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Therapeutic Targeting of the Proinflammatory IL-6-JAK/STAT Signalling Pathways Responsible for Vascular Restenosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cardiol Res Pract 2019; 2019:9846312. [PMID: 30719343 PMCID: PMC6334365 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9846312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide, and it is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). For T2DM patients, the main surgical intervention for CAD is autologous saphenous vein grafting. However, T2DM patients have increased risk of saphenous vein graft failure (SVGF). While the mechanisms underlying increased risk of vascular disease in T2DM are not fully understood, hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinaemia have been shown to contribute to microvascular damage, whereas clinical trials have reported limited effects of intensive glycaemic control in the management of macrovascular complications. This suggests that factors other than glucose exposure may be responsible for the macrovascular complications observed in T2DM. SVGF is characterised by neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) arising from endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction and uncontrolled migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). This is driven in part by proinflammatory cytokines released from the activated ECs and SMCs, particularly interleukin 6 (IL-6). IL-6 stimulation of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT) pathway is a key mechanism through which EC inflammation, SMC migration, and proliferation are controlled and whose activation might therefore be enhanced in patients with T2DM. In this review, we investigate how proinflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, contribute to vascular damage resulting in SVGF and how suppression of proinflammatory cytokine responses via targeting the JAK/STAT pathway could be exploited as a potential therapeutic strategy. These include the targeting of suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS3), which appears to play a key role in suppressing unwanted vascular inflammation, SMC migration, and proliferation.
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Lim CS, Kiriakidis S, Paleolog EM, Davies AH. Cell death pattern of a varicose vein organ culture model. Vascular 2013; 21:129-36. [PMID: 23526103 DOI: 10.1177/1708538113478413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the viability of a varicose vein (VV) organ culture model by assessing cell death pattern. To assess pattern of cell death with time, VV organ cultures were incubated for up to 14 days with regular medium changed. To assess viability, cell death of VV organ cultures treated with sodium azide and their untreated counterparts was assayed. Increased cell death was measured in VV organ cultures from day 0 to 2. Cell death decreased gradually after day 2 and plateaued from day 8 to 14.VV organ cultures treated with sodium azide demonstrated significantly more cell death in tissue (P = 0.001). Cell death measured in cultures treated with sodium azide continued to increase until day 7. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the viability of a VV organ culture model with most cell death occurred within the first two days and then declined to a relatively low level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Lim
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, W6 8RF, UK
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Forcillo J, Perrault LP. Prevention of venous graft disease after coronary artery bypass grafting: is ex vivo statin exposure an answer? Can J Cardiol 2012; 28:623-5. [PMID: 22771016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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The effects of doxycycline and micronized purified flavonoid fraction on human vein wall remodeling are not hypoxia-inducible factor pathway-dependent. J Vasc Surg 2012; 56:1069-77. [PMID: 22677007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxycycline and micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) modulate vein wall remodeling that may be associated with hypoxia in varicose veins (VVs), vein graft stenosis, and deep venous thrombosis. We recently reported that in vitro exposure of non-VV (NVVs) and VVs to hypoxic conditions activates the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. This study investigated the in vitro effects of doxycycline and MPFF on the HIF pathway in hypoxic NVVs and VVs. METHODS Six NVVs and six VVs obtained from surgery were used to prepare vein organ cultures, which were exposed to hypoxia (1% O(2)), with and without MPFF (10(-5) mol/L) or doxycycline (5 μg/mL) for 16 hours. The veins were analyzed for HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and their target gene expression, with real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The differences between gene expressions were tested with one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures, followed by the Dunnett test for multiple comparisons. P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS Treatment of NVV organ cultures exposed to hypoxia with doxycycline or MPFF did not significantly alter the expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α messenger (m)RNA and protein compared with untreated. Doxycycline also did not significantly affect the expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α mRNA and protein in VVs exposed to hypoxia compared with untreated VVs. However, MPFF significantly reduced the expression of HIF-1α but not HIF-2α mRNA in VVs exposed to hypoxia compared with untreated VVs. Interestingly, the reduction of the expression of HIF-1α mRNA in VVs by MPFF was not reflected at the protein level. The mRNA expression of HIF target genes, namely glucose transporter-1, carbonic anhydrase-9, vascular endothelial growth factor, B-cell lymphoma 2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa protein-interacting protein 3, prolyl hydroxylase domain-2, and prolyl hydroxylase domain-3, was not significantly altered in NVVs and VVs exposed to hypoxia and treated with doxycycline or MPFF compared with those untreated. CONCLUSIONS Doxycycline and MPFF at a concentration corresponding to a therapeutic dose do not alter the activation of the HIF pathway in NVV and VV organ cultures exposed to hypoxia. Our findings suggest vein wall remodeling actions in NVVs and VVs are likely not HIF-dependent.
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Wiedemann D, Kocher A, Bonaros N, Semsroth S, Laufer G, Grimm M, Schachner T. Perivascular administration of drugs and genes as a means of reducing vein graft failure. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:203-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Jackson AJ, Coats P, Kingsmore DB. Pharmacotherapy to improve outcomes in vascular access surgery: a review of current treatment strategies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:2005-16. [PMID: 22247232 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal failure is a major cause of morbidity in western Europe, with rising prevalence. Vascular access complications are the leading cause of morbidity among patients on haemodialysis. Considering the health care burden of vascular access failure, there is limited research dedicated to the topic. METHODS Randomised control trials of medications aimed at improving vascular access patency were identified using a medline search between January 1950 and January 2011. RESULTS Thirteen randomised trials were identified, investigating antiplatelets, anticoagulants and fish oil in preserving vascular access patency. Outcomes are presented and reviewed in conjunction with the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of failure of vascular access. DISCUSSION Vascular access failure is a complex process. Most clinical trials so far have involved medications primarily aimed at preventing thrombosis. Other contributing pathways such as neointimal hyperplasia have not been investigated clinically. Improved outcomes may be seen by linking future therapies to these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Jackson
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
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Doxycycline-mediated protective effect against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through the modulation of tight junctions and PKCδ signaling in rats. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 47:89-100. [PMID: 22173873 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The strategy for the development of effective and safe neuroprotective agents has great potential to reduce cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and improve the functional outcome in stroke patients. Recently, doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, has been shown to have neuroprotective efficiency in reduction of a variety of ischemia-reperfusion injuries as well as ischemic brain damage. We used the rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion to investigate the effects of treatments with doxycycline against the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage at 3, 12, 72, and 120 h of reperfusion. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MCAO for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 3, 12, 72, and 120 h and received either doxycycline (45 mg/kg) or saline. The results showed that the treatment of doxycycline significantly reduced the BBB leakage and cerebral infarct volume, which were proved by Evans blue assay and TTC staining. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blot assay verified that the administration of doxycycline significantly up-regulated the expression of tight junction claudin-5, occludin, and ZO-1 from 3 to 120 h after reperfusion. The results of real-time PCR, western blot, and gelatin zymography analyses revealed that the gene and protein expression and activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly elevated in a different time-dependent manner after ischemia-reperfusion but significantly inhibited by doxycycline treatment. Moreover, doxycycline could also significantly down-regulate the expression of PKCδ mRNA and protein after ischemia-reperfusion. These results suggested that the protective effects of doxycycline against BBB damage induced by reperfusion might be related to the up-regulation of tight junction proteins and inhibition of MMP-2, MMP-9, and PKCδ.
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Joddar B, Shaffer RJG, Reen RK, Gooch KJ. Arterial pO₂ stimulates intimal hyperplasia and serum stimulates inward eutrophic remodeling in porcine saphenous veins cultured ex vivo. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2010; 10:161-75. [PMID: 20512609 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-010-0224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo culture of arteries and veins is an established tool for investigating mechanically induced remodeling. Porcine saphenous veins (PSV) cultured ex vivo with a venous mechanical environment, serum-supplemented cell-culture medium and standard cell-culture conditions (5% CO₂ and 95% balance air ~140 mmHg pO₂) develop intimal hyperplasia (IH), increased cellular proliferation, decreased compliance and exhibit inward eutrophic remodeling thereby suggesting that nonmechanical factors stimulate some changes observed ex vivo. Herein we explore the contribution of exposure to greater than venous pO₂ and serum to these changes in cultured veins. Removing serum from culture medium did not inhibit development of IH, but did reduce cellular proliferation and inward eutrophic remodeling. In contrast, veins perfused using reduced pO₂ (75 mmHg) showed reduced IH. Among the statically cultured vessels, veins cultured at arterial pO₂ (95 mmHg) and above showed IH as well as increase in proliferation and vessel weight compared to fresh veins; veins cultured at venous pO₂ did not. Taken together, these data suggest that exposure of SV to arterial pO₂ stimulates IH and cellular proliferation independent of changes in the mechanical environment, which might provide insight into the etiology of IH in SV used as arterial grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binata Joddar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ohio State University, 1080 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Maqbool A, Turner NA, Galloway S, Riches K, O’Regan DJ, Porter KE. The −1562C/T MMP-9 promoter polymorphism does not predict MMP-9 expression levels or invasive capacity in saphenous vein smooth muscle cells cultured from different patients. Atherosclerosis 2009; 207:458-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Comparison of rat olfactory mucosal responses to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chloracetanilides. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1051-7. [PMID: 19425180 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alachlor and butachlor are chloracetanilide herbicides that induce olfactory tumors in rats, whereas propachlor does not. The mechanism by which alachlor induces tumors is distinct from many other nasal carcinogens, in that alachlor induces a gradual de-differentiation of the olfactory mucosa (OM) to a more respiratory-like epithelium, in contrast to other agents that induce cytotoxicity, followed by an aberrant regenerative response. We studied biochemical and genomic effects of these compounds to identify processes that occur in common between alachlor- and butachlor-treated rats. Because we have previously shown that matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) is activated in OM by alachlor, in the present studies we evaluated both MMP2 activation and changes in OM gene expression in response to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chloracetanilide treatments. All three chloracetanilides activated MMP2, and >300 genes were significantly up- or downregulated between control and alachlor-treated rats. The most significantly regulated gene was vomeromodulin, which was dramatically upregulated by alachlor and butachlor treatment (>60-fold), but not by propachlor treatment. Except for similar gene responses in alachlor- and butachlor-treated rats, we did not identify clear-cut differences that would predict OM carcinogenicity in this study.
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de Graaf R, Kloppenburg G, Tintu A, Rouwet E, Kitslaar P, van Hooff J, Bruggeman C, Stassen F. The new immunosuppressive agent FK778 attenuates neointima formation in an experimental venous bypass graft model. Vascul Pharmacol 2008; 50:83-8. [PMID: 19010449 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 09/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neointima formation as a result of smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation still contributes significantly to venous bypass graft stenosis and failure. The new immunosuppressive agent FK778 has recently been shown to exert anti-proliferative effects. We examined the inhibitory potential of FK778 on venous SMC proliferation and neointima formation in an experimental venous bypass graft model. Quiescent venous SMCs were incubated for 48 h with 10% FCS and different concentrations of FK778. SMC proliferation was measured by Ki67 immunostaining. Uridine was added to reverse FK778 induced pyrimidine synthesis blockade. The effect of FK778 treatment on neointima formation in vivo was assessed in an autologous epigastric vein-to femoral artery interposition graft model in rats. In vitro, FK778 inhibited venous SMC proliferation in a dose dependent manner. This effect was reversed by addition of uridine. In vivo, 3-week oral treatment with FK778 (15 mg/kg/d) significantly reduced neointima formation and stenosis in venous bypass grafts. We show that the immunosuppressive agent FK778 can prevent neointima formation in experimental venous bypass grafts by inhibiting venous SMC proliferation. FK778 might provide a new pharmacological therapy to limit vein graft stenosis and bypass graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick de Graaf
- Department of Radiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University Hospital Maastricht, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Bouzeghrane F, Darsaut T, Salazkin I, Ogoudikpe C, Gevry G, Raymond J. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 May Play a Role in Recanalization and Recurrence after Therapeutic Embolization of Aneurysms or Arteries. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2007; 18:1271-9. [PMID: 17911518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2007.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 plays various roles in vascular healing and angiogenesis. This study was conducted to determine if MMP-9 is involved in healing or recanalization after therapeutic occlusion of arteries or aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Angiographic and pathologic changes were investigated in canine bilateral venous pouch carotid aneurysms embolized with gelatin sponges with or without previous endothelial denudation, a procedure that can prevent recanalization. To assess a potential role of MMP-9, messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were compared in denuded and nondenuded aneurysms 4, 7, and 14 days after embolization. To assess if MMP-9 is essential to arterial recanalization, transmyocardial angiography and pathologic findings were compared 14 days after carotid occlusion with platinum coils in MMP-9-knockout and wild-type mice. RESULTS Denudation of the endothelial lining led to improved angiographic results at 3 weeks (P < .001). Neointimal closure of the aneurysm neck was more complete in denuded versus nondenuded aneurysms. Denudation was followed by a decrease in MMP-9 mRNA (86%, P < .05) and protein (30%, P < .05) 7 days after embolization and a decrease in von Willebrand factor compared with nondenuded aneurysms. MMP-9 immunostaining of axial sections from embolized aneurysms confirmed MMP-9-positive endothelialized clefts, which were absent in denuded aneurysms. Transmyocardial angiography and pathologic examination showed recanalization of one of nine coiled carotid arteries of MMP-9-knockout mice, compared with five of seven controls (P = .035). CONCLUSIONS MMP-9 may play a role in recanalization of arteries after coil occlusion and in recurrences after sponge embolization of aneurysms.
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MESH Headings
- Aneurysm/enzymology
- Aneurysm/pathology
- Aneurysm/physiopathology
- Aneurysm/therapy
- Angiography
- Animals
- Carotid Artery Diseases/enzymology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/physiopathology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/therapy
- Carotid Artery, Common/enzymology
- Carotid Artery, Common/pathology
- Carotid Artery, Common/physiopathology
- Carotid Artery, Common/surgery
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dogs
- Embolization, Therapeutic/methods
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/deficiency
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recurrence
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Wound Healing
- von Willebrand Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Bouzeghrane
- Interventional Neuroradiology Research Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Research Center, Nôtre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec
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Henry SL, Concannon MJ, Kaplan PA, Diaz-Arias AA. The Inhibitory Effect of Minocycline on Hypertrophic Scarring. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120:80-88. [PMID: 17572548 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000263325.73400.f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases are enzymes that serve to degrade the extracellular matrix, giving them a central role in the inflammatory and wound-healing processes; they have been implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertrophic scarring. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of minocycline, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, on hypertrophic scarring. METHODS Standardized wounds were created on the ears of eight New Zealand White rabbits. Half of the rabbits received daily injections of minocycline, whereas the other half received daily injections of saline (control). After 4 weeks, the resulting ear scars were harvested. Histologic slides were prepared from the thickest cross-sections of the scars, and from these slides the cross-sectional area of each scar was measured. A hypertrophic index was calculated by comparing the area of the scar to the baseline value of unwounded skin. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS/STAT NESTED Procedure for hierarchical data. RESULTS Among the rabbits treated with minocycline, the mean hypertrophic index was 1.08 +/- 0.01, compared with 1.54 +/- 0.03 in the control group (p = 0.03), representing an 85 percent reduction in hypertrophic area. CONCLUSIONS Systemically administered minocycline significantly reduces the severity of hypertrophic scarring in a rabbit model. Although not directly examined in this study, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition is hypothesized to be responsible for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Henry
- Columbia, Mo. From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, and the Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri Hospital and Clinics
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Turner NA, Ho S, Warburton P, O'Regan DJ, Porter KE. Smooth muscle cells cultured from human saphenous vein exhibit increased proliferation, invasion, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in vitro compared with paired internal mammary artery cells. J Vasc Surg 2007; 45:1022-8. [PMID: 17466797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, invasion, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion are key events in the development of intimal hyperplasia, the lesion that causes coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) failure. Saphenous vein (SV) grafts are the most commonly used bypass conduits but are markedly more susceptible to intimal hyperplasia than internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts. We hypothesized that this may be due to inherent functional differences between SV-SMCs and IMA-SMCs. In this study we used paired cultures of SV-SMCs and IMA-SMCs from the same patients and compared their rates of proliferation, invasion, migration, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion. METHODS SMCs were cultured from explants of paired SV and IMA from 22 patients undergoing CABG. SMC populations of equivalent passage were used to determine proliferation in response to 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 10 ng/mL platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and 10 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) by counting cells during a 7-day period. Immunoblotting was used to quantify phosphorylation of p44/42-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Invasion and migration rates of paired SMCs were quantified using a modified Boyden chamber technique in the presence or absence of a Matrigel basement membrane barrier (BD Biosciences, Oxford, UK). Conditioned media from invasion assays were analyzed for secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by gelatin zymography. RESULTS Analysis of areas under curves for 7-day proliferation assays revealed that the number of SV-SMCs in response to FCS, PDGF, and bFGF was 2.1, 2.0, and 2.3 times higher, respectively, than that of paired IMA-SMCs. Basal MAPK activation in SV-SMCs was approximately double that of paired IMA-SMCs. SV-SMCs exhibited a 2.1-fold increase in invasion rate (Matrigel barrier) compared with IMA-SMCs, but migration rates (no Matrigel barrier) and MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion were similar for the two cell types. CONCLUSIONS Human SV-SMCs are inherently more proliferative and invasive than paired IMA-SMCs, likely due to a relative increase in p44/42-MAPK activation. These inherent functional differences between SMC of different origins may contribute to the increased prevalence of intimal hyperplasia in SV grafts compared with IMA grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Turner
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Turner NA, Hall KT, Ball SG, Porter KE. Selective gene silencing of either MMP-2 or MMP-9 inhibits invasion of human saphenous vein smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 2006; 193:36-43. [PMID: 16979647 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) facilitates smooth muscle cell (SMC) invasion, an important event in the development of intimal hyperplasia in saphenous vein (SV) bypass grafts. In this study, we performed selective gene silencing using small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotides to examine the relative contributions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 to the invasiveness of cultured human SV-SMCs. Cultures were established from human SV obtained from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Transfection of SV-SMCs with MMP-2 siRNA selectively reduced MMP-2 secretion and inhibited invasion through a Matrigel barrier. Supplementation of medium with recombinant MMP-2 overcame these effects. Similarly, transfection of SV-SMCs with MMP-9 siRNA selectively reduced MMP-9 secretion and subsequent invasion, effects reversed by recombinant MMP-9 supplementation. Neither MMP-2 nor MMP-9 siRNA inhibited SV-SMC migration in the absence of a Matrigel barrier. Our data demonstrate that selective gene-silencing of either MMP-2 or MMP-9 markedly reduces the invasive capacity of cultured human SV-SMCs, indicating that these MMPs play distinct non-overlapping roles in SV-SMC invasion in vitro. Specific manipulation of either MMP-2 or MMP-9 may therefore provide a valuable strategy for prevention of SV graft stenosis in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Turner
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Worsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Genter MB. Molecular biology of the nasal airways: how do we assess cellular and molecular responses in the nose? Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34:274-80. [PMID: 16698726 DOI: 10.1080/01926230600713491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We summarize studies herein that relate to use of molecular techniques to assess mechanism of toxicant and carcinogen action on the nasal mucosa. Specifically, we present the results of an in vivo mutagenesis assay with the herbicide alachlor, which causes olfactory mucosal tumors in rats following dietary administration. A positive response was found in olfactory mucosa after 3 mo of treatment. There was no increase in mutant frequency in the adjacent nasal respiratory mucosa or in liver, which are both non-target tissues for alachlor carcinogenesis. We also summarize previous findings of gene expression studies. One on these was a GeneChip experiment aimed at elucidating the mechanism of alachlor olfactory carcinogenesis, wherein we found that oxidative stress and gelatinase genes were upregulated early in the carcinogenic process, while genes consistent with activation of Wnt signaling were activated later in the carcinogenic process. The final example presented summarizes the results of a microarray experiment designed to identify novel olfactory genes involved in the plasticity of the olfactory mucosa. Those studies identified novel olfactory mucosal genes including Sgpl1 and Pon1. In each instance, precise sampling is emphasized and proper controls are discussed, and examples of independent means of validation of genomics experiments are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Genter
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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Schachner T. Pharmacologic inhibition of vein graft neointimal hyperplasia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 131:1065-72. [PMID: 16678591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although arterial conduits are widely used and have improved the long-term results of coronary artery bypass grafting, vein grafts remain important additional conduits in coronary surgery. Newer studies show a saphenous vein graft patency of 60% or more at 10 years postoperatively. The pathology of vein graft disease consists of thrombosis, neointimal hyperplasia, and vein graft atherosclerosis, which limit graft longevity. Therapeutic strategies to prevent vein graft disease include external stenting, pharmacotherapy, and gene therapy. The potential benefits of a pharmacologic approach are as follows: (1) Drugs with a broad clinical experience can be used; (2) side effects of systemic application can be minimized by local therapy; and (3) no vascular injury, such as pressurizing the vein for a viral transfection approach, is necessary. The different sites for pharmacotherapy in vein graft disease are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schachner
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Kalela A, Limnell V, Aittoniemi J, Virtanen V, Jaakkola O, Lehtimäki T, Nikkari ST. Serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 and venous bypass graft occlusion. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2006; 66:7-14. [PMID: 16464782 DOI: 10.1080/00365510500402125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary results after coronary artery bypass grafting are good, but early clinical events as a result of graft occlusion are still a problem. Early occlusions are thought to be due to thrombosis or fibrointimal hyperplasia superimposed by thrombosis, but the etiology of these phenomena is not fully understood. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 has been suggested to have a role in graft occlusion ex vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS We investigated whether the level of serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 reflects its proposed role in occlusion of vein grafts. The study population consisted of 30 men with a history of myocardial infarction and 31 men without myocardial infarction who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting. All the men were asymptomatic. RESULTS Among the patients with no previous myocardial infarction, serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 level was significantly higher in those with graft occlusion than in those without occlusion (54.0+/-11.0 microg/L and 41.7+/-10.4 microg/L, respectively, p = 0.006), and it correlated positively with the number of occluded grafts (R = 0.55, p = 0.001). In the patients with myocardial infarction, this effect was not detected. CONCLUSIONS Serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 reflected the occurrence of vein graft occlusion in subjects with no previous history of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kalela
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Tampere Medical School, FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland
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19
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Genter MB, Warner BM, Krell HW, Bolon B. Reduction of alachlor-induced olfactory mucosal neoplasms by the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor Ro 28-2653. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 33:593-9. [PMID: 16178123 DOI: 10.1080/01926230500244522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to the chloracetanilide herbicide alachlor has been shown to cause olfactory mucosal neoplasms. Genomic analysis of olfactory mucosa from rats given alachlor (126 mg/kg/d) for from 1 day to 18 mo suggested that matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 were upregulated in the month following initiation of treatment. The present studies were designed to confirm this latter finding and to explore the potential role of MMPs in alachlor-induced olfactory carcinogenesis. Zymographic analysis of olfactory mucosal extracts confirmed that MMP-2 activity is higher in the olfactory mucosa of alachlor-treated rats. Therefore, rats were fed alachlor (126 mg/kg/d in the diet for 1 year) either with or without the MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitor Ro 28-2653 (100 mg/kg daily by gavage for the first 2 months of alachlor treatment). The number of olfactory mucosal neoplasms was reduced by 25% after 1 year of alachlor treatment in rats that received both alachlor and Ro 28-2653. The morphology of alachlor-induced olfactory tumors was similar whether or not Ro 28-2653 had been given; the MMP inhibitor itself had no impact on olfactory mucosal histology. These data confirm that olfactory mucosal MMP-2 activity is increased following short-term alachlor exposure and show that administration of an MMP-2/9 inhibitor reduced the incidence of olfactory neoplasms in alachlor-treated rats, thereby implicating MMP-2 activity as a mediator of alachlor-induced carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Genter
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA.
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20
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Han DW, Park YH, Kim JK, Jung TG, Lee KY, Hyon SH, Park JC. Survival rates of patients with malignant melanoma of the skin. ANNALES CHIRURGIAE ET GYNAECOLOGIAE 2005; 11:1054-64. [PMID: 16144441 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2005.11.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on cases of malignant melanoma of the skin diagnosed in Finland between 1963 and 1968. Sufficient data for estimating the survival was obtained in 691 cases. The ten-year relative survival rate for the entire series was 41% for males and 53% for females. This sex difference remained constant throughout the various divisions of the material. The ten-year relative survival rate of males with tumour in stage I was 52% and that of females 59%. The highest survival rate of stage I tumour in males was for the tumours of the lower extremities (77%) and in females for those in the head and neck (79%). The relative survival of patients with tumour of the trunk in stage I was lowest in both sexes (males 49%, females 45%). The ten-year relative survival rate of patients with a local recurrence was 33% in males and 27% in females. The relative ten-year survival rates of patients with superficial melanoma were 130% in males and 92% in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Turner NA, O'Regan DJ, Ball SG, Porter KE. Simvastatin inhibits MMP‐9 secretion from human saphenous vein smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK pathway and reducing MMP‐9 mRNA levels. FASEB J 2005; 19:804-6. [PMID: 15728660 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2852fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression is associated with intimal hyperplasia in saphenous vein (SV) bypass grafts. Recent evidence suggests that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) can prevent the progression of vein graft failure. Here we investigated whether statins inhibited MMP-9 secretion from cultured human SV smooth muscle cells (SMC) and examined the underlying mechanisms. SV-SMC from different patients were exposed to phorbol ester (TPA) or PDGF-BB plus interleukin-1alpha (IL-1). MMP-9 secretion and mRNA expression were analyzed using gelatin zymography and RT-PCR, respectively. Specific signal transduction pathways were investigated by immunoblotting and pharmacological inhibition. Simvastatin reduced TPA- and PDGF/IL-1-induced MMP-9 secretion and mRNA levels, effects reversed by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and mimicked by inhibiting Rho geranylgeranylation or Rho-kinase (ROCK). MMP-9 secretion induced by PDGF/IL-1 was mediated via the ERK, p38 MAPK, and NFkappaB pathways, whereas that induced by TPA was mediated specifically via the ERK pathway. Simvastatin failed to inhibit activation of these signaling pathways. Moreover, simvastatin did not affect MMP-9 mRNA stability. Together these data suggest that simvastatin reduces MMP-9 secretion from human SV-SMC by inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK pathway and decreasing MMP-9 mRNA levels independently of effects on signaling pathways required for MMP-9 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Turner
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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22
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Corpataux JM, Naik J, Porter KE, London NJM. A Comparison of Six Statins on the Development of Intimal Hyperplasia in a Human Vein Culture Model. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005; 29:177-81. [PMID: 15649726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intimal hyperplasia (IH) threatens the patency of up to 35% of saphenous vein (SV) bypass grafts. In addition to reducing cholesterol levels, statins may modulate smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Statins inhibit matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. We therefore investigated the effect of six statins on neointimal formation and MMP activity in human SV organ culture. STUDY DESIGN Human SV specimens were cultured for 14 days in the presence of six different statins and subsequently processed for measurement of neointimal thickness and MMP activity. The drug concentrations chosen corresponded to the manufacturers' Cmax. RESULTS The six statins all significantly reduced IH development (P = 0.004) in association with reduced expression of proMMP-2 and 9 (P = 0.03) and reduced activity of activated MMP-2 and 9 (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION This study suggests that the potential benefit of statins in reducing IH is a class effect and not confined to specific statins. The reduction of IH produced by statins may in part be due to their inhibition of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Corpataux
- Service de Chirugie Thoracique et Vasculaire, 1011 Lausanne Chuv, Switzerland
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23
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Rotmans JI, Velema E, Verhagen HJM, Blankensteijn JD, de Kleijn DPV, Stroes ESG, Pasterkamp G. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition reduces intimal hyperplasia in a porcine arteriovenous-graft model. J Vasc Surg 2004; 39:432-9. [PMID: 14743149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2003.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The patency of arteriovenous (AV) polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for hemodialysis is impaired by intimal hyperplasia (IH) at the venous outflow tract. IH mainly consists of vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix proteins. Because matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes able to degrade extracellular matrix proteins such as elastin and collagen and also stimulate migration of vascular smooth muscle cells, we hypothesized that BB2983 (a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor) could reduce IH in AV grafts. METHODS In 12 pigs, AV grafts were created bilaterally between the carotid artery and the jugular vein. Six pigs received the oral MMP inhibitor (MMPi), and six pigs served as a control. Four weeks after AV shunting, the grafts and adjacent vessels were excised and underwent histologic analysis. Quantification of elastin content was performed on Elastin von Gieson-stained sections. RESULTS At the venous outflow tract, IH was strongly inhibited after MMPi when compared with the control group (1.02 +/- 0.26 mm(2) vs 2.14 +/- 0.38 mm(2); P =.027). The medial area did not differ significantly. In the control group elastin density decreased compared with nonoperated veins. This decrease was not observed in the MMPi group (nonoperated, 6.3% +/- 0.4%; MMPi, 7.2% +/- 0.7% vs untreated, 3.6% +/- 0.5%; P =.0004). Outward remodeling of the vein was not influenced by MMP inhibition. CONCLUSION MMPi reduces IH formation at the venous outflow tract of AV grafts in pigs, probably by inhibiting elastin degradation. These data suggest that MMP inhibitors might be useful for minimizing IH in AV grafts, thus prolonging patency rates of AV grafts in patients on hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris I Rotmans
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Axisa B, Loftus IM, Naylor AR, Goodall S, Jones L, Bell PRF, Thompson MM. Prospective, randomized, double-blind trial investigating the effect of doxycycline on matrix metalloproteinase expression within atherosclerotic carotid plaques. Stroke 2002; 33:2858-64. [PMID: 12468782 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000038098.04291.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-1 and MMP-9, have been implicated in plaque rupture. It has been suggested that inhibition of MMPs may stabilize vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques and improve clinical outcome. The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of doxycycline, a nonspecific MMP inhibitor, to reduce MMP concentration in carotid atheroma. METHODS The study design was a prospective, double-blind randomized trial. One hundred patients requiring carotid endarterectomy were randomized to receive 200 mg/d doxycycline or placebo for 2 to 8 weeks before surgery. During endarterectomy, carotid plaques were retrieved. The concentrations of MMPs and doxycycline were determined in the atherosclerotic tissue by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Clinical events were recorded, as was the rate of preoperative embolization (transcranial Doppler). RESULTS Analysis of endarterectomized specimens demonstrated a mean doxycycline concentration of 6.0 micro g/g wet weight in treated patients. Administration of doxycycline significantly reduced the concentration of MMP-1 in carotid plaques from a mean of 14.8 to 10.3 ng/100g wet weight (P=0.038). This difference was due to decreased MMP-1 transcript (P<0.001). There was no difference in any other MMP (MMP-2, -3, or -9) or tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 or -2. CONCLUSIONS Doxycycline penetrated atherosclerotic plaques with acceptable tissue levels. This resulted in a reduction in MMP-1 concentration because of decreased expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Axisa
- Department of Surgery, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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25
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Lamfers MLM, Grimbergen JM, Aalders MC, Havenga MJ, de Vries MR, Huisman LGM, van Hinsbergh VWM, Quax PHA. Gene transfer of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-targeted matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP-1.ATF suppresses neointima formation more efficiently than tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Circ Res 2002; 91:945-52. [PMID: 12433840 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000041418.51906.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteases of the plasminogen activator (PA) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) system play an important role in smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and neointima formation after vascular injury. Inhibition of either PAs or MMPs has previously been shown to result in decreased neointima formation in vivo. To inhibit both protease systems simultaneously, a novel hybrid protein, TIMP-1.ATF, was constructed consisting of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) domain, as MMP inhibitor, linked to the receptor-binding amino terminal fragment (ATF) of urokinase. By binding to the u-PA receptor this protein will not only anchor the TIMP-1 moiety directly to the cell surface, it will also prevent the local activation of plasminogen by blocking the binding of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) to its receptor. Adenoviral expression of TIMP-1.ATF was used to inhibit SMC migration and neointima formation in human saphenous vein segments in vitro. SMC migration was inhibited by 65% in Ad.TIMP-1.ATF-infected cells. Infection with adenoviral vectors encoding the individual domains, Ad.TIMP-1 and Ad.ATF, reduced migration by 32% and 52%, respectively. Neointima formation in saphenous vein organ cultures infected with Ad.TIMP-1.ATF was inhibited by 72% compared with 42% reduction after Ad.TIMP-1 infection and 34% after Ad.ATF infection. These data show that binding of TIMP-1.ATF hybrid protein to the u-PA receptor at the cell surface strongly enhances the inhibitory effect of TIMP-1 on neointima formation in human saphenous vein cultures.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- CHO Cells/cytology
- CHO Cells/drug effects
- CHO Cells/metabolism
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cricetinae
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 13
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Saphenous Vein/cytology
- Saphenous Vein/drug effects
- Saphenous Vein/metabolism
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/genetics
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/pharmacology
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/genetics
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Abstract
There is growing interest in the role of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular diseases. These conditions are often characterized by excessive tissue remodelling, and increased matrix metalloproteinase activity has been demonstrated in aneurysms, intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerotic plaque disruption. These enzymes represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention to modify vascular pathology. The core of this review is derived from a MEDLINE database literature search. The review found that there is convincing evidence of increased matrix metalloproteinase activity in a spectrum of vascular disease. Evidence for an imbalance promoting increased matrix degradation is less well documented. However, studies of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition in vascular disease models suggest potential therapeutic benefit. In conclusion, in vivo studies of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition are required to further study the potential for reversal or deceleration of the excessive tissue remodelling that accompanies vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Loftus
- Department of Surgery, Leicester University, UK.
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27
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Roach DM, Fitridge RA, Laws PE, Millard SH, Varelias A, Cowled PA. Up-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 leads to degradation of type IV collagen during skeletal muscle reperfusion injury; protection by the MMP inhibitor, doxycycline. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002; 23:260-9. [PMID: 11914015 DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to determine the role of matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, in reperfusion injury following skeletal muscle ischaemia and whether inhibition of MMPs by doxycycline protects against tissue damage. METHODS rats were anaesthetised and a tourniquet applied to the proximal thigh to occlude blood flow. Four hours of ischaemia was followed by reperfusion for 0, 4, 24 or 72 h. Two further groups received doxycycline for 7 days prior to bilateral ischaemia and 24 h reperfusion. Skeletal muscle from both limbs, kidneys and lungs were harvested for zymography and immunohistochemical staining for type IV collagen. RESULTS upregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was detected by zymography in the ischaemic leg and lung but not in the kidney. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis showed marked degradation of type IV collagen in reperfused muscle, lung and kidney. Doxycycline-treated rats showed significant preservation of type IV collagen in skeletal muscle and a trend towards preservation in kidney and lung. CONCLUSIONS MMP-2 and MMP-9 are strongly upregulated in skeletal muscle ischaemia/reperfusion injury and are also upregulated in remote organs, leading to degradation of basement membranes. Inhibition of MMP activity may therefore be potentially therapeutically useful in reducing the severity of reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Roach
- Department of Surgery, The University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia 5011
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28
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Jones PL, Chapados R, Baldwin HS, Raff GW, Vitvitsky EV, Spray TL, Gaynor JW. Altered hemodynamics controls matrix metalloproteinase activity and tenascin-C expression in neonatal pig lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L26-35. [PMID: 11741812 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00171.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TN-C) expression and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity are induced within remodeling pulmonary arteries (PAs), where they promote cell growth. Because pulmonary vascular disease in children with congenital heart defects is commonly associated with changes in pulmonary hemodynamics, we hypothesized that changes in pulmonary blood flow regulate TN-C and MMPs. To test this, we ligated the left PAs of neonatal pigs. After 12 wk, we evaluated the levels of TN-C and MMPs in control and ligated lung tissue. Modifying pulmonary hemodynamics increased TN-C mRNA and protein expression, MMP activity, and the DNA-binding activity of Egr-1, a transcription factor that has been shown to activate TN-C expression. To link MMP-mediated remodeling of the extracellular matrix to increased TN-C expression and Egr-1 activity, porcine PA smooth muscle cells were cultivated either on denatured type I collagen, which supported TN-C expression and Egr-1 activity, or on native collagen, which had the opposite effect. These data provide a framework for understanding how changes in pulmonary blood flow in the neonate modify the tissue microenvironment and cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lloyd Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
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29
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Patterson MA, Leville CD, Hower CD, Jean-Claude JM, Seabrook GR, Towne JB, Cambria RA. Shear force regulates matrix metalloproteinase activity in human saphenous vein organ culture. J Surg Res 2001; 95:67-72. [PMID: 11120638 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2000.6045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of vein graft intimal hyperplasia has been related both to shear force and to the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Little data are available regarding the effects of shear on MMP expression and activity. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship among shear force, metalloproteinase activity, and intimal thickening in human saphenous vein segments maintained in organ culture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Segments of human saphenous vein were cultured under static conditions, or perfused under low-flow and high-flow conditions in a perfusion apparatus for 7 days. Metalloproteinase levels and activities were measured using ELISA and substrate gel zymography, respectively. Intimal thickening was determined by morphometric analysis. Results were compared with control vein tissue, which was not subjected to organ culture, using a one-way ANOVA. RESULTS A 13% increase in proteolytic activity was noted on substrate gel zymography at 68-72 kDa in high-flow vein tissue. The protein content of MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and TIMP-2 was increased in high-flow vein tissue by 21%, 126%, more than 100-fold, and 86%, respectively. In culture media bathing the outside of the vein, TIMP-2 was increased in high-flow specimens, while TIMP-1 was inversely related to flow rate. Intimal thickening was directly related to flow rates, and was progressively increased in the low-flow and high-flow groups by 3-fold and 4-fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Metalloproteinase levels in human saphenous vein cultures are related to shear force. MMP levels and activity correlate with the degree of intimal thickening. This model may provide a valuable tool for the analysis of physical forces and their influence on intimal thickening in human saphenous vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Patterson
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
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30
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Peterson M, Porter KE, Loftus IM, Thompson MM, London NJ. Marimastat inhibits neointimal thickening in a model of human arterial intimal hyperplasia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000; 19:461-7. [PMID: 10828225 DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.1999.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) produced by vascular smooth-muscle cells (VSMCs) degrade extracellular matrix and facilitate the migration of these cells. This is a fundamental process in arterial intimal hyperplasia. This study investigated whether Marimastat (a selective but non-specific MMP inhibitor) can prevent intimal hyperplasia in cultured human internal mammary artery (IMA). MATERIALS AND METHODS segments of IMA from 8 patients were prepared and cultured for 14 days in serum-supplemented medium (control) or in medium supplemented with Marimastat at 2 concentrations (treatment groups). The tissue was fixed, sectioned, stained and neointimal thicknesses measured by computer-aided image analysis. Further sections were cultured in the same manner and prepared for gel enzymography to quantify the production of MMPs. RESULTS neointimal thickness was significantly reduced by Marimastat in a dose-dependent manner when compared to controls (p =0.008 Wilcoxon). Gel enzymography demonstrated a reduction in levels of MMP2 and MMP9. This was most significant for the active forms of the enzymes ( p =0.03). CONCLUSIONS our results suggest that there is a potential therapeutic role for specific inhibition of the gelatinases in the prevention of human arterial restenosis.
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MESH Headings
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Artery Bypass
- Coronary Disease/surgery
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/enzymology
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/pathology
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/prevention & control
- Humans
- Hydroxamic Acids/therapeutic use
- Hyperplasia/prevention & control
- Mammary Arteries/drug effects
- Mammary Arteries/enzymology
- Mammary Arteries/pathology
- Mammary Arteries/transplantation
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
- Metalloendopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/enzymology
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peterson
- Department of Surgery, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, U.K
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