary SS-associated proinflammatory cytokines we induced to proliferate, express senescence-associated genes, and subsequently differentiate into intercalated duct cells. We also localized p16+ senescent cells to the intercalated ducts in primary SS SG tissue, suggesting a block in SGSC differentiation into acinar cells. CONCLUSION This study represents the first characterization of SGSCs in primary SS, and also the first demonstration of a linkage between an autoimmune disease and a parenchymal premature-aging phenotype. The knowledge garnered in this study indicates that disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs used to treat primary SS are not likely to restore saliva production, and should be supplemented with fresh SGSCs to recover saliva production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pringle
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Janneke H Terpstra
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Aiqing He
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | - Fred K L Spijkervet
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Vissink
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrika Bootsma
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P Coppes
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A novel elastin-like polypeptide drug carrier for cyclosporine A improves tear flow in a mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome. J Control Release 2018; 292:183-195. [PMID: 30359668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a potent macrolide immunosuppressant, cyclosporine A (CsA) is used to treat multiple autoimmune diseases, including non-autoimmune and autoimmune-mediated dry eye disease, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Despite its potency, CsA has poor solubility, poor bioavailability, and can cause serious adverse reactions such as nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. To overcome these limitations, we invented a new strategy to carry CsA by fusing its cognate human receptor, cyclophilin A (CypA), to a 73 kDa elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) termed A192 using recombinant protein expression. Derived from human tropoelastin, ELPs are characterized by the ability to phase separate above a temperature that is a function of variables including concentration, molecular weight, and hydrophobicity. The resultant fusion protein, termed CA192, which assembles into a dimeric species in solution, effectively binds and solubilizes CsA with a Kd of 189 nM, comparable to that of endogenous CypA with a Kd of 35.5 nM. The release profile of CsA from CA192 follows a one phase decay model with a half-life of 957.3 h without a burst release stage. Moreover, CA192-CsA inhibited IL-2 expression induced in Jurkat cells through the calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway with an IC50 of 1.2 nM, comparable to that of free CsA with an IC50 of 0.5 nM. The intravenous pharmacokinetics of CA192 followed a two-compartment model with a mean residence time of 7.3 h. Subcutaneous administration revealed a bioavailability of 30% and a mean residence time of 15.9 h. When given subcutaneously for 2 weeks starting at 14 weeks in male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model of autoimmune dacryoadenitis used to study Sjögren's syndrome (SS), CA192-CsA (2.5 mg/kg, every other day) significantly (p = 0.014) increased tear production relative to CA192 alone. Moreover, CA192 delivery reduced indications of CsA nephrotoxicity relative to free CsA. CA192 represents a viable new approach to deliver this effective but nephrotoxic agent in a modality that preserves therapeutic efficacy but suppresses drug toxicity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang X, Shaalan A, Liefers S, Coudenys J, Elewaut D, Proctor GB, Bootsma H, Kroese FGM, Pringle S. Dysregulation of NF-kB in glandular epithelial cells results in Sjögren's-like features. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200212. [PMID: 30067782 PMCID: PMC6070175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune disease primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is characterized by hypofunction of the salivary glands (SGs), the cause of which is not correlated to lymphocytic SG infiltration, as prevailing dogma often states. We knocked out the NF-κB proinflammatory pathway inhibitor A20 in keratin14+ epithelial cells, to investigate if immune activated epithelial cells are capable of initiating pSS SG hallmarks. We show that immune activated epithelial cells can cause T cell dominated leukocytic infiltration and immune foci development of the SGs, reflecting the early clinical picture. Infiltrating leukocytes invaded striated ducts, similar to early stage lymphoepithelial lesions observed clinically. Expression of proinflammatory cyto-/chemokines IFNɣ, TNFα, IL-6, CXCL10 and CXCL13 increased in A20-/- SGs, and functionally both volume and mucin 10 content of whole stimulated saliva from A20-/- mice was significantly reduced. Epithelial cells may therefore represent the initial trigger for pSS SG pathologies, as opposed to simple reactionaries to pre-existing stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abeer Shaalan
- Division of Mucosal and Salivary Biology, King’s College London Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Liefers
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Coudenys
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gordon B. Proctor
- Division of Mucosal and Salivary Biology, King’s College London Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrika Bootsma
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G. M. Kroese
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Pringle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tvarijonaviciute A, Zamora C, Martinez-Subiela S, Tecles F, Pina F, Lopez-Jornet P. Salivary adiponectin, but not adenosine deaminase, correlates with clinical signs in women with Sjögren's syndrome: a pilot study. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1407-1414. [PMID: 30030617 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate salivary adiponectin and adenosine deaminase (ADA) in women suffering from Sjögren's syndrome (SS). METHODS Salivary adiponectin and ADA were measured in patients with SS (n = 17) and compared to their values in healthy controls (n = 13) and patients suffering from drug-induced xerostomia (non-SS sicca group; n = 19). A clinical history was made for each patient, patients were examined clinically, and xerostomia inventory (XI) was performed. RESULTS Salivary adiponectin corrected by total protein was higher in patients with SS than in healthy individuals (P < 0.05) or patients with non-SS sicca (P < 0.01) and correlated with XI (r = 0.555; P < 0.05). Salivary ADA was higher in patients with SS and non-SS sicca compared to controls (P < 0.05 in both cases). CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that adiponectin and ADA are increased in the saliva of patients with SS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Salivary adiponectin corrected by total protein can be a potential biomarker of SS. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03156569.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Carmen Zamora
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martinez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisca Pina
- Department of Rheumatology, Morales Meseguer General University Hospital, AV Marques de los Velez S/N, 30008, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pia Lopez-Jornet
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li X, Yu D, Yu N, Wang X, Li X, Harris DCH, Wang Y. B7-H4 deficiency in salivary gland of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome impairs the regulatory effect on T cells. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20:474-480. [PMID: 28217953 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM Our previous study confirmed the defect of B7-H4 expression in peripheral blood and salivary glands of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the deficit expression of B7-H4 on CD4+ T cells. METHODS CD4+ T cells were purified by magnetic-activated cell sorting MACS. The proliferation and cytokine production of CD4+ T cells co-cultured with purified salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) from pSS or non-SS sicca syndrome were detected. RESULTS By co-culturing the gland cells with CD4+ T cells, we found the proliferation of CD4+ T cells was significantly suppressed. The effect was weaker when SGECs from pSS patients were used compared to that from non-pSS sicca syndrome controls. Simultaneously, the productions of cytokines interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-6 in supernatant were reduced and also SGECs from pSS patients decreased them less than that from non-SS controls. CONCLUSIONS The decrease of B7-H4 expression in salivary glands of SS patients contributes to the defect of negatively regulating the inflammation caused by CD4+ T cells, thereby providing new insights into the role of B7-H4 in the inflammatory process of salivary glands in SS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui
| | - Daliang Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui.,Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui
| | - Ximei Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui
| | - Xiangpei Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Langhe E, Bossuyt X, Shen L, Malyavantham K, Ambrus JL, Suresh L. Evaluation of Autoantibodies in Patients with Primary and Secondary Sjogren's Syndrome. Open Rheumatol J 2017; 11:10-15. [PMID: 28400867 PMCID: PMC5366390 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901711010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibodies to salivary gland protein 1 (SP1), carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA6) and parotid secretory protein (PSP) were discovered in an animal model of Sjogren’s syndrome (SS). Their expression was noted in patients with SS, especially those with lower focus scores on lip biopsies and those with early disease lacking antibodies to Ro and La. Objective: The current studies evaluated these autoantibodies in patients with long-standing SS expressing high levels of anti-Ro antibodies and in patients with Sjogren’s syndrome secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Method: Sera were obtained from patients and evaluated by ELISA for IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies to SP1, CA6 and PSP. Results: IgA anti-CA6 antibodies were noted in 38% of these patients, but anti-SP1, CA6 and PSP IgM or IgG antibodies were identified only in a minority of patients. In patients with secondary SS, antibodies to SP1/CA6/PSP were more sensitive and specific than anti-Ro . Conclusion: While more studies are needed, antibodies to SP1, CA6 and PSP provide valuable markers for the diagnosis of primary and secondary SS, especially early in the course of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen De Langhe
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium and Department of Microbiology and Immunology KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Long Shen
- Immco Diagnostics / Trinity Biotech, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Julian L Ambrus
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, SUNY at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lakshmanan Suresh
- Immco Diagnostics / Trinity Biotech, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Erbasan F, Alikanoğlu AS, Yazısız V, Karasu U, Balkarlı A, Sezer C, Terzioğlu ME. Leptin and leptin receptors in salivary glands of primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:1010-1014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
13
|
Abstract
One of the main characteristics of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is chronic dysfunction and destruction of the salivary and lacrimal glands; their secretory biofluids should reflect the glandular biological status. Saliva is a heterogeneous biofluid comprised of biomolecules and omics constituents that are altered in response to various diseases. Scientific effort has evaluated saliva proteome to diagnose, monitor, and prognosticate pSS. This article reviews the recent advances in salivary proteomics in the context of pSS, highlighting the most significant and promising findings. Determining saliva as a credible means of early disease detection could lead to translational advantages and significant clinical opportunities for pSS.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee KE, Park DJ, Choi SE, Kang JH, Yim YR, Kim JE, Lee JW, Wen L, Kim TJ, Park YW, Lee JS, Yoon KC, Lee SS. Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 1 (CXCL1) Expression in the Minor Salivary Glands of Sjögren's Syndrome Patients. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2016.23.5.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Eun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyoun Kang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yi-Rang Yim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Lihui Wen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Tae-Jong Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji Shin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Shin-Seok Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The coexistence of Sjögren's syndrome and primary biliary cirrhosis: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 48:301-15. [PMID: 25682089 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases share numerous features and often coexist in the same patient. Autoimmune cholangitis/primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjogren syndrome represent paradigmatic examples of the common grounds of different autoimmunity phenotypes based on similarities in clinical manifestations and immunopathogenesis. In fact, primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjogren's syndrome have both been coined as an autoimmune epithelitis in which apoptosis may be in both cases the key element to explain the organ-specific immune-mediated injury against the biliary and exocrine gland epithelia, respectively. Further, growing evidence supports in both diseases the view that B cells, T cytotoxic cells, and T helper cells are involved in chronic inflammation, likely via the altered expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The presence of estrogen receptors on the biliary and exocrine gland epithelia has been advocated as a key to the female predominance encountered in primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjogren's syndrome. Sadly, despite available data, therapeutic approaches remain largely unsatisfactory and recent studies with mechanistic approaches (as in the case of B cell depletion with rituximab) have been of partial benefit only. Future studies should focus on new molecular tools (single-cell transcriptomics, microRNA, epigenetics) to provide unique insights into common mechanisms.
Collapse
|
16
|
X-linked ectodermal dysplasia receptor (XEDAR) gene silencing prevents caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Med 2015; 17:111-119. [PMID: 26659383 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-015-0404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in the knowledge of the etiology and pathogenic mechanisms, treatment of the autoimmune disease Sjögren's syndrome (SS) remains mostly empiric and symptom-based, indicating the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Ectodysplasin-A2 (EDA-A2) is a recently isolated member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that binds to X-linked ectodermal dysplasia receptor (XEDAR). In this report, we have analyzed the expression and the biological activity of EDA-A2 in human salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC) from primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients. We report that EDA-A2 and its receptor XEDAR are overexpressed in pSS SGEC in comparison with healthy individuals and that the EDA-A2/XEDAR system in these cells is involved in the induction of apoptosis via caspases activation. Collectively, our results suggest that EDA-A2/XEDAR system may be a promising agent for the gene therapy of pSS.
Collapse
|
17
|
de Souza TR, de Albuquerque Tavares Carvalho A, Duarte ÂP, Porter SR, Leão JC, Gueiros LA. Th1 and Th2 polymorphisms in Sjögren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43:418-26. [PMID: 24393164 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sjogren's syndrome is characterized by T-cell infiltration of exocrine glands leading to parenchymal destruction and impaired glandular function. This process is orchestrated by cytokines, whose secretion can be regulated by genetic polymorphisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of interleukin-6 -174G/C, interleukin-10 -1082G/A, tumor necrosis factor-α -308G/A, interferon-γ +874A/T gene polymorphisms in (RA) and secondary Sjögren's syndrome (sSS). A study sample that comprised of 138 Brazilian patients was divided into three groups: RA (n = 66), sSS (n = 20), and healthy controls - C (n = 52). Patients were subjected to Schirmer's test, unstimulated salivary flow rate, biopsy of minor salivary glands, and serological tests for diagnosing SS. Genomic DNA was obtained from saliva samples and submitted to genotyping. The association between genotypes/alelle frequency and SS susceptibility was tested, as well as their association with clinical features of SS. RESULTS Tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα)-308GA polymorphisms differed significantly between AR, SS, and C patients (P = 0.008). IL-6 overall G carriers and TNFα A carriers had a higher risk of presenting SS (P = 0.021). IL-6 polymorphism distribution was also distinctive regarding lymphocytic infiltration at the minor salivary glands (P = 0.026) and Schirmer's test (P = 0.035). CONCLUSION These results suggest that IL-6 -174GC and TNFα-308GA gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to SS. Additionally, IL-6 polymorphism could influence lymphocytic infiltration of salivary glands and diminish lachrymal gland function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thayse Rodrigues de Souza
- Oral Medicine Unit, Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Trokovic N, Pöllänen R, Porola P, Stegaev V, Hetzel U, Tivesten Å, Engdahl C, Carlsten H, Forsblad-d'Elia H, Fagman JB, Lagerquist M, Konttinen YT. Exosomal secretion of death bullets: a new way of apoptotic escape? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1015-24. [PMID: 22912365 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00139.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ovariectomy/estrogen deficiency causes selective apoptosis of the serous epithelial cells of the submandibular glands (SMG) in female mice. Because such apoptosis does not occur in healthy, estrogen-deficient male mice, it was hypothesized that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) protects epithelial SMG cells against apoptosis. The antiapoptotic effect of DHT on human epithelial HSG cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor-α and cycloheximide was studied. Correspondingly, the proapoptotic effect of androgen deficiency was studied in orchiectomized (ORX) androgen-knockout (ARKO) and wild-type (WT) mice. The health state of the SMG cells was studied with Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff (AB-PAS) and amylase staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The eventual protective antiapoptotic effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment was tested in this model. Apoptosis was assessed using immunohistochemisty of cleaved effector caspase-3 and its activator caspase-8 and the TUNEL assay. To test for the bioavailability, intracrine metabolism and sex steroid effects of DHEA, cystein-rich secretory protein-3 (CRISP-3), and leucine-isoleucine-valine transport system 1 (LIV-1) were used as androgen- and estrogen-regulated biomarkers, respectively. DHT protected HSG cells against induced apoptosis. In mice, androgen deficiency resulted in extensive activation of apoptotic caspase-8/3 cascade in serous epithelial cells. However, in salivary glands, active caspases were not translocated to nuclei but secreted to salivary ducts in exosome-like particles, which are associated with weak AB-PAS and amylase staining of the androgen-deprived cells and reduced number of intracellular secretory granules. DHEA treatment suppressed induction of proapoptotic caspases and almost normalized mucins and amylase and ultramophology of the serous epithelial cells in WT ORX but not ARKO ORX mice. According to the CRISP-3 and LIV-1 markers, DHEA probably exerted its effects via intracrine conversion to DHT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Trokovic
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Correlations between histopathologic and scintigraphic parameters of salivary glands in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2012; 31:1365-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-012-2024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
20
|
Reina S, Sterin-Borda L, Borda E. Anti-M(3) peptide IgG from Sjögren's syndrome triggers apoptosis in A253 cells. Cell Immunol 2012; 275:33-41. [PMID: 22513175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease that targets salivary and lachrymal glands, characterized by anti-cholinergic autoantibodies directed against the M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR). The aim of this work was to evaluate if cholinergic autoantibodies contained in IgG purified from Sjögren sera could trigger apoptosis of A253 cell line. We also determined if caspase-3 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) are involved in the induction of A253 cell death. Our results demonstrated that anti-cholinergic autoantibodies stimulate apoptosis and inositol phosphate (InsP) accumulation accompanied by caspase-3 activation and MMP-3 production. All of these effects were blunted by atropine and J104794, indicating that M(3) mAChRs are impacted by the anti-cholinergic autoantibodies. The intracellular pathway leading to autoantibody-induced biological effects involves phospholipase C (PLC), calcium/calmodulin (CaM) and extracellular calcium as demonstrated by treatment with U-73122, W-7, verapamil, BAPTA and BAPTA-AM, all of which blocked the effects of the anti-cholinergic autoantibodies. In conclusion, anti-cholinergic autoantibodies in IgG purified from pSS patient's sera mediates apoptosis of the A253 cell line in an InsP, caspase-3 and MMP-3 dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Reina
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Dentistry, Buenos Aires University and Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hauk V, Calafat M, Larocca L, Fraccaroli L, Grasso E, Ramhorst R, Leirós CP. Vasoactive intestinal peptide/vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor relative expression in salivary glands as one endogenous modulator of acinar cell apoptosis in a murine model of Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 166:309-16. [PMID: 22059987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a progressive oral and ocular dryness that correlates poorly with the autoimmune damage of the glands. It has been proposed that a loss of homeostatic equilibrium in the glands is partly responsible for salivary dysfunction with acinar cells involved actively in the pathogenesis of SS. The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome develops secretory dysfunction and early loss of glandular homeostatic mechanisms, with mild infiltration of the glands. Based on the vasodilator, prosecretory and trophic effects of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on acini as well as its anti-inflammatory properties we hypothesized that the local expression of VIP/vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor (VPAC) system in salivary glands could have a role in acinar cell apoptosis and macrophage function thus influencing gland homeostasis. Here we show a progressive decline of VIP expression in submandibular glands of NOD mice with no changes in VPAC receptor expression compared with normal mice. The deep loss of endogenous VIP was associated with a loss of acinar cells through apoptotic mechanisms that could be induced further by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and reversed by VIP through a cyclic adenosine-5'-monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated pathway. The clearance of apoptotic acinar cells by macrophages was impaired for NOD macrophages but a shift from inflammatory to regulatory phenotype was induced in macrophages during phagocytosis of apoptotic acinar cells. These results support that the decline in endogenous VIP/VPAC local levels might influence the survival/apoptosis intracellular set point in NOD acinar cells and their clearance, thus contributing to gland homeostasis loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Hauk
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología. Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Desiccating stress induces CD4+ T-cell-mediated Sjögren's syndrome-like corneal epithelial apoptosis via activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway by interferon-γ. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1807-14. [PMID: 21843497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of CD4(+) T-cell-produced interferon (IFN)-γ on corneal epithelial apoptosis in a murine desiccating stress (DS) model that resembles Sjögren's syndrome. The DS model was generated in C57BL/6 (B6) and B6 IFN-γ-knockout (B6γKO) mice. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells from DS-exposed donor to recombination activating gene (RAG)-1(-/-) recipient mice and topical neutralization of IFN-γ were performed to determine whether IFN-γ produced by pathogenic CD4(+) T cells promotes corneal epithelial apoptosis. Apoptosis in corneal epithelia was assessed by evaluating the expression and activity of caspases 3, 8, and 9. The activation of caspase-8 mediated increased corneal epithelial apoptosis in B6 mice after DS, and this was exacerbated by subconjunctival IFN-γ injection. B6γKO mice were resistant to DS-induced apoptosis; however, B6γKO mice receiving IFN-γ developed apoptosis similar to that observed in B6 wild-type mice. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells from donors subjected to DS increased corneal epithelial apoptosis via activation of caspase-8 in recipients, similar to that in the donor mice. Topical neutralization of IFN-γ in adoptive transfer recipients decreased corneal epithelial apoptosis. DS, IFN-γ administration, or CD4(+) T-cell adoptive transfer had no effect on the expression and activation of the intrinsic apoptosis mediator, caspase-9. CD4(+) T-cell-produced IFN-γ plays a pivotal role in DS-induced corneal epithelial apoptosis via activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Previously, a dominant role of the adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome was suspected. Recent advances, however, have revealed a major role of the type I IFN pathway, documented by an increased circulating type I IFN activity and an IFN 'signature' in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and minor salivary gland biopsies from the patients. Polymorphisms in the genes IRF5 and STAT4 leading to increased IFN activation are associated with disease susceptibility. In the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome, the activation of salivary gland epithelial cells appears to be the initial event. Once intrinsically activated, they express costimulatory and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and MHC class I and II molecules, can present autoantigens and produce proinflammatory cytokines. The subsequent activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells induces the production of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines in individuals with the risk alleles of the susceptibility genes IRF5 and STAT4. Under the influence of the high IFN concentration in the glands and through TLR ligation, B-cell activating factor is produced by epithelial cells and, together with autoantigen presentation on salivary gland epithelial cells, stimulates the adaptive immune system. In view of the central role of IFNalpha in at least the initiation of the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome, blockade of this cytokine may be a rational therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhi Low
- Clinic for Immunology and Rheumatology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str, 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Manoussakis MN, Kapsogeorgou EK. The role of intrinsic epithelial activation in the pathogenesis of Sjögren’s syndrome. J Autoimmun 2010; 35:219-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
25
|
Mavragani CP, Skopouli FN, Moutsopoulos HM. Increased prevalence of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase in dry eyes and mouth syndrome or sicca asthenia polyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 2009; 36:1626-30. [PMID: 19605678 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.081326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A subset of patients presenting with sicca features suggestive of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) do not fulfill diagnostic or histopathological criteria. This presentation was previously designated as dry eyes and mouth syndrome (DEMS) or sicca asthenia polyalgia syndrome (SAPS). We sought to define the underlying clinical, laboratory, and histological features of these patients. METHODS The study population consisted of 27 consecutive patients with DEMS/SAPS; 54 patients with pSS served as controls. Medical charts were retrospectively evaluated for clinical and serological data and frozen sera were tested for the presence of antibodies against HIV, hepatitis C virus, and thyroid antigens. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin embedded tissues was also performed. RESULTS Sicca symptoms and nonspecific musculoskeletal pain were the commonest clinical features of patients with DEMS/SAPS; positive titers of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase was the main underlying abnormality found in 16 out of 27 (59.2%) of patients with DEMS/SAPS compared to 11 out of 54 (20.4%) of pSS controls (p = 0.0009). Histological analysis of the minor salivary gland (MSG) biopsies of patients with DEMS/SAPS disclosed a mild inflammatory infiltration of the interstitial tissue with a predominantly perivascular distribution. CONCLUSION Patients with DEMS/SAPS present with sicca features and nonspecific musculoskeletal complaints, have high prevalence of antithyroid antibodies, and their MSG biopsies demonstrate a mild interstitial lymphocytic infiltration with a predominantly perivascular distribution. In the setting of clinical practice, we propose that in the presence of DEMS/SAPS testing for antithyroid antibody should be performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clio P Mavragani
- Rheumatology Unit, Athens General Hospital "G. Gennimatas";Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University; and Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
d'Elia HF, Rehnberg E, Kvist G, Ericsson A, Konttinen YT, Mannerkorpi K. Fatigue and blood pressure in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol 2009; 37:284-92. [DOI: 10.1080/03009740801907995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
27
|
Forsblad-d'Elia H, Carlsten H, Labrie F, Konttinen YT, Ohlsson C. Low serum levels of sex steroids are associated with disease characteristics in primary Sjogren's syndrome; supplementation with dehydroepiandrosterone restores the concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:2044-51. [PMID: 19318446 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Serum levels of the sex steroid prohormones dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) decline upon aging and are reduced in primary Sjogren's syndrome. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate: 1) effects of 50 mg oral DHEA/day on changes in serum levels of DHEA and 12 of its metabolites; 2) relationships between steroid levels and disease characteristics; and 3) whether these parameters were influenced by DHEA. DESIGN Twenty-three postmenopausal women with primary Sjogren's syndrome and subnormal levels of DHEA-S were included in a randomized, 9-month, controlled, double blind crossover study. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (MS)/MS and gas chromatography/MS were used to measure the sex steroids. Anti-SS-A/Ro and/or anti-SS-B/La, salivary gland focus score, salivary flow rates, dry mouth and eye symptoms, and routine laboratory tests were assessed. RESULTS Baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate was inversely correlated with testosterone (Testo), dihydrotestosterone, and DHEA-S (rs = -0.42, -0.45, and -0.58, respectively). Dry mouth symptoms correlated with low Testo and androstenedione, whereas dry eyes correlated with low estrogens, most strongly estrone (rs = -0.63). Presence of anti-SS-A and/or anti-SS-B was independently associated with low estradiol (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.82). All metabolites increased during DHEA but not during placebo. The relative increases were less for estrogens and Testo compared to dihydrotestosterone and glucuronidated androgen metabolites. Dry mouth symptoms decreased during DHEA therapy. CONCLUSIONS Disease manifestations in primary Sjogren's syndrome were associated with low sex hormone levels, dry mouth symptoms with low androgens, and dry eyes with low estrogens. Exogenous DHEA was preferentially transformed into androgens rather than into estrogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Forsblad-d'Elia
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, Göteborg S-413 46, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Calafat M, Larocca L, Roca V, Hauk V, Pregi N, Nesse A, Pérez Leirós C. Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits TNF-alpha-induced apoptotic events in acinar cells from nonobese diabetic mice submandibular glands. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R53. [PMID: 19356238 PMCID: PMC2688204 DOI: 10.1186/ar2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The role of apoptotic secretory epithelium as a pro-inflammatory triggering factor of exocrine dysfunction is currently explored in Sjogren's syndrome patients and in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has anti-inflammatory effects in various models of chronic inflammation. Our goal was to analyse the effect of TNF-α on apoptotic mediators in isolated acinar cells from NOD submandibular gland and their modulation by VIP. Methods Acinar cells were isolated from submandibular glands of 16-week-old NOD females with salivary flow decline. Age-matched BALB/c females or eight-week-old NOD females were used as controls. Apoptotic mediators and TNF-α receptor expression were assessed by immunoblotting and RT-PCR, caspase 3 activity was assessed by optical density at 405 nm with Ac-DEVD-pNA as a substrate and chromatin condensation by Hoechst stain. They were evaluated in resting conditions and after a 3.5 or 6 hours of culture with TNF-α. VIP effects in acinar cells were assessed at 100 nM in TNF-α-treated cultures and VIP receptor functional assays by radio immunoassay (cAMP) or enzymatic detection (amylase). Results NOD acinar cells at 16 weeks present an increased expression of TNF-α receptor1 together with increased Bax, tumour protein 53-induced nuclear protein1α (TP53INP1α), caspase 3 activity and chromatin condensation. Acini from NOD mice were more sensitive to TNF-α-induced increases of apoptotic mediators than control cells. VIP inhibited TNF-α-induced apoptotic events through functional VPAC1 receptors coupled to the protein kinase A (PKA) signalling pathway. Conclusions Our results indicate that acinar cells isolated from submandibular glands of NOD mice with salivary dysfunction are more sensitive to apoptosis induced by TNF-α which could be prevented by VIP through a PKA-mediated pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Calafat
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kovács L, Fehér E, Bodnár I, Marczinovits I, Nagy GM, Somos J, Boda V. Demonstration of autoantibody binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the salivary gland in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Immunol 2008; 128:269-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
30
|
Sellam J, Miceli-Richard C, Gottenberg JE, Proust A, Ittah M, Lavie F, Loiseau P, Mariette X. Is Inhibitor of differentiation 3 involved in human primary Sjögren's syndrome? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47:437-41. [PMID: 18296721 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inhibitor of differentiation 3 (Id3)-deficient mice show sicca symptoms, lymphocyte infiltration of exocrine glands and positive anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies, all hallmarks of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). The impairment of Id3 in T cells and, possibly, in salivary glandular epithelial cells (SGECs) seems to be involved. This animal model prompted us to investigate the role of Id3 in human pSS. METHODS Quantitative Id3 expression in peripheral T cells, cultured SGECs and in total minor salivary glands was assessed by RT-PCR in pSS patients and controls. After Id3 sequencing, we investigated two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (c.313G>A and g.-156A>G) in a case-control study of 212 Caucasian pSS patients and 168 controls. RESULTS Quantitative Id3 expression was not decreased in pSS patients nor in SGECs, in T cells or in minor salivary glands. As well, patients and controls did not differ in allele and genotype frequencies of Id3 SNPs (P = 0.67 and P = 0.71 for the c.313G>A and the g.-156A>G, respectively). Neither SNP was associated with a pattern of autoantibody secretion. CONCLUSION Although the Id3-deficient mouse model represents an attractive model for human pSS, Id3 expression is not impaired in SGECs, peripheral T cells and in labial salivary glands in pSS patients and Id3-relevant SNPs do not give evidence of genetic predisposition in Caucasian pSS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sellam
- Rhumatologie, INSERM U802, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
The Role of Epithelial Cells in the Pathogenesis of Sjögren’s Syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2007; 32:225-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-8007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
32
|
Calafat M, Larocca L, Roca V, Pérez Leirós C. NOD mice exocrinopathy: towards a neuroimmune link. Neuroimmunomodulation 2007; 14:175-81. [PMID: 18073511 DOI: 10.1159/000110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of exocrine glands characterized as an autoimmune exocrinopathy and more specifically as an autoimmune epithelitis. An impaired balance of neuroimmune interactions mediated by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the target organ at early stages of disease is explored by means of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of SS. We have previously described a reduced salivary secretion and signaling upon VIP stimulation. The effect reflected a differential regulation of the neural isoform of nitric oxide synthase by calcium calmodulin kinase II and occurred prior to the appearance of detectable levels of cytokines in NOD glands. VIP acting on NOD macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide promoted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric oxide synthase induction as well as IL-12 and TNF-alpha production, while stimulating IL-10. Here we present evidence on the ability of apoptotic acinar cells from submandibular glands of NOD mice to stimulate nitric oxide in both peritoneal and glandular macrophage pools to a similar extent as lipopolysaccharide + IFN-gamma. VIP was not effective to prevent nitrite accumulation and modestly increased IL-10 levels in macrophages coincubated with acinar cells. An enhanced nitrite response of NOD glandular macrophages in basal and stimulated conditions compared to peritoneal cells is also shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Calafat
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Katsiougiannis S, Kapsogeorgou EK, Manoussakis MN, Skopouli FN. Salivary gland epithelial cells: a new source of the immunoregulatory hormone adiponectin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2295-9. [PMID: 16802369 DOI: 10.1002/art.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adiponectin is an adipocytokine that displays insulin-sensitizing and immunoregulatory properties. Adipocyte development in association with fibrosis is frequently detected in primary Sjögren's syndrome lesions, connoting a healing process. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of adiponectin in minor salivary gland biopsy specimens obtained from patients with primary SS and controls. METHODS The expression of adiponectin in minor salivary gland biopsy specimens and in long-term-cultured non-neoplastic salivary gland epithelial cell (SGEC) lines obtained from patients with primary SS and control subjects was examined, using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, respectively. The expression of adiponectin, adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1), and AdipoR2 messenger RNA (mRNA) by SGECs was investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis for adiponectin revealed positive staining of adipocytes from primary SS lesions as well as ductal epithelial cells from both patients with primary SS and controls. All of the SGEC lines tested were shown to express adiponectin, AdipoR1, and AdipoR2 mRNA, whereas adiponectin protein expression was detected by immunoblotting in SGECs from patients with primary SS but not in those from controls. The analysis of concentrated culture supernatants also revealed increased adiponectin expression by SGECs from patients with SS compared with controls. CONCLUSION Our findings provide novel evidence that adiponectin is produced by SGECs. The high constitutive expression of adiponectin by SGECs from patients with primary SS is likely attributable to aberrant activation of these cells. Although the significance of adiponectin expression remains unknown, it is possible that adiponectin functions in an autocrine manner, as suggested by concurrent expression of the relevant receptors.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune exocrinopathy that predominantly affects salivary and lachrymal glands, leading to dry eyes and mouth. The most common clinical problems faced by the rheumatologist are those of dry eyes and mouth, parotid swelling, fatigue and extraglandular manifestations. The first stage in management is to make an accurate diagnosis based on the American/European consensus criteria. The most frequent differential diagnoses are dry eyes and mouth symptoms, a variant of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia, and sialosis, which causes a non-inflammatory enlargement of the parotid glands. The mainstay of treatment for the sicca symptoms is local therapy, and that for the milder systemic symptoms is hydroxychloroquine. Steroids and immunosuppressive drugs are reserved for more severe extraglandular disease. In spite of intensive research in other systemic treatments including biologic therapies, there is limited evidence to support their use in routine clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Venables
- Kennedy Institute Division, Imperial College, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Goules A, Tzioufas AG, Manousakis MN, Kirou KA, Crow MK, Routsias JG. Elevated levels of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) in serum of patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2006; 26:165-71. [PMID: 16621447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 01/28/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The CD40-CD40L costimulatory pathway is involved in the evolution of many autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Increased levels of sCD40L in the serum have been associated with disease activity in SLE. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of sCD40L in the development of lupus nephritis and examine its possible association with cryoglobulinemia in Sjögren's syndrome. We used a 2-site sandwich ELISA to measure the levels of sCD40L in sera, from 64 patients with SLE, RA and SS and 17 healthy blood donors. Biological specimens from the affected tissues such as urine from patients with lupus nephritis and saliva from patients with SS were also tested. In this regard, paired sera and first morning urine samples from 6 SLE patients (3 with active lupus nephritis and 3 with inactive lupus nephritis) were tested with the sCD40L ELISA protocol as well as paired sera and salivary samples from 5 patients with SS and cryoglobulinemia, 5 patients with SS and anti-Ro or anti-La autoantibodies and 5 age-matched healthy control donors. We also examined possible correlations of sCD40L levels with several laboratory and clinical parameters in SS and SLE. We found that sera from SLE and SS patients had significantly higher levels of sCD40L compared to sera from healthy control donors. No sCD40L was detected, in urine samples of patients with either active or inactive nephritis and in salivary samples from SS patients or normal subjects. Soluble CD40L is elevated in sera of SS and SLE patients but further investigation is needed to determine its possible role in SLE nephritis and Sjögren's syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goules
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ittah M, Miceli-Richard C, Eric Gottenberg J, Lavie F, Lazure T, Ba N, Sellam J, Lepajolec C, Mariette X. B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) is expressed under stimulation by interferon in salivary gland epithelial cells in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8:R51. [PMID: 16507175 PMCID: PMC1526588 DOI: 10.1186/ar1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell-activating factor (BAFF) has a key role in promoting B-lymphocyte activation and survival in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). The cellular origin of BAFF overexpression in salivary glands of patients with pSS is not fully known. We investigated whether salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs), the main targets of autoimmunity in pSS, could produce and express BAFF. We used quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA and immunocytochemistry in cultured SGECs from eight patients with pSS and eight controls on treatment with IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IFN-α and IFN-γ. At baseline, BAFF expression in SGECs was low in pSS patients and in controls. Treatment with IFN-α, IFN-γ and TNF-α + IFN-γ increased the level of BAFF mRNA in pSS patients (the mean increases were 27-fold, 25-fold and 62-fold, respectively) and in controls (mean increases 19.1-fold, 26.7-fold and 17.7-fold, respectively), with no significant difference between patients and controls. However, in comparison with that at baseline, stimulation with IFN-α significantly increased the level of BAFF mRNA in SGECs of pSS patients (p = 0.03) but not in controls (p = 0.2), which suggests that SGECs of patients with pSS are particularly susceptible to expressing BAFF under IFN-α stimulation. Secretion of BAFF protein, undetectable at baseline, was significantly increased after IFN-α and IFN-γ stimulation both in pSS patients (40.8 ± 12.5 (± SEM) and 47.4 ± 18.7 pg/ml, respectively) and controls (24.9 ± 8.0 and 9.0 ± 3.9 pg/ml, respectively), with no significant difference between pSS and controls. Immunocytochemistry confirmed the induction of cytoplasmic BAFF expression after stimulation with IFN-α and IFN-γ. This study confirms the importance of resident cells of target organs in inducing or perpetuating autoimmunity. Demonstrating the capacity of SGECs to express and secrete BAFF after IFN stimulation adds further information to the pivotal role of these epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of pSS, possibly after stimulation by innate immunity. Our results suggest that an anti-BAFF therapeutic approach could be particularly interesting in pSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ittah
- Rhumatologie, Institut Pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 802, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Sud 11, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Corinne Miceli-Richard
- Rhumatologie, Institut Pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 802, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Sud 11, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jacques- Eric Gottenberg
- Rhumatologie, Institut Pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 802, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Sud 11, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Lavie
- Rhumatologie, Institut Pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 802, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Sud 11, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Thierry Lazure
- Anatomopathologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, AP-HP, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Nathalie Ba
- Anatomopathologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, AP-HP, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérémie Sellam
- Rhumatologie, Institut Pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 802, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Sud 11, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Christine Lepajolec
- Oto-rhino-laryngologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, AP-HP, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Xavier Mariette
- Rhumatologie, Institut Pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 802, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Sud 11, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rosignoli F, Roca V, Meiss R, Leceta J, Gomariz RP, Pérez Leirós C. Defective signalling in salivary glands precedes the autoimmune response in the non-obese diabetic mouse model of sialadenitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 142:411-8. [PMID: 16297151 PMCID: PMC1809531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome provides a valuable tool to study the onset and progression of both the autoimmune response and secretory dysfunction. Our purpose was to analyse the temporal decline of salivary secretion in NOD mice in relation to the autoimmune response and alterations in various signalling pathways involved in saliva secretion within each salivary gland. A progressive loss of nitric oxide synthase activity in submandibular and parotid glands started at 12 weeks of age and paralleled the decline in salivary secretion. This defect was associated with a lower response to vasoactive intestinal peptide in salivary flow rate, cAMP and nitric oxide/cGMP production. No signs of mononuclear infiltrates or local cytokine production were detectable in salivary glands in the time period studied (10-16 weeks of age). Our data support a disease model for sialadenitis in NOD mice in which the early stages are characterized by defective neurotransmitter-mediated signalling in major salivary glands that precedes the autoimmune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Rosignoli
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kovács L, Marczinovits I, György A, Tóth GK, Dorgai L, Pál J, Molnár J, Pokorny G. Clinical associations of autoantibodies to human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3213–228 in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44:1021-5. [PMID: 15888503 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keh672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The authors have previously identified a peptide of the human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-3 (m3AChR) as a suitable antigen for the immunodetection of antimuscarinic acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). The aim of this study was to assess the clinical correlations and disease specificity of these antibodies. METHODS Seventy-three pSS, 40 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 19 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 14 secondary Sjögren's syndrome (sSS) patients, 22 subjects in whom pSS was suspected but in whom the diagnosis not could eventually be established (suspSS) and 40 healthy subjects were investigated. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system developed by the authors using a 16-mer peptide of the m3AChR (m3AChR(213-228)) in a recombinant fusion peptide form was used as the antigen. RESULTS Anti-m3AChR(213-228) antibody positivity was observed in 66 (90%) of the pSS patients. The antibody levels correlated positively with the number of extraglandular organ manifestations. Both the mean antibody levels and the occurrence of anti-m3AChR(213-228) positivity were significantly higher in pSS than in the comparison groups. The test discriminated the pSS patients from the various comparison groups with specificities of 65, 68, 71 and 50% for RA, SLE, sSS and suspSS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The presence of m3AChR(213-228) antibodies is a common feature in pSS. Although it is significantly more common in pSS than in the comparison groups, anti-m3AChR(213-228) positivity is not exclusive to pSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Kovács
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Szeged, Pécs, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kapsogeorgou EK, Abu-Helu RF, Moutsopoulos HM, Manoussakis MN. Salivary gland epithelial cell exosomes: A source of autoantigenic ribonucleoproteins. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2005; 52:1517-21. [PMID: 15880835 DOI: 10.1002/art.21005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exosomes are membrane vesicles of endosomal origin that are distinct from apoptotic bodies and are thought to represent an acellular mechanism for antigen transfer to classic antigen-presenting cells, as well as for direct antigen presentation with the capacity to induce immune response or tolerance. Nevertheless, it is not known whether exosomes are involved in the induction or regulation of immune responses against intracellular autoantigens that characterize autoimmune diseases. Exosomes have been shown to be secreted by several types of cells, whereas studies of non-neoplastic epithelial cells are lacking. This study was undertaken to investigate the capacity of non-neoplastic salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) to release exosomes, and to determine whether epithelial exosomes contain RNPs, which are major autoantigens in systemic rheumatic diseases. METHODS Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation from culture supernatants of 26 non-neoplastic SGEC lines established from patients with various rheumatic disorders. They were analyzed by electron microscopy, immunoblotting, or immunoprecipitation. RESULTS All SGEC lines were found to release comparable and significant amounts of exosomes. Similar to other cell systems, exosome secretion was constitutive and was unrelated to activation or apoptotic processes. SGEC-derived exosomes were found to contain the autoantigenic Ro/SSA, La/SSB, and Sm RNPs, as well as epithelial-specific cytokeratins. CONCLUSION SGECs constitutively secrete exosomes that contain the major autoantigens Ro/SSA, La/SSB, and Sm. This mechanism may represent a pathway whereby intracellular autoantigens are presented to the immune system with an immunogenic or tolerogenic outcome.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ping L, Ogawa N, Sugai S. Novel role of CD40 in Fas-dependent apoptosis of cultured salivary epithelial cells from patients with Sjögren's syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:573-81. [PMID: 15692983 DOI: 10.1002/art.20789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of Fas and CD40 in the molecular mechanism of salivary epithelial cell death in Sjogren's syndrome (SS). METHODS The expression of Fas and CD40 in SS salivary epithelial cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Induction of apoptosis with anti-Fas and/or anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) was examined by morphologic analysis, DNA fragmentation, and TUNEL assay. Expression of c-FLIP, Fas-associated phosphatase 1, FADD, Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), and Bcl-x(S) was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Expression of Fas and CD40 was significantly higher in SS salivary epithelial cells than in normal cells after interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) stimulation (P < 0.001 for both Fas and CD40). Although neither anti-Fas (CH11) nor anti-CD40 mAb alone could induce typical apoptosis, the two together and preincubation with IFNgamma efficiently induced apoptosis in SS salivary epithelial cells. This apoptosis was almost completely blocked by neutralizing anti-Fas mAb (ZB4), whereas an antagonistic mAb to CD40 (ch5D12) partially inhibited anti-Fas/anti-CD40-induced apoptosis. Also, c-FLIP, an important inhibitory molecule in the Fas death pathway, was strongly expressed in SS salivary epithelial cells, but its expression was down-regulated at the protein level by anti-CD40 mAb. CONCLUSION CD40 signals promote Fas-dependent death of SS salivary epithelial cells by down-regulating c-FLIP expression. The presence of c-FLIP in these cells may explain their resistance to undergoing apoptosis in response to either anti-Fas or anti-CD40 mAb, despite their surface expression of both proteins. These findings suggest that SS salivary epithelial cell death requires the cooperation of both Fas and CD40.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ping
- Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa-ken, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nikitakis NG, Rivera H, Lariccia C, Papadimitriou JC, Sauk JJ. Primary Sjögren syndrome in childhood: report of a case and review of the literature. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2003; 96:42-7. [PMID: 12847443 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-2104(03)00159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren syndrome (SS) in childhood is a rare and possibly underdiagnosed condition. The purpose of this study is to report a case of primary SS (PSS) in a 4-year-old Venezuelan girl and to review the pertinent literature. The patient presented with bilateral recurrent parotid enlargement, predominantly on the right side. She did not complain of dry mouth or eyes; however, decreased stimulated salivary flow rate and positive Schirmer and rose bengal tests were obtained. Sialography, sonograms, and a computed tomography scan of the parotid glands revealed pathologic changes consistent with SS. Anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B antibodies were present. Evaluation for antibodies against cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and HIV rendered negative results. Histopathologic examination of incisional biopsies of the right parotid and labial minor salivary glands revealed focal periductal lymphocytic infiltrate and sialoduct ectasia. Taken together, these findings are consistent with the diagnosis of juvenile PSS. The salient features of this rare disease are summarized on the basis of a comprehensive review of the epidemiologic, clinical, and serologic findings of the previously reported cases of PSS in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Nikitakis
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201-1586, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dimitriou ID, Kapsogeorgou EK, Moutsopoulos HM, Manoussakis MN. CD40 on salivary gland epithelial cells: high constitutive expression by cultured cells from Sjögren's syndrome patients indicating their intrinsic activation. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 127:386-92. [PMID: 11876766 PMCID: PMC1906327 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CD40 has been identified in an expanding list of haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells and has received an increased interest based on its role in a variety of cell-mediated responses and its potential to participate in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders. Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy, which is characterized by chronic lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands and aberrant activation of epithelial tissues. We studied the expression of CD40 protein in cultured non-neoplastic salivary gland epithelial cell (SGEC) lines as well as in minor SG biopsies obtained from 17 SS patients and 12 controls. Immunocytochemical and flow cytometric analyses had revealed the occurrence of constitutively expressed CD40 molecules on the surface of long-term cultured SGEC lines, which could be further induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-1beta cytokines, but not tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-4, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or IFN-alpha. Triggering of SGEC through CD40 enhanced the surface expression of the adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)/CD54, but not MHC class I and class II (HLA-DR) molecules. Spontaneous CD40 expression was significantly higher in SGEC lines derived from SS patients, compared with controls (P < 0.001), which is suggestive of their intrinsically activated status. In SG biopsies, CD40 was constitutively expressed by lymphocytes, ductal epithelial cells and endothelial cells but not by other glandular cell types, such as acinar cells, myoepithelial cells and fibroblasts. In addition, CD40L staining was also detected in 30--50% of the infiltrating lymphocytes in the biopsies of SS patients. Our findings indicate the immunoregulatory potential of SGEC and lend further support to a model of intrinsic activation in salivary epithelia in SS, whereby these cells actively participate in the induction and maintenance of lymphocytic infiltrates of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I D Dimitriou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dimitriou ID, Kapsogeorgou EK, Abu-Helu RF, Moutsopoulos HM, Manoussakis MN. Establishment of a convenient system for the long-term culture and study of non-neoplastic human salivary gland epithelial cells. Eur J Oral Sci 2002; 110:21-30. [PMID: 11878756 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2002.00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells appear to play an important role in the initiation and maintenance of autoimmune lesions in the salivary glands of patients with Sjogren's syndrome. Therefore, the detailed study of immunological function of salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC) may provide useful information for the understanding of Sjögren's syndrome pathogenesis. In this report we aimed to formulate a protocol for the establishment of human non-neoplastic SGEC lines as a tool for the study of the physiology and pathophysiology of these cells. Pointing towards a practical approach, we sought to establish SGEC lines from quite a limited amount of biopsy tissue obtained during the diagnostic evaluation of patients. Herein, the favorable conditions for the long-term maintenance of human non-neoplastic SGEC lines are presented and involve the successive application of a serum-containing and a serum-free culture medium, supplemented with essential epithelial growth factors. This protocol has been found reliable and convenient, as attested by the reproducible establishment of non-neoplastic SGEC lines. The analysis of SGEC phenotypic features, as well as a coculture system for the study of interactions between epithelial cells and lymphocytes, are also described. Such techniques may provide valuable means for the functional and molecular investigation of human SGEC and particularly for the study of Sjögren's syndrome and other disorders of glandular epithelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Dimitriou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nagaraju K, Cox A, Casciola-Rosen L, Rosen A. Novel fragments of the Sjögren's syndrome autoantigens alpha-fodrin and type 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor generated during cytotoxic lymphocyte granule-induced cell death. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2376-86. [PMID: 11665980 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2376::aid-art402>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the Sjögren's syndrome autoantigens alpha-fodrin and the type 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) are cleaved during cytotoxic lymphocyte granule-induced death, to yield novel fragments. METHODS Primary salivary gland epithelial cells, human salivary gland cells, and HeLa cells were incubated with granule contents. The susceptibility to cleavage and the generation of novel fragments of Sjögren's syndrome autoantigens in this form of apoptosis was assessed by immunoblotting. Cleavage of M3R was further characterized by assays performed on the M3R molecule generated by in vitro translation. RESULTS This study demonstrated that alpha-fodrin was uniquely cleaved during cytotoxic lymphocyte granule-induced cell death, generating a 155-kd fragment distinct from those generated by caspase 3 in other forms of apoptosis. The study also demonstrates that M3R (which is restricted in expression to the peripheral autonomic organs) was efficiently cleaved by granzyme B (but not by caspases) at several sites, both in vitro and in intact cells. This is the first description of cleavage of a transmembrane autoantigen by granzyme B. CONCLUSION The observation that both ubiquitously expressed autoantigens (e.g., alpha-fodrin, La, and nuclear mitotic apparatus protein) and tissue-restricted autoantigens (e.g., M3R) targeted in Sjögren's syndrome are specifically cleaved by granzyme B, generating unique fragments, strongly suggests that a common biochemical event (novel autoantigen cleavage during granule-induced epithelial cell death) is responsible for selecting this apparently unconnected group of molecules for a high-titer autoantibody response. The data focus attention on the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes in the initiation and propagation of Sjögren's syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nagaraju
- John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abu-Helu RF, Dimitriou ID, Kapsogeorgou EK, Moutsopoulos HM, Manoussakis MN. Induction of salivary gland epithelial cell injury in Sjogren's syndrome: in vitro assessment of T cell-derived cytokines and Fas protein expression. J Autoimmun 2001; 17:141-53. [PMID: 11591123 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2001.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an exocrinopathy characterized by T cell infiltrates, salivary gland epithelial cell (SGEC) apoptosis and high Fas and FasL expression. To address the participation of T cell-derived cytokines and of Fas apoptotic pathway in SS glandular lesions, we utilized non-neoplastic SGEC lines established from SS patients and controls. Possibly attesting to their intrinsic activation, cell lines derived from SS patients displayed significantly higher constitutive Fas and FasL than controls. Surface co-expression of Fas and FasL was not associated with spontaneous fratricide apoptosis. SGEC were resistant to anti-Fas-mediated apoptosis (possibly owing to the constitutive expression of anti-apoptotic proteins cFLIP and Bcl-2), but became sensitive after protein or RNA synthesis inhibition. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were able to upregulate surface Fas and FasL, whereas IL-1beta downregulated surface FasL. IFN-gamma (but not several other cytokines) reduced the survival of SGEC in a dose- and time-dependent manner and induced Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis, directly and via anoikia. Dexamethasone inhibited the upregulation of Fas and FasL by IFN-gamma and the induction of SGEC apoptosis and detachment by anti-Fas mAb or IFN-gamma. Our findings indicate the injurious role of IFN-gamma for the salivary epithelia of SS patients through the induction of Fas-mediated apoptosis and anoikia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R F Abu-Helu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ratanatharathorn V, Ayash L, Lazarus HM, Fu J, Uberti JP. Chronic graft-versus-host disease: clinical manifestation and therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 28:121-9. [PMID: 11509929 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in long-term survivors of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The immunopathogenesis of chronic GVHD is, in part, TH-2 mediated, resulting in a syndrome of immunodeficiency and an autoimmune disorder. The most important risk factor for chronic GVHD is prior history of acute GVHD and strategies that prevent acute GVHD also decrease the risk of chronic GVHD. Other important risk factors are the use of a non-T cell-depleted graft, and older age of donor and recipient. Whether recipients of peripheral blood stem cells are at increased risk of chronic GVHD remains unsettled. There are no known pharmacologic agents which can specifically prevent development of chronic GVHD. Agents which have efficacy in the treatment of autoimmune disorders have been utilized as therapy for established chronic GVHD and are associated with response rates of 20% to 80%. Most responses are confined to skin, soft tissue, oral mucosa and occasionally liver. Bronchiolitis obliterans responds infrequently to therapy and is associated with a dismal prognosis. Newer, promising therapeutic strategies under investigation include thalidomide, photopheresis therapy, anti-tumor necrosis factor and B cell depletion with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Ratanatharathorn
- Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation Program at University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kapsogeorgou EK, Dimitriou ID, Abu-Helu RF, Moutsopoulos HM, Manoussakis MN. Activation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells in the salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome: high expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM.1) in biopsy specimens and cultured cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 124:126-33. [PMID: 11359451 PMCID: PMC1906035 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ICAM.1 (CD54) is a surface protein expressed on epithelial and other nonhematopoietic cells upon activation and is known to play an important role in the stimulation of T cells by the provision of cellular adhesion and costimulatory support. Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy, which is characterized by chronic lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands and aberrant activation of epithelial tissues. To address the contribution of ICAM.1 in the pathogenesis of SS, the expression of this protein was studied by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in minor salivary gland (SG) biopsies as well as in cultured SG epithelial cell (SGEC) lines obtained from 18 SS patients and 16 controls. In biopsies from SS patients (but not controls), strong ICAM.1 was expressed by infiltrating mononuclear cells (52%) and by a significant proportion of periacinar myoepithelial cells (18%). In addition, a patchy pattern of moderate ICAM.1 expression was detected in 31% of ductal epithelia of SS patients. These ICAM.1-expressing epithelial and myoepithelial cells were observed throughout glandular tissues and were not confined in areas proximal to lymphoid infiltrates. In support to an intrinsic activation profile of SGEC in SS, long-term cultured non-neoplastic SGEC lines derived from SS patients displayed significantly upregulated spontaneous expression of ICAM.1, compared to controls (P < 0.05). The high expression of ICAM.1 protein by the salivary epithelium of SS patients is likely suggestive of its important role in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Further, our results support a model of intrinsic activation of salivary epithelial and myoepithelial cells in SS, whereby these cells actively participate in the induction and maintenance of lymphocytic infiltrates of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E K Kapsogeorgou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kapsogeorgou EK, Moutsopoulos HM, Manoussakis MN. Functional expression of a costimulatory B7.2 (CD86) protein on human salivary gland epithelial cells that interacts with the CD28 receptor, but has reduced binding to CTLA4. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3107-13. [PMID: 11207262 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B7 molecules expressed on classic APC play a critical role in the regulation of immune responses by providing activation or inhibitory signals to T cells, through the ligation with CD28 or CTLA4 receptors, respectively. We have recently described the expression of B7 molecules by the salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC) of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (also termed autoimmune epithelitis). The role of such expression needs to be clarified. Thus, in the present study, we sought to address the existence and function of B7.2 proteins on cultured nonneoplastic SGEC lines derived from Sjögren's syndrome patients. The occurrence of B7.2 proteins on SGEC was verified by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting. The assessment of several cell lines in costimulation assays had revealed that the constitutive expression of B7.2 molecules is sufficient to provide costimulatory signals to anti-CD3-stimulated T cells. SGEC-derived costimulation induced IL-2-dependent proliferation of CD4(+) T cells, which was associated with low production of IL-2, but probably also with the secretion of yet undefined autocrine T cell growth factor(s). B7.2 proteins expressed by SGEC were found to display distinctive binding properties denoted by the functional interaction with CD28 receptor and reduced binding to CTLA4. Finally, the detection of a functional soluble form of B7.2 protein in cell-free culture supernatants of both SGEC and EBV-transformed B cell lines is demonstrated. These findings imply a critical role for epithelial cells in the regulation of local immune responses in the salivary glands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E K Kapsogeorgou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Moutsopoulos NM, Moutsopoulos HM. Therapy of Sjögren's syndrome. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 2001; 23:131-45. [PMID: 11455852 DOI: 10.1007/s002810100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N M Moutsopoulos
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, BL. 30, Room 327, 30 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|