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Jian C, Jing Z, Yinhang W, Jinlong D, Yuefen P, Quan Q, Shuwen H. Colorectal cancer and gut viruses: a visualized analysis based on CiteSpace knowledge graph. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1239818. [PMID: 37928670 PMCID: PMC10622771 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1239818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiome is a complex community of microbes present in the human gut and plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the relationship between virus and CRC has not been fully understood. Objective To explore the hot spots and research trends in the field of CRC and virus. Methods By using the bibliometric analysis tool CiteSpace and based on the articles of the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database, the country, institution, highly cited literature, keywords and so on were visually analyzed. Results A total of 356 research articles on CRC from 2001 to 2023 were thoroughly analyzed. The USA and China have made the largest contribution in the field of virus and CRC. The Helmholtz Association published the most papers. There were relatively few cooperations among institutions from different countries. The results of keyword cluster analysis proved that the literature on the relationship between human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and CRC was the most widely studied aspect in this field. "Gut microbiota," "inflammatory bowel disease," "hepatitis b virus," and "human papillomavirus infection" are the current research hotspots; "oncolytic virus," "apoptosis," and "gut microbiome" are the recent research frontiers and should be paid closer attention. Conclusion By using CiteSpace bibliometric software, the visual analysis reflected the research trends and hot topics of virus and CRC. In addition, the prevalence and mechanism of specific virus on CRC were also reviewed, which provides valuable references for future CRC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Jian
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Jing
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou, China
| | - Wu Yinhang
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou, China
| | - Duan Jinlong
- Huzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Pan Yuefen
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou, China
| | - Qi Quan
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou, China
| | - Han Shuwen
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou, China
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2
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Wong CC, Yu J. Gut microbiota in colorectal cancer development and therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023:10.1038/s41571-023-00766-x. [PMID: 37169888 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00766-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the commonest cancers globally. A unique aspect of CRC is its intimate association with the gut microbiota, which forms an essential part of the tumour microenvironment. Research over the past decade has established that dysbiosis of gut bacteria, fungi, viruses and Archaea accompanies colorectal tumorigenesis, and these changes might be causative. Data from mechanistic studies demonstrate the ability of the gut microbiota to interact with the colonic epithelia and immune cells of the host via the release of a diverse range of metabolites, proteins and macromolecules that regulate CRC development. Preclinical and some clinical evidence also underscores the role of the gut microbiota in modifying the therapeutic responses of patients with CRC to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Herein, we summarize our current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in CRC and outline the potential translational and clinical implications for CRC diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Emphasis is placed on how the gut microbiota could now be better harnessed by developing targeted microbial therapeutics as chemopreventive agents against colorectal tumorigenesis, as adjuvants for chemotherapy and immunotherapy to boost drug efficacy and safety, and as non-invasive biomarkers for CRC screening and patient stratification. Finally, we highlight the hurdles and potential solutions to translating our knowledge of the gut microbiota into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chun Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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3
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Tamayo-Trujillo R, Guevara-Ramírez P, Cadena-Ullauri S, Paz-Cruz E, Ruiz-Pozo VA, Zambrano AK. Human virome: Implications in cancer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14086. [PMID: 36873548 PMCID: PMC9957661 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the human virome has gained importance, especially after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, due to its possible involvement in autoimmune, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Characterization of the human virome can be carried out by shotgun next-generation sequencing (metagenomics), which allows the identification of all viral communities in an environmental sample and the discovery of new viral families not previously described. Variations in viral quantity and diversity have been associated with disease development, mainly due to their effect on gut bacterial microbiota. Phages can regulate bacterial flora through lysogeny; this is associated with increased susceptibility to infections, chronic inflammation, or cancer. The virome characterization in different human body ecological niches could help elucidate these particles' role in disease. Hence, it is important to understand the virome's influence on human health and disease. The present review highlights the significance of the human virome and how it is associated with disease, focusing on virome composition, characterization, and its association with cancer.
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4
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Kimla LJ, Clark TG, Banerjee S, Campino S. JC Polyomavirus T-antigen protein expression and the risk of colorectal cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283642. [PMID: 37000859 PMCID: PMC10065230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
JC Polyomavirus (JCV) is a human polyomavirus encoding T-antigen protein, which is implicated in carcinogenesis. JCV is prevalent in the upper and lower gastrointestinal track. Several studies have reported JCV associations with the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), however, these findings remain controversial. Since JCV DNA may be present in healthy tissues as well as transformed tissues, JCV T-antigen expression could be a more useful measure of JCV's association with cancer development. The aim of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis of case-control studies to investigate if there is a significant association between JCV T-antigen protein expression and risk of CRC. A systematic review was performed to identify studies reporting JCV DNA prevalence in CRC and JCV T-antigen expression. The strength of the association was estimated by odds ratios (ORs). Five (of 66) studies satisfied analysis inclusion criteria, and spanned years 1999 to 2022. Random effects meta-analysis of CRC cases versus controls showed an 11-fold increased risk of CRC development in JCV DNA positive samples with JCV T-antigen expression versus normal tissues (OR 10.95; 95% CI: 2.48-48.24; P = 0.0016). The results of this meta-analysis of JCV infection followed by JCV T-antigen protein expression for the risk of CRC support the argument that JCV infection significantly increases the risk of colorectal cancer in tissues where the JCV T-antigen protein is expressed. Further research with JCV T-antigen expression in relation to CRC development is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka J. Kimla
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Taane G. Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sri Banerjee
- Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Ross University School of Medicine, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Sarantis P, Trifylli EM, Koustas E, Papavassiliou KA, Karamouzis MV, Papavassiliou AG. Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapeutic Management in Virus-Associated Digestive System Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13612. [PMID: 36362398 PMCID: PMC9655697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer is a multifactorial phenomenon, while it constitutes a major global health problem. Viruses are an important factor that is involved in tumorigenesis and is associated with 12.1% of all cancer cases. Major examples of oncogenic viruses which are closely associated with the digestive system are HBV, HCV, EBV, HPV, JCV, and CMV. EBV, HPV, JCV, and CMV directly cause oncogenesis by expressing oncogenic proteins that are encoded in their genome. In contrast, HBV and HCV are correlated indirectly with carcinogenesis by causing chronic inflammation in the infected organs. In addition, the tumor microenvironment contains various immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, as well as several growth factors, cytokines, and other tumor-secreted molecules that play a key role in tumor growth, progression, and migration, while they are closely interrelated with the virus. The presence of T-regulatory and B-regulatory cells in the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the anti-tumor immune reaction. The tumor immune microenvironments differ in each type of cancer and depend on viral infection. The alterations in the immune microenvironment caused by viruses are also reflected in the effectiveness of immunotherapy. The present review aims at shedding light on the association between viruses and digestive system malignancies, the characteristics of the tumor immune microenvironment that develop, and the possible treatments that can be administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sarantis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni-Myrto Trifylli
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- First Department of Internal Medicine, 417 Army Share Fund Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Koustas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- First Department of Internal Medicine, 417 Army Share Fund Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas A. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis V. Karamouzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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6
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Wang Z, Guo K, Liu Y, Huang C, Wu M. Dynamic impact of virome on colitis and colorectal cancer: Immunity, inflammation, prevention and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:943-954. [PMID: 34656791 PMCID: PMC9008076 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome includes a series of microorganism genomes, such as bacteriome, virome, mycobiome, etc. The gut microbiota is critically involved in intestine immunity and diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. Clarifying the relationship between microbiota and inflammation may profoundly improve our understanding of etiology, disease progression, patient management, and the development of prevention and treatment. In this review, we discuss the latest studies of the influence of enteric viruses (i.e., commensal viruses, pathogenic viruses, and bacteriophages) in the initiation, progression, and complication of colitis and colorectal cancer, and their potential for novel preventative approaches and therapeutic application. We explore the interplay between gut viruses and host immune systems for its effects on the severity of inflammatory diseases and cancer, including both direct and indirect interactions between enteric viruses with other microbes and microbial products. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of the virome's roles in gut inflammatory response have been explained to infer potential therapeutic targets with examples in specific clinical trials. Given that very limited literature has thus far discussed these various topics with the gut virome, we believe these extensive analyses may provide insight into the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of IBD and CRC, which could help add the design of improved therapies for these important human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
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Fang CY, Chen SY, Hsiao BX, Huang HY, Chen YJ, Tung CL, Fang CY. Unusually high incidence of polyomavirus JC infection in the higher grade of colorectal cancer tissues in Taiwan. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:127. [PMID: 35859146 PMCID: PMC9301828 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) has been detected in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and is suggested to contribute to CRC tumorigenesis. The rearrangement of the JCPyV regulatory region is supposedly associated with CRC development. The progression of CRC involves the stepwise accumulation of mutations. The large tumor antigen (LT) of JCPyV can trigger uncontrolled cell cycle progression by targeting oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes, and causing chromosome instability. Few studies have focused on the presence of JCPyV DNA in the higher grade of CRC tissues. Methods We collected 95 tissue blocks from samples of stages I, II, III, and IV CRC. Nested PCR targeting the regulatory region of the viral genome was performed to determine the presence of JCPyV DNA in the various stages of colorectal cancer tissues. Results The nested PCR results showed that the positive rate of JCPyV DNA increased with the progression of CRC stages. The archetypal-like, non-rearrangement genotype of JCPyV with subtle mutations was the major genotype found in CRC samples. Conclusions This finding in our study suggests that there may be an association between JCPyV and CRC progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40001-022-00756-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yin Fang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, 621, Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Sports Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Xiu Hsiao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, 539, Chung Hsiao Road, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Tung
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan. .,Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asian University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Yao Fang
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, 539, Chung Hsiao Road, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan.
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8
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The Human Virome: Viral Metagenomics, Relations with Human Diseases, and Therapeutic Applications. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020278. [PMID: 35215871 PMCID: PMC8876576 DOI: 10.3390/v14020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body is colonized by a wide range of microorganisms. The field of viromics has expanded since the first reports on the detection of viruses via metagenomic sequencing in 2002. With the continued development of reference materials and databases, viral metagenomic approaches have been used to explore known components of the virome and discover new viruses from various types of samples. The virome has attracted substantial interest since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Increasing numbers of studies and review articles have documented the diverse virome in various sites in the human body, as well as interactions between the human host and the virome with regard to health and disease. However, there have been few studies of direct causal relationships. Viral metagenomic analyses often lack standard references and are potentially subject to bias. Moreover, most virome-related review articles have focused on the gut virome and did not investigate the roles of the virome in other sites of the body in human disease. This review presents an overview of viral metagenomics, with updates regarding the relations between alterations in the human virome and the pathogenesis of human diseases, recent findings related to COVID-19, and therapeutic applications related to the human virome.
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9
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Paweł K, Maria Małgorzata S. CpG Island Methylator Phenotype-A Hope for the Future or a Road to Nowhere? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020830. [PMID: 35055016 PMCID: PMC8777692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) can be regarded as the most notable emanation of epigenetic instability in cancer. Since its discovery in the late 1990s, CIMP has been extensively studied, mainly in colorectal cancers (CRC) and gliomas. Consequently, knowledge on molecular and pathological characteristics of CIMP in CRC and other tumour types has rapidly expanded. Concordant and widespread hypermethylation of multiple CpG islands observed in CIMP in multiple cancers raised hopes for future epigenetically based diagnostics and treatments of solid tumours. However, studies on CIMP in solid tumours were hampered by a lack of generalisability and reproducibility of epigenetic markers. Moreover, CIMP was not a satisfactory marker in predicting clinical outcomes. The idea of targeting epigenetic abnormalities such as CIMP for cancer therapy has not been implemented for solid tumours, either. Twenty-one years after its discovery, we aim to cover both the fundamental and new aspects of CIMP and its future application as a diagnostic marker and target in anticancer therapies.
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10
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Izi S, Youssefi M, Mohammadian Roshan N, Azimian A, Amel Jamehdar S, Zahedi Avval F. Higher detection of JC polyomavirus in colorectal cancerous tissue after pretreatment with topoisomerase I enzyme; colorectal tissue serves as a JCPyV persistence site. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 123:104687. [PMID: 34592199 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The JC polyomavirus has been blamed to contribute in colorectal cancer (CRC), however, the topic is still controversial. Varying detection rate of JCPyV genome has been reported mainly due to technical reasons. Here, we provide summative data on the topic, with emphasize on technical issues. METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 50 patients with CRC, consisting of tumoral and non-cancerous marginal tissue (totally 100 samples) were included in the study. After DNA extraction, specific JCPyV T-Ag sequences were targeted using Real-time PCR. To unwind the supercoiled JCPyV genome, pretreatment with topoisomerase I, was applied. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed using an anti-T-Ag monoclonal antibody. RESULTS In the first attempts, no samples were found to be positive in Real-time PCR assays. However, JCPyV sequences were found in 60% of CRC tissues and 38% of non-cancerous colorectal mucosa after application of pre-treatment step with topoisomerase I enzyme (P = 0.028). T-Ag protein was found in the nuclear compartment of the stained cells in IHC assays. CONCLUSIONS The presence of JCPyV in CRC tissues, as well as T-Ag localization in the nucleolus, where its oncogenic effect takes place, may provide supporting evidence for JCPyV involvement in CRC development. The study highlights the importance of using topoisomerase I to enhance JCPyV genome detection. Also, colorectal tissue is one of the permissive human tissue for JC resistance after preliminary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Izi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IRAN; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Youssefi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Antimicrobial resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nema Mohammadian Roshan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Azimian
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnourd, Iran
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Antimicrobial resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Zahedi Avval
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IRAN.
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11
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Marongiu L, Allgayer H. Viruses in colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:1423-1450. [PMID: 34514694 PMCID: PMC8978519 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that microorganisms might represent at least highly interesting cofactors in colorectal cancer (CRC) oncogenesis and progression. Still, associated mechanisms, specifically in colonocytes and their microenvironmental interactions, are still poorly understood. Although, currently, at least seven viruses are being recognized as human carcinogens, only three of these – Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and John Cunningham virus (JCV) – have been described, with varying levels of evidence, in CRC. In addition, cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been associated with CRC in some publications, albeit not being a fully acknowledged oncovirus. Moreover, recent microbiome studies set increasing grounds for new hypotheses on bacteriophages as interesting additional modulators in CRC carcinogenesis and progression. The present Review summarizes how particular groups of viruses, including bacteriophages, affect cells and the cellular and microbial microenvironment, thereby putatively contributing to foster CRC. This could be achieved, for example, by promoting several processes – such as DNA damage, chromosomal instability, or molecular aspects of cell proliferation, CRC progression and metastasis – not necessarily by direct infection of epithelial cells only, but also by interaction with the microenvironment of infected cells. In this context, there are striking common features of EBV, CMV, HPV and JCV that are able to promote oncogenesis, in terms of establishing latent infections and affecting p53‐/pRb‐driven, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐/EGFR‐associated and especially Wnt/β‐catenin‐driven pathways. We speculate that, at least in part, such viral impacts on particular pathways might be reflected in lasting (e.g. mutational or further genomic) fingerprints of viruses in cells. Also, the complex interplay between several species within the intestinal microbiome, involving a direct or indirect impact on colorectal and microenvironmental cells but also between, for example, phages and bacterial and viral pathogens, and further novel species certainly might, in part, explain ongoing difficulties to establish unequivocal monocausal links between specific viral infections and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marongiu
- Department of Experimental Surgery - Cancer Metastasis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Allgayer
- Department of Experimental Surgery - Cancer Metastasis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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12
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Wang X, Undi RB, Ali N, Huycke MM. It takes a village: microbiota, parainflammation, paligenosis and bystander effects in colorectal cancer initiation. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048793. [PMID: 33969420 PMCID: PMC10621663 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of worldwide cancer mortality. It arises from a complex milieu of host and environmental factors, including genetic and epigenetic changes in colon epithelial cells that undergo mutation, selection, clonal expansion, and transformation. The gut microbiota has recently gained increasing recognition as an additional important factor contributing to CRC. Several gut bacteria are known to initiate CRC in animal models and have been associated with human CRC. In this Review, we discuss the factors that contribute to CRC and the role of the gut microbiota, focusing on a recently described mechanism for cancer initiation, the so-called microbiota-induced bystander effect (MIBE). In this cancer mechanism, microbiota-driven parainflammation is believed to act as a source of endogenous mutation, epigenetic change and induced pluripotency, leading to the cancerous transformation of colon epithelial cells. This theory links the gut microbiota to key risk factors and common histologic features of sporadic CRC. MIBE is analogous to the well-characterized radiation-induced bystander effect. Both phenomena drive DNA damage, chromosomal instability, stress response signaling, altered gene expression, epigenetic modification and cellular proliferation in bystander cells. Myeloid-derived cells are important effectors in both phenomena. A better understanding of the interactions between the gut microbiota and mucosal immune effector cells that generate bystander effects can potentially identify triggers for parainflammation, and gain new insights into CRC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmin Wang
- Nantong Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Nantong Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226018, China
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Ram Babu Undi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Naushad Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mark M. Huycke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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13
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Turkington CJR, Varadan AC, Grenier SF, Grasis JA. The Viral Janus: Viruses as Aetiological Agents and Treatment Options in Colorectal Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:601573. [PMID: 33489934 PMCID: PMC7817644 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.601573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of the importance of microorganisms on and within our bodies has been revolutionized by the ability to characterize entire microbial communities. No more so is this true than in cases of disease. Community studies have revealed strong associations between microbial populations and disease states where such concomitance was previously absent from aetiology: including in cancers. The study of viruses, in particular, has benefited from the development of new community profiling techniques and we are now realising that their prominence within our physiology is nearly as broad as the diversity of the organisms themselves. Here, we examine the relationship between viruses and colorectal cancer (CRC), the leading cause of gastrointestinal cancer-related death worldwide. In CRC, viruses have been suggested to be involved in oncogenesis both directly, through infection of our cells, and indirectly, through modulating the composition of bacterial communities. Interestingly though, these characteristics have also led to their examination from another perspective—as options for treatment. Advances in our understanding of molecular and viral biology have caused many to look at viruses as potential modular biotherapeutics, where deleterious characteristics can be tamed and desirable characteristics exploited. In this article, we will explore both of these perspectives, covering how viral infections and involvement in microbiome dynamics may contribute to CRC, and examine ways in which viruses themselves could be harnessed to treat the very condition their contemporaries may have had a hand in creating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ambarish C Varadan
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Shea F Grenier
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Juris A Grasis
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
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14
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Marônek M, Link R, Monteleone G, Gardlík R, Stolfi C. Viruses in Cancers of the Digestive System: Active Contributors or Idle Bystanders? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218133. [PMID: 33143318 PMCID: PMC7663754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human virome, which is a collection of all the viruses that are present in the human body, is increasingly being recognized as an essential part of the human microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract and related organs (e.g., liver, pancreas, and gallbladder)-composing the gastrointestinal (or digestive) system-contain a huge number of viral particles which contribute to maintaining tissue homeostasis and keeping our body healthy. However, perturbations of the virome steady-state may, both directly and indirectly, ignite/sustain oncogenic mechanisms contributing to the initiation of a dysplastic process and/or cancer progression. In this review, we summarize and discuss the available evidence on the association and role of viruses in the development of cancers of the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Marônek
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (R.G.)
| | - René Link
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roman Gardlík
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Carmine Stolfi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-72596163
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15
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Nakhaie M, Charostad J, Kaydani GA, Faghihloo E. The role of viruses in adenocarcinoma development. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 86:104603. [PMID: 33091575 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading public health issue that accounts for million deaths around the world every year. Human cancers contain over 100 types, which are categorized into different groups. Adenocarcinoma is one of those categories of cancer that begins from the glans and involves various tissues such as lung, esophagus, pancreas, prostate and colorectal. A range of risk factors has been identified for the development and progression of adenocarcinomas. One of these risk factors are viruses that serves special mechanisms to affect important host cell factors and tumorigenic pathways, contributing in development and promotion of adenocarcinomas. Here, we summarized the main viruses and their mechanisms implicated in the course of various adenocarcinomas development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nakhaie
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Javad Charostad
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Gholam Abbas Kaydani
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Student Research Committee, School of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Shoraka HR, Aboubakri O, Naghibzadeh-Tahami A, Mollaei HR, Bagherinezhad Z, Malekpour Afshar R, Shahesmaeili A. Prevalence of JC and BK viruses in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1499-1509. [PMID: 32592342 PMCID: PMC7568898 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.6.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polyomaviruses including BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV) are widespread in human and have been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) in some studies. The aim of present systematic review and meta-analysis article is to calculate the pooled prevalence of BKV and JCV in patients with CRC and assessing their association with this malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Domestic databases and Sciences Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Sciences and Scopus were searched for relevant articles up to 2nd June 2019Two independent reviewers extracted the related data from eligible articles. The pooled prevalence and pooled odds ratio (POR) and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using "metaprop" and "metan" commands in Stata 14. Where I2 statistics were >50%, the random effect model was used. RESULTS From 1461 relevant studies, 24 articles were eligible and included in the qualitative while 19 articles included in quantitative analysis. The pooled prevalence based on diagnostic methods varies from 29% using immunohistochemistry to 52% using nested-PCR method. The likelihood of being infected with JCV was significantly higher in CRC patients compared to healthy (POR: 4.41, 95% CI: 2.13 - 9.13) controls, normal adjacent mucosa (POR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.3-5.9) and colorectal adenoma (POR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.5-6.5) but was not significant when non-CRC patients used as control group. CONCLUSION The prevalence of JCV in colorectal patients was substantially variable by different methods and targets. The significant association between JCV and CRC that was observed in the present study is not indicative of causation and should be studied more in large-scale prospective designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Shoraka
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Omid Aboubakri
- Faculty of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Naghibzadeh-Tahami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Mollaei
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman. Iran.
| | - Zohreh Bagherinezhad
- Librarian, Health faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Library and Information Science, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Reza Malekpour Afshar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institue of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Armita Shahesmaeili
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating center for HIV surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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17
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both the USA and the world. Recent research has demonstrated the involvement of the gut microbiota in CRC development and progression. Microbial biomarkers of disease have focused primarily on the bacterial component of the microbiome; however, the viral portion of the microbiome, consisting of both bacteriophages and eukaryotic viruses, together known as the virome, has been lesser studied. Here we review the recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies and bioinformatics, which have enabled scientists to better understand how viruses might influence the development of colorectal cancer. We discuss the contemporary findings revealing modulations in the virome and their correlation with CRC development and progression. While a variety of challenges still face viral HTS detection in clinical specimens, we consider herein numerous next steps for future basic and clinical research. Clinicians need to move away from a single infectious agent model for disease etiology by grasping new, more encompassing etiological paradigms, in which communities of various microbial components interact with each other and the host. The reporting and indexing of patient health information, socioeconomic data, and other relevant metadata will enable identification of predictive variables and covariates of viral presence and CRC development. Altogether, the virome has a more profound role in carcinogenesis and cancer progression than once thought, and viruses, specific for either human cells or bacteria, are clinically relevant in understanding CRC pathology, patient prognosis, and treatment development.
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18
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Shavaleh R, Kamandi M, Feiz Disfani H, Mansori K, Naseri SN, Rahmani K, Ahmadi Kanrash F. Association between JC virus and colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 52:152-160. [PMID: 31766929 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1692145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Given the probable role of JC virus in associate with increasing the odds of colorectal cancer, this study was conducted systematically to evaluate the association between JC virus and colorectal cancer.Materials and methods: Systematic reviews of the articles published prior to January 1, 2019 without time and place limitations were done independently through the PubMed, ISI, EMBASE and Medline main databases. The heterogeneity rate was assessed through I2, Chi2 and Tau2, and the sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were used to investigate the source of heterogeneity among the studies.Results: 24 studies with a sample size of 2576 were finally entered into the meta-analysis. The results showed that the prevalence of JC virus in colorectal cancer tissues was about 43% (95% CI: 29% -58%). The meta-analysis results also showed that the presence of JCV in colorectal tissues increased the odds of colorectal cancer 4.70 times as much (OR Pooled = 4.70; 95% CI: 2.95-7.50). Also, the results of the sub-group analysis indicated that the presence of JC virus, compared with the tissues adjacent to the tumour and the healthy control tissues, increased the odds of colorectal cancer (OR Pooled = 4.50, 95% CI: 2.09-9.65 and OR Pooled = 4.70, 95% CI: 2.95-7.50) respectively.Conclusion: The meta-analysis showed that as an oncogene virus, JC could increase the odds of colorectal cancer, reinforcing the hypothesis on the role of viral factors in the pathogenesis of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Shavaleh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Kamandi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamideh Feiz Disfani
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kamyar Mansori
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Seyede Nafiseh Naseri
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kazem Rahmani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fakhradin Ahmadi Kanrash
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Esmailzadeh N, Ranaee M, Alizadeh A, Khademian A, Saber Amoli S, Sadeghi F. Presence of JC Polyomavirus in Nonneoplastic Inflamed Colon Mucosa and Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Gastrointest Tumors 2019; 7:30-40. [PMID: 32399463 DOI: 10.1159/000504293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite decades of epidemiologic and histopathologic investigations, the association between JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) infection and colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. Objective This study tested the presence of JCPyV sequences and determined the viral load in a series of colorectal samples from Iranian patients. In total, 223 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from patients diagnosed with primary and metastatic CRC as well as with nonneoplastic inflamed colon mucosa were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR for the presence of JCPyV large tumor antigen (LT-Ag) sequences. Results JCPyV LT-Ag sequences were detected in 18.6% of the CRC tissues and in 15.5% of the nonneoplastic control group. Viral LT-Ag was quantified in 18/100 primary colon adenocarcinomas, 2/10 metastatic adenocarcinomas, and 1/3 primary adenocarcinomas of the rectum. Two JCPyV-positive metastatic tumors presented a negative test result for JCPyV in the corresponding primary tumor. The median JCPyV LT-Ag copy number was 64 × 10<sup>-2</sup> per cell and 14 × 10<sup>-2</sup> per cell in the CRC cases and the nonneoplastic samples, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two study groups regarding median LT-Ag DNA load (p = 0.059). Among the JCPyV-positive samples, the LT-Ag DNA load was higher in 2 metastatic tumors (from a patient with lung metastasis: 232 × 10<sup>-2</sup> copies per cell; from a patient with liver metastasis: 121 × 10<sup>-2</sup> copies per cell). Conclusions The detection of JCPyV DNA at low copy numbers (lower than 1 viral copy per cell equivalent) and the absence of viral sequences in the corresponding primary tumors of the JCPyV-positive metastatic samples weaken the hypothesis of an etiological role of JCPyV in primary CRC induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Esmailzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ranaee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ahad Alizadeh
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Aynaz Khademian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Saghar Saber Amoli
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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20
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Moens U, Macdonald A. Effect of the Large and Small T-Antigens of Human Polyomaviruses on Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163914. [PMID: 31408949 PMCID: PMC6720190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that require a permissive host cell to express the viral genome and to produce new progeny virus particles. However, not all viral infections are productive and some viruses can induce carcinogenesis. Irrespective of the type of infection (productive or neoplastic), viruses hijack the host cell machinery to permit optimal viral replication or to transform the infected cell into a tumor cell. One mechanism viruses employ to reprogram the host cell is through interference with signaling pathways. Polyomaviruses are naked, double-stranded DNA viruses whose genome encodes the regulatory proteins large T-antigen and small t-antigen, and structural proteins that form the capsid. The large T-antigens and small t-antigens can interfere with several host signaling pathways. In this case, we review the interplay between the large T-antigens and small t-antigens with host signaling pathways and the biological consequences of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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21
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Del Valle L, Piña-Oviedo S. Human Polyomavirus JCPyV and Its Role in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Oncogenesis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:711. [PMID: 31440465 PMCID: PMC6694743 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neurotropic virus JCPyV, a member of the Polyomaviridiae family, is the opportunistic infectious agent of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal disease seen in severe immunosuppressive conditions and, during the last decade, in patients undergoing immunotherapy. JCPyV is a ubiquitous pathogen with up to 85% of the adult population word-wide exhibiting antibodies against it. Early experiments demonstrated that direct inoculation of JCPyV into the brain of different species resulted in the development of brain tumors and other neuroectodermal-derived neoplasias. Later, several reports showed the detection of viral sequences in medulloblastomas and glial tumors, as well as expression of the viral protein T-Antigen. Few oncogenic viruses, however, have caused so much controversy regarding their role in the pathogenesis of brain tumors, but the discovery of new Polyomaviruses that cause Merkel cell carcinomas in humans and brain tumors in racoons, in addition to the role of JCPyV in colon cancer and multiple mechanistic studies have shed much needed light on the role of JCPyV in cancer. The pathways affected by the viral protein T-Antigen include cell cycle regulators, like p53 and pRb, and transcription factors that activate pro-proliferative genes, like c-Myc. In addition, infection with JCPyV causes chromosomal damage and T-Antigen inhibits homologous recombination, and activates anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Survivin. Here we review the different aspects of the biology and physiopathology of JCPyV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Valle
- Department of Pathology and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Sergio Piña-Oviedo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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22
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Charostad J, Astani A, Goudarzi H, Faghihloo E. DNA methyltransferases in virus-associated cancers. Rev Med Virol 2018; 29:e2022. [PMID: 30511446 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human tumor viruses are either casually linked or contribute in the development of human cancers. Viruses can stimulate oncogenesis through affecting diverse biological pathways in human cells. Growing data have demonstrated frequent involvement of one of the most characteristic parts of cellular epigenetic machinery, DNA methylation, in the oncogenesis. DNA methylation of cellular genes is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) as a key effector enzyme in this process. Dysregulation of DNMTs can cause aberrant gene methylation in promoter of cancer-related genes including tumor suppressor genes, resulting in gene silencing. In this regard, the role of tumor viruses is remarkable. Here, in this review, we used published information to elucidate whether tumor viruses are able to manipulate DNMT regulation, and if so, what are its consequences in the process of oncogenesis. This essay also aims to shed light on which cellular pathways have been engaged by viruses to induce DNMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Charostad
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Akram Astani
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Sahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Nakatsu G, Zhou H, Wu WKK, Wong SH, Coker OO, Dai Z, Li X, Szeto CH, Sugimura N, Lam TYT, Yu ACS, Wang X, Chen Z, Wong MCS, Ng SC, Chan MTV, Chan PKS, Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Yu J. Alterations in Enteric Virome Are Associated With Colorectal Cancer and Survival Outcomes. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:529-541.e5. [PMID: 29689266 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) have a different gut microbiome signature than individuals without CRC. Little is known about the viral component of CRC-associated microbiome. We aimed to identify and validate viral taxonomic markers of CRC that might be used in detection of the disease or predicting outcome. METHODS We performed shotgun metagenomic analyses of viromes of fecal samples from 74 patients with CRC (cases) and 92 individuals without CRC (controls) in Hong Kong (discovery cohort). Viral sequences were classified by taxonomic alignment against an integrated microbial reference genome database. Viral markers associated with CRC were validated using fecal samples from 3 separate cohorts: 111 patients with CRC and 112 controls in Hong Kong, 46 patients with CRC and 63 controls in Austria, and 91 patients with CRC and 66 controls in France and Germany. Using abundance profiles of CRC-associated virome genera, we constructed random survival forest models to identify those associated with patient survival times. RESULTS The diversity of the gut bacteriophage community was significantly increased in patients with CRC compared with controls. Twenty-two viral taxa discriminated cases from controls with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.802 in the discovery cohort. The viral markers were validated in 3 cohorts, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.763, 0.736, and 0.715, respectively. Clinical subgroup analysis showed that dysbiosis of the gut virome was associated with early- and late-stage CRC. A combination of 4 taxonomic markers associated with reduced survival of patients with CRC (log-rank test, P = 8.1 × 10-6) independently of tumor stage, lymph node metastases, or clinical parameters. We found altered interactions between bacteriophages and oral bacterial commensals in fecal samples from patients with CRC compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS In a metagenomic analysis of fecal samples from patients and controls, we identified virome signatures associated with CRC. These data might be used to develop tools to identify individuals with CRC or predict outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geicho Nakatsu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haokui Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Olabisi Oluwabukola Coker
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenwei Dai
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangchun Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Ho Szeto
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naoki Sugimura
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas Yuen-Tung Lam
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Allen Chi-Shing Yu
- School of Life Sciences and Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiansong Wang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martin Chi-Sang Wong
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siew Chien Ng
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew Tak Vai Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Kay Sheung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francis Ka Leung Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph Jao-Yiu Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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DNA Tumor Virus Regulation of Host DNA Methylation and Its Implications for Immune Evasion and Oncogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020082. [PMID: 29438328 PMCID: PMC5850389 DOI: 10.3390/v10020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved various mechanisms to evade host immunity and ensure efficient viral replication and persistence. Several DNA tumor viruses modulate host DNA methyltransferases for epigenetic dysregulation of immune-related gene expression in host cells. The host immune responses suppressed by virus-induced aberrant DNA methylation are also frequently involved in antitumor immune responses. Here, we describe viral mechanisms and virus–host interactions by which DNA tumor viruses regulate host DNA methylation to evade antiviral immunity, which may contribute to the generation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment during cancer development. Recent trials of immunotherapies have shown promising results to treat multiple cancers; however, a significant number of non-responders necessitate identifying additional targets for cancer immunotherapies. Thus, understanding immune evasion mechanisms of cancer-causing viruses may provide great insights for reversing immune suppression to prevent and treat associated cancers.
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Mirzaei H, Goudarzi H, Eslami G, Faghihloo E. Role of viruses in gastrointestinal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:4000-4014. [PMID: 28926109 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers are a global public health problem, which represent a vast majority of all cancer-caused deaths in both men and women. On the other hand, viral pathogens have been long implicated as etiological factors in the onset of certain human cancers, including gastrointestinal tumors. In this regard, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), and John Cunningham Virus (JCV) have been more strongly suggested to be involved in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis; so that, the association of HPV with oropharyngeal and anal cancers and also the association of EBV with gastric cancer have been etiologically confirmed by epidemiological and experimental investigations. Although, the association of other viruses is less evident, but may rely on co-factors for their oncogenic roles. Therefore, to improve the prevention and treatment of these classes of cancer, their association with viral agents as potential risk factors should be investigated with care. In this respect, the present review has focused on the existing literature on the subject of viral involvement in gastrointestinal tumorgenesis, by covering and discussing various gastrointestinal cancers, corresponding viral agents and their oncogenic aspects and then summarizing evidences either supporting or rejecting a causal role of these pathogens in gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibollah Mirzaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Eslami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rhee YY, Kim KJ, Kang GH. CpG Island Methylator Phenotype-High Colorectal Cancers and Their Prognostic Implications and Relationships with the Serrated Neoplasia Pathway. Gut Liver 2017; 11:38-46. [PMID: 27885175 PMCID: PMC5221859 DOI: 10.5009/gnl15535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of a CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) was first introduced by Toyota and Issa to describe a subset of colorectal cancers (CRCs) with concurrent hypermethylation of multiple CpG island loci. The concept of CIMP as a molecular carcinogenesis mechanism was consolidated by the identification of the serrated neoplasia pathway, in which CIMP participates in the initiation and progression of serrated adenomas. Distinct clinicopathological and molecular features of CIMP-high (CIMP-H) CRCs have been characterized, including proximal colon location, older age of onset, female preponderance, and frequent associations of high-level microsatellite instability and BRAF mutations. CIMP-H CRCs arise in sessile or traditional serrated adenomas and thus tend to display the morphological characteristics of serrated adenomas, including epithelial serration, vesicular nuclei, and abundant cytoplasm. Both the frequent association of CIMP and poor prognosis and different responses of CRCs to adjuvant therapy depending on CIMP status indicate clinical implications. In this review, we present an overview of the literature documenting the relevant findings of CIMP-H CRCs and their relationships with the serrated neoplasia pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Young Rhee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ju Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Wang X, Yang Y, Huycke MM. Microbiome-driven carcinogenesis in colorectal cancer: Models and mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 105:3-15. [PMID: 27810411 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death and archetype for cancer as a genetic disease. However, the mechanisms for genetic change and their interactions with environmental risk factors have been difficult to unravel. New hypotheses, models, and methods are being used to investigate a complex web of risk factors that includes the intestinal microbiome. Recent research has clarified how the microbiome can generate genomic change in CRC. Several phenotypes among a small group of selected commensals have helped us better understand how mutations and chromosomal instability (CIN) are induced in CRC (e.g., toxin production, metabolite formation, radical generation, and immune modulation leading to a bystander effect). This review discusses recent hypotheses, models, and mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiome contributes to the initiation and progression of sporadic and colitis-associated forms of CRC. Overall, it appears the microbiome can initiate and/or promote CRC at all stages of tumorigenesis by acting as an inducer of DNA damage and CIN, regulating cell growth and death, generating epigenetic changes, and modulating host immune responses. Understanding how the microbiome interacts with other risk factors to define colorectal carcinogenesis will ultimately lead to more accurate risk prediction. A deeper understanding of CRC etiology will also help identify new targets for prevention and treatment and help accelerate the decline in mortality for this common cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA; Muchmore Laboratories for Infectious Diseases Research, Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, USA
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Gansu Province Children's Hospital, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Mark M Huycke
- Muchmore Laboratories for Infectious Diseases Research, Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, PO Box 26901, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73126-0901, USA.
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Brennan K, Koenig JL, Gentles AJ, Sunwoo JB, Gevaert O. Identification of an atypical etiological head and neck squamous carcinoma subtype featuring the CpG island methylator phenotype. EBioMedicine 2017; 17:223-236. [PMID: 28314692 PMCID: PMC5360591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is broadly classified into HNSCC associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, and HPV negative HNSCC, which is typically smoking-related. A subset of HPV negative HNSCCs occur in patients without smoking history, however, and these etiologically 'atypical' HNSCCs disproportionately occur in the oral cavity, and in female patients, suggesting a distinct etiology. To investigate the determinants of clinical and molecular heterogeneity, we performed unsupervised clustering to classify 528 HNSCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) into putative intrinsic subtypes based on their profiles of epigenetically (DNA methylation) deregulated genes. HNSCCs clustered into five subtypes, including one HPV positive subtype, two smoking-related subtypes, and two atypical subtypes. One atypical subtype was particularly genomically stable, but featured widespread gene silencing associated with the 'CpG island methylator phenotype' (CIMP). Further distinguishing features of this 'CIMP-Atypical' subtype include an antiviral gene expression profile associated with pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and CD8+ T cell infiltration, CASP8 mutations, and a well-differentiated state corresponding to normal SOX2 copy number and SOX2OT hypermethylation. We developed a gene expression classifier for the CIMP-Atypical subtype that could classify atypical disease features in two independent patient cohorts, demonstrating the reproducibility of this subtype. Taken together, these findings provide unprecedented evidence that atypical HNSCC is molecularly distinct, and postulates the CIMP-Atypical subtype as a distinct clinical entity that may be caused by chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brennan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, United States
| | - J L Koenig
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, United States
| | - A J Gentles
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, United States
| | - J B Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, United States
| | - O Gevaert
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, United States.
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Delbue S, Comar M, Ferrante P. Review on the role of the human Polyomavirus JC in the development of tumors. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:10. [PMID: 28174598 PMCID: PMC5292005 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost one fifth of human cancers worldwide are associated with infectious agents, either bacteria or viruses, and this makes the possible association between infections and tumors a relevant research issue. We focused our attention on the human Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV), that is a small, naked DNA virus, belonging to the Polyomaviridae family. It is the recognized etiological agent of the Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease, occurring in immunosuppressed individuals. JCPyV is able to induce cell transformation in vitro when infecting non-permissive cells, that do not support viral replication and JCPyV inoculation into small animal models and non human primates drives to tumor formation. The molecular mechanisms involved in JCPyV oncogenesis have been extensively studied: the main oncogenic viral protein is the large tumor antigen (T-Ag), that is able to bind, among other cellular factors, both Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and p53 and to dysregulate the cell cycle, but also the early proteins small tumor antigen (t-Ag) and Agnoprotein appear to cooperate in the process of cell transformation. Consequently, it is not surprising that JCPyV genomic sequences and protein expression have been detected in Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors and colon cancer and an association between this virus and several brain and non CNS-tumors has been proposed. However, the significances of these findings are under debate because there is still insufficient evidence of a casual association between JCPyV and solid cancer development. In this paper we summarized and critically analyzed the published literature, in order to describe the current knowledge on the possible role of JCPyV in the development of human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal, 36-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal, 36-20133 Milan, Italy.,Istituto Clinico Città Studi, Milan, Italy
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Deficient Mismatch Repair and the Role of Immunotherapy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2016; 17:41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11864-016-0414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Farrán A, Cai C, Sandoval M, Xu Y, Liu J, Hernáiz MJ, Linhardt RJ. Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistry: from raw materials to fine chemicals. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6811-53. [PMID: 26121409 DOI: 10.1021/cr500719h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Farrán
- †Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chao Cai
- ‡Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Manuel Sandoval
- §Escuela de Química, Universidad Nacional of Costa Rica, Post Office Box 86, 3000 Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Yongmei Xu
- ∥Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- ∥Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - María J Hernáiz
- ▽Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pz/Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Chen H, Chen XZ, Waterboer T, Castro FA, Brenner H. Viral infections and colorectal cancer: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:12-24. [PMID: 25186851 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have found the presence of viral DNA in colorectal tumor tissues. However, whether viral infections contribute to the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is still under debate. We aimed to provide an overview of published epidemiological studies on the association between viral infections and CRC. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed to find relevant studies published until 8 May 2014. Information collected included study population, sample type, laboratory method and prevalence of viral infection in cancer or precancer patients and controls. We found 41 studies that fulfilled the selection criteria, all of which had cross-sectional or case-control designs, and most of which were of small to moderate size. Viral infections included human papillomaviruses (HPV), human polyomaviruses, human herpesviruses, human bocavirus and Inoue-Melnick virus. Inconsistent results were observed across studies. Many studies reported higher viral DNA prevalence in tumor tissues than in normal noncancerous tissues either in the same patients or in CRC-free controls. However, potential contamination or temporal sequence of the infection and cancer development were often unclear. Seroprevalence studies assessing antibody titers indicative of viral infections did not find statistically significant differences between CRC cases and healthy controls. Overall published evidence on the role of viral infections in CRC etiology remains limited. Given the potential importance of viral infections and their implication for prevention, there is a strong need for large, methodologically rigorous epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Chen
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Hampras SS, Viscidi RP, Helzlsouer KJ, Lee JH, Fulp WJ, Giuliano AR, Platz EA, Rollison DE. Prospective study of seroreactivity to JC virus T-antigen and risk of colorectal cancers and adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:2591-6. [PMID: 25128403 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
John Cunningham virus (JCV) is a common polyomavirus classified as a possible carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. JCV may play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis, although we previously reported no association between JCV capsid antibodies and colorectal cancer. No studies have examined the role of seroreactivity to JCV T-antigen (T-Ag) oncoprotein in colorectal cancer. A case-control study nested within a community-based prospective cohort (CLUE II) was conducted. In 1989, 25,080 residents of Washington County, Maryland, were enrolled in CLUE II, completing baseline questionnaires and providing blood samples. At follow-up, 257 incident colorectal cancer cases were identified by linkage to population-based cancer registries through 2006 and matched to controls on age, sex, race, and date of blood draw. One hundred and twenty-three colorectal adenoma cases were identified through self-report during follow-up and matched to controls on age, sex, race, date of blood draw, and colorectal cancer screening. Baseline serum samples were tested for seroreactivity to JCV T-Ag. Associations between JCV T-Ag seroreactivity and colorectal cancer/adenomas were evaluated using conditional logistic regression models. Overall, seroreactivity to JCV T-Ag was not statistically significantly associated with the risk of either colorectal cancer [OR, 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.89-2.01] or adenoma (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.70-2.42), while a borderline association with colorectal cancer was observed among women (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.00-3.31). Our past evaluation of JCV capsid seropositivity, combined with current findings, does not support a notable etiologic role for JCV infection in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka S Hampras
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Raphael P Viscidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathy J Helzlsouer
- Center for Prevention and Research, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - William J Fulp
- Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dana E Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida.
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Link A, Balaguer F, Nagasaka T, Boland CR, Goel A. MicroRNA miR-J1-5p as a potential biomarker for JC virus infection in the gastrointestinal tract. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100036. [PMID: 24932487 PMCID: PMC4059717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction JC virus (JCV), a human polyomavirus that causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), has been linked to colorectal cancer (CRC). However, determination of JCV infection and its role in carcinogenesis has been challenging, highlighting the need for better diagnostic strategies for this virus. JCV-specific microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified and shown to negatively regulate oncogenic JCV T-Ag. Herein, we determined the pattern of JCV miRNA expression in clinical specimens from healthy subjects and CRC patients. Material and Methods JCV miRNA expression was validated in CRC cell lines transfected with the JCV T-Ag. Results were confirmed using CRC tissues that were expressed T-Ag. Expression of JCV-specific miR-J1-5p was measured in fresh stool samples from healthy volunteers, and samples from fecal occult blood test kits from healthy subject, and patients with colorectal neoplasms. Results JCV miR-J1-5p was detected in JCV-transfected, but not vector-transfected, CRC cells, and was stable between cell passages. MiR-J1-5p was present in all six JCV T-Ag+ CRC samples. Surprisingly, JCV miRNA was detectable in all normal tissues, but the expression was much lower in CRC tissues. Similarly, miR-J1-5p expression was present in all fecal samples, but expression was lower in CRCs compared to controls or adenoma patients. Conclusion JC virus-specific miR-J1-5p miRNA is a potential biomarker for viral infection, and the lower expression in patients with colonic neoplasia highlights its biological role regulating oncogenic T-Ag expression in CRC. Impact JCV-specific miRNA is a candidate for the development of a non-invasive screening test, as well as therapeutic intervention for JCV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Link
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Francesc Balaguer
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic, CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Takeshi Nagasaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - C. Richard Boland
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ajay Goel
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Giant-cell glioblastoma of childhood associated with HIV-1 and JC virus coinfection. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29:1387-90. [PMID: 23702739 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-013-2154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE John Cunningham (JC) viral DNA sequence has seldom been reported in patients with brain tumors such as high grade gliomas and medulloblastomas, pointing to a role in the etiopathogenesis of such tumors. RESULTS We present a unique clinical case of an HIV-positive pediatric patient with multifocal leukoencephalopathy and confirmed JC virus (JCV) infection that developed a giant-cell glioblastoma. CONCLUSIONS Experimental data with infected primates has previously hypothesized an association of human giant-cell glioblastoma with JCV or progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, though such association has not been documented in the literature for humans. Future studies with larger cohorts and molecular pathological analyses are still needed to corroborate the role of the widely spread human neurotropic virus in early transformation and in the development of brain tumors with different histology in the setting of HIV-related severe immunosuppression.
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Matalka I, Swedan S, Khabaz MN, Barahmeh M. JC virus in colorectal cancer: where do we stand? Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIm: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In 2008, CRC was ranked as the second most common cancer among all newly diagnosed cancers in Jordan. It was recently suggested that the JC virus (JCV) could be linked to the development of CRC. However, this topic remains highly controversial. JCV is a common human polyomavirus that first infects individuals during early childhood. Infection with JCV can occur due to intake of contaminated water and food. The vast majority of those infected have no symptoms; however, severe immunosuppression can trigger reactivation of the virus. The oncogenicity of JCV was suggested to be related to its large T-antigen (T-Ag). This study aimed to investigate the incidence of JCV in CRC tissue of patients from northern Jordan. Materials & methods: Paraffin-embedded tissues from cases previously diagnosed with CRC were used. Immunohistochemistry and PCR techniques were used to detect the presence of JCV. Results: In total, 15.6% of CRC samples were positive for JCV T-Ag protein, whereas none of the noncancer control samples were positive. In total, 43.5% of CRC samples contained the JCV T-Ag gene compared with 16.7% within control samples. All CRC samples expressing the JCV T-Ag protein harbored the JCV T-Ag gene. However, not all samples that harbored the T-Ag gene expressed the T-Ag protein. Conclusion: Our results are consistent with recently published data and raise the possibility of an association between JCV infection and CRC. These findings deserve further investigation in larger-scale studies in order to elucidate the possible molecular carcinogenesis pathways in JCV-infected colorectal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Matalka
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid 22110, PO Box 3030, Jordan
| | - Samer Swedan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid 22110, PO Box 3030, Jordan
| | - Mohamad Nidal Khabaz
- Department of Pathology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, PO Box 80200, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Myassar Barahmeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid 22110, PO Box 3030, Jordan
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Ogino S, Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Cho E, Wolpin BM, Meyerhardt JA, Meissner A, Schernhammer ES, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E. Molecular pathological epidemiology of epigenetics: emerging integrative science to analyze environment, host, and disease. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:465-84. [PMID: 23307060 PMCID: PMC3637979 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics acts as an interface between environmental/exogenous factors, cellular responses, and pathological processes. Aberrant epigenetic signatures are a hallmark of complex multifactorial diseases (including neoplasms and malignancies such as leukemias, lymphomas, sarcomas, and breast, lung, prostate, liver, and colorectal cancers). Epigenetic signatures (DNA methylation, mRNA and microRNA expression, etc) may serve as biomarkers for risk stratification, early detection, and disease classification, as well as targets for therapy and chemoprevention. In particular, DNA methylation assays are widely applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue specimens as clinical pathology tests. To better understand the interplay between etiological factors, cellular molecular characteristics, and disease evolution, the field of 'molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE)' has emerged as an interdisciplinary integration of 'molecular pathology' and 'epidemiology'. In contrast to traditional epidemiological research including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), MPE is founded on the unique disease principle, that is, each disease process results from unique profiles of exposomes, epigenomes, transcriptomes, proteomes, metabolomes, microbiomes, and interactomes in relation to the macroenvironment and tissue microenvironment. MPE may represent a logical evolution of GWAS, termed 'GWAS-MPE approach'. Although epigenome-wide association study attracts increasing attention, currently, it has a fundamental problem in that each cell within one individual has a unique, time-varying epigenome. Having a similar conceptual framework to systems biology, the holistic MPE approach enables us to link potential etiological factors to specific molecular pathology, and gain novel pathogenic insights on causality. The widespread application of epigenome (eg, methylome) analyses will enhance our understanding of disease heterogeneity, epigenotypes (CpG island methylator phenotype, LINE-1 (long interspersed nucleotide element-1; also called long interspersed nuclear element-1; long interspersed element-1; L1) hypomethylation, etc), and host-disease interactions. In this article, we illustrate increasing contribution of modern pathology to broader public health sciences, which attests pivotal roles of pathologists in the new integrated MPE science towards our ultimate goal of personalized medicine and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Antonic V, Stojadinovic A, Kester KE, Weina PJ, Brücher BLDM, Protic M, Avital I, Izadjoo M. Significance of infectious agents in colorectal cancer development. J Cancer 2013; 4:227-40. [PMID: 23459622 PMCID: PMC3584836 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major burden to healthcare systems worldwide accounting for approximately one million of new cancer cases worldwide. Even though, CRC mortality has decreased over the last 20 years, it remains the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality, accounting for approximately 600,000 deaths in 2008 worldwide. A multitude of risk factors have been linked to CRC, including hereditary factors, environmental factors and inflammatory syndromes affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, various pathogens were added to the growing list of risk factors for a number of common epithelial cancers, but despite the multitude of correlative studies, only suggestions remain about the possible relationship between selected viruses and bacteria of interest and the CRC risk. United States military service members are exposed to various risk factors impacting the incidence of cancer development. These exposures are often different from that of many sectors of the civilian population. Thereby, cancer risk identification, screening and early detection are imperative for both the military health care beneficiaries and the population as a whole. In this review, we will focus on several pathogens and their potential roles in development of CRC, highlighting the clinical trials evaluating this correlation and provide our personal opinion about the importance of risk reduction, health promotion and disease prevention for military health care beneficiaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlado Antonic
- 1. Combat Wound Initiative Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 2. Diagnostics and Translational Research Center, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- 3. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Stojadinovic
- 1. Combat Wound Initiative Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 3. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 4. Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 5. United States Military Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 6. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kent E. Kester
- 1. Combat Wound Initiative Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 6. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 7. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Weina
- 6. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 7. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Björn LDM Brücher
- 8. Bon Secours Cancer Institute, Richmond, VA, USA
- 9. International Consortium of Research Excellence of the Theodor-Billroth-Academy®
| | - Mladjan Protic
- 5. United States Military Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 10. INCORE, International Consortium of Research Excellence of the Theodor-Billroth-Academy, Munich, Germany
- 11. Clinic of Abdominal, Endocrine, and Transplantation Surgery, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
- 12. University of Novi Sad - Medical Faculty, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Itzhak Avital
- 6. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 8. Bon Secours Cancer Institute, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mina Izadjoo
- 1. Combat Wound Initiative Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 2. Diagnostics and Translational Research Center, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- 3. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 6. Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chiaravalli AM, Longhi E, Vigetti D, De Stefano FI, Deleonibus S, Capella C, Solcia E, Parravicini C. Gastrointestinal cancers reactive for the PAb416 antibody against JCV/SV40 T-Ag lack JCV DNA sequences while showing a distinctive pathologic profile. J Clin Pathol 2012; 66:44-9. [PMID: 23012397 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2012-200963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Immunohistochemical and molecular studies have suggested an oncogenic role for JCV in gastrointestinal carcinomas, but at least in colorectal cancers, the data are far from being unambiguous. METHODS Two large series of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gastric and colorectal cancers were analysed for the expression of JCV large T Antigen (T-Ag) with a panel of five antibodies, and for the presence of T-Ag DNA sequences using two PCR systems. RESULTS Intense nuclear staining was observed in 54/116 (46%) colorectal, and in 92/234 (39%) gastric cancers, using the PAb416 monoclonal antibody against large T-Ag. In colorectal cancers, PAb416-positivity was directly related to the presence of chromosomal instability, lymph node metastases and a more advanced tumour stage, and inversely related to proximal tumour site and the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI). In gastric cancers, the glandular histotype, the presence of lymph node metastases, a low frequency of MSI and EBV infection, and a worse prognosis were significantly associated with PAb416 immunoreactivity. Moreover, at both these sites, PAb416 expression was significantly associated with p53 nuclear accumulation. No positivity was obtained with all the other four anti-T-Ag-antibodies, and molecular analysis failed to demonstrate the presence of JCV DNA sequences in tested cases. CONCLUSIONS Our immunohistochemical and molecular results do not support the idea that JCV T-Ag has a role in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. It is possible that PAb416, besides binding the viral protein, may cross-react with a hitherto undefined protein whose expression is associated with a distinct pathological profile and, at least in gastric cancers, with worse prognosis.
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Aituov B, Duisembekova A, Bulenova A, Alibek K. Pathogen-driven gastrointestinal cancers: Time for a change in treatment paradigm? Infect Agent Cancer 2012; 7:18. [PMID: 22873119 PMCID: PMC3508868 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-7-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of cancerous tumor development is converged upon by multiple pathways and factors. Besides environmental factors, gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancer can be caused by chronic inflammation, which is generally induced by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The role of these inducers in cancer development, cell differentiation and transformation, cell cycle deregulation, and in the expression of tumor-associated genes cannot be ignored. Although Helicobacter pylori activates many oncogenic pathways, particularly those in gastric and colorectal cancers, the role of viruses in tumor development is also significant. Viruses possess significant oncogenic potential to interfere with normal cell cycle control and genome stability, stimulating the growth of deregulated cells. An increasing amount of recent data also implies the association of GI cancers with bacterial colonization and viruses. This review focuses on host-cell interactions that facilitate primary mechanisms of tumorigenesis and provides new insights into novel GI cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauyrzhan Aituov
- Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Assem Duisembekova
- Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel Bulenova
- Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Kenneth Alibek
- Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Care, 3 Kerey and Zhanibek Khan Street, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
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Hachana M, Amara K, Ziadi S, Gacem RB, Korbi S, Trimeche M. Investigation of human JC and BK polyomaviruses in breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 133:969-77. [PMID: 22108781 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously showed the presence of the simian virus 40 (SV40) and the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-like in a significant proportions of Tunisian breast carcinomas. However, to date there are no published studies concerning evaluation of the possible implication of the human polyomaviruses JC (JCV) and BK (BKV) in breast carcinomas. The presence of JCV and BKV DNA was investigated by PCR in a 123 primary breast carcinomas and matched adjacent non-tumor breast tissues. The results were correlated to clinicopathological and virological parameters. JCV T-antigen DNA was detected in 23% of breast carcinoma cases; however, all cases were negative for BKV. JCV T antigen PCR products were further confirmed as authentic JCV genome by direct sequencing. JCV was found in invasive ductal carcinomas (28/112 cases) but not in invasive lobular carcinomas (0/5) or medullary carcinomas (0/6). JCV DNA presence correlates inversely with the expression of estrogen (P = 0.022) and progesterone (P = 0.008) receptors. JCV DNA presence correlates also with "triple negative" phenotype (P = 0.021). With regard to virological data, a trend toward an inverse correlation was noted between the presence of JCV and SV40 (P = 0.06). Moreover, significant correlation was found between multiple viral infection (JCV, and/or SV40, and/or MMTV-like in the same tumor) and "triple negative" phenotype (P = 0.001) and also with p53 accumulation (P = 0.028). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the presence of JCV in a subset of breast carcinomas. Also our results suggest that "triple negative" breast carcinomas are viral-related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hachana
- Department of Pathology, Farhat Hached Hospital, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
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Prevalence of JC virus in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35900. [PMID: 22606241 PMCID: PMC3350510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background JCV is a DNA polyomavirus very well adapted to humans. Although JCV DNA has been detected in colorectal cancers (CRC), the association between JCV and CRC remains controversial. In China, the presence of JCV infection in CRC patients has not been reported. Here, we investigated JCV infection and viral DNA load in Chinese CRC patients and to determine whether the JCV DNA in peripheral blood (PB) can be used as a diagnostic marker for JCV-related CRC. Methodology/Principal Findings Tumor tissues, non-cancerous tumor-adjacent tissues and PB samples were collected from 137 CRC patients. In addition, 80 normal colorectal tissue samples from patients without CRC and PB samples from 100 healthy volunteers were also harvested as controls. JCV DNA was detected by nested PCR and glass slide-based dot blotting. Viral DNA load of positive samples were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. JCV DNA was detected in 40.9% (56/137) of CRC tissues at a viral load of 49.1 to 10.3×104 copies/µg DNA. Thirty-four (24.5%) non-cancerous colorectal tissues (192.9 to 4.4×103 copies/µg DNA) and 25 (18.2%) PB samples (81.3 to 4.9×103 copies/µg DNA) from CRC patients were positive for JCV. Tumor tissues had higher levels of JCV than non-cancerous tissues (P = 0.003) or PB samples (P<0.001). No correlation between the presence of JCV and demographic or medical characteristics was observed. The JCV prevalence in PB samples was significantly associated with the JCV status in tissue samples (P<0.001). Eleven (13.8%) normal colorectal tissues and seven (7.0%) PB samples from healthy donors were positive for JCV. Conclusions/Significance JCV infection is frequently present in colorectal tumor tissues of CRC patients. Although the association between JCV presence in PB samples and JCV status in tissue samples was identified in this study, whether PB JCV detection can serve as a marker for JCV status of CRC requires further study.
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Kraszewska MD, Dawidowska M, Szczepański T, Witt M. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: recent molecular biology findings. Br J Haematol 2011; 156:303-15. [PMID: 22145858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For many years, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) has been considered and treated as a single malignancy, but divergent outcomes in T-ALL patients receiving uniform treatment protocols encouraged intensive research on the molecular biology of this disease. Recent findings in the field demonstrate that T-ALL is much more heterogeneous than originally believed and extremely diverse outcomes of patients require refinement of T-ALL classification, leading to subtype-specific adjustment of treatment. Many different biological features of T-ALL blast cells have recently been found to contribute to disease development and patient outcome and their analysis could potentially be introduced into improved diagnostics and classification of the disease. This review focuses on five key issues of T-ALL biology: chromosome aberrations, gene expression profiles, gene mutations, DNA methylation patterns, and immunoglobulin/T cell receptor (Ig/TCR) gene rearrangements. Additionally, molecular monitoring of minimal residual disease, by far the most reliable independent prognostic factor in T-ALL, has been highlighted in the context of Ig/TCR gene rearrangements. Translation of this biological information into better prognostic classification and more effective treatment should lead to improvement of outcome in T-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika D Kraszewska
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Lee SS, Jung WT, Kim CY, Ha CY, Min HJ, Kim HJ, Kim TH. The synchronous prevalence of colorectal neoplasms in patients with stomach cancer. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2011; 27:246-51. [PMID: 22102975 PMCID: PMC3218129 DOI: 10.3393/jksc.2011.27.5.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The association between stomach cancer and colorectal cancer is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the synchronous prevalence of colorectal neoplasms in patients with stomach cancer. Methods A total of 123 patients with stomach cancer (86 male) and 246 consecutive, age- and sex-matched persons without stomach cancer were analyzed from July 2005 to June 2010. All of them underwent colonoscopy within 6 months after undergoing gastroscopy. Results The prevalence of colorectal neoplasms was significantly higher in the stomach cancer group (35.8%) than in the control group (17.9%) (P < 0.001). Colorectal neoplasms were more prevalent in the patients with stomach cancer (odds ratio [OR], 3.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.71 to 5.63). In particular, the difference in the prevalence of colorectal neoplasms was more prominent in the patients above 50 years old (OR, 3.54; 95% CI, 1.80 to 6.98). Conclusion The results showed that the synchronous prevalence of colorectal neoplasms was higher in patients with stomach cancer than in those without stomach cancer. Therefore, patients with stomach cancer should be regarded as a high-risk group for colorectal neoplasms, and colonoscopy should be recommended for screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Su Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
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DNA methylation pattern is altered in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients as compared with normal thymic subsets: insights into CpG island methylator phenotype in T-ALL. Leukemia 2011; 26:367-71. [PMID: 21836607 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Karpinski P, Myszka A, Ramsey D, Kielan W, Sasiadek MM. Detection of viral DNA sequences in sporadic colorectal cancers in relation to CpG island methylation and methylator phenotype. Tumour Biol 2011; 32:653-9. [PMID: 21625944 PMCID: PMC3131518 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that insertion of viral DNA into a mammalian genome can lead to alterations of methylation patterns. The aim of the present study was to examine the presence of DNA sequences of five human DNA viruses (assessed by PCR): JC polyoma virus (JCV), human adenovirus (AdV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) and human papillomavirus (HPV) in a cohort of 186 sporadic colorectal cancers (CRCs) and related these data with the methylation status of six CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-specific genes (MLH1, CACNA1G, NEUROG1, IGF2, SOCS1, RUNX3) and seven cancer-related genes markers (p16, MINT1, MINT2, MINT31, EN1, SCTR and INHBB) assessed by methylation-specific PCR in 186 and 134 CRC cases, respectively. The AdV, KSHV and HPV were detected in four (2%), two (1%) and zero CRC cases, respectively, and thus were excluded from further analyses. Although 19% and 9% of the CRCs were positive for EBV and JCV, respectively, no associations between virus presence and CpG island methylation were found after correction for multiple testing. Our results demonstrate that the presence of DNA sequences of JCV and EBV in CRC is unrelated to the methylation of the 13 cancer-related CpG islands and CIMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Karpinski
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Poreba E, Broniarczyk JK, Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A. Epigenetic mechanisms in virus-induced tumorigenesis. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:233-47. [PMID: 22704339 PMCID: PMC3365383 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
About 15–20% of human cancers worldwide have viral etiology. Emerging data clearly indicate that several human DNA and RNA viruses, such as human papillomavirus, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus, contribute to cancer development. Human tumor-associated viruses have evolved multiple molecular mechanisms to disrupt specific cellular pathways to facilitate aberrant replication. Although oncogenic viruses belong to different families, their strategies in human cancer development show many similarities and involve viral-encoded oncoproteins targeting the key cellular proteins that regulate cell growth. Recent studies show that virus and host interactions also occur at the epigenetic level. In this review, we summarize the published information related to the interactions between viral proteins and epigenetic machinery which lead to alterations in the epigenetic landscape of the cell contributing to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Poreba
- Department of Molecular Virology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
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Ramamoorthy S, Devaraj B, Miyai K, Luo L, Liu YT, Boland CR, Goel A, Carethers JM. John Cunningham virus T-antigen expression in anal carcinoma. Cancer 2010; 117:2379-85. [PMID: 24048785 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anal carcinoma is thought to be driven by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection through interrupting function of cell regulatory proteins such as p53 and pRb. John Cunningham virus (JCV) expresses a T-antigen that causes malignant transformation through development of aneuploidy and interaction with some of the same regulatory proteins as HPV. JCV T-antigen is present in brain, gastric, and colon malignancies, but has not been evaluated in anal cancers. The authors examined a cohort of anal cancers for JCV T-antigen and correlated this with clinicopathologic data. METHODS Archived anal carcinomas were analyzed for JCV T-antigen expression. DNA from tumor and normal tissue was sequenced for JCV with viral copies determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting. HPV and microsatellite instability (MSI) status was correlated with JCV T-antigen expression. RESULTS Of 21 cases of anal cancer (mean age 49 years, 38% female), 12 (57%) were in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals. All 21 cancers expressed JCV T-antigen, including 9 HPV-negative specimens. More JCV copies were present in cancer versus surrounding normal tissue (mean 32.54 copies/μg DNA vs 2.98 copies/μg DNA, P = .0267). There was no correlation between disease stage and viral copies, nor between viral copies and HIV-positive or -negative status (28.7 vs 36.34 copies/μg DNA, respectively, P = .7804). In subset analysis, no association was found between JCV T-antigen expression and HPV or MSI status. CONCLUSIONS Anal carcinomas uniformly express JCV T-antigen and contain more viral copies compared with surrounding normal tissue. JCV and its T-antigen oncogenic protein, presumably through interruption of cell regulatory proteins, may play a role in anal cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ramamoorthy
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California; Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
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Association between hMLH1 hypermethylation and JC virus (JCV) infection in human colorectal cancer (CRC). Clin Epigenetics 2010; 2:1-5. [PMID: 22704265 PMCID: PMC3365371 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-010-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of viral DNA may interfere with the normal sequence of human DNA bases on the genetic level or cause secondary epigenetic changes such as gene promoter methylation or histone acetylation. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in the USA. Chromosomal instability (CIN) was established as the key mechanism in cancer development. Later, it was found that CRC results not only from the progressive accumulation of genetic alterations but also from epigenetic changes. JC virus (JCV) is a candidate etiologic factor in sporadic CRC. It may act by stabilizing β-catenin, facilitating its entrance to the cell nucleus, initialing proliferation and cancer development. Diploid CRC cell lines transfected with JCV-containing plasmids developed CIN. This result provides direct experimental evidence for the ability of JCV T-Ag to induce CIN in the genome of colonic epithelial cells. The association of CRC hMLH1 methylation and tumor positivity for JCV was recently documented. JC virus T-Ag DNA sequences were found in 77% of CRCs and are associated with promoter methylation of multiple genes. hMLH1 was methylated in 25 out of 80 CRC patients positive for T-Ag (31%) in comparison with only one out of 11 T-Ag negative cases (9%). Thus, JCV can mediate both CIN and aberrant methylation in CRC. Like other viruses, chronic infection with JCV may induce CRC by different mechanisms which should be further investigated. Thus, gene promoter methylation induced by JCV may be an important process in CRC and the polyp-carcinoma sequence.
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Tanaka N, Huttenhower C, Nosho K, Baba Y, Shima K, Quackenbush J, Haigis KM, Giovannucci E, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. Novel application of structural equation modeling to correlation structure analysis of CpG island methylation in colorectal cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2731-40. [PMID: 21037082 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP-high, CIMP1) is a distinct phenotype associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) and BRAF mutation in colon cancer. Recent evidence suggests the presence of KRAS mutation-associated CIMP subtype (CIMP-low, CIMP2). We used cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and structural equation modeling (SEM), a novel strategy, to decipher the correlation structure of CpG island hypermethylation. Using a database of 861 colon and rectal cancers, DNA methylation at 16 CpG islands [CACNA1G, CDKN2A (p16/ink4a), CHFR, CRABP1, HIC1, IGF2, IGFBP3, MGMT, MINT-1, MINT-31, MLH1, NEUROG1, p14 (CDKN2A/arf), RUNX3, SOCS1, and WRN] was quantified by real-time PCR. Tumors were categorized into three groups: Group 1 with wild-type KRAS/BRAF (N = 440); Group 2 with mutant KRAS and wild-type BRAF (N = 308); and Group 3 with wild-type KRAS and mutant BRAF (N = 107). Tumors with mutant KRAS/BRAF (N = 6) were excluded. In unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis, all but six markers (CACNA1G, IGF2, RUNX3, MGMT, MINT-1, and SOCS1) were differentially clustered with CIMP-high and CIMP-low according to KRAS and BRAF status. In SEM, the correlation structures between CIMP, locus-specific CpG island methylation, and MSI differed according to KRAS and BRAF status, which was consistent with PCA results. In conclusion, KRAS and BRAF mutations appear to differentially influence correlation structure of CpG island methylation. Our novel data suggest two distinct perturbations, resulting in differential locus-specific propensity of CpG methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Tanaka
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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