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Li Z, Wang Z, Shen B, Chen C, Ding X, Song H. Effects of aspirin on the gastrointestinal tract: Pros vs. cons. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:2567-2578. [PMID: 32782574 PMCID: PMC7400979 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid, also known as aspirin, is often used in clinical antipyretic, analgesic and antiplatelet therapy. Aspirin can cause numerous side effects in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, ranging from unpleasant GI symptoms without gastric mucosal lesions to ulcer bleeding and even death. However, recent studies have found that aspirin can significantly prevent GI tumors. Despite impressive advances in cancer research, screening and treatment options, GI tumors remain a leading cause of death worldwide. Prevention is a far better option than treatment for tumors. Therefore, the present review assesses the pros and cons of aspirin on the GI tract and, on this the basis, the appropriate dose of aspirin to protect it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoya Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Baile Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Haojun Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
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2
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Abstract
Conducting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in patients with germline mutations in genes that predispose to adult-onset cancer is hampered by the rarity of these mutations, barriers to their identification, and challenges inherent to randomizing high-risk individuals as part of a clinical trial. Most of the clinically relevant RCTs have been conducted in 3 syndromes in only some of the high-risk genes for which clinical testing is currently available. This article reviews the surgical, screening, and chemoprevention RCTs in each of the syndromes in clinically relevant studies conducted in the past 10 years.
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Impact of Procyanidins from Different Berries on Caspase 8 Activation in Colon Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:154164. [PMID: 26180579 PMCID: PMC4477188 DOI: 10.1155/2015/154164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Scope. The aim of this work is to identify which proapoptotic pathway is induced in human colon cancer cell lines, in contact with proanthocyanidins extracted from various berries. Methods and Results. Proanthocyanidins (Pcys) extracted from 11 berry species are monitored for proapoptotic activities on two related human colon cancer cell lines: SW480-TRAIL-sensitive and SW620-TRAIL-resistant. Apoptosis induction is monitored by cell surface phosphatidylserine (PS) detection. Lowbush blueberry extract triggers the strongest activity. When tested on the human monocytic cell line THP-1, blueberry Pcys are less effective for PS externalisation and DNA fragmentation is absent, highlighting a specificity of apoptosis induction in gut cells. In Pcys-treated gut cell lines, caspase 8 (apoptosis extrinsic pathway) but not caspase 9 (apoptosis intrinsic pathway) is activated after 3 hours through P38 phosphorylation (90 min), emphasizing the potency of lowbush blueberry Pcys to eradicate gut TRAIL-resistant cancer cells. Conclusion. We highlight here that berries Pcys, especially lowbush blueberry Pcys, are of putative interest for nutritional chemoprevention of colorectal cancer in view of their apoptosis induction in a human colorectal cancer cell lines.
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Asfour W, Almadi S, Haffar L. Ethanolic Extract of <i>Nigella sativa</i> Seeds Lacks the Chemopreventive Efficacy in the Post Initiation Phase of DMH-Induced Colon Cancer in a Rat Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2013.42031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Dietary derived compounds in cancer chemoprevention. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2012; 16:394-400. [PMID: 23788916 PMCID: PMC3687449 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2012.31767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemoprevention is defined as the application of natural or synthetic agents to suppress or reverse cancer development and progression. In this field especially diet derived compounds have recently attracted researchers' attention as potential therapeutics generally exerting low toxicity compared with regular drugs. This review presents a survey of recent findings concerning the most promising dietary chemopreventive agents such as green tea polyphenols (i.e. catechins), long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, glucosinolates/isothiocyanates, vitamins (i.e. vitamin D and folate) and minerals (i.e. calcium and selenium). Molecular targets involved in intrinsic pathways affected by these natural compounds are also shortly discussed.
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Tsukahara T, Murakami-Murofushi K. Release of cyclic phosphatidic acid from gelatin-based hydrogels inhibit colon cancer cell growth and migration. Sci Rep 2012; 2:687. [PMID: 23008752 PMCID: PMC3449289 DOI: 10.1038/srep00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microparticle and nanoparticle formulations are widely used to improve the bioavailability of low-solubility drugs and as vehicles for organ- and tissue-specific targeted drug delivery. We investigated the effect of a novel, controlled-release form of a bioactive lipid, cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA), on human colon cancer cell line functions. We encapsulated cPA in gelatin-based hydrogels and examined its ability to inhibit the viability and migration of HT-29 and DLD-1 cells in vitro and the LPA-induced activity of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). The hydrogel delivery system prolonged cPA release into the culture medium. Accordingly, cPA-hydrogel microspheres substantially inhibited LPA-induced PPARγ activity and cell growth and migration compared with that of cells cultured with cPA alone. Thus, hydrogel microspheres are a potential system for stable and efficient delivery of bioactive lipids such as cPA and may offer a new strategy for targeted colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamotsu Tsukahara
- Department of Integrative Physiology & Bio-System Control, Shinshu University School of Medicine , 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
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Li YS, Wu LP, Li KH, Liu YP, Xiang R, Zhang SB, Zhu LY, Zhang LY. Involvement of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in the downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by genistein in gastric cancer cells. J Int Med Res 2012; 39:2141-50. [PMID: 22289529 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein induces growth inhibition in various human cancer cell lines but its mechanism of action remains unknown. This study determined whether the effect of genistein is mediated via suppression of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 protein, and elucidated the mechanism of action of this effect in the human gastric cancer cell line BGC-823. Genistein treatment inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner; Western blotting analysis indicated a significant dose-dependent decrease in COX-2 protein levels. Genistein treatment exerted a significant inhibitory effect on activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Additionally, the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate caused a reduction in COX-2 protein levels and NF-κB activation, similar to the effect of genistein. Suppression of COX-2 protein may be important for the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of genistein in BGC-823 cells, and these effects may be partly mediated through the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-S Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Ji C, Yang YL, Yang Z, Tu Y, Cheng L, Chen B, Xia JP, Sun WL, Su ZL, He L, Bi ZG. Perifosine sensitizes UVB-induced apoptosis in skin cells: new implication of skin cancer prevention? Cell Signal 2012; 24:1781-9. [PMID: 22584119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate here that a relative low dose of perifosine significantly enhanced UVB-induced apoptosis in skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts), associated with a significant increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ceramide production as well as multiple perturbations of diverse cell signaling pathways, shifting to a significant pro-apoptosis outcomes. Perifosine inhibited UVB-induced pro-survival Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ERK activation, while facilitating pro-apoptotic AMP-activated protein kinas (AMPK), c-Jun-NH(2)-kinase (JNK), and p53 activation; these signaling changes together promoted a striking increase in skin cell apoptosis and a significantly reduced amount of DNA damages. Our results suggest that perifosine may represent a novel skin cancer prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210024, Jiangsu, China.
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KUCHTA ANNAM, KELLY PHILIPM, STANTON CATHERINE, DEVERY ROSALEENA. Milk fat globule membrane - a source of polar lipids for colon health? A review. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2011.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zubiaurre L, Bujanda Fernández de Pierola L. [Aspirin in the prevention of colorectal cancer]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2011; 34:337-45. [PMID: 21435744 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal adenomas are precursors of most colorectal cancers and are consequently a surrogate endpoint for assessing the efficacy of chemopreventive agents. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels have been found to be increased in a significant number of colorectal carcinomas and adenomas. COX-2 overexpression is linked to carcinogenesis due to increased production of prostaglandins, which seem to play an important role in angiogenesis, cell proliferation and migration, as well as in apoptosis. These data support the use of acetylsalicylic acid (AAS) or aspirin, a COX-2 inhibitor, as an effective agent in colorectal cancer prevention. Several cohort and case control studies have shown that regular use of aspirin reduces the risk of colorectal cancer by approximately 50%. However, randomized controlled trials of aspirin report discrepant results, although there is an decrease in the relative risk of adenoma recurrence of approximately 17%. To date, although there is compelling evidence that the use of aspirin protects against adenoma and colorectal cancer, the optimal dose and duration of aspirin required to obtain this effect remain to be defined. Probably, the longer the treatment duration--even for more than 10 years--and possibly with higher doses, the greater the protective effects of aspirin. Finally, these benefits need to be considered in the context of all of the health effects of prolonged aspirin use, both positive and negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Zubiaurre
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital de Mendaro, Mendaro, Guipúzcoa, España
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Colorectal cancer: what should patients and families be told to lower the risk of colorectal cancer? Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2011; 19:693-710. [PMID: 20883947 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. CRC, however, is potentially preventable, and several strategies may be employed to decrease the incidence of and mortality from CRC. Understanding of individual risk and adherence to screening and surveillance recommendations undoubtedly will reduce CRC-associated deaths. Several natural and synthetic chemopreventive agents may prove effective for both primary and secondary CRC chemoprevention. Finally, dietary modifications (ie, increased dietary fiber, fruits and vegetables, and decreased red meat) and other lifestyle changes (i.e., increased physical activity, weight maintenance, avoidance of smoking, and moderation of alcohol intake) also may lower the risk of developing CRC.
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Lin L, Tan RX. Cross-kingdom actions of phytohormones: a functional scaffold exploration. Chem Rev 2011; 111:2734-60. [PMID: 21250668 DOI: 10.1021/cr100061j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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Limburg PJ, Mahoney MR, Ziegler KLA, Sontag SJ, Schoen RE, Benya R, Lawson MJ, Weinberg DS, Stoffel E, Chiorean M, Heigh R, Levine J, Della'Zanna G, Rodriguez L, Richmond E, Gostout C, Mandrekar SJ, Smyrk TC. Randomized phase II trial of sulindac, atorvastatin, and prebiotic dietary fiber for colorectal cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:259-69. [PMID: 21209397 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulindac, atorvastatin, or prebiotic dietary fiber may reduce colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, clinical trial data are currently limited. We conducted a randomized, phase II chemoprevention trial involving subjects 40 years or older, with previously resected colon cancer or multiple/advanced colorectal adenomas. Magnification chromoendoscopy (MCE) was performed to identify and characterize rectal aberrant crypt foci (ACF); eligibility criteria required five or more rectal ACFs at baseline. Intervention assignments were as follows: (a) atorvastatin 20 mg qd; (b) sulindac 150 mg bid; (c) oligofructose-enriched inulin (as ORAFTI®Synergy1) 6 gm bid; or (d) control (maltodextrin) 6 gm bid, for 6 months. Percent change in rectal ACF number (%ΔACF) within arm was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included changes in proliferation (Ki67) and apoptosis (caspase-3), as measured from normal mucosa biopsy samples. Among 85 eligible randomized subjects, 76 (86%) completed the trial per protocol. The median (range) of rectal ACF was 9 (5-34) and 8 (0-37) at baseline and postintervention, respectively. The median (SD) for %ΔACF was 5.6 (-69% to 143%), -18.6 (-83% to 160%), -3.6 (-88% to 83%), and -10.0 (-100% to 117%) in the atorvastatin, sulindac, ORAFTI®Synergy1 and control arms, respectively. Neither within-arm (P = 0.12-0.59) nor between-arm (P = 0.30-0.92) comparisons of %ΔACF were statistically significant. The active and control interventions also seemed to have similar effects on mucosal proliferation and apoptosis (P > 0.05 for each comparison). Data from this multicenter, phase II trial do not provide convincing evidence of CRC risk reduction from 6-month interventions with atorvastatin, sulindac, or ORAFTI®Synergy1, although statistical power was limited by the relatively small sample size.
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Terdiman JP, Johnson LK, Kim YS, Sleisenger MH, Gum JR, Hayes A, Weinberg VK, McQuaid KR. Chemoprevention of colonic polyps with balsalazide: an exploratory, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:2488-96. [PMID: 19757048 PMCID: PMC2762046 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of agents, including aspirin, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, folic acid, calcium, and vitamins, have been evaluated for their potential in chemoprevention of sporadic colorectal adenomas or cancer. Preclinical data suggest that 5-aminosalicylates also may have a chemopreventive effect. AIM To investigate chemoprevention of colonic polyps with balsalazide, a 5-aminosalicylate prodrug. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, adults diagnosed with small polyps in the rectosigmoid colon were treated with either balsalazide 3 g/d or placebo for 6 months. Follow-up lower endoscopy was performed, and all polyps were measured and analyzed histologically. The primary endpoint was reduction in mean size of the largest polyp per subject. RESULTS Among 241 participants screened, 86 were randomized to treatment, with 75 subjects evaluable. Balsalazide 3 g/d (n = 38) did not significantly reduce the mean size of the largest colonic polyp or the number of polyps compared with placebo (n = 37). Although not significant, post-hoc analysis revealed that total adenoma burden per subject, calculated as the sum of the volumes of all adenomas in mm3, increased by 55% in the balsalazide group compared with 95% in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Although balsalazide did not have significant chemopreventive effects on established colonic polyps, these results can aid in designing future prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Terdiman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Young S. Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA ,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Marvin H. Sleisenger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA ,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - James R. Gum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA ,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Ann Hayes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA ,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Vivian K. Weinberg
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, San Francisco, Box 1623, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Kenneth R. McQuaid
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA ,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA USA
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Lieberman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR 97239, USA.
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Santoro A, Pisanti S, Grimaldi C, Izzo AA, Borrelli F, Proto MC, Malfitano AM, Gazzerro P, Laezza C, Bifulco M. Rimonabant inhibits human colon cancer cell growth and reduces the formation of precancerous lesions in the mouse colon. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:996-1003. [PMID: 19479993 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The selective CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant (SR141716) was shown to perform a number of biological effects in several pathological conditions. Emerging findings demonstrate that rimonabant exerts antitumor action in thyroid tumors and breast cancer cells. In our study, human colorectal cancer cells (DLD-1, CaCo-2 and SW620) were treated with rimonabant and analyzed for markers of cell proliferation, cell viability and cell cycle progression. Rimonabant significantly reduced cell growth and induced cell death. In addition, rimonabant was able to alter cell cycle distribution in all the cell lines tested. Particularly, rimonabant produced a G2/M cell cycle arrest in DLD-1 cells without inducing apoptosis or necrosis. The G2/M phase arrest was characterized by a parallel enhancement of the number of mitoses associated to elevated DNA double strand breaks and chromosome misjoining events, hallmarks of mitotic catastrophe. Protein expression analyses of Cyclin B1, PARP-1, Aurora B and phosphorylated p38/MAPK and Chk1 demonstrated that rimonabant-induced mitotic catastrophe is mediated by interfering with the spindle assembly checkpoint and the DNA damage checkpoint. Moreover, in the mouse model of azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis, rimonabant significantly decreased aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation, which precedes colorectal cancer. Our findings suggest that rimonabant is able to inhibit colorectal cancer cell growth at different stages of colon cancer pathogenesis inducing mitotic catastrophe in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Santoro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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Abstract
Evidence from a wide range of sources suggests that individuals taking aspirin and related non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have reduced risk of large bowel cancer. Work in animals supports cancer reduction with aspirin, but no long-term randomised clinical trials exist in human beings, and randomisation would be ethically unacceptable because vascular protection would have to be denied to a proportion of the participants. However, opportunistic trials of aspirin, designed to test vascular protection, provide some evidence of a reduction in cancer, but only after at least 10 years. We summarise evidence for the potential benefit of aspirin and natural salicylates in cancer prevention. Possible mechanisms of action and directions for further work are discussed, and implications for clinical practice are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Badreddine
- Barrett's Esophagus Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Mary's Hospital, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Lawson MJ, Tobi M. Cecal stampede: the headlong rush for screening colonoscopy: a position paper. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:871-4. [PMID: 17934833 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-9961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of maslinic and oleanolic acids, two pentacyclic triterpenes from olives, on HT-29 colon cancer cells. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:36-43. [PMID: 18298868 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508882979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the anticarcinogenic effects of an olive fruit extract composed of pentacyclic triterpenes, the main components of which are maslinic acid (73.25%) and oleanolic acid (25.75%). Here we examined the effects of the individual components on proliferation, necrosis and apoptosis rates by fluorescence-based techniques in human HT-29 colon cancer cells. Oleanolic acid showed moderate antiproliferative activity, with an ec50 of 160.6 (se 10.6) micromol/l, and moderate cytotoxicity at high concentrations ( > or = 250 micromol/l). On the other hand, maslinic acid inhibited cell growth with an ec50 of 101.2 (se 7.8) micromol/l, without necrotic effects. Oleanolic acid, which lacks a hydroxyl group at the carbon 2 position, failed to activate caspase-3 as a prime apoptosis protease. In contrast, maslinic acid increased caspase-3-like activity at 10, 25 and 50 micromol/l by 3-, 3.5- and 5-fold over control cells, respectively. The detection of ROS in the mitochondria, which serve as pro-apoptotic signal, evidenced the different bioactivity of the two triterpenes. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that maslinic acid generated superoxide anions while oleanolic acid-treated cells did not differ from the control. Completion of apoptosis by maslinic acid was confirmed microscopically by the increase in plasma membrane permeability, and detection of DNA fragmentation. In conclusion, the anticancer activity observed for olive fruit extracts seems to originate from maslinic acid but not from oleanolic acid. Maslinic acid therefore is a promising new compound for the chemoprevention of colon cancers.
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Santoro A, Gazzerro P, Malfitano AM, Pisanti S, Laezza C, Bifulco M. Reply to the letter to the editor “Long-term cannabinoid receptor (CB1) blockade in obesity: Implications for the development of colorectal cancer”. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:243-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yoshinaga M, Murao H, Kitamura Y, Koga K, Tsuruta S, Igarashi H, Nakamura K, Takayanagi R. The 15-lipoxygenase-1 expression may enhance the sensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancers from patients who are treated with the compounds. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:2324-9. [PMID: 17559385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can prevent colorectal cancer (CRC), but their effect is limited. Recent studies have shown the involvement of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) in NSAID-induced apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cells. We evaluate whether 15-LOX-1 expression influences the sensitivity of NSAID-induced apoptosis in CRCs. METHODS In 22 CRC surgical samples from NSAID users who had been constant for more than 5 years and 28 CRC surgical samples from NSAID non-users, the expressions of 15-LOX-1, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), beta-catenin, and p53 were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. TUNEL assay was also performed for samples. The effects of the transient transfection of 15-LOX-1 cDNA on indomethacin-induced apoptosis were certified in HCT-116 cells. The effects of adding 13-S-hydroxyoctadecadinoic acid (13-S-HODE) on indomethacin-induced apoptosis were also examined in HCT-116 cells. The levels of apoptosis were determined by the analysis of the floating-cells ratio and DNA gel electrophoresis. RESULTS The expression of 15-LOX-1 on CRCs from NSAID users was significantly decreased compared with those from NSAID non-users; however, the expressions of other molecules were not significantly different between two groups. The levels of TUNEL scoring in samples from NSAID users were similar to those from NSAID non-users. Indomethacin (100 microM) induced less apoptosis in mocked cells, whereas the same concentrations of indomethacin enhanced the level of apoptosis in 15-LOX-1-transfected cells. 13-S-HODE also increased the level of indomethacin-induced apoptosis in cells. CONCLUSION Results suggest that 15-LOX-1 expression may be one of the mechanisms which enhance the sensitivity to NSAID-induced apoptosis in CRCs from patients who are treated with the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yoshinaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, Beppu, Oita, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto S Lin
- Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Regöly-Mérei A, Bereczky M, Arató G, Telek G, Pallai Z, Lugasi A, Antal M. [Nutritional and antioxidant status of colorectal cancer patients]. Orv Hetil 2007; 148:1505-9. [PMID: 17675278 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2007.27998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress is one of the risk factors of colorectal carcinogenesis. In inflammatory reactions the activated leucocytes product mutagenic and mitogenic free radicals, hereby promoting tumor formation. Obesity, hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia increases the energy supply of epithelial cells, thus leads to deregulation of mitochondrial electron transport chain. The latter leads to increased free radical production that causes troubles in cell cycle regulation, mutations, and unrestricted proliferation of damaged cells. AIM Evaluation of some parameters of antioxidant and nutritional status in patients with benign or malignant colorectal neoplasm. METHODS Assessment of nutrient intake, measurement of some anthropometric parameters (body height, body weight, waist, hip and arm circumference, waist/hip ratio), determination of serum prealbumin level, evaluation of the biomarkers of antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, levels of uric acid and albumin, total antioxidant status, free radical scavenger capacity), determination the concentration of oxidated product and malondialdehyde. RESULTS In patients with malignant tumor the dietary fiber, folate and vitamin A intake was under the optimal level, and the serum prealbumin concentration was lower than in patients with benign lesion. There was a high incidence of overweight and obesity among patients. Significant difference was found between diseased subjects and healthy controls in terms of the biomarkers of antioxidant status, such as free radical scavenger capacity, concentration of advanced oxidation protein products and malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase activity. CONCLUSIONS The insufficient folate and vitamin A intake, the high incidence of overweight and obesity, and the abnormal values of the biomarkers of antioxidant status observed in the study groups seem to support the correlation between colorectal tumor, nutritional and antioxidant status.
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Matusiak D, Benya RV. CYP27A1 and CYP24 expression as a function of malignant transformation in the colon. J Histochem Cytochem 2007; 55:1257-64. [PMID: 17875655 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.7a7286.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Because of the propensity of bioactive 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to cause toxic hypercalcemia, considerable effort has been directed to identifying safer drugs while retaining the efficacy of the parent compound. However, vitamin D precursors do not present toxicity concerns and may be sufficient for CRC chemoprevention or chemotherapy, providing the appropriate enzymes are present in colonic epithelia. We previously showed that CYP27B1 is present at equally high levels in the colon and CRC irrespective of differentiation but was not present in metastases. In this study we used quantitative immunohistochemistry to show that CYP27A1, converting D3 to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, is present in increasing concentrations in the nuclei of normal colonic epithelia, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), and adenomatous polyps. Whereas total cellular CYP27A1 remains high in CRC and lymph node metastases, the amount of enzyme present in the nuclei decreases with tumor cell dedifferentiation while rising in the cytoplasm. Similarly, increasing amounts of the deactivating enzyme CYP24 are present in the nuclei of normal colonic epithelia, ACFs, and adenomatous polyps. Although the amount of total CYP24 decreases slightly in CRC as a function of tumor cell dedifferentiation and metastasis, location of this enzyme shifts almost entirely from the nuclear compartment to the cytoplasmic compartment. These data indicate that non-toxic vitamin D precursors should be sufficient for CRC chemoprevention, but that neither vitamin D nor its precursors may be sufficient for CRC chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Matusiak
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St. (M/C 716), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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DuPont AW, Arguedas MR, Wilcox CM. Aspirin chemoprevention in patients with increased risk for colorectal cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26:431-41. [PMID: 17635378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin chemoprevention combined with colonoscopy screening is not cost-effective for the general population. However, the cost-effectiveness of aspirin in individuals with prior adenoma resection has not been evaluated. AIM To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of aspirin chemoprevention alone and in combination with colonoscopy surveillance in patients with prior adenoma resection. METHODS A model of the natural history of individuals with a history of endoscopic polypectomy was constructed. Four strategies were compared: (i) no intervention, (ii) routine colonoscopy surveillance, (iii) aspirin chemoprevention alone, and (iv) aspirin therapy combined with colonoscopy. RESULTS Compared with no intervention, all other strategies were more costly but were associated with gains in years of life saved. Aspirin chemoprevention alone was associated with a gain of 0.0092 years, whereas routine colonoscopic surveillance and combination strategy were associated with further gains in years of life saved (0.0124 and 0.0138 years, respectively). Compared with no intervention, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of routine colonoscopy surveillance was $78,226 per year of life saved, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of combination aspirin and colonoscopy was $60,942 per year of life saved. CONCLUSION Aspirin chemoprevention combined with colonoscopic surveillance in post-polypectomy patients may be considered a cost-effective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W DuPont
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0764, USA.
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The role of aspirin in the prevention of polyp recurrence: What is the right dose? CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-007-0012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bertagnolli MM. Cox-2 and cancer chemoprevention: picking up the pieces. RECENT RESULTS IN CANCER RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER KREBSFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DANS LES RECHERCHES SUR LE CANCER 2007; 174:73-8. [PMID: 17302187 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-37696-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis show great promise as cancer chemopreventive agents, with efficacy demonstrated in randomized clinical trials. Unfortunately, these agents also cause toxicity in susceptible individuals. The recent reports of cardiovascular adverse events in patients treated with selective Cox-2 inhibitors for colorectal adenoma prevention remind us that all therapies carry risks as well as benefits. This article will discuss the biologic rationale for using selective Cox-2 inhibitors in cancer chemoprevention, and outline new avenues of research necessary to allow their successful use in patients at risk for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Bertagnolli
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Fingleton B, Powell WC, Crawford HC, Couchman JR, Matrisian LM. A rat monoclonal antibody that recognizes pro- and active MMP-7 indicates polarized expression in vivo. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2007; 26:22-7. [PMID: 17316082 PMCID: PMC3838102 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2006.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes named for their ability to degrade proteins of the extracellular matrix. Here we describe the characterization of a rat monoclonal antibody specifically recognizing one member of this enzyme family, MMP-7. This antibody has been tested for its use in multiple assay types and was shown to be useful for direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and immunohistochemistry of frozen or paraffin-embedded tissues. The antibody has been evaluated for its usefulness with tissues from several different species and, by immunohistochemistry, can detect MMP-7 of human, murine, porcine, and gerbil origin. Immunostaining of MMP-7 in normal tissues or benign tumors of intestinal, breast, and prostatic origin indicates that this protein is normally localized luminally in glandular epithelium. The localization pattern would suggest that in normal or early stage tumors, MMP-7 is most likely not directly involved in extracellular matrix degradation. In contrast, advanced colon tumors show MMP-7 in invading cells at the advancing edge of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fingleton
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6840, USA.
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Paterson J, Baxter G, Lawrence J, Duthie G. Is there a role for dietary salicylates in health? Proc Nutr Soc 2007; 65:93-6. [PMID: 16441948 DOI: 10.1079/pns2005477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirinTM; 2-acetoxybenzoic acid) has been used for >100 years for pain relief and to treat inflammatory conditions and fevers. More recently, regular intake has been associated with decreased incidence of certain cancers, particularly colon cancer. After absorption aspirin is very rapidly hydrolysed to salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid). The anti-cancer effects of aspirin may be a result of salicylic acid reducing the transcription of prostaglandin H2-synthase and thereby the synthesis of pro-inflammatory and potentially-neoplastic prostaglandins. Salicylic acid is widely present in plants and functions as a hormonal mediator of the systemic acquired resistance response to pathogen attack and environmental stress. Thus, it is present in a large range of fruit, vegetables, herbs and spices of dietary relevance. Consequently, the recognised effect of consuming fruit and vegetables on lowering risk of colon cancer may be partly attributable to salicylates in plant-based foods. The present review discusses which types of fruit and vegetables are the richest source of salicylates and whether they are sufficiently released from the food matrix to modify the key cellular events associated with the pathogenesis of colon cancer.
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Roy HK, Kunte DP, Koetsier JL, Hart J, Kim YL, Liu Y, Bissonnette M, Goldberg M, Backman V, Wali RK. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by polyethylene glycol: suppression of epithelial proliferation via modulation of SNAIL/beta-catenin signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:2060-9. [PMID: 16928827 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is one of the most potent chemopreventive agents against colorectal cancer; however, the mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we assessed the ability of PEG to target cyclin D1-beta-catenin-mediated hyperproliferation in the azoxymethane-treated rat model and the human colorectal cancer cell line, HT-29. Azoxymethane-treated rats were randomized to AIN-76A diet alone or supplemented with 5% PEG-8000. After 30 weeks, animals were euthanized and biopsies of aberrant crypt foci and uninvolved crypts were subjected to immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses. PEG markedly suppressed both early and late markers of azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis (fractal dimension by 80%, aberrant crypt foci by 64%, and tumors by 74%). In both azoxymethane-treated rats and HT-29 cells treated with 5% PEG-3350 for 24 hours, PEG decreased proliferation (45% and 52%, respectively) and cyclin D1 (78% and 56%, respectively). Because beta-catenin is the major regulator of cyclin D1 in colorectal cancer, we used the T-cell factor (Tcf)-TOPFLASH reporter assay to show that PEG markedly inhibited beta-catenin transcriptional activity. PEG did not alter total beta-catenin expression but rather its nuclear localization, leading us to assess E-cadherin expression (a major determinant of beta-catenin subcellular localization), which was increased by 73% and 71% in the azoxymethane-rat and HT-29 cells, respectively. We therefore investigated the effect of PEG treatment on levels of the negative regulator of E-cadherin, SNAIL, and observed a 50% and 75% decrease, respectively. In conclusion, we show, for the first time, a molecular mechanism through which PEG imparts its antiproliferative and hence profound chemopreventive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K Roy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, 2650 Ridge Avenue, IL, USA
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Kelloff GJ, Lippman SM, Dannenberg AJ, Sigman CC, Pearce HL, Reid BJ, Szabo E, Jordan VC, Spitz MR, Mills GB, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Lotan R, Aggarwal BB, Bresalier RS, Kim J, Arun B, Lu KH, Thomas ME, Rhodes HE, Brewer MA, Follen M, Shin DM, Parnes HL, Siegfried JM, Evans AA, Blot WJ, Chow WH, Blount PL, Maley CC, Wang KK, Lam S, Lee JJ, Dubinett SM, Engstrom PF, Meyskens FL, O'Shaughnessy J, Hawk ET, Levin B, Nelson WG, Hong WK. Progress in chemoprevention drug development: the promise of molecular biomarkers for prevention of intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer--a plan to move forward. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3661-97. [PMID: 16778094 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews progress in chemopreventive drug development, especially data and concepts that are new since the 2002 AACR report on treatment and prevention of intraepithelial neoplasia. Molecular biomarker expressions involved in mechanisms of carcinogenesis and genetic progression models of intraepithelial neoplasia are discussed and analyzed for how they can inform mechanism-based, molecularly targeted drug development as well as risk stratification, cohort selection, and end-point selection for clinical trials. We outline the concept of augmenting the risk, mechanistic, and disease data from histopathologic intraepithelial neoplasia assessments with molecular biomarker data. Updates of work in 10 clinical target organ sites include new data on molecular progression, significant completed trials, new agents of interest, and promising directions for future clinical studies. This overview concludes with strategies for accelerating chemopreventive drug development, such as integrating the best science into chemopreventive strategies and regulatory policy, providing incentives for industry to accelerate preventive drugs, fostering multisector cooperation in sharing clinical samples and data, and creating public-private partnerships to foster new regulatory policies and public education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Kelloff
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA.
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McKinney MM, Weiner BJ, Wang V. Recruiting participants to cancer prevention clinical trials: lessons from successful community oncology networks. Oncol Nurs Forum 2006; 33:951-9. [PMID: 16955123 DOI: 10.1188/06.onf.951-959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe the organizational designs and task environments of community oncology networks with high accrual rates to cancer prevention clinical trials. DESIGN Replicated case study design; structural contingency theory. SETTING Local Community Clinical Oncology Programs (CCOPs) funded by the National Cancer Institute to test preventive and therapeutic interventions in community settings. SAMPLE Primary sample: oncology professionals affiliated with four CCOPs ranking among the top 10 in earned cancer control accrual credits in fiscal years 1999-2003. Secondary sample: oncology professionals affiliated with three CCOPs ranking among the top 10 three to four times during the study period. A total of 63 people participated in the interviews. METHODS Primary sample: on-site interviews with CCOP investigators, clinical research staff, and nononcology physicians. Secondary sample: telephone interviews with each CCOP's nurse administrator and at least one prevention research nurse. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Staffing patterns, organizational processes, recruitment strategies, and environmental characteristics. FINDINGS All of the CCOPs employed dedicated prevention research staff. Recruitment through media publicity, mass mailings, or group information sessions worked best when prevention trials had flexible eligibility requirements and evaluated interventions with few health risks. Prevention trials evaluating agents with known toxicities in high-risk populations required more targeted recruitment through cancer screening programs, physician referral networks, and one-on-one discussions with protocol candidates. CONCLUSIONS High-performing CCOPs configured their structures, processes, and recruitment strategies to fit with accrual goals. They also benefited from stable and supportive task environments. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Nurse-coordinated research networks have great potential to generate new knowledge about cancer prevention that can reduce cancer incidence and mortality significantly.
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N/A, 孙 丹, 房 静. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1502-1506. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i15.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Sakai H, Suzuki T, Takahashi Y, Ukai M, Tauchi K, Fujii T, Horikawa N, Minamimura T, Tabuchi Y, Morii M, Tsukada K, Takeguchi N. Upregulation of thromboxane synthase in human colorectal carcinoma and the cancer cell proliferation by thromboxane A2. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:3368-74. [PMID: 16709411 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth of colorectal cancers accompanies upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2, which catalyzes a conversion step from arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H(2) (PGH(2)). Here, we compared the expression levels of thromboxane synthase (TXS), which catalyzes the conversion of PGH(2) to thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)), between human colorectal cancer tissue and its accompanying normal mucosa. It was found that TXS protein was consistently upregulated in the cancer tissues from different patients. TXS was also highly expressed in human colonic cancer cell lines. Depletion of TXS protein by the antisense oligonucleotide inhibited proliferation of the cancer cells. This inhibition was rescued by the direct addition of a stable analogue of TXA(2). The present results suggest that overexpression of TXS and subsequent excess production of TXA(2) in the cancer cells may be involved in the tumor growth of human colorectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Sakai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan.
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Reagan-Shaw S, Breur J, Ahmad N. Enhancement of UVB radiation-mediated apoptosis by sanguinarine in HaCaT human immortalized keratinocytes. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:418-29. [PMID: 16505117 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we studied the chemopreventive effects of sanguinarine on UVB-mediated responses in human HaCaT immortalized keratinocytes. For our studies, HaCaT cells were treated with a low dose (50 nmol/L) of sanguinarine for 24 hours followed by irradiation with UVB (15 or 30 mJ/cm2). Our data showed that UVB exposure, at both doses, resulted in decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis. Interestingly, pretreatment of the cells with sanguinarine caused a significant enhancement in the antiproliferative response of UVB. These responses on UVB and/or sanguinarine treatments were associated with (a) decrease in Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) and (b) increase in Bax, Bid, and Bak protein levels. Bax knockdown and Bcl-2 overexpression resulted in a rescue of HaCaT cells from sanguinarine-mediated apoptosis. DNA cell cycle analysis revealed that UVB treatment resulted in an accumulation of cells in the G2-M phase of the cell cycle, whereas pretreatment of sanguinarine resulted in a significant shift of cells in the S phase at a low UVB dose and a further accumulation of cells in the G2-M phase at a higher UVB dose. These effects on cell cycle were accompanied with modulations in the protein levels of cyclin (B1, E, and A) and cdc2 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1. Furthermore, sanguinarine treatment was found to result in significant modulations in p53, p66Shc, MsrA, and superoxide dismutase levels. Based on our data, we suggest the sanguinarine may protect skin cells from UVB-mediated damages via apoptotic elimination of damaged cells that escape programmed cell death and therefore possess a potential of clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Reagan-Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 25B Medical Science Center, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Kaihara T, Fu KI, Sano Y, Yamashita K, Ochiai A, Yoshida S, Fujimori T. Depressed-type early invasive colon cancer in a patient treated with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:885-8. [PMID: 16773432 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Kaihara
- Division of Digestive Endoscopy and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Lynch PM. Does regular use of aspirin reduce the risk of colorectal cancer? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:186-7. [PMID: 16596142 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Lynch
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Soumaoro LT, Uetake H, Takagi Y, Iida S, Higuchi T, Yasuno M, Enomoto M, Sugihara K. Coexpression of VEGF-C and Cox-2 in human colorectal cancer and its association with lymph node metastasis. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49:392-8. [PMID: 16474989 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-005-0247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several lines of experimental evidence indicated that over-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and cyclooxygenase-2 genes promotes angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, both of which are essential for the growth and spreading of tumor cells. This study was designed to evaluate the coexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and cyclooxygenase-2 in human colorectal carcinoma to determine their relationships and correlations with lymph node metastasis and prognosis. METHODS Tissue samples of primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes from 150 patients undergoing intentionally curative surgical resections for colorectal adenocarcinoma were immunohistochemically examined for vascular endothelial growth factor-C, cyclooxygenase-2, and CD34 expressions. Then, we analyzed their relationships and correlations with clinicopathologic findings and patients' survival time. RESULTS The positivity rate of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and cyclooxygenase-2 in the primary tumor was 68 and 72.7 percent, respectively, and in the metastatic lymph nodes was 93.3 and 80 percent, respectively. A significant correlation was found between the expression scores of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and cyclooxygenase-2 (P < 0.0001), and both also were correlated to microvessels density and several clinicopathologic parameters, including primary tumor size, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, and TNM stage. Patients with vascular endothelial growth factor-C-positive and/or cyclooxygenase-2-positive tumors had a significant shorter survival time than those with negative tumors did. However, in a multivariate analysis, only cyclooxygenase-2 expression was recognized as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.0412; relative risk ratio, 3.067; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.046-8.994). CONCLUSIONS These data show that in human colorectal carcinoma, vascular endothelial growth factor-C and cyclooxygenase-2 are coexpressed and significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labile Togba Soumaoro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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The role of COX-2 in chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: A friend or an enemy? CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-006-0011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vogelaar I, van Ballegooijen M, Schrag D, Boer R, Winawer SJ, Habbema JDF, Zauber AG. How much can current interventions reduce colorectal cancer mortality in the U.S.? Cancer 2006; 107:1624-33. [PMID: 16933324 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the U.S., available interventions to reduce CRC mortality are disseminated only partially throughout the population. This study assessed the potential reduction in CRC mortality that may be achieved through further dissemination of current interventions for risk-factor modification, screening, and treatment. METHODS The MISCAN-COLON microsimulation model was used to simulate the 2000 U.S. population with respect to CRC risk-factor prevalence, screening use, and treatment use. The model was used to project age-standardized CRC mortality from 2000 to 2020 for 3 intervention scenarios. RESULTS Without changes in risk-factor prevalence, screening use, and treatment use after 2000, CRC mortality would decrease by 17% by the Year 2020. If the 1995 to 2000 trends continue, then the projected reduction in mortality would be 36%. However, if trends in the prevalence of risk-factors could be improved above continued trends, if screening use increased to 70% of the target population, and if the use of chemotherapy increased among all age groups, then a 49% reduction would be possible. Screening drove most (23%) of the projected mortality reduction with these optimistic trends; however, decreasing risk-factors (16%) and increasing use of chemotherapy (10%) also contributed substantially. The contribution of risk-factors may have been overestimated, because effect estimates could not be obtained from randomized controlled trials. CONCLUSIONS Currently available interventions for risk-factor modification, screening, and treatment have the potential to reduce CRC mortality by almost 50% by the Year 2020. However, without action now to further increase the uptake of current effective interventions, the reduction in CRC mortality may be only 17%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Vogelaar
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hisamuddin IM, Wehbi MA, Schmotzer B, Easley KA, Hylind LM, Giardiello FM, Yang VW. Genetic polymorphisms of flavin monooxygenase 3 in sulindac-induced regression of colorectal adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:2366-9. [PMID: 16214918 PMCID: PMC2213626 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulindac is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug with a chemopreventive effect in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). In vivo, the active form of sulindac is sulindac sulfide, which is inactivated by the hepatic microsomal enzyme, flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). In humans, numerous polymorphisms exist in FMO3, which alter enzymatic activity and subsequent substrate metabolism. We recently showed that certain polymorphic forms of FMO3 with reduced activity were associated with a more favorable response to sulindac in preventing the formation of adenomas in patients with FAP without polyps at baseline. Here, we determined whether these FMO3 polymorphisms correlated with the ability of sulindac to regress polyposis in patients with FAP who had polyps prior to treatment. Nineteen patients were treated with 150 mg sulindac twice a day for 6 months. The size and number of polyps in each patient was assessed at baseline (prior to the administration of sulindac), and at 3 and 6 months. Genotyping was done on seven established FMO3 polymorphisms with functional significance-M66I, E158K, P153L, V257M, E305X, E308G, and R492W. Statistical analyses were done with Wilcoxon rank sum test. Of the loci examined, only E158K and E308G showed polymorphic changes. Six patients exhibited polymorphisms in both E158K and E308G loci and were designated as genotype combination 1. The remaining patients were designated as genotype combination 2. Over the course of treatment, patients with genotype combination 1 had a greater reduction in both the size and number of polyps than those with genotype combination 2. These results suggest that combined polymorphic changes in the E158K and E308G alleles may protect against polyposis in patients with FAP treated with sulindac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan M. Hisamuddin
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Mohammad A. Wehbi
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Brian Schmotzer
- Department of Biostatistics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kirk A. Easley
- Department of Biostatistics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Linda M. Hylind
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Francis M. Giardiello
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vincent W. Yang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine
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Matusiak D, Murillo G, Carroll RE, Mehta RG, Benya RV. Expression of vitamin D receptor and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1{alpha}-hydroxylase in normal and malignant human colon. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:2370-6. [PMID: 16214919 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence exists to support the use of vitamin D to prevent and/or treat colorectal cancer. However, the routine use of bioactive vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, is limited by the side effect of toxic hypercalcemia. Recent studies, however, suggest that colonic epithelial cells express 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts nontoxic pro-vitamin D, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D3], to its bioactive form. Yet, nothing is known as to the cellular expression of 1alpha-hydroxylase and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the earliest histopathologic structures associated with malignant transformation such as aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and polyps [addressing the possibility of using nontoxic 25(OH)D3 for chemoprevention], nor is anything known as to the expression of these proteins in colorectal cancer as a function of tumor cell differentiation or metastasis [relevant to using 25(OH)D3 for chemotherapy]. In this study, we show that 1alpha-hydroxylase is present at equal high levels in normal colonic epithelium as in ACFs, polyps, and colorectal cancer irrespective of tumor cell differentiation. In contrast, VDR levels were low in normal colonic epithelial cells; were increased in ACFs, polyps, and well-differentiated tumor cells; and then declined as a function of tumor cell de-differentiation. Both 1alpha-hydroxylase and VDR levels were negligible in tumor cells metastasizing to regional lymph nodes. Overall, these data support using 25(OH)D3 for colorectal cancer chemoprevention but suggest that pro-vitamin D is less likely to be useful for colorectal cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Matusiak
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street (M/C 716), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Hull MA. Cyclooxygenase-2: how good is it as a target for cancer chemoprevention? Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1854-63. [PMID: 16002278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is now substantial evidence for a role for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated prostaglandin (PG) signalling during carcinogenesis in a number of tissues and selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) were considered attractive candidate chemoprevention agents. However, recent concerns over the toxicity of systemic selective COX-2 inhibition and the realisation that COX-1 may also contribute to carcinogenesis have cast some doubt on COX-2 inhibition as a safe and effective chemoprevention strategy. This review will describe the available evidence relating to the known benefits (preventive efficacy in rodent tumorigenesis models and limited human data from small randomised, controlled trials and epidemiological studies) and risks (cardiovascular and renal toxicity) of coxib therapy for cancer chemoprevention. Potential, alternative strategies for inhibition of COX-PG signalling that minimise or avoid systemic selective COX-2 inhibition will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hull
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Clinical Sciences Building, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the concept of risk modification in the context of cancer prevention. DATA SOURCES Published articles and research studies on genetic and environmental factors. CONCLUSION How the environment is defined frames how the gene-environment interaction is studied and understood. The development of a workable model for risk modification flexible enough to be individualized for a patient is an important step in making primary prevention the goal in cancer care. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Nurses working in cancer care are well placed to advise patients on risk-management strategies, and to increase public awareness of the interdependence of environment and genomics on cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Giarelli
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, 420 Guardian Dr, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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48
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Lynch PM. Cancer screening guidelines and prevention factors for high-risk patients with a family history of colorectal cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-005-0007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Jones DH, Silberstein PT, Lynch H, Ternet C. Regression of Colorectal Adenomas With Intravenous Cytotoxic Chemotherapy in a Patient With Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:6278-80. [PMID: 16135505 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.00.0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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50
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Lee JC, Lee CH, Su CL, Huang CW, Liu HS, Lin CN, Won SJ. Justicidin A decreases the level of cytosolic Ku70 leading to apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1716-30. [PMID: 15905197 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural product justicidin A, an arylnaphthalide lignan isolated from Justicia procumbens, significantly inhibited the growth of human colorectal cancer cells HT-29 and HCT 116 at day 6 post-treatment. Further study revealed that justicidin A-treated HT-29 and HCT 116 colorectal cancer cells died of apoptosis. Justicidin A treatment caused DNA fragmentation and an increase in phosphatidylserine exposure of the cells. The number of cells in the sub-G1 phase was also increased upon justicidin A treatment. Caspase-9 but not caspase-8 was activated, suggesting that justicidin A treatment damaged mitochondria. The mitochondrial membrane potential was altered and cytochrome c and Smac were released from mitochondria to the cytoplasm upon justicidin A treatment. The level of Ku70 in the cytoplasm was decreased, but that of Bax in mitochondria was increased by justicidin A. Since Ku70 normally binds and sequesters Bax, these results suggest that justicidin A decreases the level of Ku70 leading to translocation of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria to induce apoptosis. Oral administration of justicidin A was shown to suppress the growth of HT-29 cells transplanted into NOD-SCID mice, suggesting chemotherapeutic potential of justicidin A on colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenq-Chang Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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