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Perschinka F, Köglberger P, Klein SJ, Joannidis M. [Hyponatremia : Etiology, diagnosis and acute therapy]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2023; 118:505-517. [PMID: 37646802 PMCID: PMC10501960 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-023-01049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte disorders in emergency departments and hospitalized patients. Serum sodium concentration is controlled by osmoregulation and volume regulation. Both pathways are regulated via the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Syndrome of inappropriate release of ADH (SIADH) may be caused by neoplasms or pneumonia but may also be triggered by drug use or drug abuse. Excessive fluid intake may also result in a decrease in serum sodium concentration. Rapid alteration in serum sodium concentration leads to cell swelling or cell shrinkage, which primarily causes neurological symptoms. The dynamics of development of hyponatremia and its duration are crucial. In addition to blood testing, a clinical examination and urine analysis are essential in the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Perschinka
- Gemeinsame Einrichtung Internistische Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, Department für Innere Medizin, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - Paul Köglberger
- Gemeinsame Einrichtung Internistische Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, Department für Innere Medizin, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich
- Institut für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Klinikum Wels, Grieskirchnerstraße 42, 4600, Wels, Österreich
| | - Sebastian J Klein
- Gemeinsame Einrichtung Internistische Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, Department für Innere Medizin, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - Michael Joannidis
- Gemeinsame Einrichtung Internistische Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, Department für Innere Medizin, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich.
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Krisanapan P, Tangpanithandee S, Thongprayoon C, Pattharanitima P, Kleindienst A, Miao J, Craici IM, Mao MA, Cheungpasitporn W. Safety and Efficacy of Vaptans in the Treatment of Hyponatremia from Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5483. [PMID: 37685548 PMCID: PMC10488023 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of vasopressin receptor antagonists, known as vaptans, in the management of hyponatremia among patients afflicted with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) remains a contentious subject. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vaptans for treating chronic hyponatremia in adult SIADH patients. Clinical trials and observational studies were identified by a systematic search using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database from inception through September 2022. The inclusion criteria were the studies that reported vaptans' safety or efficacy outcomes compared to placebo or standard therapies. The study protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD 42022357307). Five studies were identified, comprising three RCTs and two cohort studies, enrolling a total of 1840 participants. Regarding short-term efficacy on days 4-5, vaptans exhibited a significant increase in serum sodium concentration from the baseline in comparison to the control group, with a weighted mean difference of 4.77 mmol/L (95% CI, 3.57, 5.96; I2 = 34%). In terms of safety outcomes, the pooled incidence rates of overcorrection were 13.1% (95% CI 4.3, 33.6; I2 = 92%) in the vaptans group and 3.3% (95% CI 1.6, 6.6; I2 = 27%) in the control group. Despite the higher correction rate linked to vaptans, with an OR of 5.72 (95% CI 3.38, 9.70; I2 = 0%), no cases of osmotic demyelination syndrome were observed. Our meta-analysis comprehensively summarizes the efficacy and effect size of vaptans in managing SIADH. While vaptans effectively raise the serum sodium concentration compared to placebo/fluid restriction, clinicians should exercise caution regarding the potential for overcorrection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pajaree Krisanapan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.T.); (C.T.); (J.M.); (I.M.C.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Supawit Tangpanithandee
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.T.); (C.T.); (J.M.); (I.M.C.)
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
| | - Charat Thongprayoon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.T.); (C.T.); (J.M.); (I.M.C.)
| | - Pattharawin Pattharanitima
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Andrea Kleindienst
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Nürnberg-Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Jing Miao
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.T.); (C.T.); (J.M.); (I.M.C.)
| | - Iasmina M. Craici
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.T.); (C.T.); (J.M.); (I.M.C.)
| | - Michael A. Mao
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Wisit Cheungpasitporn
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.T.); (C.T.); (J.M.); (I.M.C.)
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Juarez A, Barr M, Golden T. Hypertonic Saline Administration via Intraosseous Access During Symptomatic Hyponatremia. Cureus 2023; 15:e41731. [PMID: 37575736 PMCID: PMC10415047 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyponatremia is a common lab finding. Symptomatology varies greatly and can depend on the degree of hyponatremia and its chronicity. Causes of hyponatremia are also vast and include heart failure, renal injury, liver disease, and gastrointestinal losses, or it can be induced by medication. Treatment depends on the suspected etiology. However, in life-threatening conditions such as seizures or coma, urgent 3% saline is required. Administration of 3% saline is usually through peripheral and central IV access. This case report highlights an alternative route in administering 3% saline, intraosseous vascular access, when other options have been exhausted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Juarez
- Internal Medicine, Grand Strand Medical Center, Myrtle Beach, USA
| | - Mitsy Barr
- Internal Medicine, Grand Strand Medical Center, Myrtle Beach, USA
| | - Thaddeus Golden
- Critical Care Medicine, Grand Strand Medical Center, Myrtle Beach, USA
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Tzoulis P, Kaltsas G, Baldeweg SE, Bouloux PM, Grossman AB. Tolvaptan for the treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD). Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2023; 14:20420188231173327. [PMID: 37214762 PMCID: PMC10192810 DOI: 10.1177/20420188231173327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD), the commonest cause of hyponatraemia, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, leads through aquaresis to an increase in serum sodium concentration and is the only medication licenced in Europe for the treatment of euvolaemic hyponatraemia. Randomised controlled trials have shown that tolvaptan is highly efficacious in correcting SIAD-related hyponatraemia. Real-world data have confirmed the marked efficacy of tolvaptan, but they have also reported a high risk of overly rapid sodium increase in patients with a very low baseline serum sodium. The lower the baseline serum sodium, the higher the tolvaptan-induced correction rate occurs. Therefore, a lower starting tolvaptan dose of 7.5 mg has been evaluated in small cohort studies, demonstrating its efficacy, but it still remains unclear as to whether it can reduce the risk of overcorrection. Most international guidelines, except for the European ones, recommend tolvaptan as second-line treatment for SIAD after fluid restriction. However, the risk of unduly rapid sodium correction in combination with its high cost have limited its routine use. Prospective controlled studies are warranted to evaluate whether tolvaptan-related sodium increase can improve patient-related clinical outcomes, such as mortality and length of hospital stay in the acute setting or neurocognitive symptoms and quality of life in the chronic setting. In addition, the potential role of a low tolvaptan starting dose needs to be further explored. Until then, tolvaptan should mainly be used as second-line treatment for SIAD, especially when there is a clinical need for prompt restoration of normonatraemia. Tolvaptan should be used with specialist input according to a structured clinical pathway, including rigorous monitoring of electrolyte and fluid balance and, if needed, implementation of appropriate measures to prevent, or when necessary reverse, overly rapid hyponatraemia correction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal
Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of
Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stephanie E. Baldeweg
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology,
University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Division of Medicine, University College
London, London, UK
| | | | - Ashley B. Grossman
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford,
Oxford, UK
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Royal Free
Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London
School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Workeneh BT, Meena P, Christ-Crain M, Rondon-Berrios H. Hyponatremia Demystified: Integrating Physiology to Shape Clinical Practice. ADVANCES IN KIDNEY DISEASE AND HEALTH 2023; 30:85-101. [PMID: 36868737 PMCID: PMC9993811 DOI: 10.1053/j.akdh.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyponatremia is one of the most common problems encountered in clinical practice and one of the least-understood because accurate diagnosis and management require some familiarity with water homeostasis physiology, making the topic seemingly complex. The prevalence of hyponatremia depends on the nature of the population studied and the criteria used to define it. Hyponatremia is associated with poor outcomes including increased mortality and morbidity. The pathogenesis of hypotonic hyponatremia involves the accumulation of electrolyte-free water caused by either increased intake and/or decrease in kidney excretion. Plasma osmolality, urine osmolality, and urine sodium can help to differentiate among the different etiologies. Brain adaptation to plasma hypotonicity consisting of solute extrusion to mitigate further water influx into brain cells best explains the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia. Acute hyponatremia has an onset within 48 hours, commonly resulting in severe symptoms, while chronic hyponatremia develops over 48 hours and usually is pauci-symptomatic. However, the latter increases the risk of osmotic demyelination syndrome if hyponatremia is corrected rapidly; therefore, extreme caution must be exercised when correcting plasma sodium. Management strategies depend on the presence of symptoms and the cause of hyponatremia and are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruh T Workeneh
- Section of Nephrology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Priti Meena
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helbert Rondon-Berrios
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder and it affects approximately 5% of adults and 35% of hospitalized patients. Hyponatremia is defined by a serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L and most commonly results from water retention. Even mild hyponatremia is associated with increased hospital stay and mortality. OBSERVATIONS Symptoms and signs of hyponatremia range from mild and nonspecific (such as weakness or nausea) to severe and life-threatening (such as seizures or coma). Symptom severity depends on the rapidity of development, duration, and severity of hyponatremia. Mild chronic hyponatremia is associated with cognitive impairment, gait disturbances, and increased rates of falls and fractures. In a prospective study, patients with hyponatremia more frequently reported a history of falling compared with people with normal serum sodium levels (23.8% vs 16.4%, respectively; P < .01) and had a higher rate of new fractures over a mean follow-up of 7.4 years (23.3% vs 17.3%; P < .004). Hyponatremia is a secondary cause of osteoporosis. When evaluating patients, clinicians should categorize them according to their fluid volume status (hypovolemic hyponatremia, euvolemic hyponatremia, or hypervolemic hyponatremia). For most patients, the approach to managing hyponatremia should consist of treating the underlying cause. Urea and vaptans can be effective treatments for the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis and hyponatremia in patients with heart failure, but have adverse effects (eg, poor palatability and gastric intolerance with urea; and overly rapid correction of hyponatremia and increased thirst with vaptans). Severely symptomatic hyponatremia (with signs of somnolence, obtundation, coma, seizures, or cardiorespiratory distress) is a medical emergency. US and European guidelines recommend treating severely symptomatic hyponatremia with bolus hypertonic saline to reverse hyponatremic encephalopathy by increasing the serum sodium level by 4 mEq/L to 6 mEq/L within 1 to 2 hours but by no more than 10 mEq/L (correction limit) within the first 24 hours. This treatment approach exceeds the correction limit in about 4.5% to 28% of people. Overly rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia may cause osmotic demyelination, a rare but severe neurological condition, which can result in parkinsonism, quadriparesis, or even death. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Hyponatremia affects approximately 5% of adults and 35% of patients who are hospitalized. Most patients should be managed by treating their underlying disease and according to whether they have hypovolemic, euvolemic, or hypervolemic hyponatremia. Urea and vaptans can be effective in managing the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis and hyponatremia in patients with heart failure; hypertonic saline is reserved for patients with severely symptomatic hyponatremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio J Adrogué
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Bryan M Tucker
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Nicolaos E Madias
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Martin-Grace J, Tomkins M, O’Reilly MW, Thompson CJ, Sherlock M. Approach to the Patient: Hyponatremia and the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2362-2376. [PMID: 35511757 PMCID: PMC9282351 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance seen in clinical practice, affecting up to 30% of acute hospital admissions, and is associated with significant adverse clinical outcomes. Acute or severe symptomatic hyponatremia carries a high risk of neurological morbidity and mortality. In contrast, chronic hyponatremia is associated with significant morbidity including increased risk of falls, osteoporosis, fractures, gait instability, and cognitive decline; prolonged hospital admissions; and etiology-specific increase in mortality. In this Approach to the Patient, we review and compare the current recommendations, guidelines, and literature for diagnosis and treatment options for both acute and chronic hyponatremia, illustrated by 2 case studies. Particular focus is concentrated on the diagnosis and management of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. An understanding of the pathophysiology of hyponatremia, along with a synthesis of the duration of hyponatremia, biochemical severity, symptomatology, and blood volume status, forms the structure to guide the appropriate and timely management of hyponatremia. We present 2 illustrative cases that represent common presentations with hyponatremia and discuss the approach to management of these and other causes of hyponatremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Martin-Grace
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Tomkins
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael W O’Reilly
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chris J Thompson
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Sherlock
- Correspondence: Mark Sherlock, MD, PhD, Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 9, Ireland. E-mail:
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Donald DM, Sherlock M, Thompson CJ. Hyponatraemia and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) in cancer. ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2022; 2:R78-R89. [PMID: 37435459 PMCID: PMC10259335 DOI: 10.1530/eo-22-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Hyponatraemia is a common electrolyte abnormality seen in a wide range of oncological and haematological malignancies and confers poor performance status, prolonged hospital admission and reduced overall survival, in patients with cancer. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) is the commonest cause of hyponatraemia in malignancy and is characterised by clinical euvolaemia, low plasma osmolality and concentrated urine, with normal renal, adrenal and thyroid function. Causes of SIAD include ectopic production of vasopressin (AVP) from an underlying tumour, cancer treatments, nausea and pain. Cortisol deficiency is an important differential in the assessment of hyponatraemia, as it has an identical biochemical pattern to SIAD and is easily treatable. This is particularly relevant with the increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which can cause hypophysitis and adrenalitis, leading to cortisol deficiency. Guidelines on the management of acute, symptomatic hyponatraemia recommend 100 mL bolus of 3% saline with careful monitoring of the serum sodium to prevent overcorrection. In cases of chronic hyponatraemia, fluid restriction is recommended as first-line treatment; however, this is frequently not feasible in patients with cancer and has been shown to have limited efficacy. Vasopressin-2 receptor antagonists (vaptans) may be preferable, as they effectively increase sodium levels in SIAD and do not require fluid restriction. Active management of hyponatraemia is increasingly recognised as an important component of oncological management; correction of hyponatraemia is associated with shorter hospital stay and prolonged survival. The awareness of the impact of hyponatraemia and the positive benefits of active restoration of normonatraemia remain challenging in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mc Donald
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Sherlock
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C J Thompson
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Pinkhasov A, Xiong G, Bourgeois JA, Heinrich TW, Huang H, Coriolan S, Annamalai A, Mangal JP, Frankel S, Lang M, Raj YP, Dandois M, Barth K, Stewart AL, Rado J, Pesek J, Sanders A, Spearman-McCarthy EV, Gagliardi J, Fiedorowicz JG. Management of SIADH-related hyponatremia due to psychotropic medications - An expert consensus from the Association of Medicine and Psychiatry. J Psychosom Res 2021; 151:110654. [PMID: 34739943 PMCID: PMC10911096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte imbalance encountered in clinical practice and is associated with negative healthcare outcomes and cost. SIADH is thought to account for one third of all hyponatremia cases and is typically an insidious process. Psychotropic medications are commonly implicated in the etiology of drug induced SIADH. There is limited guidance for clinicians on management of psychotropic-induced SIADH. METHODS After an extensive review of the existing literature, clinical-educators from the Association of Medicine and Psychiatry developed expert consensus recommendations for management of psychotropic-induced SIADH. A risk score was proposed based on risk factors for SIADH to guide clinical decision-making. RESULTS SSRIs, SNRIs, antipsychotics, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine have moderate to high level of evidence demonstrating their association with SIADH. Evaluation for an avoidance of medications that cause hyponatremia is particularly important. Substitution with medication that is less likely to cause SIADH should be considered when appropriate. We propose an algorithmic approach to monitoring hyponatremia with SIADH and corresponding treatment depending on symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS The proposed algorithm can help clinicians in determining whether psychotropic medication should be stopped, reduced or substituted where SIADH is suspected with recommendations for sodium (Na+) monitoring. These recommendations preserve a role for clinical judgment in the management of hyponatremia with consideration of the risks and benefits, which may be particularly relevant for complex patients that present with medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Further studies are needed to determine whether baseline and serial Na+ monitoring reduces morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Pinkhasov
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, NY, United States of America; Psychiatry and Medicine, NYULI - SOM, NY, United States of America.
| | - Glen Xiong
- University of California at Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - James A Bourgeois
- Psychiatry, Baylor Scott & White Health, TX, United States of America
| | - Thomas W Heinrich
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine and Family and Community Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI, United States of America
| | - Heather Huang
- Psychiatry and Internal Medicine, University of WI, WI, United States of America
| | - Shanice Coriolan
- NYU Langone Hospital - Long Island, NY, United States of America
| | - Aniyizhai Annamalai
- Psychiatry and Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, CT, United States of America
| | - Jed P Mangal
- Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, MD, United States of America
| | - Steven Frankel
- Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, MN, United States of America; Psychiatry, UCSF, Medical School, University of Minnesota, MN, United States of America
| | - Michael Lang
- Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, NC, United States of America
| | - Y Pritham Raj
- Depts of Internal Medicine & Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States of America
| | | | - Kelly Barth
- Psychiatry and Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, United States of America
| | - Anne Louise Stewart
- Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern, TX, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Rado
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL, United States of America
| | - Justin Pesek
- Baylor Scott & White Health, TX, United States of America
| | - Aaron Sanders
- Baylor Scott & White Health, TX, United States of America
| | - E Vanessa Spearman-McCarthy
- Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA, United States of America
| | - Jane Gagliardi
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, NC, United States of America
| | - Jess G Fiedorowicz
- Mental Health, The Ottawa Hospital, ON, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa, and uOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, ON, Canada
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10
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Arima H, Goto K, Motozawa T, Mouri M, Watanabe R, Hirano T, Ishikawa SE. Open-label, multicenter, dose-titration study to determine the efficacy and safety of tolvaptan in Japanese patients with hyponatremia secondary to syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Endocr J 2021; 68:17-29. [PMID: 32863282 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of tolvaptan in Japanese patients with hyponatremia secondary to syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). This multicenter, open-label, dose-escalation, phase III study enrolled Japanese patients (20-85 years old) with hyponatremia secondary to SIADH who were unresponsive to fluid restriction. Oral tolvaptan was administered for up to 30 days, initially at 7.5 mg/day, but escalated daily as necessary, based on the serum sodium concentration and safety, over the first 10 days until the optimal maintenance dose was determined for each patient (maximum 60 mg/day). The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with normalized serum sodium concentration on the day after the final tolvaptan dose. Secondary endpoints included the mean change in serum sodium concentration from baseline on the day after the final dose. Sixteen patients (male, 81.3%; mean ± standard deviation age 71.9 ± 6.1 years) received tolvaptan treatment and 11 patients completed the study with one patient re-administered tolvaptan in the treatment period. Serum sodium concentrations normalized in 13 of 16 (81.3%) patients on the day after the final tolvaptan dose. The mean change in serum sodium concentration from baseline on the day after the final dose was 11.0 ± 4.3 mEq/L. Adverse events considered related to tolvaptan (10 [62.5%] patients) were generally of mild to moderate severity. Oral tolvaptan corrects hyponatremia in Japanese patients with SIADH with a similar efficacy and safety profile as that noted in non-Japanese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Goto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Motozawa
- Clinical Development Headquarters, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Mouri
- Clinical Development Headquarters, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Watanabe
- Clinical Development Headquarters, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirano
- Medical Affairs, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - San-E Ishikawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
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Workeneh BT, Jhaveri KD, Rondon-Berrios H. Hyponatremia in the cancer patient. Kidney Int 2020; 98:870-882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Refardt J, Imber C, Sailer CO, Jeanloz N, Potasso L, Kutz A, Widmer A, Urwyler SA, Ebrahimi F, Vogt DR, Winzeler B, Christ-Crain M. A Randomized Trial of Empagliflozin to Increase Plasma Sodium Levels in Patients with the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:615-624. [PMID: 32019783 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019090944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment options to address the hyponatremia induced by the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) are inadequate. The sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor empagliflozin promotes osmotic diuresis via urinary glucose excretion and therefore, might offer a novel treatment option for SIAD. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we recruited 88 hospitalized patients with SIAD-induced hyponatremia <130 mmol/L at the University Hospital Basel from September 2016 until January 2019 and assigned patients to receive, in addition to standard fluid restriction of <1000 ml/24 h, a once-daily dose of oral empagliflozin or placebo for 4 days. The primary end point was the absolute change in plasma sodium concentration after 4 days of treatment. Secondary end points included predisposing factors for treatment response and safety of the intervention. RESULTS Of the 87 patients who completed the trial, 43 (49%) received treatment with empagliflozin, and 44 (51%) received placebo. Baseline plasma sodium concentrations were similar for the two groups (median 125.5 mmol/L for the empaflozin group and median 126 mmol/L for the placebo group). Patients treated with empagliflozin had a significantly higher increase of median plasma sodium concentration compared with those receiving placebo (10 versus 7 mmol/L, respectively; P=0.04). Profound hyponatremia (<125 mmol/L) and lower baseline osmolality levels increased the likelihood of response to treatment with empagliflozin. Treatment was well tolerated, and no events of hypoglycemia or hypotension occurred among those receiving empagliflozin. CONCLUSIONS Among hospitalized patients with SIAD treated with fluid restriction, those who received empagliflozin had a larger increase in plasma sodium levels compared with those who received placebo. This finding indicates that empagliflozin warrants further study as a treatment for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Refardt
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; .,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Cornelia Imber
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Clara O Sailer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Nica Jeanloz
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Laura Potasso
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Alexander Kutz
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Andrea Widmer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Sandrine A Urwyler
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Fahim Ebrahimi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Deborah R Vogt
- Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Winzeler
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
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Portales-Castillo I, Sterns RH. Allostasis and the Clinical Manifestations of Mild to Moderate Chronic Hyponatremia: No Good Adaptation Goes Unpunished. Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 73:391-399. [PMID: 30554800 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
When homeostatic regulatory systems are unable to maintain a normal serum sodium concentration, the organism must adapt to demands of a disordered internal environment, a process known as "allostasis." Human cells respond to osmotic stress created by an abnormal serum sodium level with the same adaptations used by invertebrate organisms that do not regulate body fluid osmolality. To avoid intolerable changes in their volume, cells export organic osmolytes when exposed to a low serum sodium concentration and accumulate these intracellular solutes when serum sodium concentration increases. The brain's adaptation to severe hyponatremia (serum sodium < 120 mEq/L) has been studied extensively. However, adaptive responses occur with less severe hyponatremia and other tissues are affected; the consequences of these adaptations are incompletely understood. Recent epidemiologic studies have shown that mild (sodium, 130-135 mEq/L) and moderate (sodium, 121-129 mEq/L) chronic hyponatremia, long thought to be inconsequential, is associated with adverse outcomes. Adaptations of the heart, bone, brain, and (possibly) immune system to sustained mild to moderate hyponatremia may adversely affect their function and potentially the organism's survival. This review explores what is known about the consequences of mild to moderate chronic hyponatremia and the potential benefits of treating this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard H Sterns
- Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY; University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY.
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