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Mavila N, Siraganahalli Eshwaraiah M, Kennedy J. Ductular Reactions in Liver Injury, Regeneration, and Disease Progression-An Overview. Cells 2024; 13:579. [PMID: 38607018 PMCID: PMC11011399 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ductular reaction (DR) is a complex cellular response that occurs in the liver during chronic injuries. DR mainly consists of hyper-proliferative or reactive cholangiocytes and, to a lesser extent, de-differentiated hepatocytes and liver progenitors presenting a close spatial interaction with periportal mesenchyme and immune cells. The underlying pathology of DRs leads to extensive tissue remodeling in chronic liver diseases. DR initiates as a tissue-regeneration mechanism in the liver; however, its close association with progressive fibrosis and inflammation in many chronic liver diseases makes it a more complicated pathological response than a simple regenerative process. An in-depth understanding of the cellular physiology of DRs and their contribution to tissue repair, inflammation, and progressive fibrosis can help scientists develop cell-type specific targeted therapies to manage liver fibrosis and chronic liver diseases effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Mavila
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.S.E.); (J.K.)
- Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mallikarjuna Siraganahalli Eshwaraiah
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.S.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaquelene Kennedy
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.S.E.); (J.K.)
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Lee S, Memon A, Chae SC, Shin D, Choi TY. Epcam regulates intrahepatic bile duct reconstruction in zebrafish, providing a potential model for primary cholangitis model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 696:149512. [PMID: 38224664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAMs) have been identified as surface markers of proliferating ductal cells, which are referred to as liver progenitor cells (LPCs), during liver regeneration and correspond to malignancies. These cells can differentiate into hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in vitro. EpCAM-positive LPCs are involved in liver regeneration following severe liver injury; however, the in vivo function of EpCAMs in the regenerating liver remains unclear. In the present study, we used a zebrafish model of LPC-driven liver regeneration to elucidate the function of EpCAMs in the regenerating liver in vivo. Proliferating ductal cells were observed after severe hepatocyte loss in the zebrafish model. Analyses of the liver size as well as hepatocyte and BEC markers revealed successful conversion of LPCs to hepatocytes and BECs in epcam mutants. Notably, epcam mutants exhibited severe defects in intrahepatic duct maturation and bile acid secretion in regenerating hepatocytes, suggesting that epcam plays a critical role in intrahepatic duct reconstruction during LPC-driven liver regeneration. Our findings provide insights into human diseases involving non-parenchymal cells, such as primary biliary cholangitis, by highlighting the regulatory effect of epcam on intrahepatic duct reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeo Lee
- Department of Pathology, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Azra Memon
- Department of Pathology, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Cheon Chae
- Department of Pathology, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Tae-Young Choi
- Department of Pathology, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Yang C, Gao Z, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Bai M, Yang H, Guo J, Zhang Y. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis reveals layer-specific methylation patterns in deer antler tissue. Gene 2023; 884:147744. [PMID: 37640118 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper explored using of deer antlers as a model for studying rapid growth and cartilage formation in mammals. The genes and regulatory mechanisms involved in antler chondrogenesis are poorly understood, however, previous research has suggested that DNA methylation played a key role in antler regeneration. By using fluorescence-labeled methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (F-MSAP), this study measured DNA methylation levels in cartilage (CA) and reserve mesenchyme (RM) cells and tissues. Results showed that RM cells (RMCs) DNA methylation levels were significantly lower than those of CA, suggesting that DNA demethylation may be involved in antler fast cartilage differentiation. The study also identified 20 methylated fragments specific to RMCs or CA using the methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technique and confirmed these findings using southern blot analysis. The data provide the first experimental evidence of a link between epigenetic regulation and rapid cartilage differentiation in antlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Zizheng Gao
- College of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yukun Wang
- School of Stomatology, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Muran Bai
- School of Stomatology, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Huiran Yang
- School of Public Health, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Junqi Guo
- The Third Clinical Medicine Affiliated to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China.
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Casini A, Vivacqua G, Vaccaro R, Renzi A, Leone S, Pannarale L, Franchitto A, Onori P, Mancinelli R, Gaudio E. Expression and role of cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) in the proliferation of biliary epithelium. Eur J Histochem 2023; 67:3846. [PMID: 37859350 PMCID: PMC10620849 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2023.3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells that line the biliary tree, can proliferate under the stimulation of several factors through both autocrine and paracrine pathways. The cocaine-amphetamine-regulated-transcript (CART) peptide has several physiological functions, and it is widely expressed in several organs. CART increases the survival of hippocampal neurons by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), whose expression has been correlated to the proliferation rate of cholangiocytes. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of CART and its role in modulating cholangiocyte proliferation in healthy and bile duct ligated (BDL) rats in vivo, as well as in cultured normal rat cholangiocytes (NRC) in vitro. Liver samples from both healthy and BDL (1 week) rats, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence for CART, CK19, TrkB and p75NTR BDNF receptors. PCNA staining was used to evaluate the proliferation of the cholangiocytes, whereas TUNEL assay was used to evaluate biliary apoptosis. NRC treated or not with CART were used to confirm the role of CART on cholangiocytes proliferation and the secretion of BDNF. Cholangiocytes proliferation, apoptosis, CART and TrkB expression were increased in BDL rats, compared to control rats. We found a higher expression of TrkB and p75NTR, which could be correlated with the proliferation rate of biliary tree during BDL. The in vitro study demonstrated increased BDNF secretion by NRC after treatment with CART compared with control cells. As previously reported, proliferating cholangiocytes acquire a neuroendocrine phenotype, modulated by several factors, including neurotrophins. Accordingly, CART may play a key role in the remodeling of biliary epithelium during cholestasis by modulating the secretion of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Casini
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Giorgio Vivacqua
- Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Rome.
| | - Rosa Vaccaro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog.
| | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Luigi Pannarale
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico.
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome.
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Rahmani F, Tohidi M, Azmoudeh-Ardalan F, Sadeghi A, Hadaegh F. Diagnostic dilemma in a patient with history of medullary thyroid carcinoma and abnormal serum liver enzymes; a case report with six years follow up. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23:186. [PMID: 37649029 PMCID: PMC10466678 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-023-01439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor that originates from parafollicular C-cells. Calcitonin (Ctn) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are useful biomarkers for monitoring MTC cases. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we describe a 48-year-old woman, who presented in 2014 with bilateral thyroid nodules. Report of fine needle aspiration was suspicious for MTC; initial laboratory evaluation showed serum Ctn level of 1567 pg/mL. After excluding type 2 multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome clinically, total thyroidectomy and neck lymph node dissection were performed. The final histopathological diagnosis was right lobe MTC with neither vascular invasion nor lymph node involvement. On regular follow-up visits, Ctn and CEA levels have been undetectable, and repeated cervical ultrasonographic exams were unremarkable from 2014 to 2021. As liver enzymes became elevated in 2016, the patient was further evaluated by a gastroenterologist. Abdominopelvic ultrasonography revealed a coarse echo pattern of the liver parenchyma with normal bile ducts. A liver fibroscan showed a low fibrosis score (7kPa). The patient was recommended to use ursodeoxycholic acid. According to the progressive rise of liver enzymes with a cholestatic pattern in October 2020, a liver biopsy was performed that showed tiny nests of neuroendocrine-like cells with a background of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Immunohistochemical stainings were positive for chromogranin A (CgA), and synaptophysin and negative for Ctn, CEA, and thyroglobulin. Further imaging investigations did not reveal any site of a neuroendocrine tumor in the body. Considering normal physical exam, imaging findings, as well as normal serum levels of Ctn, CEA, CgA, and procalcitonin, the patient was managed as a PBC. CONCLUSION In follow-up of a patient with MTC, we reported progressively increased liver enzymes with a cholestatic pattern. Liver biopsy revealed nests of neuroendocrine-like cells with a background of PBC, the findings that might suggest acquiring neuroendocrine phenotype by proliferating cholangiocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rahmani
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Yamen Street, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tohidi
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Yamen Street, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farid Azmoudeh-Ardalan
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Hadaegh
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Yamen Street, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
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Lo EKW, Velazquez JJ, Peng D, Kwon C, Ebrahimkhani MR, Cahan P. Platform-agnostic CellNet enables cross-study analysis of cell fate engineering protocols. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1721-1742. [PMID: 37478860 PMCID: PMC10444577 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimization of cell engineering protocols requires standard, comprehensive quality metrics. We previously developed CellNet, a computational tool to quantitatively assess the transcriptional fidelity of engineered cells compared with their natural counterparts, based on bulk-derived expression profiles. However, this platform and others were limited in their ability to compare data from different sources, and no current tool makes it easy to compare new protocols with existing state-of-the-art protocols in a standardized manner. Here, we utilized our prior application of the top-scoring pair transformation to build a computational platform, platform-agnostic CellNet (PACNet), to address both shortcomings. To demonstrate the utility of PACNet, we applied it to thousands of samples from over 100 studies that describe dozens of protocols designed to produce seven distinct cell types. We performed an in-depth examination of hepatocyte and cardiomyocyte protocols to identify the best-performing methods, characterize the extent of intra-protocol and inter-lab variation, and identify common off-target signatures, including a surprising neural/neuroendocrine signature in primary liver-derived organoids. We have made PACNet available as an easy-to-use web application, allowing users to assess their protocols relative to our database of reference engineered samples, and as open-source, extensible code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K W Lo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeremy J Velazquez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Da Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mo R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Patrick Cahan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Li X, Zhi Y, Li J, Lei X, Ju Y, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Kong X, Xue F, Zhong W, Chen X, Tang J, Li X, Mao Y. Single-cell RNA sequencing to reveal non-parenchymal cell heterogeneity and immune network of acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1979-1995. [PMID: 37202523 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) in the early phase of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI) remains unclear. Therefore, single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed to explore the heterogeneity and immune network of NPCs in the livers of mice with AILI. Mice were challenged with saline, 300 mg/kg APAP, or 750 mg/kg APAP (n = 3 for each group). After 3 h, the liver samples were collected, digested, and subjected to scRNA-seq. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to confirm the expression of Makorin ring finger protein 1 (Mkrn1). We identified 14 distinct cell subtypes among the 120,599 cells. A variety of NPCs were involved, even in the early stages of AILI, indicating highly heterogeneous transcriptome dynamics. Cholangiocyte cluster 3, which had high deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (Dmbt1) expression, was found to perform drug metabolism and detoxification functions. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells exhibited fenestrae loss and angiogenesis. Macrophage cluster 1 displayed a M1 polarization phenotype, whereas cluster 3 tended to exhibit M2 polarization. Kupffer cells (KCs) exhibited pro-inflammatory effects due to the high expression of Cxcl2. qRT-PCR and western blotting verified that the LIFR-OSM axis might promote the activation of MAPK signaling pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages. Mkrn1 was highly expressed in the liver macrophages of AILI mice and AILI patients. Interaction patterns between macrophages/KCs and other NPCs were complex and diverse. NPCs were highly heterogeneous and were involved in the immune network during the early phase of AILI. In addition, we propose that Mkrn1 may serve as a potential biomarker of AILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai Research Center of Fatty Liver Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai Research Center of Fatty Liver Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai Research Center of Fatty Liver Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Lei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai Research Center of Fatty Liver Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Ju
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yufan Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaming Kong
- Singleron Biotechnologies Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai Research Center of Fatty Liver Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai Research Center of Fatty Liver Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieting Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai Research Center of Fatty Liver Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yimin Mao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai Research Center of Fatty Liver Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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He YH, Pan JX, Xu LM, Gu T, Chen YW. Ductular reaction in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: When Macbeth is perverted. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:725-740. [PMID: 37397935 PMCID: PMC10308290 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i6.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease is the leading cause of chronic liver diseases defined as a disease spectrum comprising hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatic carcinoma. NASH, characterized by hepatocyte injury, steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, is associated with NAFLD prognosis. Ductular reaction (DR) is a common compensatory reaction associated with liver injury, which involves the hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), hepatic stellate cells, myofibroblasts, inflammatory cells (such as macrophages), and their secreted substances. Recently, several studies have shown that the extent of DR parallels the stage of NASH and fibrosis. This review summarizes previous research on the correlation between DR and NASH, the potential interplay mechanism driving HPC differentiation, and NASH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Huan He
- Department of Gastroenterology and Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jia-Xing Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuan-Wen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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9
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Research progress of metformin in the treatment of liver fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109738. [PMID: 36696857 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a disease with significant morbidity and mortality. It is a chronic pathological process characterized by an imbalance of extracellular matrix production and degradation in liver tissue. Metformin is a type of hypoglycemic biguanide drug, which can be used in the treatment of liver fibrosis, but its anti-fibrotic effect and mechanism of action are unclear. The purpose of this article is to review the research progress of metformin in the treatment of liver fibrosis and to provide a theoretical basis for its application in the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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10
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Li B, Wang H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhou T, Zhou B, Zhang Y, Chen R, Xing J, He L, Salinas JM, Koyama S, Meng F, Wan Y. Current Perspectives of Neuroendocrine Regulation in Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233783. [PMID: 36497043 PMCID: PMC9736734 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a complicated process that involves different cell types and pathological factors. The excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the formation of fibrotic scar disrupt the tissue homeostasis of the liver, eventually leading to cirrhosis and even liver failure. Myofibroblasts derived from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) contribute to the development of liver fibrosis by producing ECM in the area of injuries. It has been reported that the secretion of the neuroendocrine hormone in chronic liver injury is different from a healthy liver. Activated HSCs and cholangiocytes express specific receptors in response to these neuropeptides released from the neuroendocrine system and other neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine hormones and their receptors form a complicated network that regulates hepatic inflammation, which controls the progression of liver fibrosis. This review summarizes neuroendocrine regulation in liver fibrosis from three aspects. The first part describes the mechanisms of liver fibrosis. The second part presents the neuroendocrine sources and neuroendocrine compartments in the liver. The third section discusses the effects of various neuroendocrine factors, such as substance P (SP), melatonin, as well as α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP), on liver fibrosis and the potential therapeutic interventions for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yudian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Tiejun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Bingru Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Juan Xing
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Longfei He
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jennifer Mata Salinas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sachiko Koyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Wan
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (Y.W.)
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Pita-Juarez Y, Karagkouni D, Kalavros N, Melms JC, Niezen S, Delorey TM, Essene AL, Brook OR, Pant D, Skelton-Badlani D, Naderi P, Huang P, Pan L, Hether T, Andrews TS, Ziegler CGK, Reeves J, Myloserdnyy A, Chen R, Nam A, Phelan S, Liang Y, Amin AD, Biermann J, Hibshoosh H, Veregge M, Kramer Z, Jacobs C, Yalcin Y, Phillips D, Slyper M, Subramanian A, Ashenberg O, Bloom-Ackermann Z, Tran VM, Gomez J, Sturm A, Zhang S, Fleming SJ, Warren S, Beechem J, Hung D, Babadi M, Padera RF, MacParland SA, Bader GD, Imad N, Solomon IH, Miller E, Riedel S, Porter CBM, Villani AC, Tsai LTY, Hide W, Szabo G, Hecht J, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Shalek AK, Izar B, Regev A, Popov Y, Jiang ZG, Vlachos IS. A single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomic atlas of the COVID-19 liver reveals topological, functional, and regenerative organ disruption in patients. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.10.27.514070. [PMID: 36324805 PMCID: PMC9628199 DOI: 10.1101/2022.10.27.514070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The molecular underpinnings of organ dysfunction in acute COVID-19 and its potential long-term sequelae are under intense investigation. To shed light on these in the context of liver function, we performed single-nucleus RNA-seq and spatial transcriptomic profiling of livers from 17 COVID-19 decedents. We identified hepatocytes positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA with an expression phenotype resembling infected lung epithelial cells. Integrated analysis and comparisons with healthy controls revealed extensive changes in the cellular composition and expression states in COVID-19 liver, reflecting hepatocellular injury, ductular reaction, pathologic vascular expansion, and fibrogenesis. We also observed Kupffer cell proliferation and erythrocyte progenitors for the first time in a human liver single-cell atlas, resembling similar responses in liver injury in mice and in sepsis, respectively. Despite the absence of a clinical acute liver injury phenotype, endothelial cell composition was dramatically impacted in COVID-19, concomitantly with extensive alterations and profibrogenic activation of reactive cholangiocytes and mesenchymal cells. Our atlas provides novel insights into liver physiology and pathology in COVID-19 and forms a foundational resource for its investigation and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yered Pita-Juarez
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dimitra Karagkouni
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Kalavros
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Spatial Technologies Unit, HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine / Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johannes C Melms
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian Niezen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
| | - Toni M Delorey
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adam L Essene
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olga R Brook
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deepti Pant
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Disha Skelton-Badlani
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
| | - Pourya Naderi
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pinzhu Huang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
| | - Liuliu Pan
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tallulah S Andrews
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carly G K Ziegler
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Computational & Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Andriy Myloserdnyy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Chen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
| | - Andy Nam
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yan Liang
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amit Dipak Amin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jana Biermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Molly Veregge
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary Kramer
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yusuf Yalcin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
| | - Devan Phillips
- Current address: Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michal Slyper
- Current address: Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Orr Ashenberg
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zohar Bloom-Ackermann
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Victoria M Tran
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Gomez
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Sturm
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Fleming
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Precision Cardiology Laboratory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Deborah Hung
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mehrtash Babadi
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Precision Cardiology Laboratory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert F Padera
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sonya A MacParland
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nasser Imad
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac H Solomon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Miller
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stefan Riedel
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline B M Porter
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linus T-Y Tsai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Winston Hide
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Hecht
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Current address: Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Computational & Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Izar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Current address: Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yury Popov
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Gordon Jiang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA, USA
| | - Ioannis S Vlachos
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Spatial Technologies Unit, HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine / Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Miyazawa M, Aikawa M, Takashima J, Kobayashi H, Ohnishi S, Ikada Y. Pitfalls and promises of bile duct alternatives: A narrative review. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:5707-5722. [PMID: 36338889 PMCID: PMC9627420 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i39.5707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliodigestive anastomosis between the extrahepatic bile duct and the intestine for bile duct disease is a gastrointestinal reconstruction that abolishes duodenal papilla function and frequently causes retrograde cholangitis. This chronic inflammation can cause liver dysfunction, liver abscess, and even bile duct cancer. Although research has been conducted for over 100 years to directly repair bile duct defects with alternatives, no bile duct substitute (BDS) has been developed. This narrative review confirms our understanding of why bile duct alternatives have not been developed and explains the clinical applicability of BDSs in the near future. We searched the PubMed electronic database to identify studies conducted to develop BDSs until December 2021 and identified studies in English. Two independent reviewers reviewed studies on large animals with 8 or more cases. Four types of BDSs prevail: Autologous tissue, non-bioabsorbable material, bioabsorbable material, and others (decellularized tissue, 3D-printed structures, etc.). In most studies, BDSs failed due to obstruction of the lumen or stenosis of the anastomosis with the native bile duct. BDS has not been developed primarily because control of bile duct wound healing and regeneration has not been elucidated. A BDS expected to be clinically applied in the near future incorporates a bioabsorbable material that allows for regeneration of the bile duct outside the BDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Miyazawa
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Mizonokuch Hospital, Kanagawa 213-8507, Japan
| | - Masayasu Aikawa
- Department of Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama 350-1298, Japan
| | - Junpei Takashima
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Mizonokuch Hospital, Kanagawa 213-8507, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Mizonokuch Hospital, Kanagawa 213-8507, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohnishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yoshito Ikada
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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13
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Shu W, Yang M, Yang J, Lin S, Wei X, Xu X. Cellular crosstalk during liver regeneration: unity in diversity. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:117. [PMID: 35941604 PMCID: PMC9358812 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is unique in its ability to regenerate from a wide range of injuries and diseases. Liver regeneration centers around hepatocyte proliferation and requires the coordinated actions of nonparenchymal cells, including biliary epithelial cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells and kupffer cells. Interactions among various hepatocyte and nonparenchymal cells populations constitute a sophisticated regulatory network that restores liver mass and function. In addition, there are two different ways of liver regeneration, self-replication of liver epithelial cells and transdifferentiation between liver epithelial cells. The interactions among cell populations and regenerative microenvironment in the two modes are distinct. Herein, we first review recent advances in the interactions between hepatocytes and surrounding cells and among nonparenchymal cells in the context of liver epithelial cell self-replication. Next, we discuss the crosstalk of several cell types in the context of liver epithelial transdifferentiation, which is also crucial for liver regeneration. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Shu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,Program in Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengfan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengda Lin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China. .,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China. .,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China. .,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China. .,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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14
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Wang W, Chen D, Wang J, Wen L. Cellular Homeostasis and Repair in the Biliary Tree. Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42:271-282. [PMID: 35672015 DOI: 10.1055/a-1869-7714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During biliary tree homeostasis, BECs are largely in a quiescent state and their turnover is slow for maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. BTSCs continually replenish new BECs in the luminal surface of EHBDs. In response to various types of biliary injuries, distinct cellular sources, including HPCs, BTSCs, hepatocytes, and BECs, repair or regenerate the injured bile duct. BEC, biliary epithelial cell; BTSC, biliary tree stem/progenitor cell; EHBD, extrahepatic bile ducts; HPC, hepatic progenitor cell.The biliary tree comprises intrahepatic bile ducts and extrahepatic bile ducts lined with epithelial cells known as biliary epithelial cells (BECs). BECs are a common target of various cholangiopathies for which there is an unmet therapeutic need in clinical hepatology. The repair and regeneration of biliary tissue may potentially restore the normal architecture and function of the biliary tree. Hence, the repair and regeneration process in detail, including the replication of existing BECs, expansion and differentiation of the hepatic progenitor cells and biliary tree stem/progenitor cells, and transdifferentiation of the hepatocytes, should be understood. In this paper, we review biliary tree homeostasis, repair, and regeneration and discuss the feasibility of regenerative therapy strategies for cholangiopathy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangzhi Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Owen T, Francis H, Alpini G, Kennedy L. What the duct: Imaging ductular reaction spanning the fibrotic areas in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166392. [PMID: 35314350 PMCID: PMC10646949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis Owen
- 702 Rotary Circle, Rm. 007, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - Heather Francis
- 702 Rotary Circle, Rm. 007, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 702 Rotary Circle, Rm. 007, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- 702 Rotary Circle, Rm. 007, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.
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16
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Park JW, Kim JH, Kim SE, Jung JH, Jang MK, Park SH, Lee MS, Kim HS, Suk KT, Kim DJ. Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Current Knowledge of Pathogenesis and Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061288. [PMID: 35740310 PMCID: PMC9220082 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiopathies encompass various biliary diseases affecting the biliary epithelium, resulting in cholestasis, inflammation, fibrosis, and ultimately liver cirrhosis. Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are the most important progressive cholangiopathies in adults. Much research has broadened the scope of disease biology to genetic risk, epigenetic changes, dysregulated mucosal immunity, altered biliary epithelial cell function, and dysbiosis, all of which interact and arise in the context of ill-defined environmental triggers. An in-depth understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these cholestatic diseases will help clinicians better prevent and treat diseases. In this review, we focus on the main underlying mechanisms of disease initiation and progression, and novel targeted therapeutics beyond currently approved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Jang Han Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Myoung-Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
| | - Myung-Seok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
| | - Hyoung-Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, Korea; (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.-E.K.); (J.H.J.); (M.-K.J.); (S.-H.P.); (M.-S.L.); (H.-S.K.); (K.T.S.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-010, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-240-5646
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17
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O'Leary CE, Sbierski-Kind J, Kotas ME, Wagner JC, Liang HE, Schroeder AW, de Tenorio JC, von Moltke J, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Eckalbar WL, Molofsky AB, Schneider C, Locksley RM. Bile acid-sensitive tuft cells regulate biliary neutrophil influx. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabj1080. [PMID: 35245089 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and dysfunction of the extrahepatic biliary tree are common causes of human pathology, including gallstones and cholangiocarcinoma. Despite this, we know little about the local regulation of biliary inflammation. Tuft cells, rare sensory epithelial cells, are particularly prevalent in the mucosa of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. Here, we show that biliary tuft cells express a core genetic tuft cell program in addition to a tissue-specific gene signature and, in contrast to small intestinal tuft cells, decreased postnatally, coincident with maturation of bile acid production. Manipulation of enterohepatic bile acid recirculation revealed that tuft cell abundance is negatively regulated by bile acids, including in a model of obstructive cholestasis in which inflammatory infiltration of the biliary tree correlated with loss of tuft cells. Unexpectedly, tuft cell-deficient mice spontaneously displayed an increased gallbladder epithelial inflammatory gene signature accompanied by neutrophil infiltration that was modulated by the microbiome. We propose that biliary tuft cells function as bile acid-sensitive negative regulators of inflammation in biliary tissues and serve to limit inflammation under homeostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E O'Leary
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Sbierski-Kind
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maya E Kotas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johanna C Wagner
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roberto R Ricardo-Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Walter L Eckalbar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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18
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SOX9 contributes to the progression of ductular reaction for the protection from chronic liver injury. Hum Cell 2022; 35:721-734. [DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is a transcriptional coactivator that activates transcriptional enhanced associate domain transcription factors upon inactivation of the Hippo signaling pathway, to regulate biological processes like proliferation, survival, and differentiation. YAP1 is most prominently expressed in biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in normal adult livers and during development. In the current review, we will discuss the multiple roles of YAP1 in the development and morphogenesis of bile ducts inside and outside the liver, as well as in orchestrating the cholangiocyte repair response to biliary injury. We will review how biliary repair can occur through the process of hepatocyte-to-BEC transdifferentiation and how YAP1 is pertinent to this process. We will also discuss the liver's capacity for metabolic reprogramming as an adaptive mechanism in extreme cholestasis, such as when intrahepatic bile ducts are absent due to YAP1 loss from hepatic progenitors. Finally, we will discuss the roles of YAP1 in the context of pediatric pathologies afflicting bile ducts, such as Alagille syndrome and biliary atresia. In conclusion, we will comprehensively discuss the spatiotemporal roles of YAP1 in biliary development and repair after biliary injury while describing key interactions with other well-known developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Molina
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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20
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Meadows V, Baiocchi L, Kundu D, Sato K, Fuentes Y, Wu C, Chakraborty S, Glaser S, Alpini G, Kennedy L, Francis H. Biliary Epithelial Senescence in Liver Disease: There Will Be SASP. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:803098. [PMID: 34993234 PMCID: PMC8724525 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.803098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a pathophysiological phenomenon in which proliferative cells enter cell cycle arrest following DNA damage and other stress signals. Natural, permanent DNA damage can occur after repetitive cell division; however, acute stress or other injuries can push cells into premature senescence and eventually a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In recent years, there has been increased evidence for the role of premature senescence in disease progression including diabetes, cardiac diseases, and end-stage liver diseases including cholestasis. Liver size and function change with aging, and presumably with increasing cellular senescence, so it is important to understand the mechanisms by which cellular senescence affects the functional nature of the liver in health and disease. As well, cells in a SASP state secrete a multitude of inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic factors that modulate the microenvironment. Cellular SASP and the associated, secreted factors have been implicated in the progression of liver diseases, such as cholestatic injury that target the biliary epithelial cells (i.e., cholangiocytes) lining the bile ducts. Indeed, cholangiocyte senescence/SASP is proposed to be a driver of disease phenotypes in a variety of liver injuries. Within this review, we will discuss the impact of cholangiocyte senescence and SASP in the pathogenesis of cholestatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vik Meadows
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Keisaku Sato
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yessenia Fuentes
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, STEM GEHCS Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Heather Francis
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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21
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Schnabl B, Arteel GE, Stickel F, Hengstler J, Vartak N, Ghallab A, Dooley S, Li Y, Schwabe RF. Liver specific, systemic and genetic contributors to alcohol-related liver disease progression. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2022; 60:36-44. [PMID: 35042252 PMCID: PMC8941985 DOI: 10.1055/a-1714-9330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) impacts millions of patients worldwide each year and the numbers are increasing. Disease stages range from steatosis via steatohepatitis and fibrosis to cirrhosis, severe alcohol-associated hepatitis and liver cancer. ALD is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage of progression with no effective therapies. A major research goal is to improve diagnosis, prognosis and also treatments for early ALD. This however needs prioritization of this disease for financial investment in basic and clinical research to more deeply investigate mechanisms and identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets for early detection and intervention. Topics of interest are communication of the liver with other organs of the body, especially the gut microbiome, the individual genetic constitution, systemic and liver innate inflammation, including bacterial infections, as well as fate and number of hepatic stellate cells and the composition of the extracellular matrix in the liver. Additionally, mechanical forces and damaging stresses towards the sophisticated vessel system of the liver, including the especially equipped sinusoidal endothelium and the biliary tract, work together to mediate hepatocytic import and export of nutritional and toxic substances, adapting to chronic liver disease by morphological and functional changes. All the aforementioned parameters contribute to the outcome of alcohol use disorder and the risk to develop advanced disease stages including cirrhosis, severe alcoholic hepatitis and liver cancer. In the present collection, we summarize current knowledge on these alcohol-related liver disease parameters, excluding the aspect of inflammation, which is presented in the accompanying review article by Lotersztajn and colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gavin E. Arteel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Felix Stickel
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jan Hengstler
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nachiket Vartak
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yujia Li
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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22
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Mechanism of cholangiocellular damage and repair during cholestasis. Ann Hepatol 2021; 26:100530. [PMID: 34509686 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of damage of the biliary epithelium remains partially unexplored. However, recently many works have offered new evidence regarding the cholangiocytes' damage process, which is the main target in a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from acute cholestasis, cholangiopathies to cholangiocarcinoma. This is encouraging since some works addressed this epithelium's relevance in health and disease until a few years ago. The biliary tree in the liver, comprised of cholangiocytes, is a pipeline for bile flow and regulates key hepatic processes such as proliferation, regeneration, immune response, and signaling. This review aimed to compile the most recent advances on the mechanisms of cholangiocellular damage during cholestasis, which, although it is present in many cholangiopathies, is not necessarily a common or conserved process in all of them, having a relevant role cAMP and PKA during obstructive cholestasis, as well as Ca2+-dependent PKC in functional cholestasis. Cholangiocellular damage could vary according to the type of cholestasis, the aggressor, or the bile ducts' location where it develops and what kind of damage can favor cholangiocellular carcinoma development.
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23
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El-Araby HA, Saber MA, Radwan NM, Taie DM, Adawy NM, Sira AM. Temporal histopathological changes in biliary atresia: A perspective for rapid fibrosis progression. Ann Hepatol 2021; 21:100263. [PMID: 33007429 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Biliary atresia (BA) is characterized by rapid progression of fibrosis with no definite causes. Histopathological findings have been extensively described, but very few studies have assessed temporal changes in BA. Understanding these short-term changes and their relationship with fibrosis progression could have an impact on ameliorating rapid fibrogenesis. We aimed to study the relationship between temporal histopathological changes and fibrosis progression in BA within a short time interval. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-nine infants with BA who underwent Kasai portoenterostomy, a diagnostic liver biopsy, and an intraoperative liver biopsy were recruited. Histopathological characteristics of the two biopsies were examined. Temporal histopathological changes were assessed by comparing the two types of biopsies. Correlation of temporal changes in fibrosis with age, interval between biopsies, laboratory profiles, and temporal histopathological changes were studied. RESULTS In the univariate analysis, bile ductular proliferation (BDP), portal infiltrate, giant cells, hepatocellular swelling, and fibrosis showed significant temporal changes within a short interval (5-31 days). BDP and fibrosis showed the most frequent increase in their grades (32/49 and 31/49 cases, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, BDP was the only independent pathological feature showing a significant temporal increase (p = 0.021, 95% confidence interval: 1.249-16.017). Fibrosis progression was correlated with temporal changes in BDP (r = 0.456, p = 0.001), but not with age (p = 0.283) or the interval between the biopsies (p = 0.309). CONCLUSIONS Fibrosis in BA progresses rapidly and is significantly correlated with BDP. Assessment of targeting BDP as an adjuvant medical therapy is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A El-Araby
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin El-Koom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Magdy A Saber
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin El-Koom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Noha M Radwan
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin El-Koom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Doha M Taie
- Department of Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin El-Koom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nermin M Adawy
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin El-Koom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ahmad M Sira
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, 32511 Shebin El-Koom, Menoufia, Egypt.
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24
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Kilanczyk E, Banales JM, Jurewicz E, Milkiewicz P, Milkiewicz M. p-STAT3 is a PDC-E2 interacting partner in human cholangiocytes and hepatocytes with potential pathobiological implications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21649. [PMID: 34737337 PMCID: PMC8569217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The E2 component of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is the key autoantigen in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and STAT3 is an inflammatory modulator that participates in the pathogenesis of many liver diseases. This study investigated whether PDC-E2 interacts with STAT3 in human cholangiocytes (NHC) and hepatocytes (Hep-G2) under cholestatic conditions induced by glyco-chenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC). GCDC induced PDC-E2 expression in the cytoplasmic and nuclear fraction of NHC, whereas in Hep-G2 cells PDC-E2 expression was induced only in the cytoplasmic fraction. GCDC-treatment stimulated phosphorylation of STAT3 in the cytoplasmic fraction of NHC. siRNA-mediated gene silencing of PDC-E2 reduced the expression of pY-STAT3 in NHC but not in HepG2 cells. Immunoprecipitation and a proximity ligation assay clearly demonstrated that GCDC enhanced pY-STAT3 binding to PDC-E2 in the nuclear and cytoplasmic fraction of NHC cells. Staining with Mitotracker revealed mitochondrial co-localization of PDC-E2/pS-STAT3 complexes in NHC and Hep-G2 cells. In cirrhotic PBC livers the higher expression of both PDC-E2 and pY-STAT3 was observed. The immunoblot analysis demonstrated the occurrence of double bands of PDC-E2 protein in control livers, which was associated with a lower expression of pY-STAT3. Our data indicate the interaction between PDC-E2 and phosphorylated STAT3 under cholestatic conditions, which may play a role in the development of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kilanczyk
- Department of Medical Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital - Ikerbasque, CIBERehd, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Translational Medicine Group, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Kudira R, Sharma BK, Mullen M, Mohanty SK, Donnelly B, Tiao GM, Miethke A. Isolation and Culturing Primary Chaolangiocytes from Mouse Liver. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4192. [PMID: 34761065 PMCID: PMC8554810 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells lining the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. Cholangiocytes perform key physiological functions in the liver. Bile synthesized by hepatocytes is secreted into bile canaliculi, further stored in the gallbladder, and finally discharged into the duodenum. Due to liver injury, biliary epithelial proliferate in response to endogenous or exogenous signals leading to cholangiopathies, inflammation, fibrosis, and cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiocytes exhibit anatomical and functional heterogeneity, and understanding such diversified functions will potentially help in finding effective therapies for various cholestatic liver diseases. To perform such functional studies, effective cholangiocyte isolation and culture procedures are needed. This protocol will aid in easy isolation and expansion of cholangiocytes from the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kudira
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bal Krishan Sharma
- Hematology Department. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary Mullen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sujit K. Mohanty
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bryan Donnelly
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gregory M. Tiao
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexander Miethke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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26
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Feedback Signaling between Cholangiopathies, Ductular Reaction, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082072. [PMID: 34440841 PMCID: PMC8391272 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are global health disparities, particularly in the United States, as a result of cultural eating habits and lifestyle. Pathological studies on NAFLD have been mostly focused on hepatocytes and other inflammatory cell types; however, the impact of other biliary epithelial cells (i.e., cholangiocytes) in the promotion of NAFLD is growing. This review article will discuss how cholestatic injury and cholangiocyte activity/ductular reaction influence NAFLD progression. Furthermore, this review will provide informative details regarding the fundamental properties of cholangiocytes and bile acid signaling that can influence NAFLD. Lastly, studies relating to the pathogenesis of NAFLD, cholangiopathies, and ductular reaction will be analyzed to help gain insight for potential therapies.
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27
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Bessone F, Hernández N, Tanno M, Roma MG. Drug-Induced Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome: From Pathogenesis to Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:331-348. [PMID: 34130334 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The most concerned issue in the context of drug/herb-induced chronic cholestasis is vanishing bile duct syndrome. The progressive destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts leading to ductopenia is usually not dose dependent, and has a delayed onset that should be suspected when abnormal serum cholestasis enzyme levels persist despite drug withdrawal. Immune-mediated cholangiocyte injury, direct cholangiocyte damage by drugs or their metabolites once in bile, and sustained exposure to toxic bile salts when biliary epithelium protective defenses are impaired are the main mechanisms of cholangiolar damage. Current therapeutic alternatives are scarce and have not shown consistent beneficial effects so far. This review will summarize the current literature on the main diagnostic tools of ductopenia and its histological features, and the differential diagnostic with other ductopenic diseases. In addition, pathomechanisms will be addressed, as well as the connection between them and the supportive and curative strategies for ductopenia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bessone
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nelia Hernández
- Clínica de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Clínicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mario Tanno
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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28
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Xie J, Fan Y, Jia R, Yang F, Ma L, Li L. Yes-associated protein regulates the hepatoprotective effect of vitamin D receptor activation through promoting adaptive bile duct remodeling in cholestatic mice. J Pathol 2021; 255:95-106. [PMID: 34156701 DOI: 10.1002/path.5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mounting clinical evidence has revealed that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is associated with cholestatic liver injury, although the functions of VDR in this condition remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the effects of VDR activation on bile duct ligation (BDL) mice, and the underlying mechanisms were further investigated. A low-calcemic VDR agonist, paricalcitol (PAL, 200 ng/kg), was intraperitoneally injected into BDL mice every other day for 5 days or 28 days. Liver histology, liver function indicators, cholangiocyte proliferation, fibrosis scores, and inflammation were evaluated. Mice treated with PAL were rescued from the decreased survival rate induced by BDL and liver damage was reduced. Mechanistically, PAL promoted cholangiocyte proliferation, which was likely conducive to proliferating bile duct maturation and increased branching of bile ducts. PAL treatment also increased the expression of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its target protein epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCam) and decreased the level of inactive cytoplasmic phosphorylated YAP. YAP knockdown abrogated PAL-induced primary bile duct epithelial cell proliferation, confirmed with YAP inhibitor administration. In addition, BDL-induced liver fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration were reduced by PAL treatment at both day 5 and day 28 post-BDL. In conclusion, VDR activation mitigates cholestatic liver injury by promoting adaptive bile duct remodeling through cholangiocytic YAP upregulation. Because PAL is an approved clinical drug, it may be useful for treatment of cholestatic liver disease. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Yonggang Fan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of the Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Rongjun Jia
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Liman Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
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Cyclic AMP Signaling in Biliary Proliferation: A Possible Target for Cholangiocarcinoma Treatment? Cells 2021; 10:cells10071692. [PMID: 34359861 PMCID: PMC8303798 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a lethal disease with scarce response to current systemic therapy. The rare occurrence and large heterogeneity of this cancer, together with poor knowledge of its molecular mechanisms, are elements contributing to the difficulties in finding an appropriate cure. Cholangiocytes (and their cellular precursors) are considered the liver component giving rise to cholangiocarcinoma. These cells respond to several hormones, neuropeptides and molecular stimuli employing the cAMP/PKA system for the translation of messages in the intracellular space. For instance, in physiological conditions, stimulation of the secretin receptor determines an increase of intracellular levels of cAMP, thus activating a series of molecular events, finally determining in bicarbonate-enriched choleresis. However, activation of the same receptor during cholangiocytes’ injury promotes cellular growth again, using cAMP as the second messenger. Since several scientific pieces of evidence link cAMP signaling system to cholangiocytes’ proliferation, the possible changes of this pathway during cancer growth also seem relevant. In this review, we summarize the current findings regarding the cAMP pathway and its role in biliary normal and neoplastic cell proliferation. Perspectives for targeting the cAMP machinery in cholangiocarcinoma therapy are also discussed.
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Molina LM, Zhu J, Li Q, Pradhan-Sundd T, Krutsenko Y, Sayed K, Jenkins N, Vats R, Bhushan B, Ko S, Hu S, Poddar M, Singh S, Tao J, Sundd P, Singhi A, Watkins S, Ma X, Benos PV, Feranchak A, Michalopoulos G, Nejak-Bowen K, Watson A, Bell A, Monga SP. Compensatory hepatic adaptation accompanies permanent absence of intrahepatic biliary network due to YAP1 loss in liver progenitors. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109310. [PMID: 34233187 PMCID: PMC8280534 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) regulates cell plasticity during liver injury, regeneration, and cancer, but its role in liver development is unknown. We detect YAP1 activity in biliary cells and in cells at the hepatobiliary bifurcation in single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of developing livers. Deletion of Yap1 in hepatoblasts does not impair Notch-driven SOX9+ ductal plate formation but does prevent the formation of the abutting second layer of SOX9+ ductal cells, blocking the formation of a patent intrahepatic biliary tree. Intriguingly, these mice survive for 8 months with severe cholestatic injury and without hepatocyte-to-biliary transdifferentiation. Ductular reaction in the perihilar region suggests extrahepatic biliary proliferation, likely seeking the missing intrahepatic biliary network. Long-term survival of these mice occurs through hepatocyte adaptation via reduced metabolic and synthetic function, including altered bile acid metabolism and transport. Overall, we show YAP1 as a key regulator of bile duct development while highlighting a profound adaptive capability of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Molina
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qin Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tirthadipa Pradhan-Sundd
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yekaterina Krutsenko
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Khaled Sayed
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3420 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Biomedical Engineering and Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nathaniel Jenkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ravi Vats
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sungjin Ko
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shikai Hu
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Minakshi Poddar
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sucha Singh
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Junyan Tao
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aatur Singhi
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Panayiotis V Benos
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 3420 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Andrew Feranchak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George Michalopoulos
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan Watson
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aaron Bell
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Chen L, Zhou T, White T, O’Brien A, Chakraborty S, Liangpunsakul S, Yang Z, Kennedy L, Saxena R, Wu C, Meng F, Huang Q, Francis H, Alpini G, Glaser S. The Apelin-Apelin Receptor Axis Triggers Cholangiocyte Proliferation and Liver Fibrosis During Mouse Models of Cholestasis. Hepatology 2021; 73:2411-2428. [PMID: 32964473 PMCID: PMC9288669 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Apelin (APLN) is the endogenous ligand of its G protein-coupled receptor, apelin receptor (APJ). APLN serum levels are increased in human liver diseases. We evaluated whether the APLN-APJ axis regulates ductular reaction and liver fibrosis during cholestasis. APPROACH AND RESULTS We measured the expression of APLN and APJ and serum APLN levels in human primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) samples. Following bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham surgery, male wild-type (WT) mice were treated with ML221 (APJ antagonist) or saline for 1 week. WT and APLN-/- mice underwent BDL or sham surgery for 1 week. Multidrug resistance gene 2 knockout (Mdr2-/- ) mice were treated with ML221 for 1 week. APLN levels were measured in serum and cholangiocyte supernatants, and cholangiocyte proliferation/senescence and liver inflammation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis were measured in liver tissues. The regulatory mechanisms of APLN-APJ in (1) biliary damage and liver fibrosis were examined in human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (HIBEpiCs) treated with APLN and (2) hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation in APLN-treated human HSC lines (HHSteCs). APLN serum levels and biliary expression of APLN and APJ increased in PSC samples. APLN levels were higher in serum and cholangiocyte supernatants from BDL and Mdr2-/- mice. ML221 treatment or APLN-/- reduced BDL-induced and Mdr2-/- -induced cholangiocyte proliferation/senescence, liver inflammation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. In vitro, APLN induced HIBEpiC proliferation, increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (Nox4) expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Pretreatment of HIBEpiCs with ML221, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (Nox4 inhibitor), N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC, ROS inhibitor), or PD98059 (ERK inhibitor) reduced APLN-induced cholangiocyte proliferation. Activation of HHSteCs was induced by APLN but reduced by NAC. CONCLUSIONS The APLN-APJ axis induces cholangiocyte proliferation through Nox4/ROS/ERK-dependent signaling and HSC activation through intracellular ROS. Modulation of the APLN-APJ axis may be important for managing cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Chen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Bryan, TX,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Bryan, TX
| | - Tori White
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Bryan, TX
| | - April O’Brien
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Bryan, TX
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Bryan, TX
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Romil Saxena
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Qiaobing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Bryan, TX
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Park JW, Kim MJ, Kim SE, Kim HJ, Jeon YC, Shin HY, Park SJ, Jang MK, Kim DJ, Park CK, Choi EK. Increased Expression of S100B and RAGE in a Mouse Model of Bile Duct Ligation-induced Liver Fibrosis. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e90. [PMID: 33847081 PMCID: PMC8042478 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis is defined as the accumulation of the extracellular matrix and scar formation. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been demonstrated to participate in fibrogenesis. S100B is a ligand of RAGE and exerts extracellular functions by inducing a series of signal transduction cascades. However, the involvement of S100B and RAGE in cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated S100B and RAGE expression during liver fibrosis in mice that underwent common bile duct ligation (BDL). METHODS BDL was performed in 10-week-old male C57BL/6J mice with sham control (n = 26) and BDL (n = 26) groups. Expression levels of S100B, RAGE and fibrotic markers in the livers from both groups at week 1 and 3 after BDL were examined by western blot and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Liver fibrotic changes were examined by histological and ultrastructural analysis. RESULTS Histological staining with Sirius Red and the evaluation of the messenger RNA expression of fibrotic markers showed noticeable periportal fibrosis and bile duct proliferation. S100B was mainly present in bile duct epithelial cells, and its expression was upregulated in proportion to the ductular reaction during fibrogenesis by BDL. RAGE expression was also increased, and interestingly, triple immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy showed that both S100B and RAGE were expressed in proliferating bile duct epithelial cells and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) of the BDL livers. In addition, in rat HSCs (HSC-T6), treatment with recombinant S100B protein significantly increased fibrotic markers in a dose-dependent manner, and RAGE small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppressed S100B-stimulated upregulation of fibrotic markers compared with cells treated with scramble siRNA and S100B. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the increased expression of S100B and RAGE and the interaction between S100B and RAGE may play an important role in ductular reaction and liver fibrosis induced by BDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Park
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Mo Jong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hee Jun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Yong Chul Jeon
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Hae Young Shin
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Myoung Kuk Jang
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Choong Kee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea.
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Helal M, Yan C, Gong Z. Stimulation of hepatocarcinogenesis by activated cholangiocytes via Il17a/f1 pathway in kras transgenic zebrafish model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1372. [PMID: 33446803 PMCID: PMC7809472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been well known that tumor progression is dependent on secreted factors not only from tumor cells but also from other surrounding non-tumor cells. In the current study, we investigated the role of cholangiocytes during hepatocarcinogenesis following induction of oncogenic krasV12 expression in hepatocytes using an inducible transgenic zebrafish model. Upon induction of carcinogenesis in hepatocytes, a progressive cell proliferation in cholangiocytes was observed. The proliferative response in cholangiocytes was induced by enhanced lipogenesis and bile acids secretion from hepatocytes through activation of Sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor 2 (S1pr2), a known cholangiocyte receptor involving in cholangiocyte proliferation. Enhancement and inhibition of S1pr2 could accelerate or inhibit cholangiocyte proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis respectively. Gene expression analysis of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes showed that cholangiocytes stimulated carcinogenesis in hepatocytes via an inflammatory cytokine, Il17a/f1, which activated its receptor (Il17ra1a) on hepatocytes and enhanced hepatocarcinogenesis via an ERK dependent pathway. Thus, the enhancing effect of cholangiocytes on hepatocarcinogenesis is likely via an inflammatory loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Helal
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.419615.e0000 0004 0404 7762Marine Pollution Lab, Marine Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Chuan Yan
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Cholangiogenic potential of human deciduous pulp stem cell-converted hepatocyte-like cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:57. [PMID: 33436050 PMCID: PMC7805240 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have been reported to show the in vivo and in vitro hepatic differentiation, SHED-Heps; however, the cholangiogenic potency of SHED-Heps remains unclear. Here, we hypothesized that SHED-Heps contribute to the regeneration of intrahepatic bile duct system in chronic fibrotic liver. Methods SHED were induced into SHED-Heps under cytokine stimulation. SHED-Heps were intrasplenically transplanted into chronically CCl4-treated liver fibrosis model mice, followed by the analysis of donor integration and hepatobiliary metabolism in vivo. Immunohistochemical assay was examined for the regeneration of intrahepatic bile duct system in the recipient liver. Furthermore, SHED-Heps were induced under the stimulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA). Results The intrasplenic transplantation of SHED-Heps into CCl4-treated mice showed that donor SHED-Heps behaved as human hepatocyte paraffin 1- and human albumin-expressing hepatocyte-like cells in situ and ameliorated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Of interest, the integrated SHED-Heps not only expressed biliary canaliculi ATP-binding cassette transporters including ABCB1, ABCB11, and ABCC2, but also recruited human keratin 19- (KRT19-) and KRT17-positive cells, which are considered donor-derived cholangiocytes, regenerating the intrahepatic bile duct system in the recipient liver. Furthermore, the stimulation of TNFA induced SHED-Heps into KRT7- and SRY-box 9-positive cells. Conclusions Collectively, our findings demonstrate that infused SHED-Heps showed cholangiogenic ability under the stimulation of TNFA in CCl4-damaged livers, resulting in the regeneration of biliary canaliculi and interlobular bile ducts in chronic fibrotic liver. Thus, the present findings suggest that SHED-Heps may be a novel source for the treatment of cholangiopathy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-020-02113-8.
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Wang N, Kong R, Han W, Lu J. Wnt/β-catenin signalling controls bile duct regeneration by regulating differentiation of ductular reaction cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:14050-14058. [PMID: 33124779 PMCID: PMC7754022 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the incidence of bile duct‐related diseases continues to increase, and there is no effective drug treatment except liver transplantation. However, due to the limited liver source and expensive donations, clinical application is often limited. Although current studies have shown that ductular reaction cells (DRCs) reside in the vicinity of peribiliary glands can differentiate into cholangiocytes and would be an effective alternative to liver transplantation, the role and mechanism of DRCs in cholangiole physiology and bile duct injury remain unclear. A 3,5‐diethoxycarbonyl‐1,4‐dihydrocollidine (DDC)‐enriched diet was used to stimulate DRCs proliferation. Our research suggests DRCs are a type of intermediate stem cells with proliferative potential that exist in the bile duct injury. Meanwhile, DRCs have bidirectional differentiation potential, which can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Furthermore, we found DRCs highly express Lgr5, and Lgr5 is a molecular marker for neonatal DRCs (P < .05). Finally, we confirmed Wnt/β‐catenin signalling achieves bile duct regeneration by regulating the expression of Lgr5 genes in DRCs (P < .05). We described the regenerative potential of DRCs and reveal opportunities and source for the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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36
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Azad AI, Krishnan A, Troop L, Li Y, Katsumi T, Pavelko K, Kostallari E, Guicciardi ME, Gores GJ. Targeted Apoptosis of Ductular Reactive Cells Reduces Hepatic Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Cholestasis. Hepatology 2020; 72:1013-1028. [PMID: 32128842 PMCID: PMC7774262 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In cholestatic liver diseases, ductular reactive (DR) cells extend into the hepatic parenchyma and promote inflammation and fibrosis. We have previously observed that multidrug-resistant 2 (Mdr2-/- ) double knockout (DKO) mice lacking tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor (Tr-/- ) display a more extensive ductular reaction and hepatic fibrosis compared to Mdr2-/- mice. This observation suggests that the magnitude of the DR-cell population may be regulated by apoptosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS To examine this concept, we cultured epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive reactive cholangioids (ERCs) obtained from wild-type (WT), Tr-/- , Mdr2-/- and DKO mice. Single-cell transcriptomics and immunostaining of both WT and DKO ERCs confirmed their DR-cell phenotype. Moreover, DKO ERCs displayed a unique translational cluster with expression of chemokines, indicating a reactive state. Incubation with the myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) inhibitor S63845, a proapoptotic BH3-mimetic therapy, significantly decreased DKO and Mdr2-/- ERC viability compared to WT. Intravenous administration of S63845 significantly reduced the DR-cell population and markers of inflammation and liver fibrosis in Mdr2-/- and DKO mice. Furthermore, DKO mice treated with S63845 displayed a significant decrease in hepatic B lymphocytes compared to untreated mice as assessed by high-definition mass cytometry by time-of-flight. Coculture of bone marrow-derived macrophages with ERCs from DKO mouse livers up-regulated expression of the B cell-directed chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5. Finally, DR cells were noted to be primed for apoptosis with Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer activation in vitro and in vivo in primary sclerosing cholangitis liver specimens. CONCLUSIONS DR cells appear to play a key role in recruiting immune cells to the liver to actively create an inflammatory and profibrogenic microenvironment. Pharmacologic targeting of MCL1 in a mouse model of chronic cholestasis reduces DR-cell and B-cell populations and hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiba I. Azad
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Anuradha Krishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Leia Troop
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ying Li
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Tomohiro Katsumi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kevin Pavelko
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Enis Kostallari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Sun S, Yuan L, An Z, Shi D, Xin J, Jiang J, Ren K, Chen J, Guo B, Zhou X, Zhou Q, Jin X, Ruan S, Cheng T, Xia N, Li J. DLL4 restores damaged liver by enhancing hBMSC differentiation into cholangiocytes. Stem Cell Res 2020; 47:101900. [PMID: 32622343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biliary injury is one of the main pathological mechanisms of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4)-mediated Notch activation contributes to reversing biliary injury; however, the specific role of DLL4 in biliary restoration is still unclear. This study aimed to determine whether human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) can differentiate into biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) in vitro and in vivo and to clarify the role of DLL4 in restoring damaged liver by enhancing cholangiocyte differentiation. METHODS hBMSCs were transplanted into immunodeficient mice (FRGS) with FHF induced by the hamster-anti-mouse CD95 antibody JO2. The appearance of human cholangiocytes was evaluated in the generated hBMSC-FRGS mice by q-PCR expression, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The potency of DLL4 in inducing cholangiocyte differentiation from hBMSCs was assessed by observing the cell morphology and measuring the expression of cholangiocyte-specific genes and proteins. RESULTS Human KRT19- and KRT7-double-positive cholangiocyte-like cells appeared in hBMSC-FRGS mice at 12 weeks after transplantation. After these cells were separated and collected by fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS), there were high levels of expression of eight typical human cholangiocyte-specific genes and proteins (e.g., KRT19 and KRT7). Furthermore, hBMSC-derived cholangiocytes induced by DLL4 had a better shape with higher nucleus/cytoplasm ratios and showed a specific increase in the expression of cholangiocyte-specific genes and proteins (e.g., KRT19, KRT7, SOX9 and CFTR). CONCLUSIONS Cholangiocytes can be efficiently differentiated from hBMSCs in vivo and in vitro. DLL4 restores damaged liver by enhancing cholangiocyte differentiation from hBMSCs and has the potential to be used in future clinical therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lunzhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhanglu An
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China; Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China
| | - Dongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Keke Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiaxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Beibei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xingping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaojun Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China; Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China
| | - Sihan Ruan
- Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou University Hospital, 999 Donghai Rd., Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China; Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou University Hospital, 999 Donghai Rd., Taizhou 318000, China.
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Biliary damage and liver fibrosis are ameliorated in a novel mouse model lacking l-histidine decarboxylase/histamine signaling. J Transl Med 2020; 100:837-848. [PMID: 32054995 PMCID: PMC7286781 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterized by biliary damage and fibrosis. Multidrug resistance-2 gene knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice and PSC patients have increased histamine (HA) levels (synthesized by l-histidine decarboxylase, HDC) and HA receptor (HR) expression. Cholestatic HDC-/- mice display ameliorated biliary damage and hepatic fibrosis. The current study evaluated the effects of knockout of HDC-/- in Mdr2-/- mice (DKO) on biliary damage and hepatic fibrosis. WT, Mdr2-/- mice, and homozygous DKO mice were used. Selected DKO mice were treated with HA. We evaluated liver damage along with HDC expression and HA serum levels. Changes in ductular reaction were evaluated along with liver fibrosis, inflammation and bile acid signaling pathways. The expression of H1HR/PKC-α/TGF-β1 and H2HR/pERK/VEGF-C was determined. In vitro, cholangiocyte lines were treated with HA with/without H1/H2 inhibitors before measuring: H1/H2HR, TGF-β1, and VEGF-C expression. Knockout of HDC ameliorates hepatic damage, ductular reaction, fibrosis, inflammation, bile acid signaling and H1HR/PKC-α/TGF-β1 and H2HR/pERK/VEGF-C signaling. Reactivation of the HDC/HA axis increased these parameters. In vitro, stimulation with HA increased HR expression and PKC-α, TGF-β1, and VEGF-C expression, which was reduced with HR inhibitors. Our data demonstrate the key role for the HDC/HA axis in the management of PSC progression.
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Jishage M, Ito K, Chu CS, Wang X, Yamaji M, Roeder RG. Transcriptional down-regulation of metabolic genes by Gdown1 ablation induces quiescent cell re-entry into the cell cycle. Genes Dev 2020; 34:767-784. [PMID: 32381628 PMCID: PMC7263145 DOI: 10.1101/gad.337683.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here, Jishage et al. show that hepatocyte-specific ablation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-associated Gdown1 leads to down-regulation of highly expressed genes involved in plasma protein synthesis and metabolism, a concomitant cell cycle re-entry associated with induction of cell cycle-related genes (including cyclin D1). Their findings establish an important physiological function for a Pol II regulatory factor (Gdown1) in the maintenance of normal liver cell transcription through constraints on cell cycle re-entry of quiescent hepatocytes. Liver regeneration and metabolism are highly interconnected. Here, we show that hepatocyte-specific ablation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-associated Gdown1 leads to down-regulation of highly expressed genes involved in plasma protein synthesis and metabolism, a concomitant cell cycle re-entry associated with induction of cell cycle-related genes (including cyclin D1), and up-regulation of p21 through activation of p53 signaling. In the absence of p53, Gdown1-deficient hepatocytes show a severe dysregulation of cell cycle progression, with incomplete mitoses, and a premalignant-like transformation. Mechanistically, Gdown1 is associated with elongating Pol II on the highly expressed genes and its ablation leads to reduced Pol II recruitment to these genes, suggesting that Pol II redistribution may facilitate hepatocyte re-entry into the cell cycle. These results establish an important physiological function for a Pol II regulatory factor (Gdown1) in the maintenance of normal liver cell transcription through constraints on cell cycle re-entry of quiescent hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Jishage
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Chi-Shuen Chu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Masashi Yamaji
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 49267, USA
| | - Robert G Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Maroni L, Ninfole E, Pinto C, Benedetti A, Marzioni M. Gut-Liver Axis and Inflammasome Activation in Cholangiocyte Pathophysiology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030736. [PMID: 32192118 PMCID: PMC7140657 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nlrp3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex activated by a number of bacterial products or danger signals and is involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes through caspase-1 activation. The Nlrp3 is expressed in immune cells but also in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, where it appears to be involved in regulation of biliary damage, epithelial barrier integrity and development of fibrosis. Activation of the pathways of innate immunity is crucial in the pathophysiology of hepatobiliary diseases, given the strong link between the gut and the liver. The liver secretes bile acids, which influence the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota and, in turn, are heavily modified by microbial metabolism. Alterations of this balance, as for the development of dysbiosis, may deeply influence the composition of the bacterial products that reach the liver and are able to activate a number of intracellular pathways. This alteration may be particularly important in the pathogenesis of cholangiopathies and, in particular, of primary sclerosing cholangitis, given its strong association with inflammatory bowel disease. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge on the gut–liver axis in cholangiopathies and discuss the role of Nlrp3 inflammasome activation in cholestatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maroni
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-220-6043; Fax: +39-071-220-6044
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Petrescu AD, Grant S, Williams E, Frampton G, Parks N, Blaney H, Davies M, John R, Reinhart EH, McMillin M, DeMorrow S. Coordinated Targeting of Galanin Receptors on Cholangiocytes and Hepatic Stellate Cells Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis in Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 Knockout Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:586-601. [PMID: 31953035 PMCID: PMC7074378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Galanin (Gal) is a peptide with a role in neuroendocrine regulation of the liver. In this study, we assessed the role of Gal and its receptors, Gal receptor 1 (GalR1) and Gal receptor 2 (GalR2), in cholangiocyte proliferation and liver fibrosis in multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2KO) mice as a model of chronic hepatic cholestasis. The distribution of Gal, GalR1, and GalR2 in specific liver cell types was assessed by laser-capture microdissection and confocal microscopy. Galanin immunoreactivity was detected in cholangiocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and hepatocytes. Cholangiocytes expressed GalR1, whereas HSCs and hepatocytes expressed GalR2. Strategies were used to either stimulate or block GalR1 and GalR2 in FVB/N (wild-type) and Mdr2KO mice and measure biliary hyperplasia and hepatic fibrosis by quantitative PCR and immunostaining of specific markers. Galanin treatment increased cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrogenesis in both FVB/N and Mdr2KO mice. Suppression of GalR1, GalR2, or both receptors in Mdr2KO mice resulted in reduced bile duct mass and hepatic fibrosis. In vitro knockdown of GalR1 in cholangiocytes reduced α-smooth muscle actin expression in LX-2 cells treated with cholangiocyte-conditioned media. A GalR2 antagonist inhibited HSC activation when Gal was administered directly to LX-2 cells, but not via cholangiocyte-conditioned media. These data demonstrate that Gal contributes not only to cholangiocyte proliferation but also to liver fibrogenesis via the coordinate activation of GalR1 in cholangiocytes and GalR2 in HSCs.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- Animals
- Bile Ducts/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cholestasis/metabolism
- Cholestasis/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Galanin/genetics
- Galanin/metabolism
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/metabolism
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/pathology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Petrescu
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Elaina Williams
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | | | - Hanna Blaney
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Marcus Davies
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Rebekah John
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Evan H Reinhart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.
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Carpino G, Nevi L, Overi D, Cardinale V, Lu WY, Di Matteo S, Safarikia S, Berloco PB, Venere R, Onori P, Franchitto A, Forbes SJ, Alvaro D, Gaudio E. Peribiliary Gland Niche Participates in Biliary Tree Regeneration in Mouse and in Human Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Hepatology 2020; 71:972-989. [PMID: 31330051 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mechanisms underlying the repair of extrahepatic biliary tree (EHBT) after injury have been scarcely explored. The aims of this study were to evaluate, by using a lineage tracing approach, the contribution of peribiliary gland (PBG) niche in the regeneration of EHBT after damage and to evaluate, in vivo and in vitro, the signaling pathways involved. APPROACH AND RESULTS Bile duct injury was induced by the administration of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) diet for 14 days to Krt19Cre TdTomatoLSL mice. Human biliary tree stem/progenitor cells (BTSC) within PBGs were isolated from EHBT obtained from liver donors. Hepatic duct samples (n = 10) were obtained from patients affected by primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Samples were analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and polymerase chain reaction. DDC administration causes hyperplasia of PBGs and periductal fibrosis in EHBT. A PBG cell population (Cytokeratin19- /SOX9+ ) is involved in the renewal of surface epithelium in injured EHBT. The Wnt signaling pathway triggers human BTSC proliferation in vitro and influences PBG hyperplasia in vivo in the DDC-mediated mouse biliary injury model. The Notch signaling pathway activation induces BTSC differentiation in vitro toward mature cholangiocytes and is associated with PBG activation in the DDC model. In human PSC, inflammatory and stromal cells trigger PBG activation through the up-regulation of the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the involvement of PBG cells in regenerating the injured biliary epithelium and identified the signaling pathways driving BTSC activation. These results could have relevant implications on the pathophysiology and treatment of cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico,", Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Diletta Overi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Wei-Yu Lu
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Di Matteo
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Samira Safarikia
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Venere
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Kyritsi K, Chen L, O’Brien A, Francis H, Hein TW, Venter J, Wu N, Ceci L, Zhou T, Zawieja D, Gashev AA, Meng F, Invernizzi P, Fabris L, Wu C, Skill NJ, Saxena R, Liangpunsakul S, Alpini G, Glaser SS. Modulation of the Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1/Monoamine Oxidase-A/5-Hydroxytryptamine/5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2A/2B/2C Axis Regulates Biliary Proliferation and Liver Fibrosis During Cholestasis. Hepatology 2020; 71:990-1008. [PMID: 31344280 PMCID: PMC6993623 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Serotonin (5HT) is a neuroendocrine hormone synthetized in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH1) and monoamine oxidase (MAO-A) are the key enzymes for the synthesis and catabolism of 5HT, respectively. Previous studies demonstrated that 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (5HTR)1A/1B receptor agonists inhibit biliary hyperplasia in bile-duct ligated (BDL) rats, whereas 5HTR2B receptor antagonists attenuate liver fibrosis (LF) in mice. Our aim was to evaluate the role of 5HTR2A/2B/2C agonists/antagonists in cholestatic models. APPROACH AND RESULTS While in vivo studies were performed in BDL rats and the multidrug resistance gene 2 knockout (Mdr2-/- ) mouse model of PSC, in vitro studies were performed in cell lines of cholangiocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). 5HTR2A/2B/2C and MAO-A/TPH1 are expressed in cholangiocytes and HSCs from BDL rats and Mdr2-/- - mice. Ductular reaction, LF, as well as the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes increased in normal, BDL rats, and Mdr2-/- - mice following treatment 5HTR2A/2B/2C agonists, but decreased when BDL rats and Mdr2-/- mice were treated with 5HTR2A/2B/2C antagonists compared to BDL rats and Mdr2-/- mice, respectively. 5HT levels increase in Mdr2-/- mice and in PSC human patients compared to their controls and decrease in serum of Mdr2-/- mice treated with 5HTR2A/2B/2C antagonists compared to untreated Mdr2-/- mice. In vitro, cell lines of murine cholangiocytes and human HSCs express 5HTR2A/2B/2C and MAO-A/TPH1; treatment of these cell lines with 5HTR2A/2B/2C antagonists or TPH1 inhibitor decreased 5HT levels as well as expression of fibrosis and inflammation genes compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of the TPH1/MAO-A/5HT/5HTR2A/2B/2C axis may represent a therapeutic approach for management of cholangiopathies, including PSC.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/physiology
- Animals
- Bile Ducts/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/etiology
- Cholestasis/pathology
- Humans
- Liver Cirrhosis/etiology
- Male
- Mice
- Monoamine Oxidase/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/physiology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B/physiology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/physiology
- Receptors, Serotonin/physiology
- Serotonin/blood
- Serotonin/physiology
- Tryptophan Hydroxylase/physiology
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kyritsi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lixian Chen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX
| | - April O’Brien
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Travis W. Hein
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX
| | - Julie Venter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Nan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX
| | - David Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX
| | - Anatoliy A. Gashev
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Nicholas J. Skill
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Romil Saxena
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Shannon S. Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX
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Meadows V, Kennedy L, Hargrove L, Demieville J, Meng F, Virani S, Reinhart E, Kyritsi K, Invernizzi P, Yang Z, Wu N, Liangpunsakul S, Alpini G, Francis H. Downregulation of hepatic stem cell factor by Vivo-Morpholino treatment inhibits mast cell migration and decreases biliary damage/senescence and liver fibrosis in Mdr2 -/- mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165557. [PMID: 31521820 PMCID: PMC6878979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterized by increased mast cell (MC) infiltration, biliary damage and hepatic fibrosis. Cholangiocytes secrete stem cell factor (SCF), which is a chemoattractant for c-kit expressed on MCs. We aimed to determine if blocking SCF inhibits MC migration, biliary damage and hepatic fibrosis. METHODS FVB/NJ and Mdr2-/- mice were treated with Mismatch or SCF Vivo-Morpholinos. We measured (i) SCF expression and secretion; (ii) hepatic damage; (iii) MC migration/activation and histamine signaling; (iv) ductular reaction and biliary senescence; and (v) hepatic fibrosis. In human PSC patients, SCF expression and secretion were measured. In vitro, cholangiocytes were evaluated for SCF expression and secretion. Biliary proliferation/senescence was measured in cholangiocytes pretreated with 0.1% BSA or the SCF inhibitor, ISK03. Cultured HSCs were stimulated with cholangiocyte supernatant and activation measured. MC migration was determined with cholangiocytes pretreated with BSA or ISK03 loaded into the bottom of Boyden chambers and MCs into top chamber. RESULTS Biliary SCF expression and SCF serum levels increase in human PSC. Cholangiocytes, but not hepatocytes, from SCF Mismatch Mdr2-/- mice have increased SCF expression and secretion. Inhibition of SCF in Mdr2-/- mice reduced (i) hepatic damage; (ii) MC migration; (iii) histamine and SCF serum levels; and (iv) ductular reaction/biliary senescence/hepatic fibrosis. In vitro, cholangiocytes express and secrete SCF. Blocking biliary SCF decreased MC migration, biliary proliferation/senescence, and HSC activation. CONCLUSION Cholangiocytes secrete increased levels of SCF inducing MC migration, contributing to biliary damage/hepatic fibrosis. Targeting MC infiltration may be an option to ameliorate PSC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vik Meadows
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, United States of America; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Laura Hargrove
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Demieville
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, United States of America
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, United States of America
| | - Shohaib Virani
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Evan Reinhart
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, United States of America
| | | | - Zhihong Yang
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Nan Wu
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, United States of America; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, United States of America; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, United States of America.
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Baiocchi L, Zhou T, Liangpunsakul S, Ilaria L, Milana M, Meng F, Kennedy L, Kusumanchi P, Yang Z, Ceci L, Glaser S, Francis H, Alpini G. Possible application of melatonin treatment in human diseases of the biliary tract. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G651-G660. [PMID: 31509434 PMCID: PMC6879895 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00110.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin was discovered in 1958 by Aaron Lerner. Its name comes from the ability of melatonin to change the shape of amphibian melanophores from stellate to roundish. Starting from the 1980s, the role of melatonin in the regulation of mammalian circadian and seasonal clocks has been elucidated. Presently, several other effects have been identified in different organs. For example, the beneficial effects of melatonin in models of liver damage have been described. This review gives first a general background on experimental and clinical data on the use of melatonin in liver damage. The second part of the review focuses on the findings related to the role of melatonin in biliary functions, suggesting a possible use of melatonin therapy in human diseases of the biliary tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Baiocchi
- 1Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- 2Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M University, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- 3Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana,4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lenci Ilaria
- 1Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Milana
- 1Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Fanyin Meng
- 3Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana,4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- 4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Praveen Kusumanchi
- 4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Zhihong Yang
- 4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- 4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shannon Glaser
- 2Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M University, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Heather Francis
- 3Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana,4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 3Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana,4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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46
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Liu R, Li X, Zhu W, Wang Y, Zhao D, Wang X, Gurley EC, Liang G, Chen W, Lai G, Pandak WM, Lippman HR, Bajaj JS, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. Cholangiocyte-Derived Exosomal Long Noncoding RNA H19 Promotes Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Cholestatic Liver Fibrosis. Hepatology 2019; 70:1317-1335. [PMID: 30985008 PMCID: PMC6783323 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) represents the primary driving force to promote the progression of chronic cholestatic liver diseases. We previously reported that cholangiocyte-derived exosomal long noncoding RNA-H19 (lncRNA-H19) plays a critical role in promoting cholestatic liver injury. However, it remains unclear whether cholangiocyte-derived lncRNA-H19 regulates HSC activation, which is the major focus of this study. Both bile duct ligation (BDL) and Mdr2 knockout (Mdr2-/- ) mouse models were used. Wild-type and H19maternalΔExon1/+ (H19KO) mice were subjected to BDL. Mdr2-/- H19maternalΔExon1/+ (DKO) mice were generated. Exosomes isolated from cultured mouse and human cholangiocytes or mouse serum were used for in vivo transplantation and in vitro studies. Fluorescence-labeled exosomes and flow cytometry were used to monitor exosome uptake by hepatic cells. Collagen gel contraction and bromodeoxyuridine assays were used to determine the effect of exosomal-H19 on HSC activation and proliferation. Mouse and human primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)/primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) liver samples were analyzed by real-time PCR, western blot analysis, histology, and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that hepatic H19 level was closely correlated with the severity of liver fibrosis in both mouse models and human patients with PSC and PBC. H19 deficiency significantly protected mice from liver fibrosis in BDL and Mdr2-/- mice. Transplanted cholangiocyte-derived H19-enriched exosomes were rapidly and preferentially taken up by HSCs and HSC-derived fibroblasts, and promoted liver fibrosis in BDL-H19KO mice and DKO mice. H19-enriched exosomes enhanced transdifferentiation of cultured mouse primary HSCs and promoted proliferation and matrix formation in HSC-derived fibroblasts. Conclusion: Cholangiocyte-derived exosomal H19 plays a critical role in the progression of cholestatic liver fibrosis by promoting HSC differentiation and activation and represents a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Derrick Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Emily C. Gurley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guanhua Lai
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - H. Robert Lippman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University;,Address correspondence to: Huiping Zhou, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA 23298-0678, USA, Tel: 804-828-6817; Fax: 804-828-0676,
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Chen C, Nelson LJ, Ávila MA, Cubero FJ. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and Cholangiocarcinoma: The Missing Link. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101172. [PMID: 31569444 PMCID: PMC6829385 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of both liver and biliary tract cancer has increased. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are the two most common types of hepatic malignancies. Whereas HCC is the fifth most common malignant tumor in Western countries, the prevalence of CCA has taken an alarming increase from 0.3 to 2.1 cases per 100,000 people. The lack of specific biomarkers makes diagnosis very difficult in the early stages of this fatal cancer. Thus, the prognosis of CCA is dismal and surgery is the only effective treatment, whilst recurrence after resection is common. Even though chemotherapy and radiotherapy may prolong survival in patients with CCA, the 5-year survival rate is still very low—a significant global problem in clinical diagnosis and therapy. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays an important role in signal transduction by converting extracellular stimuli into a wide range of cellular responses including inflammatory response, stress response, differentiation, survival, and tumorigenesis. Dysregulation of the MAPK cascade involves key signaling components and phosphorylation events that play an important role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiological role of MAPK, current therapeutic options, and the current situation of MAPK-targeted therapies in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobo Chen
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Xishan People's Hospital, Wuxi 214000, China.
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Institute for Bioengineering (IBioE), School of Engineering, Faraday Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3 JL, Scotland, UK.
| | - Matías A Ávila
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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48
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Menon S, Holt A. Large-duct cholangiopathies: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Frontline Gastroenterol 2019; 10:284-291. [PMID: 31288256 PMCID: PMC6583582 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2018-101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiopathies describe a group of conditions affecting the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree. Impairment to bile flow and chronic cholestasis cause biliary inflammation, which leads to more permanent damage such as destruction of the small bile ducts (ductopaenia) and biliary cirrhosis. Most cholangiopathies are progressive and cause end-stage liver disease unless the physical obstruction to biliary flow can be reversed. This review considers large-duct cholangiopathies, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, ischaemic cholangiopathy, portal biliopathy, recurrent pyogenic cholangitis and Caroli disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Menon
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK,Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Andrew Holt
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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49
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Hytönen E, Laurema A, Kankkonen H, Miyanohara A, Kärjä V, Hujo M, Laham-Karam N, Ylä-Herttuala S. Bile-duct proliferation as an unexpected side-effect after AAV2-LDLR gene transfer to rabbit liver. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6934. [PMID: 31061510 PMCID: PMC6502883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disease of lipoprotein metabolism caused by a defect in the LDL receptor (LDLR) leading to severe hypercholesterolemia, and associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. We have developed a gene therapy protocol for FH using AAV2, AAV9 and lentiviral vectors and tested safety and efficacy in LDL receptor deficient Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic rabbits. We show that LV-LDLR produced a significant long-lasting decrease in total serum cholesterol whereas AAV9-LDLR resulted only in a transient decrease and AAV2-LDLR failed to reduce serum cholesterol levels. A significant pathological side effect, bile-duct proliferation, was seen in the liver of AAV2-LDLR rabbits associated with an increased expression of Cyr61 matricellular protein. Special attention should be given to liver changes in gene therapy applications when genes affecting cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism are used for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Hytönen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, FIN-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anniina Laurema
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, FIN-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Kankkonen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Atsushi Miyanohara
- Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vesa Kärjä
- Department of Pathology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Hujo
- School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nihay Laham-Karam
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, FIN-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, FIN-70210, Kuopio, Finland.
- Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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50
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Aguilar-Bravo B, Rodrigo-Torres D, Ariño S, Coll M, Pose E, Blaya D, Graupera I, Perea L, Vallverdú J, Rubio-Tomás T, Dubuquoy L, Armengol C, Nigro AL, Stärkel P, Mathurin P, Bataller R, Caballería J, Lozano JJ, Ginès P, Sancho-Bru P. Ductular Reaction Cells Display an Inflammatory Profile and Recruit Neutrophils in Alcoholic Hepatitis. Hepatology 2019; 69:2180-2195. [PMID: 30565271 PMCID: PMC9189898 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases are characterized by the expansion of ductular reaction (DR) cells and the expression of liver progenitor cell (LPC) markers. In alcoholic hepatitis (AH), the degree of DR expansion correlates with disease progression and short-term survival. However, little is known about the biological properties of DR cells, their impact on the pathogenesis of human liver disease, and their contribution to tissue repair. In this study, we have evaluated the transcriptomic profile of DR cells by laser capture microdissection in patients with AH and assessed its association with disease progression. The transcriptome analysis of cytokeratin 7-positive (KRT7+ ) DR cells uncovered intrinsic gene pathways expressed in DR and genes associated with alcoholic liver disease progression. Importantly, DR presented a proinflammatory profile with expression of neutrophil recruiting C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXC) and C-C motif chemokine ligand chemokines. Moreover, LPC markers correlated with liver expression and circulating levels of inflammatory mediators such as CXCL5. Histologically, DR was associated with neutrophil infiltration at the periportal area. In order to model the DR and to assess its functional role, we generated LPC organoids derived from patients with cirrhosis. Liver organoids mimicked the transcriptomic and proinflammatory profile of DR cells. Conditioned medium from organoids induced neutrophil migration and enhanced cytokine expression in neutrophils. Likewise, neutrophils promoted the proinflammatory profile and the expression of chemokines of liver organoids. Conclusion: Transcriptomic and functional analysis of KRT7+ cells indicate that DR has a proinflammatory profile and promote neutrophil recruitment. These results indicate that DR may be involved in the liver inflammatory response in AH, and suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting DR cells may be useful to mitigate the inflammatory cell recruitment in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Aguilar-Bravo
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodrigo-Torres
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ariño
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Coll
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Pose
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Delia Blaya
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Graupera
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Perea
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Vallverdú
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurent Dubuquoy
- Lille Service des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, Hopital Huriez, Unité INSERM 995, Faculté de médecine, Lille, France
| | - Carolina Armengol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain,Childhood Liver Oncology group (c-LOG), Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Health Sciences Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Antonio Lo Nigro
- Ri. Med Foundation, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Mathurin
- Lille Service des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif, Hopital Huriez, Unité INSERM 995, Faculté de médecine, Lille, France
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joan Caballería
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain,Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lozano
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Ginès
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain,Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
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