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Liu H, Wang J, Yue G, Xu J. Placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells protect against diabetic kidney disease by upregulating autophagy-mediated SIRT1/FOXO1 pathway. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2303396. [PMID: 38234193 PMCID: PMC10798286 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2303396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common chronic microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. Although studies have indicated the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for DKD, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we explored the renoprotective effect of placenta-derived MSCs (P-MSCs) and the potential mechanism of SIRT1/FOXO1 pathway-mediated autophagy in DKD. The urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio was determined using ELISA, and renal pathological changes were detected by special staining techniques. Immunofluorescence was used for detecting the renal tissue expression of podocin and nephrin; immunohistochemistry for the renal expression of autophagy-related proteins (LC3, Beclin-1, SIRT1, and FOXO1); and western blotting and PCR for the expression of podocyte autophagy- and pathway-related indicators. We found that P-MSCs ameliorated renal tubular injury and glomerular mesangial matrix deposition and alleviated podocyte damage in DKD rats. PMSCs enhanced autophagy levels and increased SIRT1 and FOXO1 expression in DKD rat renal tissue, whereas the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine significantly attenuated the renoprotective effect of P-MSCs. P-MSCs improved HG-induced Mouse podocyte clone5(MPC5)injury, increased podocyte autophagy, and upregulated SIRT1 and FOXO1 expression. Moreover, downregulation of SIRT1 expression blocked the P-MSC-mediated enhancement of podocyte autophagy and improvement of podocyte injury. Thus, P-MSCs can significantly improve renal damage and reduce podocyte injury in DKD rats by modulating the SIRT1/FOXO1 pathway and enhancing podocyte autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R.China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R.China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, P.R.China
- Jiangxi branch of national clinical research center for metabolic disease, Nanchang, P.R.China
| | - Guanru Yue
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell biology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Jixiong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R.China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, P.R.China
- Jiangxi branch of national clinical research center for metabolic disease, Nanchang, P.R.China
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2
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Empitu MA, Rinastiti P, Kadariswantiningsih IN. Targeting endothelin signaling in podocyte injury and diabetic nephropathy-diabetic kidney disease. J Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s40620-024-02072-w. [PMID: 39302622 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-024-02072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite advances in diabetes management, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies since the current treatments remain insufficient in halting the progression of diabetic nephropathy-diabetic kidney disease (DN-DKD). This review is mainly addressed on the pivotal role of endothelin-1 in the pathophysiology of DN, with a specific focus on its effects on podocytes and the glomerular filtration barrier. Endothelin-1 promotes mesangial cell proliferation, sclerosis, and direct podocyte injury via the activation of endothelin type A and B receptors, that drive the progression of glomerulosclerosis in DN-DKD. Endothelin receptor antagonists, including drugs like atrasentan and sparsentan, have demonstrated nephroprotective effects in experimental models by reducing proteinuria and podocyte injury. The therapeutic potential to slow the progression of DN to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) of these endothelin receptor antagonists in clinical practice is currently under evaluation. However, fluid retention and increased risk of heart failure associated with endothelin receptor antagonists need careful consideration. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the pathophysiological role of endothelin and the emerging therapeutic implications of targeting this pathway in DN-DKD and discusses efficacy, safety, and the possibility of combining the new generation of endothelin receptor antagonists with the standard treatment of CKD and DN-DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulana Antiyan Empitu
- Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Natural Sciences (FIKKIA), Airlangga University, Banyuwangi, Indonesia
| | - Pranindya Rinastiti
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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3
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Lewko B, Wodzińska M, Daca A, Płoska A, Obremska K, Kalinowski L. Urolithin A Ameliorates the TGF Beta-Dependent Impairment of Podocytes Exposed to High Glucose. J Pers Med 2024; 14:914. [PMID: 39338168 PMCID: PMC11433157 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14090914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased activity of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a key factor mediating kidney impairment in diabetes. Glomerular podocytes, the crucial component of the renal filter, are a direct target of TGF-β action, resulting in irreversible cell loss and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Urolithin A (UA) is a member of the family of polyphenol metabolites produced by gut microbiota from ellagitannins and ellagic acid-rich foods. The broad spectrum of biological activities of UA makes it a promising candidate for the treatment of podocyte disorders. In this in vitro study, we investigated whether UA influences the changes exerted in podocytes by TGF-β and high glucose. Following a 7-day incubation in normal (NG, 5.5 mM) or high (HG, 25 mM) glucose, the cells were treated with UA and/or TGF-β1 for 24 h. HG and TGF-β1, each independent and in concert reduced expression of nephrin, increased podocyte motility, and up-regulated expression of b3 integrin and fibronectin. These typical-for-epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) effects were inhibited by UA in both HG and NG conditions. UA also reduced the typically elevated HG expression of TGF-β receptors and activation of the TGF-β signal transducer Smad2. Our results indicate that in podocytes cultured in conditions mimicking the diabetic milieu, UA inhibits and reverses changes underlying podocytopenia in diabetic kidneys. Hence, UA should be considered as a potential therapeutic agent in podocytopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lewko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Daca
- Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics-Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics-Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- BioTechMed Center, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-223 Gdansk, Poland
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Zhong S, Wang N, Zhang C. Podocyte Death in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Potential Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9035. [PMID: 39201721 PMCID: PMC11354906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell deaths maintain the normal function of tissues and organs. In pathological conditions, the abnormal activation or disruption of cell death often leads to pathophysiological effects. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a significant microvascular complication of diabetes, is linked to high mortality and morbidity rates, imposing a substantial burden on global healthcare systems and economies. Loss and detachment of podocytes are key pathological changes in the progression of DKD. This review explores the potential mechanisms of apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and podoptosis in podocytes, focusing on how different cell death modes contribute to the progression of DKD. It recognizes the limitations of current research and presents the latest basic and clinical research studies targeting podocyte death pathways in DKD. Lastly, it focuses on the future of targeting podocyte cell death to treat DKD, with the intention of inspiring further research and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Grants
- 82370728, 81974097, 82170773, 82100729, 82100794, 82200808, 82200841, 81800610, 82300843, 82300851, 82300786 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2023BCB034 Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province
- 2021YFC2500200 National Key Research and Development Program of China
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.Z.); (N.W.)
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Lin J, Lin Y, Li X, He F, Gao Q, Wang Y, Huang Z, Xiong F. Uncovering the Role of Anoikis-Related Genes in Modulating Immune Infiltration and Pathogenesis of Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:4975-4991. [PMID: 39070131 PMCID: PMC11283803 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s446752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is an intricate complication of diabetes with limited treatment options. Anoikis, a programmed cell death activated by loss of cell anchorage to the extracellular matrix, participated in various physiological and pathological processes. Our study aimed to elucidate the role of anoikis-related genes in DKD pathogenesis. Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with anoikis in DKD were identified. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify DKD-correlated modules and assess their functional implications. A diagnostic model for DKD was developed using LASSO regression and Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) was performed for enrichment analysis. Experimental validation was employed to validate the significance of selected genes in the progression of DKD. Results We identified 10 anoikis-related DEGs involved in key signaling pathways impacting DKD progression. WGCNA highlighted the yellow module's significant enrichment in immune response and regulatory pathways. Correlation analysis further revealed the association between immune infiltration and anoikis-related DEGs. Our LASSO regression-based diagnostic model demonstrated a well-predictive efficacy with seven identified genes. GSVA indicated that gene function in the high-risk group was primarily associated with immune regulation. Further experimental validation using diabetic mouse models and data analysis in the single-cell dataset confirmed the significance of PYCARD and SFN in DKD progression. High glucose stimulation in RAW264.7 and TCMK-1 cells showed significantly increased expression levels of both Pycard and Sfn. Co-expression analysis demonstrated distinct functions of PYCARD and SFN, with KEGG pathway analysis showing significant enrichment in immune regulation and cell proliferation pathway. Conclusion In conclusion, our study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in DKD pathogenesis, specifically highlighting the role of anoikis-related genes in modulating immune infiltration. These findings suggest that targeting these genes may hold promise for future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in DKD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiong Lin
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, People’s Republic of China
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Yunkang School of Medicine and Health, Nanfang College, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- General Surgery Department; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei He
- Department of Medical Genetics/Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinyuan Gao
- Yunkang School of Medicine and Health, Nanfang College, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanjun Wang
- Yunkang School of Medicine and Health, Nanfang College, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zena Huang
- Yunkang School of Medicine and Health, Nanfang College, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu Xiong
- Department of Medical Genetics/Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Taherian M, Bayati P, Mojtabavi N. Stem cell-based therapy for fibrotic diseases: mechanisms and pathways. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:170. [PMID: 38886859 PMCID: PMC11184790 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological process, that could result in permanent scarring and impairment of the physiological function of the affected organ; this condition which is categorized under the term organ failure could affect various organs in different situations. The involvement of the major organs, such as the lungs, liver, kidney, heart, and skin, is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality across the world. Fibrotic disorders encompass a broad range of complications and could be traced to various illnesses and impairments; these could range from simple skin scars with beauty issues to severe rheumatologic or inflammatory disorders such as systemic sclerosis as well as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Besides, the overactivation of immune responses during any inflammatory condition causing tissue damage could contribute to the pathogenic fibrotic events accompanying the healing response; for instance, the inflammation resulting from tissue engraftment could cause the formation of fibrotic scars in the grafted tissue, even in cases where the immune system deals with hard to clear infections, fibrotic scars could follow and cause severe adverse effects. A good example of such a complication is post-Covid19 lung fibrosis which could impair the life of the affected individuals with extensive lung involvement. However, effective therapies that halt or slow down the progression of fibrosis are missing in the current clinical settings. Considering the immunomodulatory and regenerative potential of distinct stem cell types, their application as an anti-fibrotic agent, capable of attenuating tissue fibrosis has been investigated by many researchers. Although the majority of the studies addressing the anti-fibrotic effects of stem cells indicated their potent capabilities, the underlying mechanisms, and pathways by which these cells could impact fibrotic processes remain poorly understood. Here, we first, review the properties of various stem cell types utilized so far as anti-fibrotic treatments and discuss the challenges and limitations associated with their applications in clinical settings; then, we will summarize the general and organ-specific mechanisms and pathways contributing to tissue fibrosis; finally, we will describe the mechanisms and pathways considered to be employed by distinct stem cell types for exerting anti-fibrotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Taherian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Bayati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Mojtabavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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O'Reilly S. S100A4 a classical DAMP as a therapeutic target in fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2024; 127:1-7. [PMID: 38219976 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis regardless of aetiology is characterised by persistently activated myofibroblasts that are contractile and secrete excessive amounts of extracellular matrix molecules that leads to loss of organ function. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous host-derived molecules that are released from cells dying or under stress that can be triggered by a variety of insults, either chemical or physical, leading to an inflammatory response. Among these DAMPs is S100A4, part of the S100 family of calcium binding proteins that participate in a variety of cellular processes. S100A4 was first described in context of cancer as a pro-metastatic factor. It is now appreciated that aside from its role in cancer promotion, S100A4 is intimately involved in tissue fibrosis. The extracellular form of S100A4 exerts its effects through multiple receptors including Toll-Like Receptor 4 and RAGE to evoke signalling cascades involving downstream mediators facilitating extracellular matrix deposition and myofibroblast generation and can play a role in persistent activation of myofibroblasts. S100A4 may be best understood as an amplifier of inflammatory and fibrotic processes. S100A4 appears critical in systemic sclerosis pathogenesis and blocking the extracellular form of S100A4 in vivo in various animal models of disease mitigates fibrosis and may even reverse established disease. This review appraises S100A4's position as a DAMP and its role in fibrotic conditions and highlight therapeutically targeting this protein to halt fibrosis, suggesting that it is a tractable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven O'Reilly
- Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom.
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8
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Bogdanova EO, Kochoyan ZS, Anpilova AO, Narygina DS, Kostin NA, Sipovsky VG, Dobronravov VA. [Molecular alterations of podocytes in primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and IgA nephropathy. (An exploratory study)]. Arkh Patol 2024; 86:21-32. [PMID: 39434524 DOI: 10.17116/patol20248605121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An evaluation of podocyte's molecular phenotype alterations in primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (pFSGS) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN). MATERIAL AND METHODS The exploratory study included 14 cases of morphologically confirmed pFSGS, 14 cases of IgAN, and 12 negative controls. The negative controls comprised samples of the unaltered renal cortex obtained during laparoscopic nephrectomy in patients with malignant neoplasms of the kidney and bladder and without proteinuria. A quantitative immunomorphological study of Wilms tumour protein (WT1) expression and mesenchymal markers of podocytes (desmin and vimentin) was conducted on all kidney samples. The co-expression of the aforementioned molecules was analysed using confocal microscopy. RESULTS Cases of pFSGS exhibited nephrotic syndrome with proteinuria of 9.3 (3.1-14) g/24 and typical glomerular alterations in light microscopy and ultrastructural analysis. In the IgAN group, proteinuria was less severe (1.2 (0.7-1.6) g/24). The estimated glomerular filtration rate in pFSGS and IgAN was similar (pFSGS: 85 (53-103) ml/min/1.72 m², IgAN: 76 (52-87) ml/min/1.72 m²; p=0.40). In both pFSGS and IgAN, there was a reduction in WT1 expression in podocytes and an increase in vimentin expression when compared to negative controls. Compared to IgAN and controls, pFSGS exhibited a lower prevalence of glomerular WT1 expression and higher expression of desmin, which was predominantly localised in WT1-negative glomerular areas in confocal microscopy. In pFSGS, decreased nuclear expression of WT1 and increased expression of desmin were observed in the parietal epithelium of the glomerular capsule. CONCLUSION Bidirectional alterations in the glomerular expression of WT1 and intermediate filament proteins are apparent in pFSGS and IgAN. These findings are suggestive for the genomic reprogramming of podocytes and the parietal epithelium of the glomerulus as part of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, determining the structural and functional disorders of these cells, more prominent in pFSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Bogdanova
- Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Z Sh Kochoyan
- Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A O Anpilova
- Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D S Narygina
- Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N A Kostin
- St. Petersburg State University - Research Resource Center for molecular and cell technologies, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - V G Sipovsky
- Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V A Dobronravov
- Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Takahashi N, Yokoi S, Kimura H, Naiki H, Matsusaka T, Yamamoto Y, Nakatani K, Kasuno K, Iwano M. Renoprotective effects of extracellular fibroblast specific protein 1 via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-mediated antioxidant activity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22540. [PMID: 38110482 PMCID: PMC10728167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocyte expression of fibroblast specific protein 1 (FSP1) is observed in various types of human glomerulonephritis. Considering that FSP1 is secreted extracellularly and has been shown to have multiple biological effects on distant cells, we postulated that secreted FSP1 from podocytes might impact renal tubules. Our RNA microarray analysis in a tubular epithelial cell line (mProx) revealed that FSP1 induced the expression of heme oxygenase 1, sequestosome 1, solute carrier family 7, member 11, and cystathionine gamma-lyase, all of which are associated with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) activation. Therefore, FSP1 is likely to exert cytoprotective effects through Nrf2-induced antioxidant activity. Moreover, in mProx, FSP1 facilitated Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus, increased levels of reduced glutathione, inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced cisplatin-induced cell death. FSP1 also ameliorated acute tubular injury in mice with cisplatin nephrotoxicity, which is a representative model of ROS-mediated tissue injury. Similarly, in transgenic mice that express FSP1 specifically in podocytes, tubular injury associated with cisplatin nephrotoxicity was also mitigated. Extracellular FSP1 secreted from podocytes acts on downstream tubular cells, exerting renoprotective effects through Nrf2-mediated antioxidant activity. Consequently, podocytes and tubular epithelial cells have a remote communication network to limit injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Seiji Yokoi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hideki Kimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hironobu Naiki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Nakatani
- Department of Nephrology, Yamashiro General Medical Center, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kasuno
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iwano
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
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10
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Yang H, Cheng H, Dai R, Shang L, Zhang X, Wen H. Macrophage polarization in tissue fibrosis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16092. [PMID: 37849830 PMCID: PMC10578305 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis can occur in all major organs with relentless progress, ultimately leading to organ failure and potentially death. Unfortunately, current clinical treatments cannot prevent or reverse tissue fibrosis. Thus, new and effective antifibrotic therapeutics are urgently needed. In recent years, a growing body of research shows that macrophages are involved in fibrosis. Macrophages are highly heterogeneous, polarizing into different phenotypes. Some studies have found that regulating macrophage polarization can inhibit the development of inflammation and cancer. However, the exact mechanism of macrophage polarization in different tissue fibrosis has not been fully elucidated. This review will discuss the major signaling pathways relevant to macrophage-driven fibrosis and profibrotic macrophage polarization, the role of macrophage polarization in fibrosis of lung, kidney, liver, skin, and heart, potential therapeutics targets, and investigational drugs currently in development, and hopefully, provide a useful review for the future treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Rongrong Dai
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Lili Shang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hongyan Wen
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
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11
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Satyadev N, Rivera MI, Nikolov NK, Fakoya AOJ. Exosomes as biomarkers and therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated complications. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1241096. [PMID: 37745252 PMCID: PMC10515224 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1241096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders worldwide. However, T2DM still remains underdiagnosed and undertreated resulting in poor quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. Given this ongoing burden, researchers have attempted to locate new therapeutic targets as well as methodologies to identify the disease and its associated complications at an earlier stage. Several studies over the last few decades have identified exosomes, small extracellular vesicles that are released by cells, as pivotal contributors to the pathogenesis of T2DM and its complications. These discoveries suggest the possibility of novel detection and treatment methods. This review provides a comprehensive presentation of exosomes that hold potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Additional focus is given to characterizing the role of exosomes in T2DM complications, including diabetic angiopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic wound healing. This study reveals that the utilization of exosomes as diagnostic markers and therapies is a realistic possibility for both T2DM and its complications. However, the majority of the current research is limited to animal models, warranting further investigation of exosomes in clinical trials. This review represents the most extensive and up-to-date exploration of exosomes in relation to T2DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Satyadev
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Milagros I. Rivera
- University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
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Guo W, Li H, Li Y, Kong W. Renal intrinsic cells remodeling in diabetic kidney disease and the regulatory effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115025. [PMID: 37385209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevalent complication of diabetes and a major secondary factor leading to end-stage renal disease. The kidney, a vital organ, is composed of a heterogeneous group of intrinsic cells, including glomerular endothelial cells, podocytes, mesangial cells, tubular epithelial cells, and interstitial fibroblasts. In the context of DKD, hyperglycemia elicits direct or indirect injury to these intrinsic cells, leading to their structural and functional changes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and transdifferentiation. The dynamic remodeling of intrinsic cells represents an adaptive response to stimulus during the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. However, the persistent stimulus may trigger an irreversible remodeling, leading to fibrosis and functional deterioration of the kidney. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, a new class of hypoglycemic drugs, exhibit efficacy in reducing blood glucose levels by curtailing renal tubular glucose reabsorption. Furthermore, SGLT2 inhibitors have been shown to modulate intrinsic cell remodeling in the kidney, ameliorate kidney structure and function, and decelerate DKD progression. This review will elaborate on the intrinsic cell remodeling in DKD and the underlying mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors in modulating it from the perspective of the renal intrinsic cell, providing insights into the pathogenesis of DKD and the renal protective action of SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China; Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Abnormalities and Vascular Aging, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China; Hubei Branch of National Center for Clinical Medical Research of Metabolic Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China; Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Abnormalities and Vascular Aging, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China; Hubei Branch of National Center for Clinical Medical Research of Metabolic Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China; Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Abnormalities and Vascular Aging, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China; Hubei Branch of National Center for Clinical Medical Research of Metabolic Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Wen Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China; Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Clinical Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Abnormalities and Vascular Aging, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China; Hubei Branch of National Center for Clinical Medical Research of Metabolic Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China.
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13
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Jin B, Liu J, Zhu Y, Lu J, Zhang Q, Liang Y, Shao Q, Jiang C. Kunxian capsule alleviates podocyte injury and proteinuria by inactivating β-catenin in db/db mice. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1213191. [PMID: 37457567 PMCID: PMC10349331 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1213191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains the primary cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally, but treatment options are limited. Kunxian capsule (KXC) has been utilized for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and IgA nephropathy in China. However, its effect on DKD remains poorly investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the protective effect of KXC in db/db mice and elucidate its underlying mechanism. Methods The renoprotective effects of KXC were assessed in a DKD mouse model using male BKS db/db diabetic mice. After 8 weeks of treatment, the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), blood biochemical parameters, renal histopathological manifestation, and podocyte ultrastructural changes were evaluated. Additionally, the expression of podocyte epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers [WT1, ZO-1, and collogen I (Col1a1)] was quantitatively analyzed. Furthermore, we explored the role of KXC in the β-catenin signaling pathway to elucidate the underlying mechanism of KXC's renoprotective effect. Results KXC treatment effectively reduced albuminuria and attenuated renal structural abnormalities in db/db mice. Additionally, KXC restored the protein and mRNA expression of WT1 and ZO-1 while suppressing the expression of Col1a1 in db/db mice, indicating its ability to alleviate podocyte EMT. Mechanistically, KXC exerted a significant suppressive effect on the activation of β-catenin signaling in diabetic kidneys. Conclusion KXC has the potential to protect podocytes during DKD by alleviating podocyte EMT through inactivating β-catenin signaling.
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Widjaja AA, Viswanathan S, Shekeran SG, Adami E, Lim WW, Chothani S, Tan J, Goh JWT, Chen HM, Lim SY, Boustany-Kari CM, Hawkins J, Petretto E, Hübner N, Schafer S, Coffman TM, Cook SA. Targeting endogenous kidney regeneration using anti-IL11 therapy in acute and chronic models of kidney disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7497. [PMID: 36470928 PMCID: PMC9723120 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney has large regenerative capacity, but this is compromised when kidney damage is excessive and renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) undergo SNAI1-driven growth arrest. Here we investigate the role of IL11 in TECs, kidney injury and renal repair. IL11 stimulation of TECs induces ERK- and p90RSK-mediated GSK3β inactivation, SNAI1 upregulation and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Mice with acute kidney injury upregulate IL11 in TECs leading to SNAI1 expression and kidney dysfunction, which is not seen in Il11 deleted mice or in mice administered a neutralizing IL11 antibody in either preemptive or treatment modes. In acute kidney injury, anti-TGFβ reduces renal fibrosis but exacerbates inflammation and tubule damage whereas anti-IL11 reduces all pathologies. Mice with TEC-specific deletion of Il11ra1 have reduced pathogenic signaling and are protected from renal injury-induced inflammation, fibrosis, and failure. In a model of chronic kidney disease, anti-IL11 therapy promotes TEC proliferation and parenchymal regeneration, reverses fibroinflammation and restores renal mass and function. These data highlight IL11-induced mesenchymal transition of injured TECs as an important renal pathology and suggest IL11 as a therapeutic target for restoring stalled endogenous regeneration in the diseased kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa A Widjaja
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Sivakumar Viswanathan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shamini G Shekeran
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eleonora Adami
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wei-Wen Lim
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sonia Chothani
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jessie Tan
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joyce Wei Ting Goh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Mei Chen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sze Yun Lim
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Julie Hawkins
- Boehringer Ingelheim, CardioMetabolic Disease Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 13347, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schafer
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stuart A Cook
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,MRC-London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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15
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Cao Y, Lin JH, Hammes HP, Zhang C. Cellular phenotypic transitions in diabetic nephropathy: An update. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1038073. [PMID: 36408221 PMCID: PMC9666367 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1038073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes and is the most common cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal fibrosis is the final pathological change in DN. It is widely believed that cellular phenotypic switching is the cause of renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. Several types of kidney cells undergo activation and differentiation and become reprogrammed to express markers of mesenchymal cells or podocyte-like cells. However, the development of targeted therapy for DN has not yet been identified. Here, we discussed the pathophysiologic changes of DN and delineated the possible origins that contribute to myofibroblasts and podocytes through phenotypic transitions. We also highlight the molecular signaling pathways involved in the phenotypic transition, which would provide valuable information for the activation of phenotypic switching and designing effective therapies for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Hong Lin
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hammes
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Looker HC, Lin C, Nair V, Kretzler M, Mauer M, Najafian B, Nelson RG. Serum Level of Polyubiquitinated PTEN and Loss of Kidney Function in American Indians With Type 2 Diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis 2022; 79:497-506. [PMID: 34562525 PMCID: PMC9740738 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Fibrosis is a major driver of chronic kidney disease, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may contribute to its development. A polyubiquitinated form of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTENK27polyUb) promotes EMT in vitro. Thus, it is a potentially useful biomarker of progressive kidney fibrosis and may predict loss of kidney function. STUDY DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Southwest United States, American Indians (154 women, 80 men) with or at high risk for diabetic kidney disease (DKD). PREDICTORS Serum level of PTENK27polyUb. OUTCOME ≥40% loss of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or onset of kidney failure. Kidney structural measures in a subset of study participants who underwent research kidney biopsies (n = 77). ANALYTICAL APPROACH Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood pressure, use of renin angiotensin system (RAS) blockers, measured GFR, and albuminuria. Spearman correlations for associations with structural measures. RESULTS At baseline, the participants' mean age was 42.8 ± 10.5 (SD) years, diabetes duration 11.5 ± 7.1 years, mean arterial pressure 90.5 ± 9.5 mm Hg, HbA1c 9.3 ± 2.4%, GFR 152 ± 45 mL/min, and median urinary albumin-creatinine ratio 38 (interquartile range, 14-215) mg/g. RAS blockers were being used by 64 participants (27.4%). A higher PTENK27polyUb value was associated with a greater risk of ≥40% loss of GFR during a median follow-up period of 6.3 years (HR for quartile 4 [Q4] vs Q1, 3.95 [95% CI, 2.23-6.98], P < 0.001). Serum PTENK27polyUb was associated with an increased risk of kidney failure over a median follow-up period of 15.8 years (HR for Q4 vs Q1, 5.66 [95% CI, 1.99-16.13], P = 0.001). Baseline serum PTENK27polyUb in the biopsy subset correlated with structural measures including glomerular basement membrane width (ρ = 0.370, P < 0.001) and mesangial fractional volume (ρ = 0.392, P < 0.001). LIMITATIONS Small study in single population. CONCLUSIONS Higher serum PTENK27polyUb is associated with increased risk for GFR decline and kidney failure in American Indians with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Looker
- Chronic Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Chunru Lin
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Viji Nair
- Bioinformatics/Computational Biologist at University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics and Professor of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michael Mauer
- Emeritus of Pediatrics and Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Behzad Najafian
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert G Nelson
- Chronic Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
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17
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Modes of podocyte death in diabetic kidney disease: an update. J Nephrol 2022; 35:1571-1584. [PMID: 35201595 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) accounts for a large proportion of end-stage renal diseases that require renal replacement therapies including dialysis and transplantation. Therefore, it is critical to understand the occurrence and development of DKD. Podocytes are mainly injured during the development of DKD, ultimately leading to their extensive death and loss. In turn, the injury and death of glomerular podocytes are also the main culprits of DKD. This review introduces the characteristics of podocytes and summarizes the modes of their death in DKD, including apoptosis, autophagy, mitotic catastrophe (MC), anoikis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Apoptosis is characterized by nuclear condensation and the formation of apoptotic bodies, and it exerts a different effect from autophagy in mediating DKD-induced podocyte loss. MC mediates a faulty mitotic process while anoikis separates podocytes from the basement membrane. Moreover, pyroptosis activates inflammatory factors to aggravate podocyte injuries whilst necroptosis drives signaling cascades, such as receptor-interacting protein kinases 1 and 3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like, ultimately promoting the death of podocytes. In conclusion, a thorough knowledge of the modes of podocyte death in DKD can help us understand the development of DKD and lay the foundation for strategies in DKD disease therapy.
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18
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Latt KZ, Heymann J, Jessee JH, Rosenberg AZ, Berthier CC, Arazi A, Eddy S, Yoshida T, Zhao Y, Chen V, Nelson GW, Cam M, Kumar P, Mehta M, Kelly MC, Kretzler M, Ray PE, Moxey-Mims M, Gorman GH, Lechner BL, Regunathan-Shenk R, Raj DS, Susztak K, Winkler CA, Kopp JB. Urine Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Reveals Inflammatory Signatures. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7:289-304. [PMID: 35155868 PMCID: PMC8821042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) typically undergo kidney biopsy only once, which limits the ability to characterize kidney cell gene expression over time. METHODS We used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to explore disease-related molecular signatures in urine cells from subjects with FSGS. We collected 17 urine samples from 12 FSGS subjects and captured these as 23 urine cell samples. The inflammatory signatures from renal epithelial and immune cells were evaluated in bulk gene expression data sets of FSGS and minimal change disease (MCD) (The Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network [NEPTUNE] study) and an immune single-cell data set from lupus nephritis (Accelerating Medicines Partnership). RESULTS We identified immune cells, predominantly monocytes, and renal epithelial cells in the urine. Further analysis revealed 2 monocyte subtypes consistent with M1 and M2 monocytes. Shed podocytes in the urine had high expression of marker genes for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We selected the 16 most highly expressed genes from urine immune cells and 10 most highly expressed EMT genes from urine podocytes as immune signatures and EMT signatures, respectively. Using kidney biopsy transcriptomic data from NEPTUNE, we found that urine cell immune signature and EMT signature genes were more highly expressed in FSGS biopsies compared with MCD biopsies. CONCLUSION The identification of monocyte subsets and podocyte expression signatures in the urine samples of subjects with FSGS suggests that urine cell profiling might serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in nephrotic syndrome. Furthermore, this approach may aid in the development of novel biomarkers and identifying personalized therapies targeting particular molecular pathways in immune cells and podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khun Zaw Latt
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jurgen Heymann
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph H. Jessee
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Avi Z. Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Celine C. Berthier
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Arnon Arazi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Sean Eddy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Advanced Biomedical and Computational Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Vicky Chen
- Advanced Biomedical and Computational Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - George W. Nelson
- Advanced Biomedical and Computational Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret Cam
- Advanced Biomedical and Computational Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Parimal Kumar
- Center for Cancer Research Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Monika Mehta
- Center for Cancer Research Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael C. Kelly
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Single-Cell Analysis Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - The Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE)
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Advanced Biomedical and Computational Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Center for Cancer Research Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Single-Cell Analysis Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Section on Pediatric Nephrology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Basic Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - The Accelerating Medicines Partnership in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (AMP RA/SLE) Consortium
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Advanced Biomedical and Computational Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Center for Cancer Research Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Single-Cell Analysis Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Section on Pediatric Nephrology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Basic Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricio E. Ray
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Marva Moxey-Mims
- Division of Nephrology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Gregory H. Gorman
- Section on Pediatric Nephrology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brent L. Lechner
- Section on Pediatric Nephrology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Renu Regunathan-Shenk
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Dominic S. Raj
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Department of Medicine, Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Winkler
- Basic Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Yan Q, Zhao Z, Liu D, Li J, Pan S, Duan J, Dong J, Liu Z. Integrated analysis of potential gene crosstalk between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetic nephropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1032814. [PMID: 36387855 PMCID: PMC9642911 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1032814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence indicates that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). This bioinformatics study aimed to explore optimal crosstalk genes and related pathways between NAFLD and DN. METHODS Gene expression profiles were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. CIBERSORT algorithm was employed to analyze the similarity of infiltrating immunocytes between the two diseases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) co-expression network and functional enrichment analysis were conducted based on the identification of common differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and Boruta algorithm were implemented to initially screen crosstalk genes. Machine learning models, including support vector machine, random forest model, and generalized linear model, were utilized to further identify the optimal crosstalk genes between DN and NAFLD. An integrated network containing crosstalk genes, transcription factors, and associated pathways was developed. RESULTS Four gene expression datasets, including GSE66676 and GSE48452 for NAFLD and GSE30122 and GSE1009 for DN, were involved in this study. There were 80 common DEGs between the two diseases in total. The PPI network built with the 80 common genes included 77 nodes and 83 edges. Ten optimal crosstalk genes were selected by LASSO regression and Boruta algorithm, including CD36, WIPI1, CBX7, FCN1, SLC35D2, CP, ZDHHC3, PTPN3, LPL, and SPP1. Among these genes, LPL and SPP1 were the most significant according to NAFLD-transcription factor network. Five hundred twenty-nine nodes and 1,113 edges comprised the PPI network of activated pathway-gene. In addition, 14 common pathways of these two diseases were recognized using Gene Ontology (GO) analysis; among them, regulation of the lipid metabolic process is closely related to both two diseases. CONCLUSIONS This study offers hints that NAFLD and DN have a common pathogenesis, and LPL and SPP1 are the most relevant crosstalk genes. Based on the common pathways and optimal crosstalk genes, our proposal carried out further research to disclose the etiology and pathology between the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yan
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zihao Zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongwei Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaokang Pan
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Duan
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiayu Duan, ; Jiancheng Dong, ; Zhangsuo Liu,
| | - Jiancheng Dong
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiayu Duan, ; Jiancheng Dong, ; Zhangsuo Liu,
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiayu Duan, ; Jiancheng Dong, ; Zhangsuo Liu,
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20
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Liu R, Zhang W, Cai J, Lin W, Zheng Q, Wu Y. USP22 Mediates High Glucose-Induced Injury and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Podocytes via Regulating the RIPK3/MLKL Signaling Pathway. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.31.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renhua Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital
| | | | - Jun Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital
| | - Weiping Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital
| | - Qingfa Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital
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21
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Jin D, Yu M, Li X, Wang X. Efficacy of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F on animal model of Diabetic Kidney Diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114536. [PMID: 34419607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF) has been clinically applied in the treatment of Diabetic Kidney Diseases (DKD). A large number of animal experiments focused on the TwHF treatment of DKD were conducted every year, but the evidence for these preclinical studies is unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of TwHF on diabetic nephropathy through a stematic reviews and meta-analysis of animal models, and whether it has an effect on improving kidney pathology, renal function indicators and blood sugar levels, it also summarizes the use of TwHF for treatment the underlying mechanism of DKD. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically searched studies from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Wanfang database from inception to May 2020. Chinese studies from the list of Chinese Core Journals would be included. SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies was applied to assess the methodological quality of studies. A meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3. RESULTS Out of 429 records identified in the initial search, 32 studies were selected. The results indicated that, compared with control group, TwHF treatment improved 24 h urine protein (24 h-UP) level (SMD - 4.21, 95% CI - 5.38 to - 3.04, P < 0.001), serum creatinine (Scr) (MD - 14.97, 95% CI - 20.42 to - 9.53, P < 0.001), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (MD - 4.07, 95% CI - 5.49 to - 2.66, P < 0.001), blood glucose (Glu) (MD - 2.40, 95% CI - 4.304 to - 0.49, P = 0.01), Triglyceride (TG) (MD - 1.57, 95% CI - 2.06 to - 1.08, P < 0.001), and Cholesterol (TC) (MD - 1.49, 95% CI - 2.23 to - 0.75 P < 0.001); and increased the level of albumin (Alb) (MD 3.40, 95% CI 1.69 to 5.11, P < 0.001) and weight (MD 30.89, 95% CI 24.35 to 37.42, P < 0.001). There were no statistical difference on Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (MD 3.00, 95% CI - 7.80 to 13.81, P = 0.59) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (MD 0.77, 95% CI -15.05 to 16.60, P = 0.92) after TwHF. Meta regression analysis showed that the DKD model induced by different methods (type I/II), the dose of Tripterygium wilfordii and the intervention time were not the reasons for the heterogeneity of 24 h-UP, Alb, Glu, Scr, and BUN (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS TwHF is an effective and safe to treat DKD, which can protect the kidneys through anti-inflammation, improving oxidative stress and podocyte damage, and inhibiting mesangial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jin
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 130117, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China.
| | - Xiuge Wang
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China.
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22
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Nakatani K, Asai O, Konishi N, Iwano M. Role of fibroblast specific protein 1 expression in the progression of adriamycin-induced glomerulosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 567:148-153. [PMID: 34153685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a commonly occurring cause of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and frequently progresses to renal failure. Podocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to induce podocyte detachment in glomerular diseases, and severe degeneration and shedding of glomerular podocytes plays a major role in the progression of FSGS. We showed that fibroblast specific protein 1 (FSP1), an EMT marker, is strongly expressed in podocytes of FSGS patients, but the significance of podocyte expression of FSP1 to the pathophysiology of FSGS remained unclear. Here, we investigated FSP1 expression in podocytes from mice with adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy, a murine model of FSGS. The number of FSP1-positive (FSP1+) podocytes was increased in ADR-treated mice and positively correlated with the degree of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in ADR-treated mice. ADR-induced FSGS and the attendant proteinuria were significantly ameliorated in FSP1 knockout mice as compared to wild type mice. These findings indicate that podocyte expression of FSP1 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of FSGS, which makes FSP1 a potential target for treatment of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Nakatani
- Department of Nephrology, Yamashiro General Medical Center, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Osamu Asai
- Department of Nephrology, Yamashiro General Medical Center, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Noboru Konishi
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iwano
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.
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23
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Hypoxia-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells through miR-545-3p-TNFSF10. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071032. [PMID: 34356656 PMCID: PMC8301867 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is regarded as one of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of kidney injury and further progression to kidney failure. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in kidney tubules is a critical process of kidney fibrosis. This study utilized transcriptome analysis to investigate hypoxia-induced EMT through microRNA (miRNA)-modulated EMT in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs). RNA sequencing revealed eight miRNAs were upregulated and three miRNAs were downregulated in PTECs cultured under hypoxia compared with normoxia. Among the 11 miRNAs, miR-545-3p has the highest expression in PTECs exposed to hypoxia, and miR-545-3p suppressed tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/TNFSF10) expression. Hypoxia induced EMT in PTECs through miR-545-3p–TNFSF10 modulation, and TNFSF10-attenuated EMT resulted from hypoxia or miR-545-3p mimic transfection. These findings provided new perceptions of the unique regulation of the miR-545-3p–TNFSF10 interaction and their potential therapeutic effect in kidney injury induced by hypoxia.
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24
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Tao M, Zheng D, Liang X, Wu D, Hu K, Jin J, He Q. Tripterygium glycoside suppresses epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition of diabetic kidney disease podocytes by targeting autophagy through the mTOR/Twist1 pathway. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:592. [PMID: 34165172 PMCID: PMC8222798 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripterygium glycoside (TG) is a traditional Chinese medicine extract with immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and anti-renal fibrosis effects. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell apoptosis are considered to be the major cause of podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, it remains unknown as to whether TG is able to alleviate podocyte injury to prevent DKD progression. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the podocyte protective effects of TG on DKD. TG, Twist1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and Twist1 overexpression vector were added to DKD mouse serum-induced podocytes in vitro. Autophagic and EMT activities were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis. Apoptotic activity was evaluated by Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometric analysis. The results revealed that after treatment with DKD mouse serum, autophagy was decreased, whereas EMT and apoptotic rate were increased, in podocytes. In addition, Twist1 expression was increased in DKD-induced podocytes. Furthermore, following Twist1-small interfering RNA transfection, the DKD-induced podocyte EMT and apoptotic rate were markedly reduced, indicating that Twist1 may be a promising therapeutic target for DKD. The present results also revealed that overexpression of Twist1 increased podocyte apoptosis, although this was decreased after TG treatment, indicating that TG may exhibit a protective effect on podocytes by inhibiting the Twist1 signaling pathway. After the addition of 3-benzyl-5-((2-nitrophenoxy) methyl)-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one, an activator of mTORC1, the effects of TG on podocyte EMT, apoptosis and the autophagy were reversed. These findings indicated that TG may alleviate EMT and apoptosis by upregulating autophagy through the mTOR/Twist1 signaling pathway in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tao
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Danna Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Diandian Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Kang Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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25
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Yuan S, Liang X, He W, Liang M, Jin J, He Q. ATF4-dependent heme-oxygenase-1 attenuates diabetic nephropathy by inducing autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis in podocyte. Ren Fail 2021; 43:968-979. [PMID: 34157937 PMCID: PMC8231401 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2021.1936040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Podocyte injury plays an important role in diabetic nephropathy (DN), yet the underlying molecular mechanisms of podocyte injury in DN is not clear. Here, we investigated the role of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and HO-1 in DN-induced podocyte injury. METHODS Protein expression was measured by western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence. Cellular apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry. ATF4 siRNA knockdown and HO-1 overexpression in podocyte were employed to evaluate the role of ER stress in DN-induced apoptosis and autophagy response. Urinary protein levels, nephrin expression, serum creatinine and BUN were evaluated and glomerulosclerosis was quantified by Periodic Acid-Schiff staining. RESULTS Expression of ATF4 was increased in podocytes exposed to serum from DN mice. ATF4 knockdown enhanced DN-induced podocyte apoptosis. HO-1 overexpression reduced the decline of DN-induced podocyte autophagy and inhibited apoptosis and the beneficial effects of HO-1 overexpression in DN were blocked by ATF4 knockdown. The diabetic mice were significantly ameliorated by HO-1 agonist hemin treatment. CONCLUSIONS ATF4 induces autophagy by enhancing the expression of HO-1, and inhibits podocyte apoptosis in DN. Treatment with the HO-1 agonist reduced proteinuria, apoptosis, and enhanced autophagy response, and thus improved renal function in DN mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhu Yuan
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou,P.R. China.,Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Liang
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Beilun District, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Wenfang He
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhu Liang
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Hangzhou Lin'an District, Affiliated Lin'an People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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26
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Woodhams L, Sim TF, Chalmers L, Yeap B, Green D, Schlaich M, Schultz C, Hillis G. Diabetic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: a review of pathogenic mechanisms, patient-related factors and therapeutic options. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11070. [PMID: 33976959 PMCID: PMC8061574 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of diabetic kidney disease is rapidly accelerating due to an increasing number of people living with type 2 diabetes. It has become a significant global problem, increasing human and financial pressures on already overburdened healthcare systems. Interest in diabetic kidney disease has increased over the last decade and progress has been made in determining the pathogenic mechanisms and patient-related factors involved in the development and pathogenesis of this disease. A greater understanding of these factors will catalyse the development of novel treatments and influence current practice. This review summarises the latest evidence for the factors involved in the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease, which will inform better management strategies targeting such factors to improve therapeutic outcomes in patients living with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Woodhams
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tin Fei Sim
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leanne Chalmers
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bu Yeap
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Markus Schlaich
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Neurovascular Hypertension and Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital Unit/Medical Research Foundation, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carl Schultz
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Graham Hillis
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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27
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Huang LM, Mao JH. Glomerular podocyte dysfunction in inherited renal tubular disease. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:227-233. [PMID: 33625696 PMCID: PMC8253710 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary renal tubular disease can cause hypercalciuria, acid-base imbalance, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, rickets, kidney stones, etc. If these diseases are not diagnosed or treated in time, they can cause kidney damage and electrolyte disturbances, which can be detrimental to the maturation and development of the child. Glomerular involvement in renal tubular disease patients has only been considered recently. METHODS We screened 71 papers (including experimental research, clinical research, etc.) about Dent's disease, Gitelman syndrome, and cystinosis from PubMed, and made reference. RESULTS Glomerular disease was initially underestimated among the clinical signs of renal tubular disease or was treated merely as a consequence of the tubular damage. Renal tubular diseases affect glomerular podocytes through certain mechanisms resulting in functional damage, morphological changes, and glomerular lesions. CONCLUSIONS This article focuses on the progress of changes in glomerular podocyte function in Dent disease, Gitelman syndrome, and cystinosis for the purposes of facilitating clinically accurate diagnosis and scientific treatment and improving prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Huang
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #57 Zhugan Lane, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #57 Zhugan Lane, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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28
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Chebotareva N, Bobkova I, Lysenko L, Moiseev S. Urinary Markers of Podocyte Dysfunction in Chronic Glomerulonephritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1306:81-99. [PMID: 33959907 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63908-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is a disease with a steady progressive course that involves the development of nephrosclerosis, which is especially evident in clinical courses with incidences of high proteinuria (PU). Currently, proteinuria is considered the main laboratory feature (sign) of CGN activity and progression because proteinuria is closely related to the process of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which is correlated with the grade of renal insufficiency. The injury to podocytes, which are key components of the filtration barrier, plays a central role in proteinuria development. The detachment of podocytes from the glomerular basement membrane leading to podocytopenia is suggested to induce glomerulosclerosis and hyalinosis with obliteration of capillary loops and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Urinary markers of podocyte dysfunction could serve as useful tools while monitoring the activity and prognosis of CGN. In this chapter, the most important mechanisms of podocyte loss and urinary markers of this process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Chebotareva
- Tareev Clinic, Department of Nephrology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Irina Bobkova
- Tareev Clinic, Department of Nephrology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidia Lysenko
- Tareev Clinic, Department of Nephrology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Moiseev
- Tareev Clinic, Department of Nephrology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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29
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Lu HC, Dai WN, He LY. Epigenetic Histone Modifications in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:329-344. [PMID: 33519221 PMCID: PMC7837569 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s288500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), as the main complication of diabetes mellitus, is the primary cause of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and the most common chronic kidney disease. Overall, 30-40% of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes eventually develop DKD. Although some diabetes patients have intensified glycemic control, they still develop diabetic kidney disease. Current treatment methods can alleviate but do not markedly halt disease development, resulting in renal failure and severe complications, even contributing to elevated morbidity and mortality rates. DKD is a disease with interactions of genes and the environment. Emerging evidence indicates that DKD-associated key genes are also regulated by the epigenetic mechanism. Recently, increasing researches involving cells and experimental animals demonstrated that histone post-translational modifications can mediate gene expression, which correlated with diabetic kidney disease. Novel therapeutic strategies for epigenetic events could be beneficial for the early detection and treatment of DKD to prevent it from developing into end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In this review, we discuss prior findings in the field of histone modifications in DKD, especially histone acetylation and histone methylation. We then focus on recent developments in histone acetylation and methylation involved in the pathogenesis of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Cheng Lu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ni Dai
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Yu He
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Li-Yu He Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +8673185292064Fax +8673185295843 Email
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30
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Wang W, Long H, Huang W, Zhang T, Xie L, Chen C, Liu J, Xiong D, Hu W. Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue Decoction Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy by Inhibiting Rac1/PAK1/p38MAPK Signaling Pathway in High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:587663. [PMID: 33343355 PMCID: PMC7744471 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.587663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a leading cause of end-stage renal disease, is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide and the development of new drugs to treat DN is urgently required. Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue (BSHX) decoction is a traditional Chinese herbal formula, made according to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, and has been used clinically to treat DN. In the present study, we established a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model and treated the mice with BSHX decoction to verify its therapeutic effects in vivo. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was applied to analyze the chemical composition and active compounds of BSHX decoction. Markers of podocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the Rac1/PAK1/p38MAPK signaling pathway were evaluated to investigate the mechanism underlying function of BSHX decoction. BSHX decoction effectively alleviated diabetic symptoms, according to analysis of the renal function indicators, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, and urinary albumin excretion rate, as well as renal histopathology and ultrastructural pathology of DN mice. We identified 67 compounds, including 20 likely active compounds, in BSHX decoction. The podocyte markers, nephrin and podocin, were down-regulated, while the mesenchymal markers, α-SMA and FSP-1, were up-regulated in DN mouse kidney; however, the changes in these markers were reversed on treatment with BSHX decoction. GTP-Rac1 was markedly overexpressed in DN mice and its levels were significantly decreased in response to BSHX decoction. Similarly, levels of p-PAK1 and p-p38MAPK which indicate Rac1 activation, were reduced on treatment with BSHX decoction. Together, our data demonstrated that BSHX decoction ameliorated renal function and podocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition via inhibiting Rac1/PAK1/p38MAPK signaling pathway in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Further, we generated a quality control standard and numerous potential active compounds from BSHX decoction for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Wang
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Hongping Long
- Experiment Center of Medical Innovation, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Lihua Xie
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhe Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Kang MK, Kim SI, Oh SY, Na W, Kang YH. Tangeretin Ameliorates Glucose-Induced Podocyte Injury through Blocking Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Caused by Oxidative Stress and Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228577. [PMID: 33202982 PMCID: PMC7697471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury inevitably results in leakage of proteins from the glomerular filter and is vital in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The underlying mechanisms of podocyte injury facilitate finding of new therapeutic targets for DN treatment and prevention. Tangeretin is an O-polymethoxylated flavone present in citrus peels with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study investigated the renoprotective effects of tangeretin on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-mediated podocyte injury and fibrosis through oxidative stress and hypoxia caused by hyperglycemia. Mouse podocytes were incubated in media containing 33 mM glucose in the absence and presence of 1–20 μM tangeretin for up to 6 days. The in vivo animal model employed db/db mice orally administrated with 10 mg/kg tangeretin for 8 weeks. Non-toxic tangeretin inhibited glucose-induced expression of the mesenchymal markers of N-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin in podocytes. However, the reduced induction of the epithelial markers of E-cadherin and P-cadherin was restored by tangeretin in diabetic podocytes. Further, tangeretin enhanced the expression of the podocyte slit diaphragm proteins of nephrin and podocin down-regulated by glucose stimulation. The transmission electron microscopic images revealed that foot process effacement and loss of podocytes occurred in diabetic mouse glomeruli. However, oral administration of 10 mg/kg tangeretin reduced urine albumin excretion and improved foot process effacement of diabetic podocytes through inhibiting loss of slit junction and adherenes junction proteins. Glucose enhanced ROS production and HIF-1α induction in podocytes, leading to induction of oxidative stress and hypoxia. Similarly, in diabetic glomeruli reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and HIF-1α induction were observed. Furthermore, hypoxia-evoking cobalt chloride induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and loss of slit diaphragm proteins and junction proteins in podocytes, which was inhibited by treating submicromolar tangeretin. Collectively, these results demonstrate that tangeretin inhibited podocyte injury and fibrosis through blocking podocyte EMT caused by glucose-induced oxidative stress and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyung Kang
- Correspondence: (M.-K.K.); (Y.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2142 (Y.-H.K.)
| | | | | | | | - Young-Hee Kang
- Correspondence: (M.-K.K.); (Y.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2142 (Y.-H.K.)
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32
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Bagheri F, Amri J, Salehi M, Karami H, Alimoradian A, Latifi SA. Effect of Artemisia absinthium ethanolic extract on oxidative stress markers and the TLR4, S100A4, Bax and Bcl-2 genes expression in the kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2020; 41:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2020-0028/hmbci-2020-0028.xml. [PMID: 33079704 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was conducted to examine antidiabetic effects of Artemisia absinthium ethanolic extract [A. absinthium] and to investigate its effects on oxidative stress markers and the expression of TLR4, S100A4, Bax and Bcl-2 genes in the kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Thirty six rats (weight 200-250 g) were randomly divided into diabetes and control groups. Induction of diabetes was performed using STZ (55 mg/kg.bw). Biochemical parameters and oxidative stress markers (SOD and MDA) were measured using spectrophotometry after 60 days of treatment. The expression of TLR4, S100A4, Bax and Bcl-2 were analyzed by real-time PCR. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to compare the data. RESULTS Diabetes significantly impairs the serum fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, urea, creatinine and albumin. At the end of treatment with A. absinthium extract, these parameters were close to the normal range. The results showed that the A. absinthium extract significantly decreased the kidney expression of TLR4, S100A4, Bax and increased the expression of Bcl-2 and improved oxidative stress markers (SOD and MDA) in the kidney tissues of treated rats. Also, all of these beneficial effects of the A. absinthium were dose-dependent. CONCLUSIONS The extract of A. absinthium possesses antidiabetic effects. A. absinthium decreased the expression of TLR4, S100A4, Bax and increased the expression of Bcl-2 and improved oxidative stress. Therefore, this herbal extract can be used as an adjuvant treatment for diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bagheri
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Jamal Amri
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Member of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mehdi Salehi
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hadi Karami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Abbas Alimoradian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Seied Amirhossein Latifi
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Islamic Republic of Iran
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33
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Inhibition of RNA-binding protein HuR reduces glomerulosclerosis in experimental nephritis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1433-1448. [PMID: 32478392 PMCID: PMC8086301 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent identification of an RNA-binding protein (HuR) that regulates mRNA turnover and translation of numerous transcripts via binding to an ARE in their 3′-UTR involved in inflammation and is abnormally elevated in varied kidney diseases offers a novel target for the treatment of renal inflammation and subsequent fibrosis. Thus, we hypothesized that treatment with a selective inhibition of HuR function with a small molecule, KH-3, would down-regulate HuR-targeted proinflammatory transcripts thereby improving glomerulosclerosis in experimental nephritis, where glomerular cellular HuR is elevated. Three experimental groups included normal and diseased rats treated with or without KH-3. Disease was induced by the monoclonal anti-Thy 1.1 antibody. KH-3 was given via daily intraperitoneal injection from day 1 after disease induction to day 5 at the dose of 50 mg/kg BW/day. At day 6, diseased animals treated with KH-3 showed significant reduction in glomerular HuR levels, proteinuria, podocyte injury determined by ameliorated podocyte loss and podocin expression, glomerular staining for periodic acid-Schiff positive extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin and collagen IV and mRNA and protein levels of profibrotic markers, compared with untreated disease rats. KH-3 treatment also reduced disease-induced increases in renal TGFβ1 and PAI-1 transcripts. Additionally, a marked increase in renal NF-κB-p65, Nox4, and glomerular macrophage cell infiltration observed in disease control group was largely reversed by KH-3 treatment. These results strongly support our hypothesis that down-regulation of HuR function with KH-3 has therapeutic potential for reversing glomerulosclerosis by reducing abundance of pro-inflammatory transcripts and related inflammation.
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34
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Ren H, Zuo S, Hou Y, Shang W, Liu N, Yin Z. Inhibition of α1-adrenoceptor reduces TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and attenuates UUO-induced renal fibrosis in mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:14892-14904. [PMID: 32939891 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000737rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common pathological hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Renal sympathetic nerve activity is elevated in patients and experimental animals with CKD and contributes to renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. However, the mechanisms underlying sympathetic overactivation in renal fibrosis remain unknown. Norepinephrine (NE), the main sympathetic neurotransmitter, was found to promote TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrotic gene expression in the human renal proximal epithelial cell line HK-2. Using both genetic and pharmacological approaches, we identified that NE binds Gαq-coupled α1-adrenoceptor (α1-AR) to enhance EMT of HK-2 cells by activating p38/Smad3 signaling. Inhibition of p38 diminished the NE-exaggerated EMT process and increased the fibrotic gene expression in TGF-β1-treated HK-2 cells. Moreover, the pharmacological blockade of α1-AR reduced the kidney injury and renal fibrosis in a unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse model by suppressing EMT in the kidneys. Thus, sympathetic overactivation facilitates EMT of renal epithelial cells and fibrosis via the α1-AR/p38/Smad3 signaling pathway, and α1-AR inhibition may be a promising approach toward treating renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengkai Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yayan Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenlong Shang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuming Yin
- Department of Breast Oncoplastic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Sino-Russian Joint Research Center for Oncoplastic Breast Surgery, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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35
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Choi D, Kim CL, Kim JE, Mo JS, Jeong HS. Hesperetin inhibit EMT in TGF-β treated podocyte by regulation of mTOR pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:154-159. [PMID: 32451085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is one of the characteristic features of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fibrotic change not only impairs the filtration function of the kidney but is also recognized as a marker of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is known to play a role in embryonic development and organ formation, but it is getting much attention for its pathological role in the invasion and metastasis of carcinoma. Recently, it has also been reported that EMT plays a role in the formation of fibrosis during chronic inflammation. EMT contribute to the development of the fibrosis in CKD. Moreover, glomerular podocytes and tubular epithelial cells can also undergo mesenchymal transition in CKD. Hesperetin is a flavonoid present in citrus and is well known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of hesperetin on the EMT-elicited podocytes. First, we generated an EMT model by treating transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a potent inducer of EMT to the podocytes. TGF-β1 decreased the expression of epithelial markers such as nephrin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), while it increased the mesenchymal markers, including fibronectin (FN), vimentin, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the podocytes. Hesperetin suppressed EMT-like changes elicited by TGF-β1. Interestingly, hesperetin did not interfere with the Smad signaling-the classical TGF-β signaling-pathway, which was confirmed by the experiment with smad 2/3 -/- podocytes. Instead, hesperetin suppressed EMT-like changes by inhibiting the mTOR pathway-one of the alternative TGF-β signaling pathways. In conclusion, hesperetin has a protective effect on the TGF-β1 elicited EMT-like changes of podocytes through regulation of mTOR pathway. It could be a good candidate for the suppression of kidney fibrosis in various CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Choi
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Long Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soon Mo
- Genomic Instability Research Center (GIRC) & Genome Stability Institute, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han-Sol Jeong
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, 50612, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Faulhaber-Walter R, Jiang L, Mizel D, Zerfas PM, Kopp JB, Schnermann JB, Chen L, Schiffer M. Podocyte Density and Albuminuria in Aging Diabetic Ins2± Mice with or Without Adenosine A1 Receptor Signaling. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2020; 13:19-26. [PMID: 32110087 PMCID: PMC7041434 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s203810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of Study To investigate podocyte density in aging diabetic Ins2± and Ins2±, A1AR-/- mouse models in C57Bl/6 background. Methods Ins2± mice and especially Ins2±, adenosine A1 receptor knockout mice (Ins2±, A1AR-/-) are mouse models with a phenotype of diabetic nephropathy. Aged mice (at ~40 weeks) were assessed for glomerular filtration barrier function by measuring albuminuria, glomerular filtration, glomerular damage by electron microscopy, and podocyte numbers by Wilms Tumor protein (WT-1) staining. Results Compared to healthy wild-type mice, both diabetic mouse models developed diabetic nephropathy, including hyperfiltration (p<0.01) and albuminuria (p<0.05). Typical diabetic structural glomerular and podocyte damage was visualized by electron microscopy. Podocyte count per glomerular area (podocyte density) was significantly decreased in both diabetic mouse models (p<0.01). In contrast, no significant correlation was detected between albuminuria and absolute podocyte count per glomerulus. Conclusion The amount of albuminuria as marker of diabetic nephropathy does not correlate with the podocytes density; however, a relative podocyte deficiency became evident with an increase in glomerular area in the diabetic animals, suggesting a relative podocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Faulhaber-Walter
- Facharztzentrum Aarberg, Waldshut-Tiengen, Germany.,NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Nephrology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lanping Jiang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Diane Mizel
- NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Limeng Chen
- NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mario Schiffer
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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37
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Exosomal miRNA-215-5p Derived from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Attenuates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Podocytes by Inhibiting ZEB2. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2685305. [PMID: 32149094 PMCID: PMC7057016 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2685305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Podocyte migration is actively involved in the process of podocyte loss and proteinuria production, which is closely associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs-Exos) effectively inhibit podocyte apoptosis in the treatment of DN. However, how ADSCs-Exos affect the migration of podocytes is obscure. This study is aimed at exploring the regulatory role of ADSCs-Exos on cell migration and the underlying mechanism. Methods ADSCs-Exo was authenticated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blotting, and flow cytometry. Cell viability and migration ability of podocytes were measured by CCK8 and Transwell assays, respectively. Relative expressions of miRNAs and mRNAs were determined by qRT-PCR. The transmitting between PKH26-labeled exosome and podocytes was evaluated by IF assay. Dual luciferase reporter assay was employed to detect the relationship between miR-215-5p and ZEB2. Results The exposure to serum from DN patient (hDN-serum) significantly inhibited cell viability of podocytes, but ADSCs-Exo addition notably blunts cytotoxicity induced by the transient stimulus of hDN-serum. Besides, ADSCs-Exo administration powerfully impeded high glucose- (HG-) induced migration and injury of podocyte. With the podocyte dysfunction, several miRNAs presented a significant decline under the treatment of HG including miR-251-5p, miR-879-5p, miR-3066-5p, and miR-7a-5p, all of which were rescued by the addition of ADSCs-Exo. However, only miR-251-5p was a key determinant in the process of ADSCs-Exo-mediated protective role on podocyte damage. The miR-251-5p inhibitor counteracted the improvement from the ADSCs-Exo preparation on HG-induced proliferation inhibition and migration promotion. Additionally, miR-215-5p mimics alone remarkably reversed HG-induced EMT process of podocyte. Mechanistically, we confirmed that ADSCs-Exos mediated the shuttling of miR-215-5p to podocyte, thereby protecting against HG-induced metastasis, possibly through inhibiting the transcription of ZEB2. Conclusion ADSCs-Exo has the protective effect on HG-evoked EMT progression of podocytes thru a mechanism involving ZEB2. Potentially, the ADSCs-Exo preparation is a useful therapeutic strategy for improving podocyte dysfunction and DN symptoms clinically.
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38
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Xie L, Zhai R, Chen T, Gao C, Xue R, Wang N, Wang J, Xu Y, Gui D. Panax Notoginseng Ameliorates Podocyte EMT by Targeting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:527-538. [PMID: 32103895 PMCID: PMC7008200 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s235491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) may contribute to podocyte dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Aiming to identify novel therapeutic options, we investigated the protective effects of Panax notoginseng (PN) on podocyte EMT in diabetic rats and explored its mechanisms. Methods Diabetes was induced in rats with streptozotocin (STZ) by intraperitoneal injection at 55 mg/kg. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into three groups, namely, diabetic rats, diabetic rats treated with beraprost sodium (BPS) at 0.6 mg/kg/d or PN at 0.4 g/kg/d p.o., for 12 weeks. Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), biochemical parameters, renal histopathology, and podocyte morphological changes were evaluated. Protein expression of EMT markers (desmin, α-SMA, and nephrin) as well as components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway (wnt1, β-catenin, and snail) was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, respectively. Results In diabetic rats, severe hyperglycemia and albuminuria were detected. Moreover, mesangial expansion and podocyte foot process effacement were found markedly increased in diabetic kidneys. Increased protein expression of wnt1, β-catenin, snail, desmin, and α-SMA, as well as decreased protein expression of nephrin was detected in diabetic kidneys. All these abnormalities found in DN rats were partially restored by PN treatment. Conclusion PN ameliorated albuminuria and podocyte EMT in diabetic rats partly through inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These findings provide experimental arguments for a novel therapeutic option in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xie
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Campus, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruonan Zhai
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongting Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xue
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhua Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingkun Gui
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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39
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Gwon MG, An HJ, Kim JY, Kim WH, Gu H, Kim HJ, Leem J, Jung HJ, Park KK. Anti-fibrotic effects of synthetic TGF-β1 and Smad oligodeoxynucleotide on kidney fibrosis in vivo and in vitro through inhibition of both epithelial dedifferentiation and endothelial-mesenchymal transitions. FASEB J 2019; 34:333-349. [PMID: 31914629 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901307rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is a common process of various kidney diseases leading to end-stage renal failure irrespective of etiology. Myofibroblasts are crucial mediators in kidney fibrosis through production of extracellular matrix (ECM), but their origin has not been clearly identified. Many study proposed that epithelial and endothelial cells become myofibroblasts by epithelial dedifferentiation and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). TGF-β1/Smad signaling plays a crucial role in partly epithelial-mensencymal transition (EMT) and EndoMT. Thus, we designed the TGF-β1/Smad oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), a synthetic short DNA containing complementary sequence for Smad transcription factor and TGF-β1 mRNA. Therefore, this study investigated the anti-fibrotic effect of synthetic TGF-β1/Smad ODN on UUO-induced kidney fibrosis in vivo model and TGF-β1-induced in vitro model. To examine the effect of TGF-β1/Smad ODN, we performed various experiments to evaluate kidney fibrosis. The results showed that UUO induced inflammation, ECM accumulation, epithelial dedifferentiation and EndoMT processes, and tubular atrophy. However, synthetic TGF-β1/Smad ODN significantly suppressed UUO-induced fibrosis. Furthermore, synthetic ODN attenuated TGF-β1-induced epithelial dedifferentiation and EndoMT program via blocking TGF-β1/Smad signaling. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that administration of synthetic TGF-β1/Smad ODN attenuates kidney fibrosis, epithelial dedifferentiation, and EndoMT processes. The findings propose the possibility of synthetic ODN as a new effective therapeutic tool for kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Gyeong Gwon
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin An
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yeon Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Hae Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Gu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaechan Leem
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Jung
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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40
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Gong J, Zhan H, Li Y, Zhang W, Jin J, He Q. Krüppel‑like factor 4 ameliorates diabetic kidney disease by activating autophagy via the mTOR pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3240-3248. [PMID: 31432191 PMCID: PMC6755248 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is diagnosed increasingly frequently and represents a serious threat to human health. Krüppel‑like factor 4 (KLF4) has aroused attention due to its potential effect on podocytes and in ameliorating proteinuria associated with glomerulopathy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential role of KLF4 in DKD. It was hypothesized that KLF4 impacts diabetic nephropathy by mediating the podocyte autophagic process. A KLF4 plasmid vector was constructed, and podocytes were transfected and incubated with DKD mice serum for in vitro experiments. A db/db spontaneous DKD mouse model was also established for in vivo study. After treatment, the level of serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and 24‑h urinary protein was determined. Immunofluorescence and periodic acid‑Schiff staining, western blotting, flow cytometry and a TUNEL assay were performed to observe changes in glomerular morphology and the level of apoptosis, cytoskeleton proteins, epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers, autophagic proteins and mTOR pathway proteins in each group. KLF4 overexpression significantly reduced the level of urinary albumin, Scr, BUN and attenuated mesangial matrix expansion, as well as mesangial cell proliferation in DKD mice. KLF4 overexpression also inhibited podocyte apoptosis and downregulated vimentin and α‑smooth muscle actin, and upregulated E‑cadherin and nephrin, both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3α (LC3)‑II/LC3‑I ratio and LC3‑II fluorescence was significantly increased in the vector‑KLF4 group compared to the negative control vector group both in vivo and in vitro. Finally, a decrease in the level of phosphorylated (p)‑mTOR and p‑S6K protein expression was observed following KLF4 overexpression in vitro. The present findings suggested that KLF4 plays a renoprotective role in DKD, which is associated with the activation of podocyte autophagy, and may be involved in the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- Chinese Medical Nephrology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Zhan
- Department of Emergency, Zhejiang University Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- Chinese Medical Nephrology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- Chinese Medical Nephrology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- Chinese Medical Nephrology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- Chinese Medical Nephrology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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Jin J, Zhang Z, Chen J, Liu Y, Chen Q, Wang Q. Jixuepaidu Tang-1 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and alleviates renal damage in DN mice through suppressing long non-coding RNA LOC498759. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:3125-3136. [PMID: 31564202 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1669986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Jixuepaidu Tang-1 is obtained from the decoction of the Chinese traditional medicinal plants including Centella asiatica, Astragalus membranaceus, and Sanguis draconis. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK1)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). In addition, long non-coding RNAs (lnRNAs) participate in the development of DN, but the role of lncRNA LOC498759 in DN is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the role of Jixuepaidu Tang-1 in regulating podocyte injury and renal damage in DN and to validate whether the mechanisms involve TGF-β1/SGK1 signaling and LOC498759. The drug treatment was initiated 2 weeks after the DN modeling. The MTT method and TUNEL staining were used to measure cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of nephrin and desmin in podocytes. Sera from the Jixuepaidu Tang-1-treated mice reversed the high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte injury and EMT in mouse podocytes. Further in vivo assay revealed that Jixuepaidu Tang-1 not only reduced the ratio of the kidney to body weight, 24 h-urine total protein, and blood glucose, but alleviated glomerular mesangial extracellular matrix deposition and glomerular cell apoptosis in the streptozotocin-induced DN mice. Mechanically, the mechanisms of Jixuepaidu Tang-1 may involve the suppression of EMT by inhibiting the TGF-β1/SGK1-induced LOC498759 expression. Collectively, Jixuepaidu Tang-1 attenuates podocyte injury and renal damage in DN, and inhibits EMT through suppressing TGF-β1/SGK1-LOC498759 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China.,Department of Encephalopathy, Wuhan hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Wuhan , China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Physical Examination, The central hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Jianwu Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Yujin Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Qianyun Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Quansheng Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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Abstract
Finding new therapeutic targets of glomerulosclerosis treatment is an ongoing quest. Due to a living environment of various stresses and pathological stimuli, podocytes are prone to injuries; moreover, as a cell without proliferative potential, loss of podocytes is vital in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis. Thus, sufficient understanding of factors and underlying mechanisms of podocyte injury facilitates the advancement of treating and prevention of glomerulosclerosis. The clinical symptom of podocyte injury is proteinuria, sometimes with loss of kidney functions progressing to glomerulosclerosis. Injury-induced changes in podocyte physiology and function are actually not a simple passive process, but a complex interaction of proteins that comprise the anatomical structure of podocytes at molecular levels. This chapter lists several aspects of podocyte injuries along with potential mechanisms, including glucose and lipid metabolism disorder, hypertension, RAS activation, micro-inflammation, immune disorder, and other factors. These aspects are not technically separated items, but intertwined with each other in the pathogenesis of podocyte injuries.
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Fayed A, Rahman Tohamy IA, Kahla H, Elsayed NM, El Ansary M, Saadi G. Urinary podocyte-associated mRNA profile in Egyptian patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2849-2854. [PMID: 31425946 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Podocyte injury and subsequent excretion in urine play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Quantification of messenger RNA expression in urinary sediment by real-time PCR is emerging as a noninvasive method of screening DN-associated biomarkers. We aimed to study the expression of podocyte-associated genes in urinary sediment and their relation to disease severity in type 2 diabetic Egyptian patients with diabetic nephropathy. METHOD ology: Sixty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited in addition to twenty non diabetic healthy volunteers. Relative mRNA abundance of nephrin, podocalyxin, and podocin were quantified, and correlations between target mRNAs and clinical parameters were examined. RESULTS The urinary mRNA levels of all genes studied were significantly higher in diabetics compared with controls (p < 0.001), and mRNA levels increased with DN progression. Urinary mRNA levels of all target genes positively correlated with both UAE and HbA1c. The expression of nephrin, podocalyxin, and podocin mRNA correlated with serum creatinine {(r = 0.397, p value = 0.002), (r = 0.431, p value = 0.001), (r = 0.433, p value = 0.001) respectively}. CONCLUSION The urinary mRNA profiles of nephrin, podocalyxin, and podocin were found to increase with the progression of DN, which suggested that quantification of podocyte-associated molecules will be useful biomarkers of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Fayed
- Nephrology unit, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | | | - Hala Kahla
- Endocrinology unit, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M Elsayed
- Endocrinology unit, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mervat El Ansary
- Clinical Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Gamal Saadi
- Nephrology unit, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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白 志, 陆 静, 杨 亦. [Role of TGF-β1/ILK/FSP1 signaling pathway in cyclosporin A-induced epithelialmesenchymal transition in cultured renal tubular epithelial cells]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:804-809. [PMID: 31340913 PMCID: PMC6765554 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.07.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of transforming growth factor-β1/integrin-linked kinase/fibroblast-specific protein 1 (TGF- β1/ILK/FSP1) signaling pathway in cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced renal tubular epithelial cell transdifferentiation. METHODS Rat renal tubular epithelial NRK-52E cells were induced with 1 mg/L CsA, treated with TGF-β1 inhibitor (SB431542, 10 μmol/L), or transfected with the ILK-RNAi lentiviral expression vector (ILKshRNA) or a negative control vector before CsA induction. The expressions of TGF-β1, ILK and FSP-1 mRNAs and proteins in the cells were detected using real-time PCR and Western blotting. The positive cells for α-SMA expression were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with the blank control cells, the cells treated with CsA showed significantly increased levels of TGF-β1, ILK and FSP-1 mRNAs and proteins (P < 0.05). The expressions of TGF-β1, ILK and FSP-1 were significantly lower in TGF-β1 inhibitor group than in CsA group (P < 0.05). The levels of ILK and FSP-1 were significantly decreased after shRNA-mediated ILK silencing (P < 0.05). The number of positive cells for α-SMA was significantly lower in cells treated with SB431542 and in cells with ILK silencing than in the cells treated with CsA alone (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The activation of TGF-β1/ILK/FSP-1 signaling pathway is an important mechanism for CsA-induced transdifferentiation in rat renal tubular epithelial cells. ILK participates in CsA-induced epithelialmesenchymal transition of renal tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- 志勋 白
- 遵义医科大学第二附属医院肾病风湿科,贵州 遵义 563000Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - 静 陆
- 遵义医药高等专科学校,贵州 遵义 563006Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - 亦彬 杨
- 遵义医科大学附属医院肾病风湿科,贵州 遵义 563006Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
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Gembillo G, Cernaro V, Salvo A, Siligato R, Laudani A, Buemi M, Santoro D. Role of Vitamin D Status in Diabetic Patients with Renal Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55060273. [PMID: 31200589 PMCID: PMC6630278 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) poses a major public health problem worldwide, with ever-increasing incidence and prevalence in recent years. The Institute for Alternative Futures (IAF) expects that the total number of people with type 1 and type 2 DM in the United States will increase by 54%, from 19,629,000 to 54,913,000 people, between 2015 and 2030. Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) affects about one-third of patients with DM and currently ranks as the first cause of end-stage kidney disease in the Western world. The complexity of interactions of Vitamin D is directly related with progressive long-term changes implicated in the worsening of renal function. These changes result in a dysregulation of the vitamin D-dependent pathways. Various studies demonstrated a pivotal role of Vitamin D supplementation in regression of albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis, contrasting the increase of glomerular basement membrane thickening and podocyte effacement, with better renal and cardiovascular outcomes. The homeostasis and regulation of the nephron’s function are absolutely dependent from the cross-talk between endothelium and podocytes. Even if growing evidence proves that vitamin D may have antiproteinuric, anti-inflammatory and renoprotective effects in patients with DN, it is still worth investigating these aspects with both more in vitro studies and randomized controlled trials in larger patient series and with adequate follow-up to confirm the effects of long-term vitamin D analogue supplementation in DN and to evaluate the effectiveness of this therapy and the appropriate dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gembillo
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Valeria Cernaro
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Antonino Salvo
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Rossella Siligato
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Laudani
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Michele Buemi
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98,125 Messina, Italy.
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Cai X, Wang L, Wang X, Hou F. miR-124a enhances therapeutic effects of bone marrow stromal cells transplant on diabetic nephropathy-related epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:299-312. [PMID: 31190436 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been gradually considered as one of the major pathways that causes the production of interstitial myofibroblasts in diseased kidneys. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was done to investigate the effect of a bone marrow stromal cell (BMSCs) transplant on rat podocytes and diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats in high-glucose concentration, and to explore the effect of miR-124a on BMSC therapy. High glucose-injured podocytes and streptozotocin-induced DN rats have been respectively used as injury models in in vitro and in vivo studies. Podocyte viability was measured using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Renal pathological examination was observed by HE staining and Masson staining. The messenger RNA and protein levels were determined via real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS By mediating the activation of caveolin-1 (cav-1) and β-catenin and affecting the expression levels of EMT biomarkers including p-cadherin, synaptopodin, fibroblast-specific protein-1, α-smooth muscle actin and snail, our in vitro study confirmed that miR-124a played a significant role in the treatment of high glucose-induced podocyte injury by BMSCs. The therapeutic effects of the BMSC transplant on DN rats were also proved to be further enhanced by miR-124a overexpression in BMSCs, and such a phenomenon was accompanied by the improvement of renal fibrosis and mitigation of DN-related kidney impairment. Regulation of fibronectin, collagen1, and EMT-related proteins was closely implicated with the mechanism, and the activation of cav-1 and β-catenin was also possibly involved. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated the pivotal effect of miR-124a on BMSC therapy for DN rats via mitigating EMT and fibrosis. Our results provide a novel insight into how therapeutic effects of BMSCs can be improved at the posttranscriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fengyan Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Wnt/β-catenin links oxidative stress to podocyte injury and proteinuria. Kidney Int 2019; 95:830-845. [PMID: 30770219 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Podocyte injury is the major cause of proteinuria in primary glomerular diseases. Oxidative stress has long been thought to play a role in triggering podocyte damage; however, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we show that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is involved in mediating oxidative stress-induced podocyte dysfunction. Advanced oxidation protein products, a marker and trigger of oxidative stress, were increased in the serum of patients with chronic kidney disease and correlated with impaired glomerular filtration, proteinuria, and circulating level of Wnt1. Both serum from patients with chronic kidney disease and exogenous advanced oxidation protein products induced Wnt1 and Wnt7a expression, activated β-catenin, and reduced expression of podocyte-specific markers in vitro and in vivo. Blockade of Wnt signaling by Klotho or knockdown of β-catenin by shRNA in podocytes abolished β-catenin activation and the upregulation of fibronectin, desmin, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and Snail1 triggered by advanced oxidation protein products. Furthermore, conditional knockout mice with podocyte-specific ablation of β-catenin were protected against podocyte injury and albuminuria after treatment with advanced oxidation protein products. The action of Wnt/β-catenin was dependent on the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-mediated NADPH oxidase induction, reactive oxygen species generation, and nuclear factor-κB activation. These studies uncover a novel mechanistic linkage of oxidative stress, Wnt/β-catenin activation, and podocyte dysfunction.
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Meng XM. Inflammatory Mediators and Renal Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:381-406. [PMID: 31399975 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Renal inflammation is the initial, healthy response to renal injury. However, prolonged inflammation promotes the fibrosis process, which leads to chronic pathology and eventually end-stage kidney disease. There are two major sources of inflammatory cells: first, bone marrow-derived leukocytes that include neutrophils, macrophages, fibrocytes and mast cells, and second, locally activated kidney cells such as mesangial cells, podocytes, tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. These activated cells produce many profibrotic cytokines and growth factors that cause accumulation and activation of myofibroblasts, and enhance the production of the extracellular matrix. In particular, activated macrophages are key mediators that drive acute inflammation into chronic kidney disease. They produce large amounts of profibrotic factors and modify the microenvironment via a paracrine effect, and they also transdifferentiate to myofibroblasts directly, although the origin of myofibroblasts in the fibrosing kidney remains controversial. Collectively, understanding inflammatory cell functions and mechanisms during renal fibrosis is paramount to improving diagnosis and treatment of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Maestroni S, Zerbini G. Glomerular endothelial cells versus podocytes as the cellular target in diabetic nephropathy. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:1105-1111. [PMID: 30155580 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It usually takes several years (in some cases, decades) for predisposed individuals to move from the onset of type 1 or type 2 diabetes to the development of microalbuminuria, the first sign of diabetic nephropathy. This long, complication-free, period represents the best possible moment to start a successful preventive strategy (primary prevention) aimed to avoid or at least to postpone the increase of albumin excretion rate. Prevention is based on understanding and counteracting the initial mechanisms leading to the development of the disease and unfortunately, in case of diabetic nephropathy, most of them remain unclear. Little is also known about which, among endothelial cells and podocytes, represent the first glomerular target of the complication. Selective damage of the endothelium or of the podocyte results, as a common consequence, in an increase of albumin excretion rate. Albuminuria by itself cannot therefore be of help to solve the case. Endothelium and podocytes are involved in a continuous cross-talk and by studying the impact of diabetes on this "communication" process it should be possible to obtain some information regarding the weak component of the glomerular filter. Finally, the careful investigation of the mechanisms leading to the development podocyturia, a recently identified glomerular dysfunction associated to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, could contribute to shed some more light on the very early stages of this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Maestroni
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Zerbini
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milano, Italy.
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Kotsiou OS, Gourgoulianis KI, Zarogiannis SG. IL-33/ST2 Axis in Organ Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2432. [PMID: 30405626 PMCID: PMC6207585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is highly expressed in barrier sites, acting via the suppression of tumorigenicity 2 receptor (ST2). IL-33/ST2 axis has long been known to play a pivotal role in immunity and cell homeostasis by promoting wound healing and tissue repair. However, it is also involved in the loss of balance between extensive inflammation and tissue regeneration lead to remodeling, the hallmark of fibrosis. The aim of the current review is to critically evaluate the available evidence regarding the role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in organ fibrosis. The role of the axis in tissue remodeling is better understood considering its crucial role reported in organ development and regeneration. Generally, the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway has mainly anti-inflammatory/anti-proliferative effects; however, chronic tissue injury is responsible for pro-fibrogenetic responses. Regarding pulmonary fibrosis mature IL-33 enhances pro-fibrogenic type 2 cytokine production in an ST2- and macrophage-dependent manner, while full-length IL-33 is also implicated in the pulmonary fibrotic process in an ST2-independent, Th2-independent fashion. In liver fibrosis, evidence indicate that when acute and massive liver damage occurs, the release of IL-33 might act as an activator of tissue-protective mechanisms, while in cases of chronic injury IL-33 plays the role of a hepatic fibrotic factor. IL-33 signaling has also been involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Moreover, IL-33 could be used as an early marker for ulcer-associated activated fibroblasts and myofibroblast trans-differentiation; thus one cannot rule out its potential role in inflammatory bowel disease-associated fibrosis. Similarly, the upregulation of the IL-33/ST2 axismay contribute to tubular cell injury and fibrosis via epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of various cell types in the kidneys. Of note, IL-33 exerts a cardioprotective role via ST2 signaling, while soluble ST2 has been demonstrated as a marker of myocardial fibrosis. Finally, IL-33 is a crucial cytokine in skin pathology responsible for abnormal fibroblast proliferation, leukocyte infiltration and morphologic differentiation of human endothelial cells. Overall, emerging data support a novel contribution of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in tissue fibrosis and highlight the significant role of the Th2 pattern of immune response in the pathophysiology of organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania S. Kotsiou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
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