1
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Yoon H, Jang KL. Hydrogen Peroxide Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus Replication by Downregulating Hepatitis C Virus Core Levels through E6-Associated Protein-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation. Cells 2023; 13:62. [PMID: 38201266 PMCID: PMC10778395 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is constantly exposed to considerable oxidative stress, characterized by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), during acute and chronic infection in the hepatocytes of patients. However, the effect of oxidative stress on HCV replication is largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that H2O2 downregulated HCV Core levels to inhibit HCV replication. For this purpose, H2O2 upregulated p53 levels, resulting in the downregulation of both the protein and enzyme activity levels of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), DNMT3a, and DNMT3b, and activated the expression of E6-associated protein (E6AP) through promoter hypomethylation in the presence of HCV Core. E6AP, an E3 ligase, induced the ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of HCV Core in a p53-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of H2O2 on HCV replication was almost completely nullified either by treatment with a representative antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or by knockdown of p53 or E6AP using a specific short hairpin RNA, confirming the roles of p53 and E6AP in the inhibition of HCV replication by H2O2. This study provides insights into the mechanisms that regulate HCV replication under conditions of oxidative stress in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunyoung Yoon
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, The Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, The Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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2
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Payaradka R, Ramesh PS, Vyas R, Patil P, Rajendra VK, Kumar M, Shetty V, Devegowda D. Oncogenic viruses as etiological risk factors for head and neck cancers: An overview on prevalence, mechanism of infection and clinical relevance. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 143:105526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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3
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Integrated analysis to study the interplay between post-translational modifications (PTM) in hepatitis C virus proteins and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15648. [PMID: 36123370 PMCID: PMC9483894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many PTMs dysregulation is known to be the major cause of many cancers including HCV induced HCC. PTMs of hepatitis C virus (HCV) regions NS3/4A, NS5A and NS5B are crucial for proper protein functions and replication that directly affect the generation of infectious virus particles and completion of its life cycle. In this study, we have performed comprehensive analysis of PTMs within HCV non-structural proteins (NS3/4A, NS5A and NS5B) through bioinformatics analysis to examine post-translational crosstalk between phosphorylation, palmitoylation, methylation, acetylation and ubiquitination sites in selected viral proteins. Our analysis has revealed many highly putative PTMs sites that are also conserved among major genotypes conferring the importance of these sites. We have also analysed viral 3D structures in their modified and unmodified forms to address extent and signatures of structural changes upon PTM. This study provides evidence that PTMs induce significant conformational changes and make viral proteins more stable. To find the potential role of PTMs in HCV induced HCC, docking analysis between selected viral proteins and p38-MAPK has been performed which also confirms their strong association with HCV induced HCC. The major findings proposed that PTMs at specific sites of HCV viral proteins could dysregulate specific pathways that cause the development of HCC.
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4
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Machida K. HCV and tumor-initiating stem-like cells. Front Physiol 2022; 13:903302. [PMID: 36187761 PMCID: PMC9520593 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.903302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplasms contain tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs) that are characterized by increased drug resistance. The incidence of many cancer types have trended downward except for few cancer types, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore mechanism of HCC development and therapy resistance needs to be understood. These multiple hits by hepatitis C virus (HCV) eventually promotes transformation and TIC genesis, leading to HCC development. This review article describes links between HCV-associated HCC and TICs. This review discusses 1) how HCV promotes genesis of TICs and HCC development; 2) how this process avails itself as a novel therapeutic target for HCC treatment; and 3) ten hall marks of TIC oncogenesis and HCC development as targets for novel therapeutic modalities.
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5
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Park JM, Yoon H, Jeong Y, Jang KL. Tumor suppressor p53 inhibits hepatitis C virus replication by inducing E6AP-mediated proteasomal degradation of the viral core protein. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2525-2537. [PMID: 35918185 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 has been implicated in the host defense system against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, although the detailed mechanism remains unknown. Here, we found that p53 inhibits HCV replication by downregulating HCV Core protein levels in human hepatoma cells. For this effect, p53 potentiated the role of E6-associated protein (E6AP) as an E3 ligase to induce ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of HCV Core. Specifically, p53 facilitated the binding of E6AP to HCV Core through direct interactions with the two proteins. In addition, E6AP failed to induce ubiquitination of HCV Core in the absence of p53, suggesting that p53 increases the E3 ligase activity of E6AP in a triple complex consisting of p53, E6AP, and HCV Core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Min Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunyoung Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.,Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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6
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Yoon H, Jang KL. Hepatitis B virus X protein and hepatitis C virus core protein cooperate to repress E-cadherin expression via DNA methylation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09881. [PMID: 35832344 PMCID: PMC9272347 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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7
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Machida K, Tahara SM. Immunotherapy and Microbiota for Targeting of Liver Tumor-Initiating Stem-like Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2381. [PMID: 35625986 PMCID: PMC9139909 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer contains tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs) that are resistant to therapies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence has increased twice over the past few decades, while the incidence of other cancer types has trended downward globally. Therefore, an understanding of HCC development and therapy resistance mechanisms is needed for this incurable malignancy. This review article describes links between immunotherapies and microbiota in tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs), which have stem cell characteristics with self-renewal ability and express pluripotency transcription factors such as NANOG, SOX2, and OCT4. This review discusses (1) how immunotherapies fail and (2) how gut dysbiosis inhibits immunotherapy efficacy. Gut dysbiosis promotes resistance to immunotherapies by breaking gut immune tolerance and activating suppressor immune cells. Unfortunately, this leads to incurable recurrence/metastasis development. Personalized medicine approaches targeting these mechanisms of TIC/metastasis-initiating cells are emerging targets for HCC immunotherapy and microbiota modulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Machida
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Ave., 503C-HMR, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
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8
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Mahmoudi A, Butler AE, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The role of exosomal miRNA in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2078-2094. [PMID: 35137416 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) impacts more than one-third of the population and is linked with other metabolic diseases. The term encompasses a wide spectrum of diseases, from modest steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis and, ultimately, cirrhosis with the potential for development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, available methods for diagnosing NAFLD are invasive or lack accuracy, and monitoring to determine response to therapeutic interventions is challenging. Exosomes are nano-scaled extracellular vesicles that are secreted by a variety of cells. They convey proteins, mRNA, miRNA, and other bioactive molecules between cells and are involved in an extensive range of biological processes, particularly cell-cell communication. Several reports suggest that exosomes mediate miRNAs and, thus, they have potential clinical utility for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics in liver diseases. In view of the vital role of exosomal microRNA in disease, we here synthesized current knowledge about the biogenesis of exosomal miRNA and exosome-mediated microRNA transfer. We then discuss the potential of exosomal miRNA in diagnosis and therapeutics of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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9
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Ogega CO, Skinner NE, Flyak AI, Clark KE, Board NL, Bjorkman PJ, Crowe JE, Cox AL, Ray SC, Bailey JR. B cell overexpression of FCRL5 and PD-1 is associated with low antibody titers in HCV infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010179. [PMID: 34990486 PMCID: PMC8769295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoprotein E2 are associated with delayed disease progression, and these antibodies can also facilitate spontaneous clearance of infection in some individuals. However, many infected people demonstrate low titer and delayed anti-E2 antibody responses. Since a goal of HCV vaccine development is induction of high titers of anti-E2 antibodies, it is important to define the mechanisms underlying these suboptimal antibody responses. By staining lymphocytes with a cocktail of soluble E2 (sE2) glycoproteins, we detected HCV E2-specific (sE2+) B cells directly ex vivo at multiple acute infection timepoints in 29 HCV-infected subjects with a wide range of anti-E2 IgG titers, including 17 persistently infected subjects and 12 subjects with spontaneous clearance of infection. We performed multi-dimensional flow cytometric analysis of sE2+ and E2-nonspecific (sE2-) class-switched B cells (csBC). In sE2+ csBC from both persistence and clearance subjects, frequencies of resting memory B cells (rMBC) were reduced, frequencies of activated MBC (actMBC) and tissue-like MBC (tlMBC) were increased, and expression of FCRL5, an IgG receptor, was significantly upregulated. Across all subjects, plasma anti-E2 IgG levels were positively correlated with frequencies of sE2+ rMBC and sE2+ actMBC, while anti-E2 IgG levels were negatively correlated with levels of FCRL5 expression on sE2+ rMBC and PD-1 expression on sE2+ actMBC. Upregulation of FCRL5 on sE2+ rMBC and upregulation of PD-1 on sE2+ actMBC may limit anti-E2 antibody production in vivo. Strategies that limit upregulation of these molecules could potentially generate higher titers of protective antibodies against HCV or other pathogens. Antiviral immunity relies on production of protective immunoglobulin G (IgG) by B cells, but many hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected individuals have very low levels of HCV-specific IgG in their serum. Elucidating mechanisms underlying this suboptimal IgG expression remains paramount in guiding therapeutic and vaccine strategies. In this study, we developed a highly specific method to capture HCV-specific B cells and characterized their surface protein expression. Two proteins analyzed were Fc receptor-like protein 5 (FCRL5), a cell surface receptor for IgG, and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), a marker of lymphocyte activation and exhaustion. We measured serum levels of anti-HCV IgG in these subjects and demonstrated that overexpression of FCRL5 and PD-1 on memory B cells was associated with reduced anti-E2 IgG levels. This study uses HCV as a viral model, but the findings may be applicable to many viral infections, and they offer new potential targets to enhance antiviral IgG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton O. Ogega
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicole E. Skinner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew I. Flyak
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn E. Clark
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nathan L. Board
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Cox
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stuart C. Ray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin R. Bailey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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In vivo Study of a Newly Synthesized Chromen-4-one Derivative as an Antitumor Agent against HCC. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 53:980-989. [PMID: 34698995 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromenes are a wide group of natural compounds that can be synthesized chemically. The chromen-4-one nucleus acts as a skeleton for varieties of additional active groups that makes the chromene activity vary between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. In the present study, a newly synthesized chromene compound exhibits different behaviors other than anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities that it is the first time that a member of chromen-4-one compound can control the cancer progress. Inflammation is the first step in tumor development where the severity grade can potentiate tumor growth and progression. In many tumors, pro-inflammatory genes record high expression level such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF). These pro-inflammatory factors act as rate limiting steps in tumor initiation, and controlling its expression acts as an early therapeutic way to control the tumor proliferation. The chromone derivatives have biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity. METHODS In the present study, hepatocellular cancer (HCC) induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in rats and then treated with the new chromene derivative and the parameters TNF-α, VEGF, p53, Cyt C, MMP-9, Bcl2, and Bax were measured. RESULTS The treatment strategy Ch compound is to downregulate pro-inflammatory gene expression of early genes as TNF-α as well as VEGF and subsequently control other factors such as p53, Cyt C, and MMP-9. Also, retrieve the balance between Bcl2 and Bax proteins in DEN-induced HCC in rats. CONCLUSION The ability of the new Ch derivative to control the primary initiators of HCC such as TNF-α offers this derivative an anti-tumor activity and encourages further researches to follow and monitor its effect on the molecular level.
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11
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Menati Rashno M, Mehraban H, Naji B, Radmehr M. Microbiome in human cancers. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000247. [PMID: 34888478 PMCID: PMC8650843 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A microbiome is defined as the aggregate of all microbiota that reside in human digestive system and other tissues. This microbiota includes viruses, bacteria, fungi that live in various human organs and tissues like stomach, guts, oesophagus, mouth cavity, urinary tract, vagina, lungs, and skin. Almost 20 % of malignant cancers worldwide are related to microbial infections including bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The human body is constantly being attacked by microbes during its lifetime and microbial pathogens that have tumorigenic effects in 15-20 % of reported cancer cases. Recent scientific advances and the discovery of the effect of microbes on cancer as a pathogen or as a drug have significantly contributed to our understanding of the complex relationship between microbiome and cancer. The aim of this study is to overview some microbiomes that reside in the human body and their roles in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Mehraban
- Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Naji
- Department of Microbiology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Radmehr
- Department of Microbiology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
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12
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Aboul Enein AA, Khaled IAA, Khorshied MM, Abdel-Aziz AO, Zahran N, El Saeed AM, Shousha HI, Abdel Rahman HA. Genetic variations in DNA-repair genes (XRCC1, 3, and 7) and the susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort of Egyptians. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3609-3616. [PMID: 32281666 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is a worldwide etiology of chronic hepatic insult particularly in Egypt. DNA-repair systems are responsible for maintaining genomic integrity by countering threats posed by DNA lesions. Deficiency in the repair capacity due to genetic alterations in DNA-repair genes can lead to genomic instability and increased risk of cancer development. The present work aimed at studying the possible association between XRCC1-G28152A (rs25487), XRCC3-C18067T (rs861539), and XRCC7-G6721T (rs7003908) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Egyptian population. The study was conducted on 100 newly diagnosed HCC patients and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Laboratory workup revealed that all HCC patients have chronic hepatitis C viral infection. Genotyping of the studied SNPs was performed by real-time PCR. The heteromutant genotype of XRCC1 (GA) conferred an almost two-fold increased risk of HCC (OR , 2.35; 95% CI, 1.33-4.04). Regarding XRCC7, the heteromutant (TG) genotype conferred a two-fold increased risk of HCC (OR , 2.17; 95% CI, 1.23-3.82). Coinheritance of the polymorphic genotypes of XRCC1 and 7 was significantly higher in HCC cases than controls and was associated with an 11-fold increased risk of HCC (OR , 11.66; 95% CI, 2.77-49.13). The frequency of XRCC3 polymorphic genotypes in HCC patients was close to that of the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Ahmed Aboul Enein
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman Abdel Aziz Khaled
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Theoder Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mervat Mamdooh Khorshied
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Nariman Zahran
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Theoder Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Mohamed El Saeed
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Theoder Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend Ibrahim Shousha
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala Aly Abdel Rahman
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Mücke VT, Thomas D, Mücke MM, Waidmann O, Zeuzem S, Sarrazin C, Pfeilschifter J, Vermehren J, Finkelmeier F, Grammatikos G. Serum sphingolipids predict de novo hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C cirrhotic patients with sustained virologic response. Liver Int 2019; 39:2174-2183. [PMID: 31207039 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Curing hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, yet HCC occurs despite sustained virologic response (SVR) in 2%-8% of cirrhotic patients. Sphingolipids (SLs) have been identified as new biomarkers of chronic liver disease and HCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum SLs as diagnostic HCC biomarkers in patients with HCV-associated cirrhosis at SVR12. METHODS From 2014 to 2016, 166 patients with HCV-cirrhosis and SVR were recruited and SL profiles were measured at baseline and 12 weeks after completion of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. All patients received HCC surveillance in line with current guideline recommendations. Minimum follow-up period comprised 6 months. RESULTS Our study included 130 (78%) patients without history of HCC, 25 (15%) with history of HCC prior DAA therapy and 11 (7%) patients with de novo HCC after FU12. In those with upcoming de novo HCC serum C24DHC (P = 0.006), C24:1DHC (P = 0.048) and C16Cer (P = 0.011) were significantly upregulated at FU12, but not AFP (P = 0.138). Contemporaneous ultrasound did not visualize HCC, at this time. C16Cer stayed sole independent predictor with high diagnostic accuracy of AFP-positive (AUC = 0.741) and -negative (AUC = 0.766) HCC development. Serum SL parameters decreased from baseline to SVR12. CONCLUSIONS C24DHC, C24:1DHC and especially C16Cer were superior to AFP in early detection of AFP-positive and -negative de novo HCC development. We observed significant SL profile changes upon SVR. SLs may play a role in non-invasive HCC surveillance and hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marcus M Mücke
- Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,St. Josefs-Hospital, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Georgios Grammatikos
- Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,St. Luke's Hospital Thessaloniki, Panorama, Greece
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14
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Abstract
Liver diseases that are caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), have become increasingly important in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as their life expectancy is getting longer with successful anti-HIV therapy. Due to their shared transmission routes, dual infection by HIV and HBV or HIV and HCV, and triple infection by all three viruses are fairly common and affect millions of people worldwide. Whereas the immunodeficiency caused by HIV enhances the likelihood of HBV and HCV persistence, hepatotoxicity associated with anti-HIV therapy can worsen the liver diseases associated with HBV or HCV persistence. Evidence suggests HIV infection increases the risk of HBV- or HCV-associated HCC risk although the precise mechanisms of enhanced hepatocarcinogenesis remain to be fully elucidated. Recent success in curing HCV infection, and the availability of therapeutic options effective in long-term suppression of both HIV and HBV replication, bring hope, fortunately, to those who are coinfected but also highlight the need for judicious selection of antiviral therapies.
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15
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Stefanczyk-Sapieha L, Fainsinger RL. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Misdiagnosis or Spontaneous Remission? J Palliat Care 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/082585970802400108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin L. Fainsinger
- Division of Palliative Care Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J Alter
- Distinguished NIH Scientist, Emeritus, Department of Transfusion Medicine Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Francis V Chisari
- Professor Emeritus Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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17
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Zhong YL, Cleator E, Liu Z, Yin J, Morris WJ, Alam M, Bishop B, Dumas AM, Edwards J, Goodyear A, Mullens P, Song ZJ, Shevlin M, Thaisrivongs DA, Li H, Sherer EC, Cohen RD, Yin J, Tan L, Yasuda N, Limanto J, Davies A, Campos KR. Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of a HCV NS5B Nucleoside Polymerase Inhibitor. J Org Chem 2018; 84:4780-4795. [PMID: 30475616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric synthesis of HCV NS5B nucleoside polymerase inhibitor (1) is described. This novel route features several remarkably diastereoselective and high-yielding transformations, including construction of the all-carbon quaternary stereogenic center at C-2 via a thermodynamic aldol reaction. A subsequent glycosylation reaction with activated uracil via C-1 phosphate and installation of the cyclic phosphate group using an achiral phosphorus(III) reagent followed by oxidation provides 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Li Zhong
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Ed Cleator
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Jianguo Yin
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - William J Morris
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Mahbub Alam
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Brian Bishop
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Aaron M Dumas
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - John Edwards
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Adrian Goodyear
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Peter Mullens
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Zhiguo Jake Song
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Michael Shevlin
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - David A Thaisrivongs
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Hongming Li
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Edward C Sherer
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Ryan D Cohen
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Jingjun Yin
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Lushi Tan
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Nobuyoshi Yasuda
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - John Limanto
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Antony Davies
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Kevin R Campos
- Process Research and Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
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18
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Liaukovich M, Wu S, Yoon S, Schaffer J, Wang JC. Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as spinal cord compression in Native Americans with controlled hepatitis C: two case reports. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12:282. [PMID: 30268151 PMCID: PMC6164177 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma is a common malignancy in Asia. It is associated with chronic hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus infection and alcoholic hepatitis. Commonly, the tumor metastasizes to the lungs, regional lymph nodes, and bone. Recently, the incidence of metastatic spinal cord compression caused by primary hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported more frequently due to improved diagnosis and therapeutic modalities. The presentation of primary hepatocellular carcinoma with spinal cord compression is very rare. To the best of our knowledge, there are only 33 such cases published to date. The majority of cases involve patients of Asian origin and are associated with hepatitis B infection. Case presentation We report consecutive cases of two Native American (American Indian) patients (a 64-year-old man and a 70-year-old man) who presented with symptoms of spinal cord compression due to metastatic spread of hepatocellular carcinoma and were associated with hepatitis C infection. In one of these cases, the hepatitis C infection had been successfully controlled (hepatitis C titers were undetectable for 1 year before he presented with spinal cord compression). This occurrence in a Native American with a controlled hepatitis C infection has not been reported previously. Conclusions Primary care physicians, oncologists, and gastroenterologists should be cognizant of this unusual presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Native American. Such knowledge may help improve early diagnosis and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Liaukovich
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11212, USA
| | - Susan Wu
- Department of Pathology, South Naussau Communities Hospital, Oceanside, NY, USA
| | - Sydney Yoon
- Department of Radiology, South Naussau Communities Hospital, Oceanside, NY, USA
| | - Jeff Schaffer
- Department of Cardiology, South Naussau Communities Hospital, Oceanside, NY, USA
| | - Jen C Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11212, USA.
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19
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Kamada Y, Ono M, Hyogo H, Fujii H, Sumida Y, Yamada M, Mori K, Tanaka S, Maekawa T, Ebisutani Y, Yamamoto A, Takamatsu S, Yoneda M, Kawada N, Chayama K, Saibara T, Takehara T, Miyoshi E. Use of Mac-2 binding protein as a biomarker for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease diagnosis. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:780-791. [PMID: 29404494 PMCID: PMC5678915 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to patients with viral hepatitis, patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma during the initial stages of liver fibrosis. Development and implementation of noninvasive methods for diagnosis and progression prediction are important for effective NAFLD surveillance. Mac-2 binding protein (Mac-2bp) is a useful nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) diagnosis biomarker and a powerful prediction biomarker for NAFLD fibrosis stage. Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)-positive Mac-2bp (WFA+-M2BP) is a novel serum fibrosis biomarker for chronic hepatitis C that has clinical validity. Mac-2bp and WFA+-M2BP are also clinical NAFLD biomarker candidates. We examined the efficacy of Mac-2bp and WFA+-M2BP for NAFLD assessment using patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD (n = 510; NAFLD cohort) and subjects who received a health check-up (n = 2,122; check-up cohort). In the NAFLD cohort, we set the fibrosis predicting cutoff values as 1.80 (F1), 2.21 (F2), and 2.24 μg/mL (F3). In the subjects with fatty liver from the check-up cohort (n = 1,291), the serum Mac-2bp levels were >1.80 μg/mL in 38.6% of the subjects (n = 498), and >2.24 μg/mL in 24.6% of the subjects (n = 318). The NAFLD cohort results indicated that Mac-2bp and WFA+-M2BP were equally useful for NASH diagnosis. During the early stages of fibrosis (F1, F2), the increase in Mac-2bp was statistically significant but WFA+-M2BP did not increase. Logistic regression analysis revealed that Mac-2bp was an independent determinant for the prediction of advanced fibrosis stage (≥F2), even when adjusted for WFA+-M2BP. Immunohistochemical staining of Mac-2bp revealed that hepatocytes strongly expressed Mac-2bp in patients with NAFLD. Conclusion: Our results indicated that hepatocyte-derived Mac-2bp would be a useful single biomarker for NASH diagnosis and fibrosis stage prediction in patients with NAFLD. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:780-791).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kamada
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical InvestigationOsaka University, Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyOsaka University, Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Masafumi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyKochi Medical SchoolKochiJapan
| | - Hideyuki Hyogo
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyJA Hiroshima General HospitalHiroshimaJapan
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Department of HepatologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Yoshio Sumida
- Division of Hepatology and PancreatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of MedicineAichiJapan
| | | | - Kojiroh Mori
- Center for Digestive and Liver DiseasesNara City HospitalNaraJapan
| | - Saiyu Tanaka
- Center for Digestive and Liver DiseasesNara City HospitalNaraJapan
| | - Tomohiro Maekawa
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical InvestigationOsaka University, Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Yusuke Ebisutani
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical InvestigationOsaka University, Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Akiko Yamamoto
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical InvestigationOsaka University, Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Shinji Takamatsu
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical InvestigationOsaka University, Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Masashi Yoneda
- Division of Hepatology and PancreatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of MedicineAichiJapan
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of HepatologyOsaka City University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and MetabolismInstitute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Toshiji Saibara
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyKochi Medical SchoolKochiJapan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyOsaka University, Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical InvestigationOsaka University, Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
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20
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Kwak J, Choi JH, Jang KL. Hepatitis C virus Core overcomes all- trans retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells by inhibiting p14 expression via DNA methylation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85584-85598. [PMID: 29156743 PMCID: PMC5689633 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the most biologically active metabolite of vitamin A, is known to induce p14 expression via promoter hypomethylation to activate the p14-MDM2-p53 pathway, which leads to activation of the p53-dependent apoptotic pathway and subsequent induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. In the present study, we found that hepatitis C virus (HCV) Core derived from ectopic expression or HCV infection overcomes ATRA-induced apoptosis in p53-positive hepatoma cells. For this effect, HCV Core upregulated both protein levels and enzyme activities of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), DNMT3a, and DNMT3b and thereby repressed p14 expression via promoter hypermethylation, resulting in inactivation of the pathway leading to p53 accumulation in the presence of ATRA. As a result, HCV Core prevented ATRA from activating several apoptosis-related molecules, including Bax, p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis, caspase-9, caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. In addition, complementation of p14 in the Core-expressing cells by either ectopic expression or treatment with 5-Aza-2′dC almost completely abolished the potential of HCV Core to suppress ATRA-induced apoptosis. Based on these observations, we conclude that HCV Core executes its oncogenic potential by suppressing the p53-dependent apoptosis induced by ATRA in human hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Kwak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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21
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Tseng KC, Lin MN, Chu TY, Tsai JP, Su CC. Predictors of seropositivity for human herpesvirus type 8 in patients with mild cirrhosis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e45. [PMID: 28588294 PMCID: PMC5520309 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The high seroprevalence of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) in moderate or severe cirrhotics appears to be associated with male sex, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, alcoholism, and disease severity. The status of HHV-8 infection in mild cirrhotics remains unclear. Plasma samples collected from 93 mild cirrhotics and 93 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were analyzed for HHV-8 antibody and HHV-8 DNA. Mild cirrhotics had higher seropositivity for HHV-8 antibodies than healthy controls (P=0.0001). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that an age ≥55 years (odds ratio (OR) 2.88, P=0.02), hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (OR 3.42, P=0.01), and hepatitis activity (OR 4.10, P=0.004) were associated with HHV-8 seropositivity in cirrhotics. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that age ≥55 years (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.92, P=0.04) and hepatitis activity (aOR 3.55, P=0.005) were independent factors. The rate of hepatitis activity was higher in HCV-infected than in HBV-infected patients (P<0.0001) and in women than in men (P=0.0001). Cirrhotics who were seropositive for HHV-8 or HCV or had hepatitis activity were significantly older (P=0.02, <0.0001 and <0.0001, respectively). Plasma samples from all participants were negative for HHV-8 DNA. HHV-8 antibody titers in mild cirrhotics also markedly exceeded those in controls (P<0.0001), as did those in patients ≥55 years old vs. younger patients (P=0.01), those in patients with vs. without HCV infection (P=0.0008), and those in patients with vs. without hepatitis activity (P=0.0005). Mild cirrhotics had high HHV-8 seroprevalence and HCV infection, and, in particular, old age and hepatitis activity were predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chih Tseng
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi County 622, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Nan Lin
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi County 622, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Yuan Chu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Center, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Pi Tsai
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi County 622, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chuan Su
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.,Departments of Clinical Pathology and Anatomic Pathology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi County 622, Taiwan
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22
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Kwak J, Tiwari I, Jang KL. Hepatitis C virus core activates proteasomal activator 28γ expression via upregulation of p53 levels to control virus propagation. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:56-67. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juri Kwak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Indira Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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23
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Zhang F, Sodroski C, Cha H, Li Q, Liang TJ. Infection of Hepatocytes With HCV Increases Cell Surface Levels of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans, Uptake of Cholesterol and Lipoprotein, and Virus Entry by Up-regulating SMAD6 and SMAD7. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:257-270.e7. [PMID: 27693511 PMCID: PMC5547743 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The signaling molecule and transcriptional regulator SMAD6, which inhibits the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway, is required for infection of hepatocytes by hepatitis C virus (HCV). We investigated the mechanisms by which SMAD6 and another inhibitory SMAD (SMAD7) promote HCV infection in human hepatoma cells and hepatocytes. METHODS We infected Huh7 and Huh7.5.1 cells and primary human hepatocytes with Japanese fulminant hepatitis-1 (JFH1) HCV cell culture system (HCVcc). We then measured HCV binding, intracellular levels of HCV RNA, and expression of target genes. We examined HCV entry in HepG2/microRNA (miR) 122/CD81 cells, which support entry and replication of HCV, were transfected these cells with small interfering RNAs targeting inhibitory SMADs to analyze gene expression profiles. Uptake of labeled low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol was measured. Cell surface proteins were quantified by flow cytometry. We obtained liver biopsy samples from 69 patients with chronic HCV infection and 19 uninfected individuals (controls) and measured levels of syndecan 1 (SDC1), SMAD7, and SMAD6 messenger RNAs (mRNAs). RESULTS Small interfering RNA knockdown of SMAD6 blocked the binding and infection of hepatoma cell lines and primary human hepatocytes by HCV, whereas SMAD6 overexpression increased HCV infection. We found levels of mRNAs encoding heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), particularly SDC1 mRNA, and cell surface levels of heparan sulfate to be reduced in cells after SMAD6 knockdown. SMAD6 knockdown also reduced transcription of genes encoding lipoprotein and cholesterol uptake receptors, including the LDL receptor (LDLR), the very LDLR, and the scavenger receptor class B member 1 in hepatocytes; knockdown of SMAD6 also inhibited cell uptake of cholesterol and lipoprotein. Overexpression of SMAD6 increased the expression of these genes. Similar effects were observed with knockdown and overexpression of SMAD7. In addition, HCV infection of cells increased the expression of SMAD6, which required the activity of nuclear factor-κB, but not transforming growth factor β. Liver tissues from patients with chronic HCV infection had significantly higher levels of SMAD6, SMAD7, and HSPG mRNAs than controls. CONCLUSIONS In studies of hepatoma cell lines and primary human hepatocytes, we found that infection with HCV leads to activation of nuclear factor-κB, resulting in increased expression of SMAD6 and SMAD7. Up-regulation of SMAD6 and SMAD7 induces the expression of HSPGs, such as SDC1, as well as LDLR, very LDLR, and the scavenger receptor class B member 1, which promote HCV entry and propagation, as well as cellular uptake of cholesterol and lipoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Catherine Sodroski
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Helen Cha
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Qisheng Li
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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24
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Yi W, Zhang P, Liang Y, Zhou Y, Shen H, Fan C, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Jia Z, Zhang Y. T-bet-mediated Tim-3 expression dampens monocyte function during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Immunology 2016; 150:301-311. [PMID: 27809352 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces a high rate of chronic infection via dysregulation of host immunity. We have previously shown that T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein-3 (Tim-3) is up-regulated on monocyte/macrophages (M/Mφ) during chronic HCV infection; little is known, however, about the transcription factor that controls its expression in these cells. In this study, we investigated the role of transcription factor, T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet), in Tim-3 expression in M/Mφ in the setting of HCV infection. We demonstrate that T-bet is constitutively expressed in resting CD14+ M/Mφ in the peripheral blood. M/Mφ from chronically HCV-infected individuals exhibit a significant increase in T-bet expression that positively correlates with an increased level of Tim-3 expression. Up-regulation of T-bet is also observed in CD14+ M/Mφ incubated with HCV+ Huh7.5 cells, as well as in primary M/Mφ or monocytic THP-1 cells exposed to HCV core protein in vitro, which is reversible by blocking HCV core/gC1qR interactions. Moreover, the HCV core-induced up-regulation of T-bet and Tim-3 expression in M/Mφ can be abrogated by incubating the cells with SP600125 - an inhibitor for the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathway. Importantly, silencing T-bet gene expression decreases Tim-3 expression and enhances interleukin-12 secretion as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 phosphorylation. These data suggest that T-bet, induced by the HCV core/gC1qR interaction, enhances Tim-3 expression via the JNK pathway, leading to dampened M/Mφ function during HCV infection. These findings reveal a novel mechanism for Tim-3 regulation via T-bet during HCV infection, providing new targets to combat this global epidemic viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Peixin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Huanjun Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Immunity, Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Immunity, Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zhansheng Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
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25
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Elsayed HM, Nabiel Y, Sheta T. IL12 Gene Polymorphism in Association with Hepatocellular Carcinoma in HCV-infected Egyptian Patients. Immunol Invest 2016; 46:123-133. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2016.1229789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Mosaad Elsayed
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yasmin Nabiel
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Tarek Sheta
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Zhong YL, Yasuda N, Li H, McLaughlin M, Tschaen D. Process Chemistry in Antiviral Research. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:77. [PMID: 27807768 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews antiviral therapies that have been approved for human use during the last decade, with a focus on the process chemistry that enabled access to these important drugs. In particular, process chemistry highlights from the practical syntheses of the HCV drugs sofosbuvir (Gilead), grazoprevir (Merck), and elbasvir (Merck), the HIV therapy darunavir (Tibotec) and the influenza treatment peramivir (BioCryst) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Li Zhong
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Nobuyoshi Yasuda
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Hongming Li
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - David Tschaen
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
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27
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Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits E6AP expression via DNA methylation to escape from ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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28
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Sun LQ, Mull E, Zheng B, D'Andrea S, Zhao Q, Wang AX, Sin N, Venables BL, Sit SY, Chen Y, Chen J, Cocuzza A, Bilder DM, Mathur A, Rampulla R, Chen BC, Palani T, Ganesan S, Arunachalam PN, Falk P, Levine S, Chen C, Friborg J, Yu F, Hernandez D, Sheaffer AK, Knipe JO, Han YH, Schartman R, Donoso M, Mosure K, Sinz MW, Zvyaga T, Rajamani R, Kish K, Tredup J, Klei HE, Gao Q, Ng A, Mueller L, Grasela DM, Adams S, Loy J, Levesque PC, Sun H, Shi H, Sun L, Warner W, Li D, Zhu J, Wang YK, Fang H, Cockett MI, Meanwell NA, McPhee F, Scola PM. Discovery of a Potent Acyclic, Tripeptidic, Acyl Sulfonamide Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease as a Back-up to Asunaprevir with the Potential for Once-Daily Dosing. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8042-60. [PMID: 27564532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a back-up to the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitor asunaprevir (2) is described. The objective of this work was the identification of a drug with antiviral properties and toxicology parameters similar to 2, but with a preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) profile that was predictive of once-daily dosing. Critical to this discovery process was the employment of an ex vivo cardiovascular (CV) model which served to identify compounds that, like 2, were free of the CV liabilities that resulted in the discontinuation of BMS-605339 (1) from clinical trials. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) at each of the structural subsites in 2 were explored with substantial improvement in PK through modifications at the P1 site, while potency gains were found with small, but rationally designed structural changes to P4. Additional modifications at P3 were required to optimize the CV profile, and these combined SARs led to the discovery of BMS-890068 (29).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arvind Mathur
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Bang-Chi Chen
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Route 206 and Provinceline Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Theerthagiri Palani
- Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Center , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sivakumar Ganesan
- Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Center , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Pirama Nayagam Arunachalam
- Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Center , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qi Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Alicia Ng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | | | | | - Stephen Adams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | | | - Paul C Levesque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Huabin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Lucy Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - William Warner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Danshi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Jialong Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
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Shih YL, Kuo CC, Yan MD, Lin YW, Hsieh CB, Hsieh TY. Quantitative methylation analysis reveals distinct association between PAX6 methylation and clinical characteristics with different viral infections in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:41. [PMID: 27110298 PMCID: PMC4841049 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Related to genetic alteration, frequent promoter hypermethylation is also a contributing factor in the development of human cancers. Recently, we discovered numerous novel genes that were aberrantly methylated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by using Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip array. We utilized a quantitative methylation-specific PCR (Q-MSP) system for the evaluation of PAX6 methylation in 29 normal controls and 160 paired HCC tissues and their adjacent non-tumor tissues. We verified the correlation between the methylation status of PAX6 and clinical characteristics with different viral status. Results Paired-box 6 promoter methylation was observed in 39.4 %, 15.6 %, and 3.4 % in primary HCCs, adjacent non-tumors, and normal control tissues, respectively. Methylation of the PAX6 promoter region in HCCs significantly increased compared with control tissues. PAX6 was frequently methylated in HCV-positive HCC tissues (61.3 %) and rarely methylated in HBV-positive (22.1 %) and double-negative HCC tissues (33.3 %). Conclusions Our data suggests that promoter hypermethylation of PAX6 is a common event in HCCs and the association of PAX6 methylation in clinicopathological features is divergent with different viral status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0208-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lueng Shih
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Chi Kuo
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-De Yan
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wen Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China ; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Bao Hsieh
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsai-Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Nishikori S, Takemoto K, Kamisuki S, Nakajima S, Kuramochi K, Tsukuda S, Iwamoto M, Katayama Y, Suzuki T, Kobayashi S, Watashi K, Sugawara F. Anti-hepatitis C Virus Natural Product from a Fungus, Penicillium herquei. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:442-446. [PMID: 26848504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
New diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives, peniciherquamides A-C (1-3), and a novel herqueinone derivative, neoherqueinone (5), were isolated from a fungal culture broth of Penicillium herquei. The structures of these novel compounds were determined by interpretation of spectroscopic data (1D/2D NMR, MS, and IR). Four known compounds, preparaherquamide (4), peniciherqueinone (6), and herqueinone/isoherqueinone (7/7a), were also obtained. The isolated compounds were tested for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity, and peniciherquamide C (3) was found to display an IC50 value of 5.1 μM. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivative with anti-HCV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Syo Nakajima
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kouji Kuramochi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Senko Tsukuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masashi Iwamoto
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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31
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Mileo AM, Mattarocci S, Matarrese P, Anticoli S, Abbruzzese C, Catone S, Sacco R, Paggi MG, Ruggieri A. Hepatitis C virus core protein modulates pRb2/p130 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines through promoter methylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:140. [PMID: 26576645 PMCID: PMC4650920 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is associated with chronically evolving disease and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), albeit the mechanism of HCC induction by HCV is still controversial. The nucleocapsid (core) protein of HCV has been shown to be directly implicated in cellular transformation and immortalization, enhancing the effect of oncogenes and decreasing the one of tumor suppressor genes, as RB1 and its protein product pRB. With the aim of identifying novel molecular mechanisms of hepatocyte transformation by HCV, we examined the effect of HCV core protein on the expression of the whole Retinoblastoma (RB) family of tumor and growth suppressor factors, i.e. pRb, p107 and pRb2/p130. Methods We used a model system consisting of the HuH-7, HCV-free, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line and of the HuH-7-CORE cells derived from the former and constitutively expressing the HCV core protein. We determined pRb, p107 and pRb2/p130 protein and mRNA amount of the respective genes RB1, RBL1 and RBL2, RBL2 promoter activity and methylation as well as DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and 3b (DNMT3b) expression level. The effect of pRb2/p130 over-expression on the HCV core-expressing HuH-7-CORE cells was also evaluated. Results We found that the HCV core protein expression down-regulated pRb2/p130 protein and mRNA levels in HuH-7-CORE cells by inducing promoter hyper-methylation with the concomitant up-regulation of DNMT1 and DNMT3b expression. When pRb2/p130 expression was artificially re-established in HuH-7-CORE cells, cell cycle analysis outlined an accumulation in the G0/G1 phase, as expected. Conclusions HCV core appears indeed able to significantly down-regulate the expression and the function of two out of three RB family tumor and growth suppressor factors, i.e. pRb and pRb2/p130. The functional consequences at the level of cell cycle regulation, and possibly of more complex cell homeostatic processes, may represent a plausible molecular mechanism involved in liver transformation by HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Mileo
- Experimental Oncology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Mattarocci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Anticoli
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Abbruzzese
- Experimental Oncology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Catone
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sacco
- Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, 56124 Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco G Paggi
- Experimental Oncology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Ruggieri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Magri A, Reilly R, Scalacci N, Radi M, Hunter M, Ripoll M, Patel AH, Castagnolo D. Rethinking the old antiviral drug moroxydine: Discovery of novel analogues as anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5372-6. [PMID: 26428870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel class of HCV inhibitors is described. The new amidinourea compounds were designed as isosteric analogues of the antiviral drug moroxydine. The two derivatives 11g and 11h showed excellent HCV inhibition activity and viability and proved to inhibit a step(s) of the RNA replication. The new compounds have been synthesized in only three synthetic steps from cheap building blocks and in high yields, thus turning to be promising drug candidates in the development of cheaper HCV treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Magri
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Roisin Reilly
- Northumbria University Newcastle, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building, Ellison Place, NE1 8ST Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolò Scalacci
- Northumbria University Newcastle, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building, Ellison Place, NE1 8ST Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Radi
- P4T Group, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michael Hunter
- Northumbria University Newcastle, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building, Ellison Place, NE1 8ST Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Manon Ripoll
- Northumbria University Newcastle, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building, Ellison Place, NE1 8ST Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Northumbria University Newcastle, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building, Ellison Place, NE1 8ST Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Huang CY, Tseng KC, Lin MN, Tsai JP, Su CC. Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in male and female patients with cirrhosis of different aetiologies. J Clin Pathol 2015; 68:917-22. [PMID: 26246386 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-202932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis may be reversible in some circumstances. Reliable diagnostic tests are necessary for monitoring hepatic fibrogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 are two of the major MMPs in the circulation and may be most relevant to hepatic fibrosis. The behaviour of MMPs may be significantly different in men and women and may also differ in cases of cirrhosis of various aetiologies. AIMS To evaluate the manifestations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in liver cirrhosis of different aetiologies in men and women and to compare these patterns with those of healthy controls. METHODS We measured MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels in plasma samples from 112 patients with cirrhosis and 112 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We then correlated these MMP levels with gender and disease aetiology. RESULTS Plasma MMP-2 concentrations in patients showed a trend towards increasing values with cirrhosis severity and were markedly increased in patients regardless of gender and aetiology compared with healthy controls (p<0.0001). Plasma mean MMP-9 levels were comparable in patients with cirrhosis and controls, but increased with disease severity. They were significantly lower in patients (130.5 ng/mL), female patients (85.4 ng/mL) and male patients (150.4 ng/mL) with mild cirrhosis than in controls (163.2 ng/mL), female controls (162.5 ng/mL) and male controls (163.3 ng/mL) (p=0.001, 0.041 and 0.009, respectively). MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentrations were not significantly different between genders among controls and among various patient subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Plasma MMP-2 level may be a useful diagnostic marker for monitoring hepatic fibrogenesis in patients with disease of different aetiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institutes of Basic and Chinese Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chih Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Nan Lin
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan Department of Family Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Pi Tsai
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan Department of Nephrology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chuan Su
- Departments of Clinical Pathology and Anatomic Pathology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Lee SS, Jeong SH, Jang ES, Kim YS, Lee YJ, Jung EU, Kim IH, Bae SH, Lee HC, Kee MK, Kang C. Prospective cohort study on the outcomes of hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis in South Korea. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:1281-7. [PMID: 25778783 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The outcomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver cirrhosis was limitedly studied in a hepatitis B virus-endemic area. This multicenter, prospective cohort study was conducted to elucidate the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and mortality in the Korean patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. METHODS From January 2007 through June 2012, 196 patients with HCV-related cirrhosis were prospectively enrolled and regularly followed at six university hospitals to determine HCC occurrence and mortality. A multivariable analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to clarify the related factors to the outcomes. RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 39.2 months, 31 (15.8%) patients developed HCC, and 33 (16.8%) patients died or underwent liver transplantation. The estimated HCC incidence was 5.8 per 100 person-years, and the independent factors for HCC were absence of anti-HBV surface antibody (HBs hazard ratio [HR], 5.018; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.710-14.726; P = 0.003) and serum albumin < 3.8 g/dL (HR, 3.051; 95% CI, 1.318-7.067; P = 0.009). The overall mortality rate was 5.1 per 100 person-years, and the related independent factors were the presence of ascites (HR, 2.448; 95% CI, 1.142-5.210; P = 0.022), serum albumin < 3.8 g/dL (HR, 3.067; 95% CI, 1.254-8.139, P = 0.014), and nonachievement of sustained virologic response (SVR) (HR, 0.066; 95% CI, 0.001-0.484, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The incidence of HCC in HCV-related cirrhosis seems to be high in Korea, and advanced liver disease and no achievement of SVR were associated with mortality. The absence of anti-HBs in hepatocarcinogenesis related to HCV warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, *Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sook-Hyang Jeong
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jang
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Youn Jae Lee
- Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Eun Uk Jung
- Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - In Hee Kim
- Chonbuk National University Hopital, Chonbuk National University College of Medicine, Chonju, South Korea
| | - Si Hyun Bae
- The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Saint Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Chu Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mee-Kyung Kee
- Division of AIDS, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, South Korea
| | - Chun Kang
- Division of AIDS, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, South Korea
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Extrahepatic metastases as initial manifestations of hepatocellular carcinoma: an Egyptian experience. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:82. [PMID: 26122043 PMCID: PMC4487213 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Egypt has markedly increased in the recent years, mainly due to the high incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Consequently, the frequency of metastatic HCC has also increased. The current study presents a series of 47 patients who were initially diagnosed as metastatic HCC. METHODS Forty seven patients with the diagnosis of extrahepatic metastases of HCC at initial presentation were included in the study. The sites of metastases were bones (17), lymph nodes (9), soft tissue (7), omentum (7), maxillary sinus (2), adrenal gland (2), brain (2) and skin (1). The diagnosis of metastatic HCC was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The patients included in the study were 38 males and 9 females, ranging from 40 to 80 years (median 60 years). All patients were HCV-positive and 36 were cirrhotic. The diagnosis of primary HCC was confirmed in all cases, based on the typical hypervascular radiological features and/or high serum α-fetoprotein concentration, or histologic examination of liver biopsy. CONCLUSION Metastasis of HCC should be put into consideration when evaluating metastatic carcinoma with unknown primary. This is of particular importance in the Egyptian population who has the highest prevalence of HCV infection in the world.
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Seo YL, Heo S, Jang KL. Hepatitis C virus core protein overcomes H2O2-induced apoptosis by downregulating p14 expression via DNA methylation. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:822-832. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young Lan Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinhee Heo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Tiwari I, Yoon MH, Park BJ, Jang KL. Hepatitis C virus core protein induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human hepatocytes by upregulating E12/E47 levels. Cancer Lett 2015; 362:131-8. [PMID: 25817725 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Downregulation of E-cadherin is a hallmark of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an essential component of cancer progression to more aggressive phenotypes characterized by tumor dedifferentiation, infiltration, and metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism for E-cadherin downregulation in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. In this study, we found that ectopic expression of HCV core protein or infection with HCV in human hepatocytes upregulated the levels of the transcriptional repressors, E12 and E47, resulting in inactivation of the E-cadherin promoter, containing E-box motifs, and subsequent repression of its expression. E12/E47 knock-down almost completely abolished the potential of HCV core protein to repress E-cadherin expression. HCV core protein inhibited ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of E12/E47 without affecting their expression at the transcriptional level. E12/E47 upregulation ultimately led to EMT in human hepatocytes, as demonstrated by morphological changes, altered expression levels of EMT markers, including E-cadherin, plakoglobin, and fibronectin, and increased capacity for cell detachment and migration. In conclusion, HCV core protein represses E-cadherin expression by upregulating E12/E47 levels to induce EMT in HCV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Yoon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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Lepiller Q, Soulier E, Li Q, Lambotin M, Barths J, Fuchs D, Stoll-Keller F, Liang TJ, Barth H. Antiviral and Immunoregulatory Effects of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:530-44. [PMID: 25792183 DOI: 10.1159/000375161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, enhanced activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO) has been reported. IDO - a tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme - has been considered as both an innate defence mechanism and an important regulator of the immune response. The molecular mechanism of IDO induction in HCV infection and its role in the antiviral immune response remain unknown. Using primary human hepatocytes, we show that HCV infection stimulates IDO expression. IDO gene induction was transient and coincided with the expression of types I and III interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes in HCV-infected hepatocytes. Overexpression of hepatic IDO prior to HCV infection markedly impaired HCV replication in hepatocytes, suggesting that IDO limits the spread of HCV within the liver. siRNA-mediated IDO knock-down revealed that IDO functions as an IFN-mediated anti-HCV effector. Hepatic IDO was most potently induced by IFN-x03B3;, and ongoing HCV replication could significantly upregulate IDO expression. IRF1 (IFN-regulatory factor 1) and STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) regulated hepatic IDO expression. Hepatic IDO expression also had a significant inhibitory effect on CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Our data suggest that hepatic IDO plays a dual role during HCV infection by slowing down viral replication and also regulating host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lepiller
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hx00F4;pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Yang N, Sun Q, Xu Z, Wang X, Zhao X, Cao Y, Chen L, Fan G. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and pharmacokinetics of GP205, an innovative potent macrocyclic inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease in rats. Molecules 2015; 20:4319-36. [PMID: 25756650 PMCID: PMC6272426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-throughput, sensitive and specific LC-ESI-MS/MS method was established for the quantitative determination of GP205, a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease, in rat. The analyte was isolated from 25 μL plasma sample by 96-well LLE. Good linearity was achieved within the concentration range of 2–5000 ng/mL (r2 > 0.996). The intra- and inter-day precision was less than 10%. The accuracy ranged from 0.8% to 5.5% for GP205 in quality control samples at three levels. GP205 was stable during the analysis and the storage period. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of GP205 in Sprague-Dawley rats. The pharmacokinetic profiles of GP205 at three dose levels with oral administration and one dose level with intravenous administration were successfully studied for the first time in SD rats, respectively. After single oral administration of GP205 at the doses of 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg, respectively, Cmax and AUC0-τ were proportional to the doses given. The absolute bioavailability was estimated as 34% based on the AUCs of oral administration at the dose of 5 mg/kg and intravenous administration at the dose of 1 mg/kg. The data presented in this study provides useful information for further study for GP205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qiushi Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zihua Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiuyun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yuqing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Ginkgo Pharma Co. Ltd., Suzhou 205125, China.
| | - Guorong Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China.
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40
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Control of the inflammatory response mechanisms mediated by natural and induced regulatory T-cells in HCV-, HTLV-1-, and EBV-associated cancers. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:564296. [PMID: 25525301 PMCID: PMC4267219 DOI: 10.1155/2014/564296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infections are involved in chronic inflammation and, in some cases, cancer development. Although a viral infection activates the immune system's response that eradicates the pathogen mainly through inflammatory mechanisms, it is now recognized that this inflammatory condition is also favorable to the development of tumors. Indeed, it is well described that viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV) or human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), are important risk factors for tumor malignancies. The inflammatory response is a fundamental immune mechanism which involves several molecular and cellular components consisting of cytokines and chemokines that are released by various proinflammatory cells. In parallel to this process, some endogenous recruited components release anti-inflammatory mediators to restore homeostasis. The development of tools and strategies using viruses to hijack the immune response is mostly linked to the presence of regulatory T-cells (Treg) that can inhibit inflammation and antiviral responses of other effector cells. In this review, we will focus on current understanding of the role of natural and induced Treg in the control and the resolution of inflammatory response in HCV-, HTLV-1-, and EBV-associated cancers.
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Yamasaki K, Tateyama M, Abiru S, Komori A, Nagaoka S, Saeki A, Hashimoto S, Sasaki R, Bekki S, Kugiyama Y, Miyazoe Y, Kuno A, Korenaga M, Togayachi A, Ocho M, Mizokami M, Narimatsu H, Yatsuhashi H. Elevated serum levels of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive human Mac-2 binding protein predict the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C patients. Hepatology 2014; 60:1563-70. [PMID: 25042054 PMCID: PMC4278450 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive human Mac-2-binding protein (WFA+-M2BP) was recently shown to be a liver fibrosis glycobiomarker with a unique fibrosis-related glycoalteration. We evaluated the ability of WFA+-M2BP to predict the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients who were infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). A total of 707 patients who had been admitted to our hospital with chronic HCV infection without other potential risk factors were evaluated to determine the ability of WFA+-M2BP to predict the development of HCC; factors evaluated included age, sex, viral load, genotypes, fibrosis stage, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels, bilirubin, albumin, platelet count, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), WFA+-M2BP, and the response to interferon (IFN) therapy. Serum WFA+-M2BP levels were significantly increased according to the progression of liver fibrosis stage (P<0.001). In each distinctive stage of fibrosis (F0-F1, F2, F3, and F4), the risk of development of HCC was increased according to the elevation of WFA+-M2BP. Multivariate analysis identified age>57 years, F4, AFP>20 ng/mL, WFA+-M2BP ≥4, and WFA+-M2BP 1-4 as well as the response to IFN (no therapy vs. sustained virological response) as independent risk factors for the development of HCC. The time-dependent areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated that the WFA+-M2BP assay predicted the development of HCC with higher diagnostic accuracy than AFP. CONCLUSION WFA+-M2BP can be applied as a useful surrogate marker for the risk of HCC development, in addition to liver biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Yamasaki
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical CenterŌmura, Japan
| | - Masakuni Tateyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kumamoto University of Medicine KumamotoJapan
| | - Seigo Abiru
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical CenterŌmura, Japan
| | - Atsumasa Komori
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical CenterŌmura, Japan
| | - Shinya Nagaoka
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical CenterŌmura, Japan
| | - Akira Saeki
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical CenterŌmura, Japan
| | - Satoru Hashimoto
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical CenterŌmura, Japan
| | - Ryu Sasaki
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical CenterŌmura, Japan
| | - Shigemune Bekki
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical CenterŌmura, Japan
| | - Yuki Kugiyama
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical CenterŌmura, Japan
| | - Yuri Miyazoe
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical CenterŌmura, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaaki Korenaga
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and MedicineIchikawa, Japan
| | - Akira Togayachi
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTsukuba, Japan
| | - Makoto Ocho
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTsukuba, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and MedicineIchikawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yatsuhashi
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical CenterŌmura, Japan,Address reprint requests to: Hiroshi Yatsuhashi, M.D., Ph.D., Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Ōmura, Nagasaki 856-8562, Japan. E-mail: ; fax: +81 957 54 0292
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Daito T, Watashi K, Sluder A, Ohashi H, Nakajima S, Borroto-Esoda K, Fujita T, Wakita T. Cyclophilin inhibitors reduce phosphorylation of RNA-dependent protein kinase to restore expression of IFN-stimulated genes in HCV-infected cells. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:463-72. [PMID: 24786893 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cyclophilin inhibitors are being developed for treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. They are believed to inhibit the HCV replication complex. We investigated whether cyclophilin inhibitors interact with interferon (IFN) signaling in cultured cells infected with HCV. METHODS We used immunoblot assays to compare expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and of components of IFN signaling in HCV-infected and uninfected cells. RESULTS Incubation with IFN alfa induced expression of ISGs in noninfected cells and, to a lesser extent, in HCV-infected cells; addition of the cyclophilin inhibitor SCY-635 restored expression of ISG products in HCV-infected cells. SCY-635 reduced phosphorylation of double-strand RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and its downstream factor eIF2α; the phosphorylated forms of these proteins are negative regulators of ISG translation. Cyclophilin A interacted physically with PKR; this interaction was disrupted by SCY-635. SCY-635 also suppressed PKR-mediated formation of stress granules. Cyclophilin inhibitors were found to inhibit PKR phosphorylation and stress granule formation in HCV-infected and uninfected cells. CONCLUSIONS In cultured cells, cyclophilin inhibitors reverse the attenuation of the IFN response by HCV, in addition to their effects on HCV replication complex. Cyclophilin A regulation of PKR has been proposed as a mechanism for observed effects of cyclophilin inhibitors on IFN signaling. We found that cyclophilin inhibitors reduce phosphorylation of PKR and eIF2α during HCV infection to allow for translation of ISG products. Proteins in this pathway might be developed as targets for treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Daito
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; SCYNEXIS, Inc, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syo Nakajima
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Abd-Allah SH, Shalaby SM, El-Shal AS, Elkader EA, Hussein S, Emam E, Mazen NF, El Kateb M, Atfy M. Effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells on hepatoma. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:1197-206. [PMID: 24985939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) on tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo and to elucidate the apoptotic and anti-proliferative mechanisms of MSCs on a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) murine model. METHODS The growth-inhibitory effect of MSCs on the Hepa 1-6 cell line was tested by means of methyl thiazolyl diphenyl-tetrazolium assay. Eighty female mice were randomized into four groups: group 1 consisted of 20 mice that received MSCs only by intrahepatic injection; group 2 consisted of 20 HCC mice induced by inoculation of Hepa 1-6 cells into livers without MSC treatment; group 3 consisted of 20 mice that received MSCs after induction of liver cancer; group 4 consisted of 20 mice that received MSCs after induction of liver cancer on top of induced biliary cirrhosis. RESULTS MSCs exhibited a growth-inhibitory effect on Hepa 1-6 murine cell line in vitro. Concerning in vivo study, decreases of serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and albumin levels after MSC transplantation in groups 2 and 3 were found. Gene expression of α-fetoprotein was significantly downregulated after MSC injection in the HCC groups. We found that gene expression of caspase 3, P21 and P53 was significantly upregulated, whereas gene expression of Bcl-2 and survivin was downregulated in the HCC groups after MSC injection. Liver specimens of the HCC groups confirmed the presence of dysplasia. The histopathological picture was improved after administration of MSCs to groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS MSCs upregulated genes that help apoptosis and downregulated genes that reduce apoptosis. Therefore, MSCs could inhibit cell division of HCC and potentiate their death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somia H Abd-Allah
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sally M Shalaby
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amal S El-Shal
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Eman Abd Elkader
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samia Hussein
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Emad Emam
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nehad F Mazen
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohammed El Kateb
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mha Atfy
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Lim EJ, El Khobar K, Chin R, Earnest-Silveira L, Angus PW, Bock CT, Nachbur U, Silke J, Torresi J. Hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocyte cell death and protection by inhibition of apoptosis. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2204-2215. [PMID: 24973240 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection results in progressive liver fibrosis leading to cirrhosis and liver cancer. The mechanism for this remains unclear but hepatocyte apoptosis is thought to play a major role. Hepatocyte apoptosis in human liver tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 18 (M30 CytoDEATH) and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In vitro studies were performed with replication-defective recombinant adenoviruses expressing HCV proteins (rAdHCV) to study the effects of HCV on cell death in Huh7 cells, primary mouse hepatocytes (PMoHs) and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Cell viability and apoptosis were studied using crystal violet assays and Western blots probed for cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP, with and without treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh and necrostatin-1. Liver tissue of HCV-infected patients expressed elevated levels of apoptotic markers compared with HCV-negative patients. rAdHCV infection reduced cell viability compared with uninfected controls and cells infected with control virus (rAdGFP). Huh7, PMoHs and PHHs infected with rAdHCV showed significantly increased levels of apoptotic markers compared with uninfected controls and rAdGFP-infected cells. In rAdHCV-infected Huh7, treatment with Q-VD-OPh and necrostatin-1 both improved cell viability. Q-VD-Oph also reduced cleaved PARP in rAdHCV-infected Huh7 and PMoHs. Hepatocyte apoptosis is known to be increased in the livers of HCV-infected patients. HCV promoted cell death in primary and immortalized hepatocytes, and this was inhibited by Q-VD-OPh and necrostatin-1. These findings indicate that HCV-induced cell death occurs by both apoptosis and necroptosis, and provide new insights into the mechanisms of HCV-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eu Jin Lim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Korri El Khobar
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth Chin
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda Earnest-Silveira
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter W Angus
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - C-Thomas Bock
- Department of Virology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ueli Nachbur
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Silke
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Torresi
- Department Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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45
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Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro Metabolism of BMS-605339: A Novel HCV NS3 Protease Inhibitor. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1891-902. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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46
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Clinical Aspects of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Kesel AJ, Huang Z, Murray MG, Prichard MN, Caboni L, Nevin DK, Fayne D, Lloyd DG, Detorio MA, Schinazi RF. Retinazone inhibits certain blood-borne human viruses including Ebola virus Zaire. Antivir Chem Chemother 2014; 23:197-215. [PMID: 23636868 DOI: 10.3851/imp2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human HBV and HIV integrate their retro-transcribed DNA proviruses into the human host genome. Existing antiretroviral drug regimens fail to directly target these intrachromosomal xenogenomes, leading to persistence of viral genetic information. Retinazone (RTZ) constitutes a novel vitamin A-derived (retinoid) thiosemicarbazone derivative with broad-spectrum antiviral activity versus HIV, HCV, varicella-zoster virus and cytomegalovirus. METHODS The in vitro inhibitory action of RTZ on HIV-1 strain LAI, human HBV strain ayw, HCV-1b strain Con1, enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing Ebola virus Zaire 1976 strain Mayinga, wild-type Ebola virus Zaire 1976 strain Mayinga, human herpesvirus 6B and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication was investigated. The binding of RTZ to human glucocorticoid receptor was determined. RESULTS RTZ inhibits blood-borne human HBV multiplication in vitro by covalent inactivation of intragenic and intraexonic viral glucocorticoid response elements, and, in close analogy, RTZ suppresses HIV-1 multiplication in vitro. RTZ disrupts the multiplication of blood-borne human HCV and Ebola Zaire virus at nanomolar concentrations in vitro. RTZ has the capacity to bind to human glucocorticoid receptor, to selectively and covalently bind to intraexonic viral glucocorticoid response elements, and thereby to inactivate human genome-integrated proviral DNA of human HBV and HIV. CONCLUSIONS RTZ represents the first reported antiviral agent capable of eradicating HIV and HBV proviruses from their human host. Furthermore, RTZ represents a potent and efficacious small-molecule in vitro inhibitor of Ebola virus Zaire 1976 strain Mayinga replication.
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Nguyen T, Xu J, Chikuma S, Hiai H, Kinoshita K, Moriya K, Koike K, Marcuzzi GP, Pfister H, Honjo T, Kobayashi M. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase is dispensable for virus-mediated liver and skin tumor development in mouse models. Int Immunol 2014; 26:397-406. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Scola PM, Wang AX, Good AC, Sun LQ, Combrink KD, Campbell JA, Chen J, Tu Y, Sin N, Venables BL, Sit SY, Chen Y, Cocuzza A, Bilder DM, D’Andrea S, Zheng B, Hewawasam P, Ding M, Thuring J, Li J, Hernandez D, Yu F, Falk P, Zhai G, Sheaffer AK, Chen C, Lee MS, Barry D, Knipe JO, Li W, Han YH, Jenkins S, Gesenberg C, Gao Q, Sinz MW, Santone KS, Zvyaga T, Rajamani R, Klei HE, Colonno RJ, Grasela DM, Hughes E, Chien C, Adams S, Levesque PC, Li D, Zhu J, Meanwell NA, McPhee F. Discovery and Early Clinical Evaluation of BMS-605339, a Potent and Orally Efficacious Tripeptidic Acylsulfonamide NS3 Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1708-29. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401840s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Scola
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Alan Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Andrew C. Good
- Department of Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Li-Qiang Sun
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Keith D. Combrink
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Campbell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yong Tu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ny Sin
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Brian L. Venables
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Sing-Yuen Sit
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Anthony Cocuzza
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Donna M. Bilder
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Stanley D’Andrea
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Barbara Zheng
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Piyasena Hewawasam
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Min Ding
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jan Thuring
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jianqing Li
- Department
of Discovery Chemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O.
Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Dennis Hernandez
- Department
of Virology Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Fei Yu
- Department
of Virology Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Paul Falk
- Department
of Virology Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Guangzhi Zhai
- Department
of Virology Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Amy K. Sheaffer
- Department
of Virology Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Chaoqun Chen
- Department
of Virology Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Min S. Lee
- Department
of Virology Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Diana Barry
- Department
of Virology Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jay O. Knipe
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Wenying Li
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yong-Hae Han
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Christoph Gesenberg
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael W. Sinz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Santone
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Tatyana Zvyaga
- Department of
Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ramkumar Rajamani
- Department of Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Herbert E. Klei
- Department of Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Richard J. Colonno
- Department
of Virology Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Dennis M. Grasela
- Department of Early Clinical and Translational
Research, Discovery Medicine—Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Hopewell, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Eric Hughes
- Department of Early Clinical and Translational
Research, Discovery Medicine—Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Hopewell, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Caly Chien
- Department of Early Clinical and Translational
Research, Discovery Medicine—Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Hopewell, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Stephen Adams
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Paul C. Levesque
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Danshi Li
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jialong Zhu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Fiona McPhee
- Department
of Virology Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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50
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Rosenquist Å, Samuelsson B, Johansson PO, Cummings MD, Lenz O, Raboisson P, Simmen K, Vendeville S, de Kock H, Nilsson M, Horvath A, Kalmeijer R, de la Rosa G, Beumont-Mauviel M. Discovery and Development of Simeprevir (TMC435), a HCV NS3/4A Protease Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1673-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401507s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maxwell D. Cummings
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
| | - Oliver Lenz
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | | | - Kenny Simmen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases BVBA, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | | | - Herman de Kock
- Galapagos NV Generaal De Wittelaan, L11A3-2800, Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Guy de la Rosa
- Janssen Global Services, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey 08560, United States
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