1
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Tauber M, Basso L, Martin J, Bostan L, Pinto MM, Thierry GR, Houmadi R, Serhan N, Loste A, Blériot C, Kamphuis JB, Grujic M, Kjellén L, Pejler G, Paul C, Dong X, Galli SJ, Reber LL, Ginhoux F, Bajenoff M, Gentek R, Gaudenzio N. Landscape of mast cell populations across organs in mice and humans. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230570. [PMID: 37462672 PMCID: PMC10354537 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident immune cells that exhibit homeostatic and neuron-associated functions. Here, we combined whole-tissue imaging and single-cell RNA sequencing datasets to generate a pan-organ analysis of MCs in mice and humans at steady state. In mice, we identify two mutually exclusive MC populations, MrgprB2+ connective tissue-type MCs and MrgprB2neg mucosal-type MCs, with specific transcriptomic core signatures. While MrgprB2+ MCs develop in utero independently of the bone marrow, MrgprB2neg MCs develop after birth and are renewed by bone marrow progenitors. In humans, we unbiasedly identify seven MC subsets (MC1-7) distributed across 12 organs with different transcriptomic core signatures. MC1 are preferentially enriched in the bladder, MC2 in the lungs, and MC4, MC6, and MC7 in the skin. Conversely, MC3 and MC5 are shared by most organs but not skin. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights into the natural diversity of MC subtypes in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Tauber
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) INSERMUMR1291—CNRS UMR5051—University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Lilian Basso
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) INSERMUMR1291—CNRS UMR5051—University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Jeremy Martin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) INSERMUMR1291—CNRS UMR5051—University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Luciana Bostan
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) INSERMUMR1291—CNRS UMR5051—University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Marlene Magalhaes Pinto
- Centre for Inflammation Research and Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Guilhem R. Thierry
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Raïssa Houmadi
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) INSERMUMR1291—CNRS UMR5051—University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Nadine Serhan
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) INSERMUMR1291—CNRS UMR5051—University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexia Loste
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) INSERMUMR1291—CNRS UMR5051—University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Blériot
- Institut Necker des Enfants Malades, CNRS UMR8253, Paris, France
| | - Jasper B.J. Kamphuis
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) INSERMUMR1291—CNRS UMR5051—University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Mirjana Grujic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carle Paul
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) INSERMUMR1291—CNRS UMR5051—University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse University and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J. Galli
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laurent L. Reber
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) INSERMUMR1291—CNRS UMR5051—University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marc Bajenoff
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Centre for Inflammation Research and Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicolas Gaudenzio
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) INSERMUMR1291—CNRS UMR5051—University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
- Genoskin SAS, Toulouse, France
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2
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Dileepan KN, Raveendran VV, Sharma R, Abraham H, Barua R, Singh V, Sharma R, Sharma M. Mast cell-mediated immune regulation in health and disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1213320. [PMID: 37663654 PMCID: PMC10470157 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1213320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are important components of the immune system, and they perform pro-inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory roles in the complex process of immune regulation in health and disease. Because of their strategic perivascular localization, sensitivity and adaptability to the microenvironment, and ability to release a variety of preformed and newly synthesized effector molecules, mast cells perform unique functions in almost all organs. Additionally, Mast cells express a wide range of surface and cytoplasmic receptors which enable them to respond to a variety of cytokines, chemicals, and pathogens. The mast cell's role as a cellular interface between external and internal environments as well as between vasculature and tissues is critical for protection and repair. Mast cell interactions with different immune and nonimmune cells through secreted inflammatory mediators may also turn in favor of disease promoting agents. First and forefront, mast cells are well recognized for their multifaceted functions in allergic diseases. Reciprocal communication between mast cells and endothelial cells in the presence of bacterial toxins in chronic/sub-clinical infections induce persistent vascular inflammation. We have shown that mast cell proteases and histamine induce endothelial inflammatory responses that are synergistically amplified by bacterial toxins. Mast cells have been shown to exacerbate vascular changes in normal states as well as in chronic or subclinical infections, particularly among cigarette smokers. Furthermore, a potential role of mast cells in SARS-CoV-2-induced dysfunction of the capillary-alveolar interface adds to the growing understanding of mast cells in viral infections. The interaction between mast cells and microglial cells in the brain further highlights their significance in neuroinflammation. This review highlights the significant role of mast cells as the interface that acts as sensor and early responder through interactions with cells in systemic organs and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kottarappat N. Dileepan
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Vineesh V. Raveendran
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Harita Abraham
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rajat Barua
- Cardiology Section, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Vikas Singh
- Neurology Section, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Ram Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas, MO, United States
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3
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Mohammad SM, Hegazy LA, Abdel Hady RS, Salama MA, Hammad SK, Ibrahim SM. Real-time PCR versus traditional and Nano-based ELISA in early detection of murine trichinellosis. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e67. [PMID: 37583316 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a serious foodborne zoonosis. It poses a serious risk to public health worldwide. Early serological diagnosis of trichinellosis is influenced by an immunological 'silent' phase following infection. This highlights the necessity for developing sensitive diagnostic approaches to be employed when antibodies cannot be detected. In this work, the validity of traditional ELISA, Nano-ELISA and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were evaluated in early diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis. Swiss albino mice were orally infected with 100 and 300 muscle larvae/mouse. Mice were sacrificed 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 28 days post-infection (dpi). Blood samples were tested for circulating antigen by traditional ELISA and Nano-ELISA using anti-rabbit polyclonal IgG conjugated with AgNPs and for Rep gene by SYBR green real-time PCR. Rep gene detection by SYBR green real-time PCR could detect T. spiralis with 100% sensitivity in the mild infection group at 8 dpi, while in the severe infection group it reached 100% sensitivity at 4 dpi. Nano-ELISA could detect T. spiralis circulating antigen from 4 dpi in both mild and severe infection and reached 100% sensitivity at 8 dpi and 6 dpi in mild and severe infection, respectively. However, traditional ELISA could detect T. spiralis circulating antigen from 6 dpi and reached maximum sensitivity at 15 dpi in the mild infection group, while in the severe infection group detection began at 4 dpi and reached 100% sensitivity at 8 dpi. Nano-ELISA and real time PCR, using Rep gene, are useful tools for the detection of early T. spiralis infection even in its mild infection state.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mohammad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - L A Hegazy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - R S Abdel Hady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - M A Salama
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - S K Hammad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - S M Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Liu J, Tan M, Xu X, Shen T, Zhou Z, Hunt PW, Zhang R. From innate to adaptive immunity: Abomasal transcriptomic responses of merino sheep to Haemonchus contortus infection. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 246:111424. [PMID: 34626695 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although many important mediators and critical pathways are found to be involved in host immune responses to Haemonchus contortus infection, the initial responses to infection in the naïve and in the previously exposed state have not been compared at the transcriptional level. To further understand the development of adaptive immunity to H. contortus infection, we compared the early abomasal gene expression patterns between a primary and a tertiary challenge for four lines of sheep to discover differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The sheep were from the resistant (R) and susceptible (S) lines of two flocks of sheep selected for divergent responses to gastro-intestinal parasites (HSF and TSF). The flocks have separate origins and were initiated using two different strains of Merino sheep. One of the DEGs, mast cell proteinase 1, had significantly lower expression in tertiary compared to primary infections for all four lines of sheep. This gene was not identified in previous studies where resistant and susceptible sheep samples were compared within infection time points. Comparing the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for the two R lines reveals that responses differed very little between the primary and tertiary challenges for HSFR and only two genes were identified, in contrast to the TSFR where there were 134 genes identified including the two identified using the HSFR animals. Similarly, comparing the primary and tertiary challenges for HSFS identified 15 DEGs, whilst for TSFS there were 128 DEGs identified. It is surprising that so few genes respond similarly between the two challenge regimes across the four lines of sheep, and suggests significant differences in immune mechanisms between the two flocks (across the lines) and also between the lines within flocks. Our results offer a quantitative snapshot comparing the transcriptome in the ovine abomasum between primary and tertiary infections with H. contortus in both genetically resistant and susceptible sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, 435002, China.
| | - Min Tan
- College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, 435002, China.
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, 435002, China.
| | - Tingbo Shen
- College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, 435002, China.
| | - Zihao Zhou
- College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, 435002, China.
| | - Peter W Hunt
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
| | - Runfeng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, 435002, China.
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5
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Muñoz-Carrillo JL, Gutiérrez-Coronado O, Muñoz-Escobedo JJ, Contreras-Cordero JF, Maldonado-Tapia C, Moreno-García MA. Resiniferatoxin promotes adult worm expulsion in Trichinella spiralis-infected rats by Th2 immune response modulation. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12840. [PMID: 33914935 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response during T spiralis infection is characterized by an increase in eosinophils and mast cells, as well as Th2 cytokine production, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and IL-13, promoting T spiralis expulsion from the host. However, this response damages the host, favouring the parasite survival. In the search for new pharmacological strategies that protect against T spiralis infection, a recent study showed that treatment with resiniferatoxin (RTX) modulates the Th1 cytokines production, reducing muscle parasite burden. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of RTX treatment on the Th2 cytokines production, the number of eosinophils, mast cells and the intestinal expulsion of T spiralis. METHODS Serum levels of IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 were quantified by ELISA; the number of eosinophils, mast cells and the adult worms of T spiralis in the small intestine was quantified. RESULTS RTX treatment increased serum levels of IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13, and it decreases intestinal eosinophilia, however, favours the mastocytosis, promoting T spiralis intestinal expulsion. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that RTX is capable to modulate the Th2 immune response, promoting T spiralis expulsion, which contributes to the defence against T spiralis infection, placing the RTX as a potential immunomodulatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México.,Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, México.,Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Odontology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Cuauhtémoc University Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University Center of Los Lagos, University of Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno, México
| | | | - Juan Francisco Contreras-Cordero
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Claudia Maldonado-Tapia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - María Alejandra Moreno-García
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
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do Carmo Neto JR, Braga YLL, da Costa AWF, Lucio FH, do Nascimento TC, dos Reis MA, Celes MRN, de Oliveira FA, Machado JR, da Silva MV. Biomarkers and Their Possible Functions in the Intestinal Microenvironment of Chagasic Megacolon: An Overview of the (Neuro)inflammatory Process. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6668739. [PMID: 33928170 PMCID: PMC8049798 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6668739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between inflammatory processes and intestinal neuronal destruction during the progression of Chagasic megacolon is well established. However, many other components play essential roles, both in the long-term progression and control of the clinical status of patients infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Components such as neuronal subpopulations, enteric glial cells, mast cells and their proteases, and homeostasis-related proteins from several organic systems (serotonin and galectins) are differentially involved in the progression of Chagasic megacolon. This review is aimed at revealing the characteristics of the intestinal microenvironment found in Chagasic megacolon by using different types of already used biomarkers. Information regarding these components may provide new therapeutic alternatives and improve the understanding of the association between T. cruzi infection and immune, endocrine, and neurological system changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rodrigues do Carmo Neto
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Yarlla Loyane Lira Braga
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Arthur Wilson Florêncio da Costa
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Hélia Lucio
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thais Cardoso do Nascimento
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marlene Antônia dos Reis
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mara Rubia Nunes Celes
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aparecida de Oliveira
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ma Y, Zhang Q, Liu W, Chen Z, Zou C, Fu L, Wang Y, Liu Y. Preventive Effect of Depolymerized Sulfated Galactans from Eucheuma serra on Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-Caused Diarrhea via Modulating Intestinal Flora in Mice. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:80. [PMID: 33535475 PMCID: PMC7912752 DOI: 10.3390/md19020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the preventive effect of depolymerized sulfated polysaccharides from Eucheuma serra (DESP) on bacterial diarrhea by regulating intestinal flora was investigated in vivo. Based on the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-infected mouse diarrhea model, DESP at doses ranging from 50 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg alleviated weight loss and decreased the diarrhea rate and diarrhea index. Serological tests showed that the levels of inflammation-related factors were effectively suppressed. Furthermore, the repaired intestinal mucosa was verified by morphology and pathological tissue section observations. Compared with the model group, the richness and diversity of the intestinal flora in the DESP group increased according to the 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing of the gut microbiota. Specifically, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria increased, and Proteobacteria decreased after DESP administration. At the family level, DESP effectively improved the abundance of Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, and Lachnospiraceae, while significantly inhibiting the growth of Enterobacteriaceae. Therefore, the antimicrobial diarrhea function of DESP may be related to the regulation of intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.M.); (Q.Z.); (W.L.); (Z.C.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.M.); (Q.Z.); (W.L.); (Z.C.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.M.); (Q.Z.); (W.L.); (Z.C.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhaohua Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.M.); (Q.Z.); (W.L.); (Z.C.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chao Zou
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.M.); (Q.Z.); (W.L.); (Z.C.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Linglin Fu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Yanbo Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.M.); (Q.Z.); (W.L.); (Z.C.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.)
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Yixiang Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.M.); (Q.Z.); (W.L.); (Z.C.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.)
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8
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Yamani A, Wu D, Ahrens R, Waggoner L, Noah TK, Garcia-Hernandez V, Ptaschinski C, Parkos CA, Lukacs NW, Nusrat A, Hogan SP. Dysregulation of intestinal epithelial CFTR-dependent Cl - ion transport and paracellular barrier function drives gastrointestinal symptoms of food-induced anaphylaxis in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:135-143. [PMID: 32576925 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Food-triggered anaphylaxis can encompass a variety of systemic and intestinal symptoms. Murine-based and clinical studies have revealed a role for histamine and H1R and H2R-pathway in the systemic response; however, the molecular processes that regulate the gastrointestinal (GI) response are not as well defined. In the present study, by utilizing an IgE-mast cell (MC)-dependent experimental model of oral antigen-induced anaphylaxis, we define the intestinal epithelial response during a food-induced anaphylactic reaction. We show that oral allergen-challenge stimulates a rapid dysregulation of intestinal epithelial transcellular and paracellular transport that was associated with the development of secretory diarrhea. Allergen-challenge induced (1) a rapid intestinal epithelial Cftr-dependent Cl- secretory response and (2) paracellular macromolecular leak that was associated with modification in epithelial intercellular junction proteins claudin-1, 2, 3 and 5, E-cadherin and desmosomal cadherins. OVA-induced Cftr-dependent Cl- secretion and junctional protein degradation was rapid occurring and was sustained for 72 h following allergen-challenge. Blockade of both the proteolytic activity and Cl- secretory response was required to alleviate intestinal symptoms of food-induced anaphylaxis. Collectively, these data suggest that the GI symptom of food-induced anaphylactic reaction, secretory diarrhea, is a consequence of CFTR-dependent Cl- secretion and proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnah Yamani
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - David Wu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Richard Ahrens
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Taeko K Noah
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Vicky Garcia-Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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9
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Syenina A, Saron WAA, Jagaraj CJ, Bibi S, Arock M, Gubler DJ, Rathore APS, Abraham SN, St. John AL. Th1-Polarized, Dengue Virus-Activated Human Mast Cells Induce Endothelial Transcriptional Activation and Permeability. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121379. [PMID: 33276578 PMCID: PMC7761533 DOI: 10.3390/v12121379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), an arbovirus, strongly activates mast cells (MCs), which are key immune cells for pathogen immune surveillance. In animal models, MCs promote clearance of local peripheral DENV infections but, conversely, also promote pathological vascular leakage when widely activated during systemic DENV infection. Since DENV is a human pathogen, we sought to ascertain whether a similar phenomenon could occur in humans by characterizing the products released by human MCs (huMCs) upon direct (antibody-independent) DENV exposure, using the phenotypically mature huMC line, ROSA. DENV did not productively infect huMCs but prompted huMC release of proteases and eicosanoids and induced a Th1-polarized transcriptional profile. In co-culture and trans-well systems, huMC products activated human microvascular endothelial cells, involving transcription of vasoactive mediators and increased monolayer permeability. This permeability was blocked by MC-stabilizing drugs, or limited by drugs targeting certain MC products. Thus, MC stabilizers are a viable strategy to limit MC-promoted vascular leakage during DENV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesa Syenina
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (A.S.); (W.A.A.S.); (C.J.J.); (D.J.G.); (S.N.A.)
| | - Wilfried A. A. Saron
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (A.S.); (W.A.A.S.); (C.J.J.); (D.J.G.); (S.N.A.)
| | - Cyril J. Jagaraj
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (A.S.); (W.A.A.S.); (C.J.J.); (D.J.G.); (S.N.A.)
| | - Siham Bibi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, LBPA CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 94235 Cachan, France; (S.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Michel Arock
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, LBPA CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 94235 Cachan, France; (S.B.); (M.A.)
- Laboratory of Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Pierre et Marie Curie University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Duane J. Gubler
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (A.S.); (W.A.A.S.); (C.J.J.); (D.J.G.); (S.N.A.)
| | - Abhay P. S. Rathore
- Pathology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Soman N. Abraham
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (A.S.); (W.A.A.S.); (C.J.J.); (D.J.G.); (S.N.A.)
- Pathology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Immunology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Departments, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashley L. St. John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (A.S.); (W.A.A.S.); (C.J.J.); (D.J.G.); (S.N.A.)
- Pathology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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10
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El Ansari YS, Kanagaratham C, Lewis OL, Oettgen HC. IgE and mast cells: The endogenous adjuvant. Adv Immunol 2020; 148:93-153. [PMID: 33190734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and IgE are most familiar as the effectors of type I hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis. It is becoming clear however that this pair has important immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive cells of the immune system. In this purview, they act as endogenous adjuvants to ignite evolving immune responses, promote the transition of allergic disease into chronic illness and disrupt the development of active mechanisms of tolerance to ingested foods. Suppression of IgE-mediated mast cell activation can be exerted by molecules targeting IgE, FcɛRI or signaling kinases including Syk, or by IgG antibodies acting via inhibitory Fcγ receptors. In 2015 we reviewed the evidence for the adjuvant functions of mast cells. This update includes the original text, incorporates some important developments in the field over the past five years and discusses how interventions targeting these pathways might have promise in the development of strategies to treat allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen S El Ansari
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Owen L Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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11
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Fadl HO, Amin NM, Wanas H, El-Din SS, Ibrahim HA, Aboulhoda BE, Bocktor NZ. The impact of l-arginine supplementation on the enteral phase of experimental Trichinella spiralis infection in treated and untreated mice. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:737-747. [PMID: 33184541 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the immunopathological response during Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection remains controversial. The amino acid, l-arginine is a NO precursor commonly used by athletes and bodybuilders as a protein supplement. As to our knowledge, there are no published studies which have tested the effect of l-arginine on the intestinal phase of experimental trichinellosis. The present work aims to investigate the effect of l-arginine on the enteral phase of experimental T. spiralis infection in albendazole-treated and untreated mice. Forty BALB/C mice infected orally with T. spiralis larvae were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group A were infected and untreated (control) mice, Group B received albendazole alone, Group C received l-arginine alone, and Group D received both l-arginine and albendazole. Compared to the control group, l-arginine supplementation showed; a significant increase in the intestinal adult worm burden, a significantly high inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression, elevated immune markers; tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and enhanced apoptosis. Albendazole treated-group had a significant reduction in the adult worm number (90.9%), while combined albendazole-arginine regimen showed a lower percentage of worm reduction (72.7%). During the enteral phase of T. spiralis infection, l-arginine supplementation should be taken cautiously, as it may modulate the proinflammatory immune response and subsequently affect the outcome of the infection and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa O Fadl
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha M Amin
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Wanas
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa Saad El-Din
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba A Ibrahim
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basma Emad Aboulhoda
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nardeen Zakka Bocktor
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Mast cell deficiency in mice results in biomass overgrowth and delayed expulsion of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180687. [PMID: 30341242 PMCID: PMC6265620 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with helminth parasites evokes a complex cellular response in the host, where granulocytes (i.e. eosinophils, basophils and mast cells (MCs)) feature prominently. In addition to being used as markers of helminthic infections, MCs have been implicated in worm expulsion since animals defective in c-kit signaling, which results in diminished MC numbers, can have delayed worm expulsion. The role of MCs in the rejection of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepsis diminuta, from the non-permissive mouse host is not known. MC-deficient mice display a delay in the expulsion of H. diminuta that is accompanied by a less intense splenic Th2 response, as determined by in vitro release of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines. Moreover, worms retrieved from MC-deficient mice were larger than those from wild-type (WT) mice. Assessment of gut-derived IL-25, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin revealed lower levels in uninfected MC-deficient mice compared with WT, suggesting a role for MCs in homeostatic control of these cytokines: differences in these gut cytokines between the mouse strains were not observed after infection with H. diminuta. Finally, mice infected with H. diminuta display less severe dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis, and this beneficial effect of the worm was unaltered in MC-deficient mice challenged with DNBS, as assessed by a macroscopic disease score. Thus, while MCs are not essential for rejection of H. diminuta from mice, their absence slows the kinetics of expulsion allowing the development of greater worm biomass prior to successful rejection of the parasitic burden.
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13
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Immunity to gastrointestinal nematode infections. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:304-315. [PMID: 29297502 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous species of nematodes have evolved to inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans, with over a billion of the world's population infected with at least one species. These large multicellular pathogens present a considerable and complex challenge to the host immune system given that individuals are continually exposed to infective stages, as well as the high prevalence in endemic areas. This review summarizes our current understanding of host-parasite interactions, detailing induction of protective immunity, mechanisms of resistance, and resolution of the response. It is clear from studies of well-defined laboratory model systems that these responses are dominated by innate and adaptive type 2 cytokine responses, regulating cellular and soluble effectors that serve to disrupt the niche in which the parasites live by strengthening the physical mucosal barrier and ultimately promoting tissue repair.
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14
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Lee D, Kim HS, Shin E, Do SG, Lee CK, Kim YM, Lee MB, Min KY, Koo J, Kim SJ, Nam ST, Kim HW, Park YH, Choi WS. Polysaccharide isolated from Aloe vera gel suppresses ovalbumin-induced food allergy through inhibition of Th2 immunity in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:201-210. [PMID: 29494957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to harmless substance called allergen that gains access to the body. Food allergy is a hypersensitive immune reaction to food proteins and the number of patients with food allergy has recently increased. Aloe Vera is used for wellness and medicinal purposes. In particular, Aloe vera has been reported to enhance immunity. However, the effect of Aloe vera on food allergy is not yet known. In this study, we investigated the effects of processed Aloe vera gel (PAG) containing low molecular weight Aloe polysaccharide (AP) on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced food allergy in mice. Allergic symptoms, rectal temperature, and diarrhea were measured in OVA-induced food allergy mice. Other allergic parameters were also analyzed by RT-PCR, ELISA, flow cytometry, and other biochemical methods. As the results, PAG suppressed the decrease of body temperature, diarrhea, and allergic symptoms in OVA-induced food allergy mice. PAG also reduced serum concentrations of type 2 helper T cell (Th2) cytokines (Interleukin-(IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13) as well as histamine, mast cell protease-1 (MCP-1), and immunoglobulin (Ig)E. PAG blocked the degranulation of mast cells and infiltration of eosinophils in intestine. Furthermore, PAG suppressed the population of Th2 cells in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. PAG also increased the production of IL-10 and population of type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells in mice with food allergy. Taken together, our findings suggest that PAG suppressed Th2 immune responses through, at least partially, stimulating the secretion of IL-10 in food allergy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajeong Lee
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Soon Kim
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Shin
- Univera Inc., Seoul 04782, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Gil Do
- Univera Inc., Seoul 04782, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Bum Lee
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Young Min
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimo Koo
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeong Kim
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Taek Nam
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwan Park
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Abdel-Latif M, El-Shahawi G, Aboelhadid SM, Abdel-Tawab H. Immunoprotective Effect of Chitosan Particles onHymenolepis nana- Infected Mice. Scand J Immunol 2017; 86:83-90. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Abdel-Latif
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - G. El-Shahawi
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - S. M. Aboelhadid
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - H. Abdel-Tawab
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
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16
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The role of rare innate immune cells in Type 2 immune activation against parasitic helminths. Parasitology 2017; 144:1288-1301. [PMID: 28583216 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of helminth macroparasites is reflected in the intricate network of host cell types that participate in the Type 2 immune response needed to battle these organisms. In this context, adaptive T helper 2 cells and the Type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 have been the focus of research for years, but recent work has demonstrated that the innate immune system plays an essential role. Some innate immune cells that promote Type 2 immunity are relatively abundant, such as macrophages and eosinophils. However, we now appreciate that more rare cell types including group 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells and dendritic cells make significant contributions to these responses. These cells are found at low frequency but they are specialized to their roles - located at sites such as the skin, lung and gut, where the host combats helminth parasites. These cells respond rapidly and robustly to worm antigens and worm-induced damage to produce essential cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids and histamine to activate damaged epithelium and to recruit other effectors. Thus, a greater understanding of how these cells operate is essential to understand how the host protects itself during helminth infection.
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17
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Hasby Saad MA, Radi DA, Hasby EA. Oral contraceptive pills: Risky or protective in case of Trichinella spiralis infection? Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28524239 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how Trichinella spiralis infection can be affected by contraceptive pills in vivo. Methods included six groups of female Wistar rats; healthy, Trichinella infected, receiving combined contraceptive pills (COCPs), receiving progestin only pills (POPs), infected receiving COCPs and infected receiving POPs. Parasite burden was measured; adult worm counts, gravidity, larvae and reproductive capacity index). Histopathological examination, immunohistochemical detection of C-kit+ mast cells and Foxp3+ T-reg. cells in intestinal sections, eosinophils muscle infiltration and CPK level were performed. Rats infected and receiving COCPs showed a significant increase in parasitic burden, and infected receiving POPs showed a significant reduction compared to infected only, with a significant increase in nongravid females (Mean total worms=964.40±55.9, 742±52.63, 686±31.68, larvae/g=5030±198.75, 2490±143.18 and 4126±152,91, respectively). Intestinal sections from infected receiving COCPs showed intact mucosa (though the high inflammatory cells infiltrate), and significant increase in C-kit+ mast cells number and intensity (30.20±4.15 and 60.40±8.29), and Foxp3+ T-reg. cells (10±1.58). Infected receiving POPs showed a significantly less CPK (5886±574.40) and eosinophilic muscle infiltration (58±13.51). Oestrogen-containing pills established a favourable intestinal environment for Trichinella by enhancing Foxp+T-reg. cells and stabilizing C-kit+mast cells, while POPs gave a potential protection with less gravidity, larval burden and eosinophilic infiltrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hasby Saad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - D A Radi
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - E A Hasby
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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18
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Vogel P, Janke L, Gravano DM, Lu M, Sawant DV, Bush D, Shuyu E, Vignali DAA, Pillai A, Rehg JE. Globule Leukocytes and Other Mast Cells in the Mouse Intestine. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:76-97. [PMID: 28494703 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817705174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Only 2 major mast cell (MC) subtypes are commonly recognized in the mouse: the large connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs) and the mucosal mast cells (MMCs). Interepithelial mucosal inflammatory cells, most commonly identified as globule leukocytes (GLs), represent a third MC subtype in mice, which we term interepithelial mucosal mast cells (ieMMCs). This term clearly distinguishes ieMMCs from lamina proprial MMCs (lpMMCs) while clearly communicating their common MC lineage. Both lpMMCs and ieMMCs are rare in normal mouse intestinal mucosa, but increased numbers of ieMMCs are seen as part of type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminth infections and in food allergies. Interestingly, we found that increased ieMMCs were consistently associated with decreased mucosal inflammation and damage, suggesting that they might have a role in controlling helminth-induced immunopathology. We also found that ieMMC hyperplasia can develop in the absence of helminth infections, for example, in Treg-deficient mice, Arf null mice, some nude mice, and certain graft-vs-host responses. Since tuft cell hyperplasia plays a critical role in type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminths, we looked for (but did not find) any direct relationship between ieMMC and tuft cell numbers in the intestinal mucosa. Much remains to be learned about the differing functions of ieMMCs and lpMMCs in the intestinal mucosa, but an essential step in deciphering their roles in mucosal immune responses will be to apply immunohistochemistry methods to consistently and accurately identify them in tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vogel
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Laura Janke
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Meifen Lu
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Deepali V Sawant
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dorothy Bush
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E Shuyu
- 4 University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Asha Pillai
- 4 University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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19
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Sorobetea D, Holm JB, Henningsson H, Kristiansen K, Svensson-Frej M. Acute infection with the intestinal parasiteTrichuris murishas long-term consequences on mucosal mast cell homeostasis and epithelial integrity. Eur J Immunol 2016; 47:257-268. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sorobetea
- Immunology Section; Department of Experimental Medical Sciences; Medical Faculty; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Jacob Bak Holm
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Henrietta Henningsson
- Immunology Section; Department of Experimental Medical Sciences; Medical Faculty; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Marcus Svensson-Frej
- Immunology Section; Department of Experimental Medical Sciences; Medical Faculty; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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20
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Roy A, Sawesi O, Pettersson U, Dagälv A, Kjellén L, Lundén A, Åbrink M. Serglycin proteoglycans limit enteropathy in Trichinella spiralis-infected mice. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:15. [PMID: 27267469 PMCID: PMC4897876 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serglycin proteoglycans are essential for maturation of secretory granules and for the correct granular storage of cationic proteases in hematopoietic cells, e.g. mast cells. However, little is known about the in vivo functions of serglycin proteoglycans during infection. Here we investigated the potential role of serglycin proteoglycans in host defense after infection with the nematode Trichinella spiralis. RESULTS Twelve days post infection lack of serglycin proteoglycans caused significantly increased enteropathy. The serglycin-deficient mice showed significantly increased intestinal worm burden, reduced recruitment of mast cells to the intestinal crypts, decreased levels of the mast cell proteases MCPT5 and MCPT6 in intestinal tissue, decreased serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-13, increased levels of IL-4 and total IgE in serum, and increased intestinal levels of the neutrophil markers myeloperoxidase and elastase, as compared to wild type mice. At five weeks post infection, increased larvae burden and inflammation were seen in the muscle tissue of the serglycin-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the serglycin-deficient mice were more susceptible to T. spiralis infection and displayed an unbalanced immune response compared to wild type mice. These findings point to an essential regulatory role of serglycin proteoglycans in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Osama Sawesi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Pettersson
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Dagälv
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Lundén
- Department of Microbiology, The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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21
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Mukai K, Tsai M, Starkl P, Marichal T, Galli SJ. IgE and mast cells in host defense against parasites and venoms. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:581-603. [PMID: 27225312 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IgE-dependent mast cell activation is a major effector mechanism underlying the pathology associated with allergic disorders. The most dramatic of these IgE-associated disorders is the fatal anaphylaxis which can occur in some people who have developed IgE antibodies to otherwise innocuous antigens, such as those contained in certain foods and medicines. Why would such a highly "maladaptive" immune response develop in evolution and be retained to the present day? Host defense against parasites has long been considered the only beneficial function that might be conferred by IgE and mast cells. However, recent studies have provided evidence that, in addition to participating in host resistance to certain parasites, mast cells and IgE are critical components of innate (mast cells) and adaptive (mast cells and IgE) immune responses that can enhance host defense against the toxicity of certain arthropod and animal venoms, including enhancing the survival of mice injected with such venoms. Yet, in some people, developing IgE antibodies to insect or snake venoms puts them at risk for having a potentially fatal anaphylactic reaction upon subsequent exposure to such venoms. Delineating the mechanisms underlying beneficial versus detrimental innate and adaptive immune responses associated with mast cell activation and IgE is likely to enhance our ability to identify potential therapeutic targets in such settings, not only for reducing the pathology associated with allergic disorders but perhaps also for enhancing immune protection against pathogens and animal venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Philipp Starkl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
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Yang Y, Zhou QJ, Chen XQ, Yan BL, Guo XL, Zhang HL, Du AF. Profiling of differentially expressed genes in sheep T lymphocytes response to an artificial primary Haemonchus contortus infection. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:235. [PMID: 25903558 PMCID: PMC4406218 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemonchus contortus is a common bloodsucking nematode causing widespread economic loss in agriculture. Upon H. contortus infection, a series of host responses is elicited, especially those related to T lymphocyte immunity. Existing studies mainly focus on the general immune responses of sheep T lymphocyte to H. contortus, lacking investigations at the molecular level. The objective of this study was to obtain a systematic transcriptional profiling of the T lymphocytes in H. contortus primary-infected sheep. METHODS Nematode-free sheep were orally infected once with H. contortus L3s. T lymphocyte samples were collected from the peripheral blood of 0, 3, 30 and 60 days post infection (dpi) infected sheep. Microarrays were used to compare gene transcription levels between samples. Quantitative RT-PCR was employed to validate the microarray data. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analysis were utilized for the annotation of differentially expressed genes. RESULTS Our microarray data was consistent with qPCR results. From microarrays, 853, 242 and 42 differentially expressed genes were obtained in the 3d vs. 0d, 30d vs. 0d and 60d vs. 0d comparison groups, respectively. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analysis indicated that these genes were involved in metabolism, signaling, cell growth and immune system processes. Functional analysis of significant differentially expressed genes, such as SLC9A3R2, ABCB9, COMMD4, SUGT1, FCER1G, GSK3A, PAK4 and FCER2, revealed a crucial association with cellular homeostasis maintenance and immune response. Our data suggested that maintaining both effective immunological response and natural cellular activity are important for T lymphocytes in fighting against H. contortus infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a substantial list of candidate genes in sheep T lymphocytes response to H. contortus infection, and contribute novel insights into a general immune response upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Qian-Jin Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Xue-Qiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Bao-Long Yan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Xiao-Lu Guo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Hong-Li Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang center for animal disease control and prevention, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Ai-Fang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Anti-Eimeria activity of berberine and identification of associated gene expression changes in the mouse jejunum infected with Eimeria papillata. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1581-93. [PMID: 25663104 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based natural products are promising sources for identifying novel agents with potential anti-Eimeria activity. This study explores possible effects of berberine on Eimeria papillata infections in the jejunum of male Swiss albino mice. Berberine chloride, when daily administered to mice during infection, impairs intracellular development and multiplication of E. papillata, evidenced as 60% reduction of maximal fecal output of oocysts on day 5 p.i. Concomitantly, berberine attenuates the inflammatory response, evidenced as decreased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IFNγ, and iNOS, as well as the oxidative stress response, evidenced as impaired increase in malondialdehyde, nitrate, and H2O2 and as prevented decrease in glutathione and catalase activity. Berberine also alters gene expression in the infected jejunum. On day 5 p.i., mRNA expression of 29 genes with annotated functions is more than 10-fold upregulated and that of 14 genes downregulated. Berberine downregulates the genes Xaf1, Itgb3bp, and Faim3 involved in apoptotic processes and upregulates genes involved in innate immune responses, as e.g., Colec11, Saa2, Klra8, Clec1b, and Crtam, especially the genes Cpa3, Fcer1a, and Mcpt1, Mcpt2, and Mcpt4 involved in mast cell activity. Additionally, 18 noncoding lincRNA species are differentially expressed more than 10-fold under berberine. Our data suggest that berberine induces hosts to exert anti-Eimeria activity by attenuating the inflammatory and oxidative stress response, by impairing apoptotic processes, and by activating local innate immune responses and epigenetic mechanisms in the host jejunum. Berberine has the potential as an anti-Eimeria food additive in animal farming.
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DeBruin EJ, Gold M, Lo BC, Snyder K, Cait A, Lasic N, Lopez M, McNagny KM, Hughes MR. Mast cells in human health and disease. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1220:93-119. [PMID: 25388247 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1568-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are primarily known for their role in defense against pathogens, particularly bacteria; neutralization of venom toxins; and for triggering allergic responses and anaphylaxis. In addition to these direct effector functions, activated mast cells rapidly recruit other innate and adaptive immune cells and can participate in "tuning" the immune response. In this review we touch briefly on these important functions and then focus on some of the less-appreciated roles of mast cells in human disease including cancer, autoimmune inflammation, organ transplant, and fibrosis. Although it is difficult to formally assign causal roles to mast cells in human disease, we offer a general review of data that correlate the presence and activation of mast cells with exacerbated inflammation and disease progression. Conversely, in some restricted contexts, mast cells may offer protective roles. For example, the presence of mast cells in some malignant or cardiovascular diseases is associated with favorable prognosis. In these cases, specific localization of mast cells within the tissue and whether they express chymase or tryptase (or both) are diagnostically important considerations. Finally, we review experimental animal models that imply a causal role for mast cells in disease and discuss important caveats and controversies of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J DeBruin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, The Biomedical Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Groschwitz KR, Wu D, Osterfeld H, Ahrens R, Hogan SP. Chymase-mediated intestinal epithelial permeability is regulated by a protease-activating receptor/matrix metalloproteinase-2-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G479-89. [PMID: 23306080 PMCID: PMC3602679 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00186.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells regulate intestinal barrier function during disease and homeostasis. Secretion of the mast cell-specific serine protease chymase regulates homeostasis. In the present study, we employ in vitro model systems to delineate the molecular pathways involved in chymase-mediated intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. Chymase stimulation of intestinal epithelial (Caco-2 BBe) cell monolayers induced a significant reduction in transepithelial resistance, indicating decreased intestinal epithelial barrier function. The chymase-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction was characterized by chymase-induced protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 activation and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 expression and activation. Consistent with this observation, in vitro analysis revealed chymase-induced PAR-2 activation and increased MAPK activity and MMP-2 expression. Pharmacological and small interfering RNA-mediated antagonism of PAR-2 and MMP-2 significantly attenuated chymase-stimulated barrier dysfunction. Additionally, the chymase/MMP-2-mediated intestinal epithelial dysfunction was associated with a significant reduction in the tight junction protein claudin-5, which was partially restored by MMP-2 inhibition. Finally, incubation of Caco-2 BBe cells with chymase-sufficient, but not chymase-deficient, bone marrow-derived mast cells decreased barrier function, which was attenuated by the chymase inhibitor chymostatin. Collectively, these results suggest that mast cell/chymase-mediated intestinal epithelial barrier function is mediated by PAR-2/MMP-2-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Groschwitz
- 1Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and ,2Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David Wu
- 1Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Heather Osterfeld
- 1Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Richard Ahrens
- 1Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Simon P. Hogan
- 1Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
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Abstract
Mast cells are increasingly being recognized as effector cells in many cardiovascular conditions. Many mast-cell-derived products such as tryptase and chymase can, through their enzymic action, have detrimental effects on blood vessel structure while mast cell-derived mediators such as cytokines and chemokines can perpetuate vascular inflammation. Mice lacking mast cells have been developed and these are providing an insight into how mast cells are involved in cardiovascular diseases and, as knowledge increase, mast cells may become a viable therapeutic target to slow progression of cardiovascular disease.
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Rodewald HR, Feyerabend TB. Widespread immunological functions of mast cells: fact or fiction? Immunity 2012; 37:13-24. [PMID: 22840840 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunological functions of mast cells are currently considered to be much broader than the original role of mast cells in IgE-driven allergic disease. The spectrum of proposed mast cell functions includes areas as diverse as the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, protective immunity against viral, microbial, and parasitic pathogens, autoimmunity, tolerance to graft rejection, promotion of or protection from cancer, wound healing, angiogenesis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, and others. The vast majority of in vivo mast cell data have been based on mast cell-deficient Kit mutant mice. However, work in new mouse mutants with unperturbed Kit function, which have a surprisingly normal immune system, has failed to corroborate some key immunological aspects, formerly attributed to mast cells. Here, we consider the implications of these recent developments for the state of the field as well as for future work, aiming at deciphering the physiological functions of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Reimer Rodewald
- Division for Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated a novel role for gastrointestinal mast cells (MCs) in the early events that lead to the generation of Th2 immunity to helminth infection. Mice lacking MCs (Kit(W) /Kit(W-v) and Kit(W-Sh)) showed a significant inhibition of Th2 cell priming following infection with the parasitic helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hp). We showed that MCs degranulate during the early stages of infection when the helminth larvae invade the small intestinal tissue. Furthermore, MC degranulation was required for the enhanced expression and production of the tissue-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP, which are required for the optimal orchestration and priming of type 2 immunity. In this addendum we aim to address several questions raised by our findings - in particular, the mechanisms through which MCs may recognize helminth exposure in the early stages of infection and by which they may enhance expression of critical tissue cytokines thus, enabling Th2 priming. Furthermore, we will discuss these findings in the context of recently described novel innate immune cells, such as type 2 hematopoietic progenitors and type 2 innate lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hepworth
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Immunology; Free University Berlin; Berlin, Germany,Correspondence to: Matthew R. Hepworth,
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Allergy Centre Charité; Charité University Medicine; Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Immunology; Free University Berlin; Berlin, Germany
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Trichinella spiralis secreted enzymes regulate nucleotide-induced mast cell activation and release of mouse mast cell protease 1. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3761-7. [PMID: 22890994 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00411-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are important triggers of innate immunity, acting on a wide variety of cells via signaling through purinergic receptors. Mucosal mast cells contribute to expulsion of a number of gastrointestinal nematode parasites, and mouse mast cell protease 1 has been shown to have a critical role in clearance of Trichinella spiralis from the intestinal tract. We show here that adenosine, ADP, ATP, UDP, and UTP all stimulate calcium mobilization in bone marrow-derived mast cells with a mucosal phenotype. Secreted proteins from T. spiralis infective larvae inhibit nucleotide-induced mast cell activation, and that induced by ADP and UDP is specifically blocked by parasite secretory 5'-nucleotidase. Release of mouse mast cell protease 1 is stimulated by ADP and ATP. Both parasite secreted products and the 5'-nucleotidase inhibit ADP-induced release of mast cell protease, whereas that stimulated by ATP is partially inhibited by secreted products alone. This indicates that the 5'-nucleotidase contributes to but is not solely responsible for inhibition of nucleotide-mediated effects on mast cell function. Secretion of nucleotide-metabolizing enzymes by parasitic nematodes most likely evolved as a strategy for suppression of innate immune responses and is discussed in this context.
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Fernández-Blanco JA, Barbosa S, Sánchez de Medina F, Martínez V, Vergara P. Persistent epithelial barrier alterations in a rat model of postinfectious gut dysfunction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:e523-33. [PMID: 21895877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal mast cells (MMCs), epithelial barrier function (EBF) and the enteric nervous system (ENS) are interactive factors in the pathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders. We characterized postinfectious EBF alterations in the Trichinella spiralis infection model of MMC-dependent intestinal dysfunction in rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with T. spiralis. 30 ± 2 days postinfection, jejunal EBF (electrophysiological parameters, fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran fluxes and responses to secretagogues and MMC degranulators) was evaluated (Ussing chamber). In some experiments, participation of secretomotor neurons was examined by tetrodotoxin (TTX) pretreatment. Jejunal histology and MMC count and activity were also assessed. KEY RESULTS 30 ± 2 days postinfection, when only a low grade inflammation was observed, increased MMC number and activity were associated with altered EBF. EBF alterations were characterized by increased mucosal permeability and ion secretion. In T. spiralis-infected animals, secretory responses to serotonin (5-HT) and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent activation of MMCs were reduced. In contrast, responses to substance P (SP) and capsaicin were similar in infected and noninfected animals. Neuronal blockade with TTX altered secretory responses to SP and capsaicin only in infected rats. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Trichinella spiralis infection in rats, at late stages, results in persistent postinfectious intestinal barrier dysfunctions and mucosal mastocytosis, with other signs suggestive of a low grade inflammation. The altered permeability and the TTX-independent hyporesponsiveness to 5-HT and IgE indicate epithelial alterations. Changes in responses to SP and capsaicin after neuronal blockade suggest an ENS remodeling during this phase. Similar long-lasting neuro-epithelial alterations might contribute to the pathophysiology of functional and postinfectious gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Fernández-Blanco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Veterinary School, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Collington SJ, Williams TJ, Weller CL. Mechanisms underlying the localisation of mast cells in tissues. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:478-85. [PMID: 21917522 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident cells best known for their role in allergy and host defence against helminth parasites. They are involved in responses against other pathogenic infections, wound healing and inflammatory disease. Committed mast cell progenitors are released from the bone marrow into the circulation, from where they are recruited into tissues to complete their maturation under the control of locally produced cytokines and growth factors. Directed migration occurs at distinct stages of the mast cell life-cycle and is associated with successive up- and downregulation of cell surface adhesion molecules and chemoattractant receptors as the cells mature. This article discusses some of the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying mast cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Collington
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Mast cells are best known for their role in allergic reactions but are also now recognized for their important contributions to a number of disparate inflammatory conditions through the release of inflammatory mediators, serglycin and other proteoglycans, and proteases. Because these tissue resident inflammatory cells express proteases in such great abundance and their enzymatic activity results in cleavage of a multitude of proteins and peptides, which in turn modify tissue function, their substrate specificity, tissue distribution, and mode of action have become the subjects of great interest. Although mast cell protease-dependent proteolysis is critical to host defense against invading pathogens, regulation of these hydrolytic enzymes is essential to limiting self-induced damage as well. Indeed, dysregulated release of mast cell proteases is now recognized to contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory conditions including asthma, abdominal aortic aneurysm formation, vessel damage in atherosclerosis and hypertension, arthritis, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Understanding how mast cell proteases contribute to inflammation will thus help unravel molecular mechanisms that underlie such immunologic disorders and will help identify new therapeutic targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Dai
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
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New insights into the role of mast cells in autoimmunity: evidence for a common mechanism of action? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:57-65. [PMID: 21354470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are classically considered innate immune cells that act as first responders in many microbial infections and have long been appreciated as potent contributors to allergic reactions. However, recent advances in the realm of autoimmunity have made it clear that these cells are also involved in the pathogenic responses that exacerbate disease. In the murine models of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and bullous pemphigoid, both the pathogenic role of mast cells and some of their mechanisms of action are shared. Similar to their role in infection and a subset of allergic responses, mast cells are required for the efficient recruitment of neutrophils to sites of inflammation. Although this mast cell-dependent neutrophil response is protective in infection settings, it is postulated that neutrophils promote local vascular permeability and facilitate the entry of inflammatory cells that enhance tissue destruction at target sites. However, there is still much to learn. There is little information regarding mechanisms of mast cell activation in disease. Nor is it known how many mast cell-derived mediators are relevant and whether interactions with other cells are implicated in these diseases including T cells, B cells and astrocytes. Here we review the current state of knowledge about mast cells in autoimmune disease. We also discuss findings regarding newly discovered mast cell actions and factors that modulate mast cell function. We speculate that much of this new information will ultimately contribute to a greater understanding of the full range of mast cell actions in autoimmunity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mast cells in inflammation.
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Balzar S, Fajt ML, Comhair SAA, Erzurum SC, Bleecker E, Busse WW, Castro M, Gaston B, Israel E, Schwartz LB, Curran-Everett D, Moore CG, Wenzel SE. Mast cell phenotype, location, and activation in severe asthma. Data from the Severe Asthma Research Program. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:299-309. [PMID: 20813890 PMCID: PMC3056228 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201002-0295oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Severe asthma (SA) remains poorly understood. Mast cells (MC) are implicated in asthma pathogenesis, but it remains unknown how their phenotype, location, and activation relate to asthma severity. OBJECTIVES To compare MC-related markers measured in bronchoscopically obtained samples with clinically relevant parameters between normal subjects and subjects with asthma to clarify their pathobiologic importance. METHODS Endobronchial biopsies, epithelial brushings, and bronchoalveolar lavage were obtained from subjects with asthma and normal subjects from the Severe Asthma Research Program (N = 199). Tryptase, chymase, and carboxypeptidase A (CPA)3 were used to identify total MC (MC(Tot)) and the MC(TC) subset (MCs positive for both tryptase and chymase) using immunostaining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lavage was analyzed for tryptase and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) by ELISA. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Submucosal MC(Tot) (tryptase-positive by immunostaining) numbers were highest in "mild asthma/no inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy" subjects and decreased with greater asthma severity (P = 0.002). In contrast, MC(TC) (chymase-positive by immunostaining) were the predominant (MC(TC)/MC(Tot) > 50%) MC phenotype in SA (overall P = 0.005). Epithelial MC(Tot) were also highest in mild asthma/no ICS, but were not lower in SA. Instead, they persisted and were predominantly MC(TC). Epithelial CPA3 and tryptase mRNA supported the immunostaining data (overall P = 0.008 and P = 0.02, respectively). Lavage PGD2 was higher in SA than in other steroid-treated groups (overall P = 0.02), whereas tryptase did not differentiate the groups. In statistical models, PGD2 and MC(TC)/MC(Tot) predicted SA. CONCLUSIONS Severe asthma is associated with a predominance of MC(TC) in the airway submucosa and epithelium. Activation of those MC(TC) may contribute to the increases in PGD2 levels. The data suggest an altered and active MC population contributes to SA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Balzar
- University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC/University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Im S, Ahn M, Han I, Song H, Kim Y, Kim H, Ryu J. Histamine and TNF-alpha release by rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasite 2011; 18:49-55. [PMID: 21395205 PMCID: PMC3671398 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2011181049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have been reported to be predominant in the vaginal smears of patients infected with T. vaginalis. In this study, we investigated whether T. vaginalis could induce mast cells to migrate and to produce TNF-alpha and histamine. Rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC), a primary mast cell, were used for the study. T. vaginalis induced an increase in chemotactic migration of the mast cells toward excretory and secretory product (ESP) of T. vaginalis, and the mast cells activated with T. vaginalis showed an increased release of histamine and TNF-alpha. Therefore, mast cells may be involved in the inflammatory response caused by T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.J. Im
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Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine #17 Haengdang-dong Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791 Korea
| | - M.H. Ahn
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Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine #17 Haengdang-dong Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791 Korea
| | - I.H. Han
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Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine #17 Haengdang-dong Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791 Korea
| | - H.O. Song
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Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu Daegu 705-718 Korea
| | - Y.S. Kim
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Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hanyang University College of Medicine Seoul 133-791 Korea
| | - H.M. Kim
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Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - J.S. Ryu
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Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine #17 Haengdang-dong Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791 Korea
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Sawesi O, Spillmann D, Lundén A, Wernersson S, Åbrink M. Serglycin-independent release of active mast cell proteases in response to Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:38005-13. [PMID: 20864536 PMCID: PMC2992234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.118471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies identified serglycin proteoglycan and its heparin chains to be important for storage and activity of mast cell proteases. However, the importance of serglycin for secretion and activity of mast cell proteases in response to parasite infection has been poorly investigated. To address this issue, we studied the effects on mast cell proteases in serglycin-deficient and wild type mice after peritoneal infection with the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. In line with previous results, we found severely reduced levels of cell-bound mast cell proteases in both noninfected and infected serglycin-deficient mice. However, serglycin-deficient mice secreted mast cell proteases at wild type levels at the site of infection, and enzymatic activities associated with mast cell proteases were equally up-regulated in wild type and serglycin-deficient mice 48 h after infection. In both wild type and serglycin-deficient mice, parasite infection resulted in highly increased extracellular levels of glycosaminoglycans, including hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate A, suggesting a role of these substances in the general defense mechanism. In contrast, heparan sulfate/heparin was almost undetectable in serglycin-deficient mice, and in wild type mice, it was mainly confined to the cellular fraction and was not increased upon infection. Furthermore, the heparan sulfate/heparin population was less sulfated in serglycin-deficient than in wild type mice indicative for the absence of heparin, which supports that heparin production is dependent on the serglycin core protein. Together, our results suggest that serglycin proteoglycan is dispensable for normal secretion and activity of mast cell proteases in response to peritoneal infection with T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Sawesi
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, and
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dorothe Spillmann
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, and
| | - Anna Lundén
- the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Parasitology (SWEPAR), SE-75189 Uppsala, and
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, and
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are currently receiving increased attention among the scientific community, largely because of the recent identification of crucial functions for MCs in a variety of disorders. However, it is in many cases not clear exactly how MCs contribute in the respective settings. MCs express extraordinarily high levels of a number of proteases of chymase, tryptase, and carboxypeptidase A type, and these are stored in high amounts as active enzymes in the MC secretory granules. Hence, MC degranulation leads to the massive release of fully active MC proteases, which probably have a major impact on any condition in which MC degranulation occurs. Indeed, the recent generation and evaluation of mouse strains lacking individual MC proteases have indicated crucial contributions of these to a number of different disorders. MC proteases may thus account for many of the effects ascribed to MCs and are currently emerging as promising candidates for treatment of MC-driven disease. In this review, we discuss these findings.
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Cadman ET, Lawrence RA. Granulocytes: effector cells or immunomodulators in the immune response to helminth infection? Parasite Immunol 2010; 32:1-19. [PMID: 20042003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Granulocytes are effector cells in defence against helminth infections. We review the current evidence for the role of granulocytes in protective immunity against different helminth infections and note that for each parasite species the role of granulocytes as effector cells can vary. Emerging evidence also points to granulocytes as immunomodulatory cells able to produce many cytokines, chemokines and modulatory factors which can bias the immune response in a particular direction. Thus, the role of granulocytes in an immunomodulatory context is discussed including the most recent data that points to an important role for basophils under this guise.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Cadman
- Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
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40
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Hashimoto K, Uchikawa R, Tegoshi T, Takeda K, Yamada M, Arizono N. Depleted intestinal goblet cells and severe pathological changes in SCID mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:457-65. [PMID: 19646210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To determine the role of T cells and mast cells in intestinal pathology and immune expulsion of intestinal nematodes, worm burdens, goblet cell responses and villus structures were analysed in T- and B-cell-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, athymic nu/nu mice and mast cell deficient W/W(v) mice after infection with the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. SCID and nu/nu mice showed significantly higher worm burdens at week 9 post-infection compared with the wild-type controls. SCID and nu/nu mice showed compromised goblet cell hyperplasia and/or Muc 2 expression, indicating that both events are T-cell dependant. On the other hand, the SCID mice showed increased pathology (villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia) and increased numbers of proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive cells compared to the wild-type controls. W/W(v) mice, conversely, were able to expel the worms normally, had normal goblet cell hyperplasia, and did not demonstrate the changes in mucosal architecture seen in SCID mice, confirming that a normal mast cell response is not necessarily required for these changes. These results suggest that a functional T-cell response, but not a mast cell response, is necessary for anti-parasite responses, goblet cell function, and maintaining normal mucosal architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hashimoto
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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41
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Blum LK, Thrasher SM, Gagliardo LF, Fabre V, Appleton JA. Expulsion of secondary Trichinella spiralis infection in rats occurs independently of mucosal mast cell release of mast cell protease II. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5816-22. [PMID: 19812197 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to elucidate the contribution of mucosal mast cells to the effector phase of a secondary immune response to Trichinella spiralis. During secondary infection, rats expel 90-99% of T. spiralis first-stage larvae from the intestine in a matter of hours. This phenomenon appears to be unique to rats and has been called rapid expulsion. Primary intestinal infection by T. spiralis induces mastocytosis, and mast cell degranulation occurs when challenged rats exhibit rapid expulsion. These observations have engendered the view that mast cells mediate rapid expulsion. In this study, we report that immunization of adult Albino Oxford rats by an infection limited to the muscle phase did not induce intestinal mastocytosis, yet such rats exhibited rapid expulsion when challenged orally. Although mastocytosis was absent, the protease unique to mucosal mast cells, rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII), was detected in sera at the time of expulsion. We further evaluated mast cell activity in neonatal rats that display rapid expulsion. Pups born to infected dams displayed rapid expulsion, and RMCPII was detected in their sera. By feeding pups parasite-specific mAbs or polyclonal Abs before challenge infection, it was possible to dissociate mast cell degranulation from parasite expulsion. These results indicate that rapid expulsion can occur in the absence of either intestinal mastocytosis or RMCPII release. Furthermore, release of RMCPII is not sufficient to cause expulsion. The data argue against a role for mast cells in the mechanism underlying the effector phase of protective immunity against T. spiralis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Blum
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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42
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Transmembrane tumor necrosis factor alpha is required for enteropathy and is sufficient to promote parasite expulsion in gastrointestinal helminth infection. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3879-85. [PMID: 19564380 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01461-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the specific role of transmembrane tumor necrosis factor (tmTNF) in protective and pathological responses against the gastrointestinal helminth Trichinella spiralis, we compared the immune responses of TNF-alpha/lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha)(-/-) mice expressing noncleavable transgenic tmTNF to those of TNF-alpha/LTalpha(-/-) and wild-type mice. The susceptibility of TNF-alpha/LTalpha(-/-) mice to T. spiralis infection was associated with impaired induction of a protective Th2 response and the lack of mucosal mastocytosis. Although tmTNF-expressing transgenic (tmTNF-tg) mice also had a reduced Th2 response, the mast cell response was greater than that observed in TNF-alpha/LTalpha(-/-) mice and was sufficient to induce the expulsion of the parasite. T. spiralis infection of tmTNF-tg mice resulted in significant intestinal pathology characterized by villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia comparable to that induced following the infection of wild-type mice, while pathology in TNF-alpha/LTalpha(-/-) mice was significantly reduced. Our data thus indicate a role for tmTNF in host defense against gastrointestinal helminths and in the accompanying enteropathy. Furthermore, they also demonstrate that TNF-alpha is required for the induction of Th2 immune responses related to infection with gastrointestinal helminth parasites.
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43
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Bischoff SC. Physiological and pathophysiological functions of intestinal mast cells. Semin Immunopathol 2009; 31:185-205. [PMID: 19533134 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The normal gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is equipped with mast cells that account for 2-3% of lamina propria cells under normal conditions. Mast cells are generally associated with allergic disease, and indeed, food allergy that manifests in the GI tract is usually mast cell dependent. On the other hand, mast cells have a number of physiological functions in the GI tract, namely regulatory functions such as control of blood flow and coagulation, smooth muscle contraction and peristalsis, and secretion of acid, electrolytes, and mucus by epithelial cells. One of the most intriguing functions of intestinal mast cells is their role in host defense against microbes like bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Mast cells recognize microbes by antibody-dependent mechanisms and through pattern-recognition receptors. They direct the subsequent immune response by attracting both granulocytes and lymphocytes to the site of challenge via paracrine cytokine release. Moreover, mast cells initiate, by releasing proinflammatory mediators, innate defense mechanisms such as enhanced epithelial secretion, peristalsis, and alarm programs of the enteric nervous This initiation can occur in response to a primary contact to the microbe or other danger signals, but becomes much more effective if the triggering antigen reappears and antibodies of the IgE or IgG type have been generated in the meantime by the specific immune system. Thus, mast cells operate at the interface between innate and adaptive immune responses to enhance the defense against pathogens and, most likely, the commensal flora. In this respect, it is important to note that mast cells are directly involved in controlling the function of the intestinal barrier that turned out to be a crucial site for the development of infectious and immune-mediated diseases. Hence, intestinal mast cells perform regulatory functions to maintain tissue homeostasis, they are involved in host defense mechanisms against pathogens, and they can induce allergy once they are sensitized against foreign antigens. The broad spectrum of functions makes mast cells a fascinating target for future pharmacological or nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine & Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Michels CE, Scales HE, Saunders KA, McGowan S, Brombracher F, Alexander J, Lawrence CE. Neither interleukin-4 receptor alpha expression on CD4+ T cells, or macrophages and neutrophils is required for protective immunity to Trichinella spiralis. Immunology 2008; 128:e385-94. [PMID: 19191917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The T helper type 2 (Th2) mediated expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis requires interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha) expression on both bone-marrow-derived and non-bone-marrow-derived cells. To more definitively investigate the role of IL-4/IL-13 responsiveness in the development of protective immunity to T. spiralis, cell-specific IL-4Ralpha signalling on CD4(+) T cells (Lck(cre) IL-4Ralpha(-/flox)) and macrophages/neutrophils (LysM(cre) IL-4Ralpha(-/flox)) was analysed on the BALB/c background. Infection of wild-type and control IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) mice induced a Th2-type immune response with elevated IL-4 cytokine production, parasite-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), total IgE, intestinal mastocytosis and enteropathy. In contrast, global IL-4Ralpha-deficient BALB/c mice showed reduced worm expulsion, antibody production, intestinal mastocytosis and gut pathology. BALB/c mice generated with cell-specific deletion of IL-4Ralpha on CD4(+) T lymphocytes or macrophages/neutrophils, controlled gastrointestinal helminth infection by eliciting a protective immune response comparable to that observed with wild-type and IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) controls. Together, this shows that the development of host protective Th2 responses accompanied by parasite loss is independent of IL-4Ralpha expression on CD4(+) T cells and macrophages/neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chesney E Michels
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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45
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Yépez-Mulia L, Montaño-Escalona C, Fonseca-Liñán R, Muñoz-Cruz S, Arizmendi-Puga N, Boireau P, Ortega-Pierres G. Differential activation of mast cells by antigens from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae, adults, and newborn larvae. Vet Parasitol 2008; 159:253-7. [PMID: 19054621 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell (MC) hyperplasia and activation are prominent features in Trichinella spiralis infection. Indeed a temporal correlation has been shown between the kinetics of intestinal mastocytosis, release of inflammatory mediators from MC, and adult worm loss, which constitutes a major component of the defense against T. spiralis infection. It is well known that during the intestinal phase of trichinellosis, muscle larvae (ML) and adult worms (AD) enter into contact with the host; however, interaction with MC may also occur during migration of newborn larvae (NBL). Therefore, it is plausible that antigens from these developmental stages could activate MC. We have previously demonstrated by in vitro assays that T. spiralis muscle larval (TSL-1) antigens activate MC through an Ig-independent mechanism leading to the release of histamine, MC protease 5, IL-4 and TNF alpha. In this work we evaluated whether total antigens from AD or NBL could activate unsensitized MC and we compared this activation with the activation seen when MC are stimulated with TSL-1 antigens. MC activation was also tested with affinity chromatography purified antigens from NBL using the monoclonal antibody CE-4 that recognizes NBL surface components. The results obtained in this study showed that AD total extracts and TSL-1 antigens induced the release of histamine but not beta-hexosaminidase from unsensitized MC, suggesting a selective secretion of MC mediators. In contrast, NBL total extracts or purified NBL antigens did not induce the release of either histamine or beta-hexosaminidase from MC. Interestingly, AD and ML are the stages that interact with the host during the intestinal phase of infection. The mechanisms involved in TSL-1 and AD activation of unsensitized MC may function together with other mechanisms of MC activation in host protection against T. spiralis.
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46
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Heib V, Becker M, Taube C, Stassen M. Advances in the understanding of mast cell function. Br J Haematol 2008; 142:683-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Patel N, Kreider T, Urban JF, Gause WC. Characterisation of effector mechanisms at the host:parasite interface during the immune response to tissue-dwelling intestinal nematode parasites. Int J Parasitol 2008; 39:13-21. [PMID: 18804113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The protective immune response that develops following infection with many tissue-dwelling intestinal nematode parasites is characterised by elevations in IL-4 and IL-13 and increased numbers of CD4+ T cells, granulocytes and macrophages. These cells accumulate at the site of infection and in many cases can mediate resistance to these large multicellular pathogens. Recent studies suggest novel potential mechanisms mediated by these immune cell populations through their differential activation and ability to stimulate production of novel effector molecules. These newly discovered protective mechanisms may provide novel strategies to develop immunotherapies and vaccines against this group of pathogens. In this review, we will examine recent studies elucidating mechanisms of host protection against three widely-used experimental murine models of tissue-dwelling intestinal nematode parasites: Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Trichuris muris and Trichinella spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Patel
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School, MSB F639, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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48
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The effectors responsible for gastrointestinal nematode parasites, Trichinella spiralis, expulsion in rats. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:1289-95. [PMID: 18677623 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Helper T (Th2) cells type 2 have a central role in host protective responses to gastrointestinal nematode parasite, Trichinella spiralis infection, but the actual effector mechanisms involved in parasite expulsion are still uncertain. Recent evidences suggest that mast cell recruitment and activation may associate with parasite elimination from host intestines in mice. On the other hand, IgE production may induce defensive responses to primary infection with the helminth in rats. The differences of host effector mechanisms to the same experimental infections might disturb our understanding of the host protective mechanisms to gastrointestinal nematode parasite infection. In order to redefine these differences, we investigated in detail the relationship between intestinal immune responses and worm expulsion following T. spiralis infection among several rat strains including mutants. As a result, there were significant correlations of parasite expulsion with mast cell hyperplasia in addition to serum IgE level. Moreover, mast cell-deficient and dysfunction rats showed delayed worm elimination from their gut. Therefore, the present study suggests that mast cells should also be one of the prominent effector cells involved in T. spiralis parasite expulsion in rats as well as mice.
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49
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Immunomodulatory mast cells: negative, as well as positive, regulators of immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:478-86. [PMID: 18483499 DOI: 10.1038/nri2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells can promote inflammation and other tissue changes in IgE-associated allergic disorders, as well as in certain innate and adaptive immune responses that are thought to be independent of IgE. However, mast cells can also have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions. Here, we review the evidence that mast cells can have negative, as well as positive, immunomodulatory roles in vivo, and we propose that mast cells can both enhance and later suppress certain features of an immune response.
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Shin K, Watts GFM, Oettgen HC, Friend DS, Pemberton AD, Gurish MF, Lee DM. Mouse mast cell tryptase mMCP-6 is a critical link between adaptive and innate immunity in the chronic phase of Trichinella spiralis infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4885-91. [PMID: 18354212 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the innate immune function of mast cells in the acute phase of parasitic and bacterial infections is well established, their participation in chronic immune responses to indolent infection remains incompletely understood. In parasitic infection with Trichinella spiralis, the immune response incorporates both lymphocyte and mast cell-dependent effector functions for pathogen eradication. Among the mechanistic insights still unresolved in the reaction to T. spiralis are the means by which mast cells respond to parasites and the mast cell effector functions that contribute to the immunologic response to this pathogen. We hypothesized that mast cell elaboration of tryptase may comprise an important effector component in this response. Indeed, we find that mice deficient in the tryptase mouse mast cell protease-6 (mMCP-6) display a significant difference in their response to T. spiralis larvae in chronically infected skeletal muscle tissue. Mechanistically, this is associated with a profound inability to recruit eosinophils to larvae in mMCP-6-deficient mice. Analysis of IgE-deficient mice demonstrates an identical defect in eosinophil recruitment. These findings establish that mast cell secretion of the tryptase mMCP-6, a function directed by the activity of the adaptive immune system, contributes to eosinophil recruitment to the site of larval infection, thereby comprising an integral link in the chronic immune response to parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Shin
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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