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Kumari P, Yadav S, Sarkar S, Satheeshkumar PK. Cleavage of cell junction proteins as a host invasion strategy in leptospirosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:119. [PMID: 38204132 PMCID: PMC10781872 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Infection and invasion are the prerequisites for developing the disease symptoms in a host. While the probable mechanism of host invasion and pathogenesis is known in many pathogens, very little information is available on Leptospira invasion/pathogenesis. For causing systemic infection Leptospira must transmigrate across epithelial barriers, which is the most critical and challenging step. Extracellular and membrane-bound proteases play a crucial role in the invasion process. An extensive search for the proteins experimentally proven to be involved in the invasion process through cell junction cleavage in other pathogens has resulted in identifying 26 proteins. The similarity searches on the Leptospira genome for counterparts of these 26 pathogenesis-related proteins identified at least 12 probable coding sequences. The proteins were either extracellular or membrane-bound with a proteolytic domain to cleave the cell junction proteins. This review will emphasize our current understanding of the pathogenic aspects of host cell junction-pathogenic protein interactions involved in the invasion process. Further, potential candidate proteins with cell junction cleavage properties that may be exploited in the diagnostic/therapeutic aspects of leptospirosis will also be discussed. KEY POINTS: • The review focussed on the cell junction cleavage proteins in bacterial pathogenesis • Cell junction disruptors from Leptospira genome are identified using bioinformatics • The review provides insights into the therapeutic/diagnostic interventions possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kumari
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Suhani Yadav
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sresha Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Padikara K Satheeshkumar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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2
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Ibrahim T, Russel W, Getachew A, Zemene E, Cheneke W, Taye B. Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and metabolic syndrome among diabetic patients attending Jimma medical center in Jimma city, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:922. [PMID: 39237908 PMCID: PMC11378407 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09840-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have implicated the role of H. pylori infection in developing the metabolic syndrome. However, findings remain contradictory, and data from developing countries are scarce. METHODS We employed a cross-sectional study design to assess the relationship between H. pylori infection and metabolic syndrome among diabetic patients attending Jimma Hospital, Ethiopia. An interviewer-led questionnaire administered to study participants provided information on sociodemographic factors, and medical records were used to obtain medical history information. Metabolic parameters, including plasma glucose, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), body-mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were collected. H. pylori infection status was assessed using IgG Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). The effect of H. pylori infection on metabolic syndrome and metabolic parameters was determined using multivariate linear and logistic regressions. RESULTS We found H. pylori infection status was positively but not significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (AOR = 1.507, 95% CI: 0.570-3.981, p = 0.408). When the analysis was restricted to individual metabolic parameters, H. pylori positivity was significantly associated with lower HDL-c and higher SB, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our result confirms that individual metabolic parameters, not an overall metabolic syndrome, are significantly associated with H. pylori infection. Future studies should examine the relationship between H. pylori and metabolic syndrome, considering gastrointestinal conditions such as GERD, GU, and DU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temam Ibrahim
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - William Russel
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA
| | - Aklilu Getachew
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Endalew Zemene
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Waqtola Cheneke
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Bineyam Taye
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA.
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Dudukchyan DA, Sarkisyan DK, Andreev DN. <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> infection and dermatological diseases. MEDITSINSKIY SOVET = MEDICAL COUNCIL 2024:43-49. [DOI: 10.21518/ms2024-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori), microaerophilic spiral-shaped Gram-negative bacteria which colonize the gastric mucosa of human population, is the leading causal factor in the development of a whole range of diseases of the gastroduodenal region (chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcer disease, MALT lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma). Since the discovery of H. pylori infection and the identification of its leading role in the development of a range of gastroenterological diseases, researchers have begun to actively study the potential trigger significance of this pathogen in the development of extragastric pathology. At the epidemiological level, H. pylori infection has been shown to be frequently associated with skin diseases such as rosacea, acne, chronic urticaria and psoriasis, although the clinical significance of these associations remains clouded. In fact, recent meta-analytic studies (2019–2024) demonstrate an increased risk of developing the above diseases in H. pylori-infected individuals with odds ratios ranging from 1.19 to 3.00. On the other hand, not all studies have showed that eradication therapy of this microorganism helps reduce the clinical severity of symptoms of skin diseases, which is hypothetically explained only by the trigger role of infection within the complex pathogenesis. In a modern light, such associations can be viewed in terms of pathogenetic findings through the implementation of the syndrome of increased epithelial permeability (SIEP). The chronic gastritis caused by H. pylori infection is believed to lead to increased permeability of the epithelial lining of the stomach, as well as the walls of the mucosal vessels and a higher exposure of bacterial and nutritional antigens in the systemic circulation, which can induce both local release of inflammatory mediators in tissues and systemic immunological reactions (autoimmune and inflammatory processes, formation of molecular mimicry-induced immune complexes and cross-reactive antibodies).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D. K. Sarkisyan
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba
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Fan J, Zhu J, Xu H. Strategies of Helicobacter pylori in evading host innate and adaptive immunity: insights and prospects for therapeutic targeting. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1342913. [PMID: 38469348 PMCID: PMC10925771 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1342913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the predominant pathogen causing chronic gastric mucosal infections globally. During the period from 2011 to 2022, the global prevalence of H. pylori infection was estimated at 43.1%, while in China, it was slightly higher at approximately 44.2%. Persistent colonization by H. pylori can lead to gastritis, peptic ulcers, and malignancies such as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas and gastric adenocarcinomas. Despite eliciting robust immune responses from the host, H. pylori thrives in the gastric mucosa by modulating host immunity, particularly by altering the functions of innate and adaptive immune cells, and dampening inflammatory responses adverse to its survival, posing challenges to clinical management. The interaction between H. pylori and host immune defenses is intricate, involving evasion of host recognition by modifying surface molecules, manipulating macrophage functionality, and modulating T cell responses to evade immune surveillance. This review analyzes the immunopathogenic and immune evasion mechanisms of H. pylori, underscoring the importance of identifying new therapeutic targets and developing effective treatment strategies, and discusses how the development of vaccines against H. pylori offers new hope for eradicating such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianshu Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Baral B, Kandpal M, Ray A, Jana A, Yadav DS, Sachin K, Mishra A, Baig MS, Jha HC. Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infection in cell polarity alterations. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:41-57. [PMID: 37672163 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetrical distribution of the cellular organelles inside the cell is maintained by a group of cell polarity proteins. The maintenance of polarity is one of the vital host defense mechanisms against pathogens, and the loss of it contributes to infection facilitation and cancer progression. Studies have suggested that infection of viruses and bacteria alters cell polarity. Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus are group I carcinogens involved in the progression of multiple clinical conditions besides gastric cancer (GC) and Burkitt's lymphoma, respectively. Moreover, the coinfection of both these pathogens contributes to a highly aggressive form of GC. H. pylori and EBV target the host cell polarity complexes for their pathogenesis. H. pylori-associated proteins like CagA, VacA OipA, and urease were shown to imbalance the cellular homeostasis by altering the cell polarity. Similarly, EBV-associated genes LMP1, LMP2A, LMP2B, EBNA3C, and EBNA1 also contribute to altered cell asymmetry. This review summarized all the possible mechanisms involved in cell polarity deformation in H. pylori and EBV-infected epithelial cells. We have also discussed deregulated molecular pathways like NF-κB, TGF-β/SMAD, and β-catenin in H. pylori, EBV, and their coinfection that further modulate PAR, SCRIB, or CRB polarity complexes in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhadev Baral
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Meenakshi Kandpal
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Anushka Ray
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Ankit Jana
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Dhirendra Singh Yadav
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Pune, DFSS, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Talegaon MIDC Phase-1, Near JCB Factory, Pune, Maharashtra, 410506, India
| | - Kumar Sachin
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 016, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65 Nagaur Road, Karwar, Jodhpur District, Rajasthan, 342037, India
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
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Dalton CM, Schlegel C, Hunter CJ. Caveolin-1: A Review of Intracellular Functions, Tissue-Specific Roles, and Epithelial Tight Junction Regulation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1402. [PMID: 37998001 PMCID: PMC10669080 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav1) is a vital protein for many cellular processes and is involved in both the positive and negative regulation of these processes. Cav1 exists in multiple cellular compartments depending on its role. Of particular interest is its contribution to the formation of plasma membrane invaginations called caveolae and its involvement in cytoskeletal interactions, endocytosis, and cholesterol trafficking. Cav1 participates in stem cell differentiation as well as proliferation and cell death pathways, which is implicated in tumor growth and metastasis. Additionally, Cav1 has tissue-specific functions that are adapted to the requirements of the cells within those tissues. Its role has been described in adipose, lung, pancreatic, and vascular tissue and in epithelial barrier maintenance. In both the intestinal and the blood brain barriers, Cav1 has significant interactions with junctional complexes that manage barrier integrity. Tight junctions have a close relationship with Cav1 and this relationship affects both their level of expression and their location within the cell. The ubiquitous nature of Cav1 both within the cell and within specific tissues is what makes the protein important for ongoing research as it can assist in further understanding pathophysiologic processes and can potentially be a target for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody M. Dalton
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Oklahoma Children’s Hospital, 1200 Everett Drive, ET NP 2320, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (C.S.); (C.J.H.)
- Health Sciences Center, Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma, 800 Research Parkway, Suite 449, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Camille Schlegel
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Oklahoma Children’s Hospital, 1200 Everett Drive, ET NP 2320, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (C.S.); (C.J.H.)
- Health Sciences Center, Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma, 800 Research Parkway, Suite 449, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Catherine J. Hunter
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Oklahoma Children’s Hospital, 1200 Everett Drive, ET NP 2320, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (C.S.); (C.J.H.)
- Health Sciences Center, Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma, 800 Research Parkway, Suite 449, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Saeed MK, Al-Ofairi BA, Hassan MA, Al-Jahrani MA, Abdulkareem AM. The clinical significance of some serum tumor markers among chronic patients with Helicobacter pylori infections in Ibb Governorate, Yemen. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:60. [PMID: 37828556 PMCID: PMC10571253 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a carcinogenic bacterium, it is the greatest risk factor for gastric cancer (GC), according to these evidences, there may be a certain association between chronic H. pylori infections and serum levels of tumor markers. This study was conducted to determine serum levels of some tumor markers, namely carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and cancer antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) in patients with chronic H. pylori infections and evaluate the association between serum tumor marker levels and chronic patients with H. pylori infections in Ibb Governorate, Yemen. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This study involved 200 patients who had been diagnosed with H. pylori infections using a serum immunochromatography antibody test. Stool and blood samples were collected from all patients to confirm the presence of H. pylori through detection of serum H. pylori IgG antibody and stool antigen test (SAT). Additionally, serum samples were analyzed to measurement the level of certain tumor markers CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4. These tests were conducted at various Hospitals, Gastroenterology and Hepatology clinics in Ibb governorate, Yemen from October 2019 to November 2020. RESULTS The findings of current study showed that the prevalence of H. pylori infections by rapid anti H. pylori test were 200 (100%), 157 (78.5%) by serum H. pylori IgG antibody and 108 (54%) by SAT. In addition, the results showed that 42 (21%) of the patients had abnormal level of CEA, 30 (15%) had abnormal level of CA19-9 and 31 (15.5%) had abnormal level of CA72-4. Most importantly, the results indicated that the serum tumor marker levels CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4 were correlated with the levels of serum H. pylori IgG antibody as well as positive results from the SAT (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the results indicated that serum tumor marker levels were associated with different infection status. Finally, the results indicated that the serum levels of tumor markers were associated with older ages, symptomatic patients and long duration of H. pylori infections (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicated that there is a significant association between chronic H. pylori infections and the serum levels of tumor markers (CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4). This suggests that the patients with active chronic H. pylori infection may have an increased risk of developing GC. Therefore, monitoring and early detection of H. pylori infection and tumor markers levels in these patients may be crucial for identifying individuals at higher risk and implementing appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan K Saeed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.
- Department of Medical Laboratories, University of Science and Technology, Ibb, Yemen.
| | - B A Al-Ofairi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
- Departement of Medical Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Queen Arwa University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Mohammed A Hassan
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - M A Al-Jahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Ahmed M Abdulkareem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
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Liu Y, Li Y, Tan Q, Lv Y, Tang Y, Yang Y, Yao X, Yang F. Long-Term Exposure to Microcystin-LR Induces Gastric Toxicity by Activating the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:574. [PMID: 37756000 PMCID: PMC10535883 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have primarily concentrated on the hepatotoxicity of MC-LR, whereas its gastric toxicity effects and mechanisms of long-term exposure under low dosage remain unknown. Herein, the gastric tissue from C57BL/6 mice fed with drinking water contaminated by low-dose MC-LR (including 1, 60, and 120 μg/L) was investigated. The results obtained showed that exposure to different concentrations of MC-LR resulted in significant shedding and necrosis of gastric epithelial cells in mice, and a down-regulation of tight junction markers, including ZO-1, Claudin1, and Occludin in the stomach, which might lead to increased permeability of the gastric mucosa. Moreover, the protein expression levels of p-RAF/RAF, p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2, Pink1, Parkin, and LC3-II/LC-3-I were increased in the gastric tissue of mice exposed to 120 μg/L of MC-LR, while the protein expression level of P62 was significantly decreased. Furthermore, we found that pro-inflammatory factors, including IL-6 and TNF-ɑ, were dramatically increased, while the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was significantly decreased in the gastric tissue of MC-LR-exposed mice. The activation of the MAPK signaling pathway and mitophagy might contribute to the development of gastric damage by promoting inflammation. We first reported that long-term exposure to MC-LR induced gastric toxicity by activating the MAPK signaling pathway, providing a new insight into the gastric toxic mechanisms caused by MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China
| | - Yafang Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China
| | - Qinmei Tan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China
| | - Yilin Lv
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China
| | - Yue Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China
| | - Xueqiong Yao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China
- Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China
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Grahl MVC, Andrade BDS, Perin APA, Neves GA, Duarte LDS, Uberti AF, Hohl KS, Follmer C, Carlini CR. Could the Urease of the Gut Bacterium Proteus mirabilis Play a Role in the Altered Gut-Brain Talk Associated with Parkinson's Disease? Microorganisms 2023; 11:2042. [PMID: 37630602 PMCID: PMC10459573 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis seems to play a role in neurodegenerative pathologies. Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have an altered gut microbiota. Moreover, mice treated orally with the gut microbe Proteus mirabilis developed Parkinson's-like symptoms. Here, the possible involvement of P. mirabilis urease (PMU) and its B subunit (PmUreβ) in the pathogenesis of PD was assessed. Purified proteins were given to mice intraperitoneally (20 μg/animal/day) for one week. Behavioral tests were conducted, and brain homogenates of the treated animals were subjected to immunoassays. After treatment with PMU, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were measured in Caco2 cells and cellular permeability was assayed in Hek 293. The proteins were incubated in vitro with α-synuclein and examined via transmission electron microscopy. Our results showed that PMU treatment induced depressive-like behavior in mice. No motor deficits were observed. The brain homogenates had an increased content of caspase-9, while the levels of α-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase decreased. PMU increased the pro-inflammatory cytokines and altered the cellular permeability in cultured cells. The urease, but not the PmUreβ, altered the morphology of α-synuclein aggregates in vitro, forming fragmented aggregates. We concluded that PMU promotes pro-inflammatory effects in cultured cells. In vivo, PMU induces neuroinflammation and a depressive-like phenotype compatible with the first stages of PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus V. C. Grahl
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences and Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (M.V.C.G.); (A.F.U.)
- School of Health Sciences, University Center Ritter dos Reis, Porto Alegre 90840-440, RS, Brazil
| | - Brenda da Silva Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-590, RJ, Brazil; (B.d.S.A.); (G.A.N.); (L.d.S.D.)
| | - Ana Paula A. Perin
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil;
| | - Gilda A. Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-590, RJ, Brazil; (B.d.S.A.); (G.A.N.); (L.d.S.D.)
| | - Laura de Souza Duarte
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-590, RJ, Brazil; (B.d.S.A.); (G.A.N.); (L.d.S.D.)
| | - Augusto Frantz Uberti
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences and Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (M.V.C.G.); (A.F.U.)
| | - Kelvin Siqueira Hohl
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences—Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil;
| | - Cristian Follmer
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Physical-Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Celia Regina Carlini
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Brain Diseases, Excitotoxity and Neuroprotection (INCT-EN), Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil
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Li S, Zhao W, Xia L, Kong L, Yang L. How Long Will It Take to Launch an Effective Helicobacter pylori Vaccine for Humans? Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:3787-3805. [PMID: 37342435 PMCID: PMC10278649 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s412361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection often occurs in early childhood, and can last a lifetime if not treated with medication. H. pylori infection can also cause a variety of stomach diseases, which can only be treated with a combination of antibiotics. Combinations of antibiotics can cure H. pylori infection, but it is easy to relapse and develop drug resistance. Therefore, a vaccine is a promising strategy for prevention and therapy for the infection of H. pylori. After decades of research and development, there has been no appearance of any H. pylori vaccine reaching the market, unfortunately. This review summarizes the aspects of candidate antigens, immunoadjuvants, and delivery systems in the long journey of H. pylori vaccine research, and also introduces some clinical trials that have displayed encouraging or depressing results. Possible reasons for the inability of an H. pylori vaccine to be available over the counter are cautiously discussed and some propositions for the future of H. pylori vaccines are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Xia
- Bloomage Biotechnology Corporation Limited, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009People’s Republic of China
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Amalia R, Panenggak NSR, Doohan D, Rezkitha YAA, Waskito LA, Syam AF, Lubis M, Yamaoka Y, Miftahussurur M. A comprehensive evaluation of an animal model for Helicobacter pylori-associated stomach cancer: Fact and controversy. Helicobacter 2023; 28:e12943. [PMID: 36627714 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Even though Helicobacter pylori infection was the most causative factor of gastric cancer, numerous in vivo studies failed to induce gastric cancer using H. pylori infection only. The utilization of established animal studies in cancer research is crucial as they aim to investigate the coincidental association between suspected oncogenes and pathogenesis as well as generate models for the development and testing of potential treatments. The methods to establish gastric cancer using infected animal models remain limited, diverse in methods, and showed different results. This study investigates the differences in animal models, which highlight different pathological results in gaster by literature research. Electronic databases searched were performed in PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane, without a period filter. A total of 135 articles were used in this study after a full-text assessment was conducted. The most frequent animal models used for gastric cancer were Mice, while Mongolian gerbils and Transgenic mice were the most susceptible model for gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection. Additionally, transgenic mice showed that the susceptibility to gastric cancer progression was due to genetic and epigenetic factors. These studies showed that in Mongolian gerbil models, H. pylori could function as a single agent to trigger stomach cancer. However, most gastric cancer susceptibilities were not solely relying on H. pylori infection, and numerous factors are involved in cancer progression. Further study using Mongolian gerbils and Transgenic mice is crucial to conduct and establish the best models for gastric cancer associated H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizki Amalia
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nur Syahadati Retno Panenggak
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dalla Doohan
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yudith Annisa Ayu Rezkitha
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Langgeng Agung Waskito
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Physiology and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ari Fahrial Syam
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Masrul Lubis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, Houston, USA
| | - Muhammad Miftahussurur
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Division of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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12
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Wroblewski LE, Peek RM. Clinical Pathogenesis, Molecular Mechanisms of Gastric Cancer Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:25-52. [PMID: 38231214 PMCID: PMC10924282 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The human pathogen Helicobacter pylori is the strongest known risk factor for gastric disease and cancer, and gastric cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death across the globe. Carcinogenic mechanisms associated with H. pylori are multifactorial and are driven by bacterial virulence constituents, host immune responses, environmental factors such as iron and salt, and the microbiota. Infection with strains that harbor the cytotoxin-associated genes (cag) pathogenicity island, which encodes a type IV secretion system (T4SS) confer increased risk for developing more severe gastric diseases. Other important H. pylori virulence factors that augment disease progression include vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), specifically type s1m1 vacA alleles, serine protease HtrA, and the outer-membrane adhesins HopQ, BabA, SabA and OipA. Additional risk factors for gastric cancer include dietary factors such as diets that are high in salt or low in iron, H. pylori-induced perturbations of the gastric microbiome, host genetic polymorphisms, and infection with Epstein-Barr virus. This chapter discusses in detail host factors and how H. pylori virulence factors augment the risk of developing gastric cancer in human patients as well as how the Mongolian gerbil model has been used to define mechanisms of H. pylori-induced inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia E Wroblewski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard M Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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13
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Naumann M, Ferino L, Sharafutdinov I, Backert S. Gastric Epithelial Barrier Disruption, Inflammation and Oncogenic Signal Transduction by Helicobacter pylori. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:207-238. [PMID: 38231220 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori exemplifies one of the most favourable bacterial pathogens worldwide. The bacterium colonizes the gastric mucosa in about half of the human population and constitutes a major risk factor for triggering gastric diseases such as stomach cancer. H. pylori infection represents a prime example of chronic inflammation and cancer-inducing bacterial pathogens. The microbe utilizes a remarkable set of virulence factors and strategies to control cellular checkpoints of inflammation and oncogenic signal transduction. This chapter emphasizes on the pathogenicity determinants of H. pylori such as the cytotoxin-associated genes pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-encoded type-IV secretion system (T4SS), effector protein CagA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) metabolite ADP-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose (ADP-heptose), cytotoxin VacA, serine protease HtrA, and urease, and how they manipulate various key host cell signaling networks in the gastric epithelium. In particular, we highlight the H. pylori-induced disruption of cell-to-cell junctions, pro-inflammatory activities, as well as proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic responses. Here we review these hijacked signal transduction events and their impact on gastric disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Lorena Ferino
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Dept. Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Dept. Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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14
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Choi S, Kim N, Park JH, Nam RH, Song CH, Lee HS. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection and its eradication on the expression of tight junction proteins in the gastric epithelium in relation to gastric carcinogenesis. Helicobacter 2022; 27:e12929. [PMID: 36063450 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tight junction proteins (TJPs) play a role in epithelial defense mechanisms. However, the effect of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) on TJPs remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of TJPs in relation to Hp infection and eradication in gastric carcinogenesis. METHODS In total, 510 subjects (284 controls and 226 gastric cancer [GC] patients) were prospectively enrolled in the study. The expression of claudin-1 and -2 (CLDN-1, -2), occludin (OCLN), and tight junction protein 1 (TJP1) was measured based on their Hp infection status in normal corpus mucosa and evaluated following Hp eradication using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS The expression of TJP1 in Hp+ controls was significantly lower than that in Hp- controls (p = 0.006), whereas it was higher in Hp+ than in Hp- GC patients (p = 0.001). Moreover, the increased expression of TJP1 in Hp+ GC patients was reduced to levels in Hp- within a year after Hp eradication and was maintained for more than 5 years. Furthermore, IHC results for TJP1 were similar to qPCR results. In particular, the higher IHC staining intensity of TJP1 in the cytosol of GC patients (p = 0.019) decreased after Hp eradication (p = 0.040). CONCLUSION Hp infection affects TJP expression. The high expression of TJP1 in Hp+ GC patients was restored to control levels after Hp eradication, suggesting that TJP1 plays a role in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- SooIn Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Chin-Hee Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Fjordside L, Herløv C, Drabe CH, Andersen LP, Katzenstein TL. Helicobacter trogontum Bacteremia and Lower Limb Skin Lesion in a Patient with X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia-A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Pathogens 2022; 11:1247. [PMID: 36364998 PMCID: PMC9696073 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe the first case of infection with Helicobacter trogontum in a patient with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. A 22-year-old male with X-linked agammaglobulinemia presented with fever, malaise and a painful skin lesion on the lower left extremity. Spiral shaped Gram-negative rods were isolated from blood cultures and later identified as Helicobacter trogontum. The patient was treated with various intravenous and oral antibiotic regimens over a period of 10 months, each causing seemingly full clinical and paraclinical remission, yet several episodes of relapse occurred after cessation of antibiotic treatment. The review of the literature showed that only a few cases of infections with enterohepatic helicobacters belonging to the Flexispira rappini taxons have previously been reported. The majority of cases included patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia and the symptomatology and course of disease were similar to the case described here. Infections with enterohepatic helicobacters, including Helicobacter trogontum, should be considered in patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia presenting with fever, malaise and skin lesions. Careful cultivation and microbiological investigation are essential to determine the diagnosis and a long treatment period of over 6 months must be expected for successful eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Fjordside
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Herløv
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Heldbjerg Drabe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leif Percival Andersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terese L. Katzenstein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Prichard A, Khuu L, Whitmore LC, Irimia D, Allen LAH. Helicobacter pylori-infected human neutrophils exhibit impaired chemotaxis and a uropod retraction defect. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1038349. [PMID: 36341418 PMCID: PMC9630475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a major human pathogen that colonizes the gastric mucosa and plays a causative role in development of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Neutrophils are heavily infected with this organism in vivo and play a prominent role in tissue destruction and disease. Recently, we demonstrated that H. pylori exploits neutrophil plasticity as part of its virulence strategy eliciting N1-like subtype differentiation that is notable for profound nuclear hypersegmentation. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that hypersegmentation may enhance neutrophil migratory capacity. However, EZ-TAXIScan™ video imaging revealed a previously unappreciated and progressive chemotaxis defect that was apparent prior to hypersegmentation onset. Cell speed and directionality were significantly impaired to fMLF as well as C5a and IL-8. Infected cells oriented normally in chemotactic gradients, but speed and direction were impaired because of a uropod retraction defect that led to cell elongation, nuclear lobe trapping in the contracted rear and progressive narrowing of the leading edge. In contrast, chemotactic receptor abundance, adhesion, phagocytosis and other aspects of cell function were unchanged. At the molecular level, H. pylori phenocopied the effects of Blebbistatin as indicated by aberrant accumulation of F-actin and actin spikes at the uropod together with enhanced ROCKII-mediated phosphorylation of myosin IIA regulatory light chains at S19. At the same time, RhoA and ROCKII disappeared from the cell rear and accumulated at the leading edge whereas myosin IIA was enriched at both cell poles. These data suggest that H. pylori inhibits the dynamic changes in myosin IIA contractility and front-to-back polarity that are essential for chemotaxis. Taken together, our data advance understanding of PMN plasticity and H. pylori pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Prichard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Lisa Khuu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Laura C. Whitmore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Department of Surgery, BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lee-Ann H. Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Lee-Ann H. Allen,
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17
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Feng C, Liu X, Hu N, Tang Y, Feng M, Zhou Z. Aeromonas hydrophila Ssp1: A secretory serine protease that disrupts tight junction integrity and is essential for host infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:530-541. [PMID: 35798244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen with a broad host range, including fish and humans. In this study, we examined the function of a secretory serine protease (named Ssp1) identified in pathogenic A. hydrophila CCL1. Ssp1 possesses a trypsin-like serine protease domain and contains two conserved PDZ domains. Recombinant Ssp1 protein (rSsp1) treatment increased intestinal permeability by downregulating and redistributing tight junction protein Occludin in intestinal Caco-2 cells in vitro. Western blot demonstrated that rSsp1 treatment in Caco-2 cells resulted in marked increases in the expressions of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and phosphorylated myosin light chain (p-MLC). For virulence analysis, an isogenic CCL1 mutant ΔSsp1 was created. ΔSsp1 bears an in-frame deletion of the Ssp1 gene. A live infection study in crucian carps showed that, compared to CCL1, ΔSsp1 infection exhibited increased Occludin expression, reduced intestinal permeability and tissue dissemination capacity, and attenuated overall virulence in vivo. However, ΔSsp1 showed no differences in the biofilm formation, swimming motility, and resistance to environmental stress. These lost virulence capacities of ΔSsp1 were restored by complementation with the Ssp1 gene. Global transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time RT-PCR showed that compared to CCL1 infection, ΔSsp1 promoted the expressions of antimicrobial molecules (MUC2, LEAP-2, Hepcidin-1, and IL-22). Finally, CCL1 infection caused significant dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, including increased Vibrio and Deefgea compared to ΔSsp1 infected fish. Taken together, these results indicate that Ssp1 is essential for the virulence of A. hydrophila and is required for the perturbation of intestinal tight junction barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Nutrition, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Niewen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yiyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Mengzhe Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Zejun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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18
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Sheng YH, Hasnain SZ. Mucus and Mucins: The Underappreciated Host Defence System. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:856962. [PMID: 35774401 PMCID: PMC9238349 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.856962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces that form the boundary between the external environment and the underlying tissue are protected by a mucus barrier. Mucin glycoproteins, both secreted and cell surface mucins, are the major components of the barrier. They can exclude pathogens and toxins while hosting the commensal bacteria. In this review, we highlight the dynamic function of the mucins and mucus during infection, how this mucosal barrier is regulated, and how pathogens have evolved mechanisms to evade this defence system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hua Sheng
- Immunopathology Group, Mater Research Institute−The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Sumaira Z. Hasnain
- Immunopathology Group, Mater Research Institute−The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sumaira Z. Hasnain,
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19
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Moonwiriyakit A, Pathomthongtaweechai N, Steinhagen PR, Chantawichitwong P, Satianrapapong W, Pongkorpsakol P. Tight junctions: from molecules to gastrointestinal diseases. Tissue Barriers 2022; 11:2077620. [PMID: 35621376 PMCID: PMC10161963 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2077620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium functions as a tissue barrier to prevent interaction between the internal compartment and the external milieu. Intestinal barrier function also determines epithelial polarity for the absorption of nutrients and the secretion of waste products. These vital functions require strong integrity of tight junction proteins. In fact, intestinal tight junctions that seal the paracellular space can restrict mucosal-to-serosal transport of hostile luminal contents. Tight junctions can form both an absolute barrier and a paracellular ion channel. Although defective tight junctions potentially lead to compromised intestinal barrier and the development and progression of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, no FDA-approved therapies that recover the epithelial tight junction barrier are currently available in clinical practice. Here, we discuss the impacts and regulatory mechanisms of tight junction disruption in the gut and related diseases. We also provide an overview of potential therapeutic targets to restore the epithelial tight junction barrier in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aekkacha Moonwiriyakit
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Nutthapoom Pathomthongtaweechai
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Peter R Steinhagen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Pawin Pongkorpsakol
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
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20
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Oster P, Vaillant L, McMillan B, Velin D. The Efficacy of Cancer Immunotherapies Is Compromised by Helicobacter pylori Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899161. [PMID: 35677057 PMCID: PMC9168074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects the gastric mucosa of a large number of humans. Although asymptomatic in the vast majority of cases, H pylori infection can lead to the development of peptic ulcers gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Using a variety of mechanisms, H pylori locally suppresses the function of the host immune system to establish chronic infection. Systemic immunomodulation has been observed in both clinical and pre-clinical studies, which have demonstrated that H pylori infection is associated with reduced incidence of inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and Crohn’s disease. The introduction of immunotherapies in the arsenal of anti-cancer drugs has revealed a new facet of H pylori-induced immune suppression. In this review, we will describe the intimate interactions between H pylori and its host, and formulate hypothtyeses describing the detrimental impact of H pylori infection on the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies.
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21
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Wu X, Jian A, Tang H, Liu W, Liu F, Liu S, Wu H. A Multi-Omics Study on the Effect of Helicobacter Pylori-Related Genes in the Tumor Immunity on Stomach Adenocarcinoma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:880636. [PMID: 35619651 PMCID: PMC9127319 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.880636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (HP), a gram-negative spiral-shaped microaerophilic bacterium, colonizes the stomach of approximately 50% of the world’s population, which is considered a risk factor for gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and other malignancies. HP is also considered carcinogenic since it involves the mutation and damage of multiple HP-related genes. Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is a common stom5ach cancer with a poor prognosis and high risk of metastasis in the advanced stage. Therefore, an early diagnosis and targeted therapies are needed to ensure a better prognosis. In this study, a scoring system was constructed based on three HP infection–related candidate genes to enable a more accurate prediction of tumor progression and metastasis and response to immunotherapies. Methods HP infection–induced mutation patterns of STAD samples from six cohorts were comprehensively assessed based on 73 HP-related genes, which were then correlated with the immune cell–infiltrating characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The risk signature was constructed to quantify the influence of HP infection on individual tumors. Subsequently, an accurate nomogram was generated to improve the clinical applicability of the risk signature. We conducted immunohistochemical experiments and used the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities (AHYMUN) cohort data set with survival information to further verify the clinical value of this risk signature. Results Two distinct HP-related mutation patterns with different immune cell–infiltrating characteristics (ICIC) and survival possibility were identified. We demonstrated that the evaluation of HP infection–induced mutation patterns of tumor could assist the prediction of stages, phenotypes, stromal activity, genetic diversity, and patient prognosis. A low risk score involved an increased mutation burden and activation of immune responses, with a higher 5-year survival rate and enhanced response to anti-PD-1/L1 immunotherapy, while a high risk score involved stromal activation and poorer survival. The efficiency of the risk signature was further evidenced by the nomogram. Conclusions STAD patients with a low risk score demonstrated significant therapeutic advantages and clinical benefits. HP infection–induced mutations play a nonnegligible role in STAD development. Quantifying the HP-related mutation patterns of individual tumors will contribute to phenotype classification, guide more effective targeted and personalized therapies, and enable more accurate predictions of metastasis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Aiwen Jian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haidan Tang
- Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Wangrui Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Department of Interventional Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengyuan Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shifan Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huiqun Wu
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Huiqun Wu,
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22
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Ju Z, Shen L, Zhou M, Luo J, Yu Z, Qu C, Lei R, Lei M, Huang R. Helicobacter pylori and Alzheimer's Disease-Related Metabolic Dysfunction: Activation of TLR4/Myd88 Inflammation Pathway from p53 Perspective and a Case Study of Low-Dose Radiation Intervention. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1065-1081. [PMID: 35312296 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis is observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is frequently associated with AD-induced metabolic dysfunction. However, the extent and specific underlying molecular mechanisms triggered by alterations of gut microbiota composition and function mediating AD-induced metabolic dysfunction in AD remain incompletely uncovered. Here, we indicate that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is abundant in AD patients with relative metabolic dysfunction. Fecal microbiota transplantation from the AD patients promoted metabolic dysfunction in mice and increased gut permeability. H. pylori increased gut permeability through activation of the TLR4/Myd88 inflammation pathway in a p53-dependent manner, leading to metabolic dysfunction. Moreover, p53 deficiency reduced bile acid concentration, leading to an increased abundance of H. pylori colonization. Overall, these data identify H. pylori as a key promoter of AD-induced metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ju
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Liangfang Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jinhua Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zijian Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Qu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ridan Lei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Mingjun Lei
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ruixue Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
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23
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Murata-Kamiya N, Hatakeyama M. Helicobacter pylori-induced DNA double-strand break in the development of gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1909-1918. [PMID: 35359025 PMCID: PMC9207368 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains plays an etiological role in the development of gastric cancer. The CagA protein is injected into gastric epithelial cells through a bacterial Type IV secretion system. Inside the host cells, CagA promiscuously associates with multiple host cell proteins including the prooncogenic phosphatase SHP2 that is required for full activation of the RAS-ERK pathway. CagA-SHP2 interaction aberrantly activates SHP2 and thereby deregulates RAS-ERK signaling. Cancer is regarded as a disease of the genome, indicating that H. pylori-mediated gastric carcinogenesis is also associated with genomic alterations in the host cell. Indeed, accumulating evidence has indicated that H. pylori infection provokes DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by both CagA-dependent and -independent mechanisms. DSBs are repaired by either error-free homologous recombination (HR) or error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). Infection with cagA-positive H. pylori inhibits RAD51 expression while dampening cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocalization of BRCA1, causing replication fork instability and HR defects (known as "BRCAness"), which collectively provoke genomic hypermutation via non-HR-mediated DSB repair. H. pylori also subverts multiple DNA damage responses including DNA repair systems. Infection with H. pylori additionally inhibits the function of the p53 tumor suppressor, thereby dampening DNA damage-induced apoptosis while promoting proliferation of CagA-delivered cells. Thus, H. pylori cagA-positive strains promote abnormal expansion of cells with BRCAness, which dramatically increases the chance of generating driver gene mutations in the host cells. Once such driver mutations are acquired, H. pylori CagA is no longer required for subsequent gastric carcinogenesis (Hit-and-Run carcinogenesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Murata-Kamiya
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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24
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Zhao D, Yi H, Sang N. Arsenic intake-induced gastric toxicity is blocked by grape skin extract by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress in a mouse model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113305. [PMID: 35189519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is known to induce toxic responses in many organs of human beings and animals. However, research concerning toxicity in the stomach is limited. In this study, arsenic-induced gastric toxicity was investigated in a mouse model, and grape skin extract (GSE) was confirmed to have protective effects against arsenic toxicity. Our experimental results showed that exposure to 10 mg/l arsenic via drinking water for 56 days caused oxidative damage and inflammatory responses. The H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly increased, accompanied by significant decreases in total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content in the gastric tissue of arsenic-treated mice. Two inflammatory signalling pathways, i.e., TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB and IL-6/STAT-3, were activated, along with inflammatory cell infiltration and the elevated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the gastric tissue of mice exposed to arsenic. Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of the ZO-1, ZO-2 and occludin genes, which encode the key components of tight junction (TJ) complexes, were downregulated. However, the application of GSE (300 mg/kg bw) significantly inhibited the arsenic-induced increases in H2O2 and MDA contents and the decreases in T-SOD activity and GSH content. The arsenic-mediated gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ), MPO and IL-6/STAT3 and TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathways was found down-regulated. Moreover, the arsenic-induced inflammatory cell infiltration and inhibition of TJ genes transcription were markedly attenuated in the As+GSE (300 mg/kg bw) group. Based on the present findings, arsenic intake appears to cause gastric toxicity via oxidative stress and inflammation, and the application of GSE offers significant protection against arsenic toxicity in a mouse model by attenuating the oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Our results suggest that GSE by oral administration might function as a candidate therapeutic supplement to antagonize arsenic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Zhao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi Province, China; Center for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Huilan Yi
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi Province, China
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25
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Uberti AF, Callai-Silva N, Grahl MVC, Piovesan AR, Nachtigall EG, Furini CRG, Carlini CR. Helicobacter pylori Urease: Potential Contributions to Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063091. [PMID: 35328512 PMCID: PMC8949269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) causes dementia and memory loss in the elderly. Deposits of beta-amyloid peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau protein are present in a brain with AD. A filtrate of Helicobacter pylori’s culture was previously found to induce hyperphosphorylation of tau in vivo, suggesting that bacterial exotoxins could permeate the blood–brain barrier and directly induce tau’s phosphorylation. H. pylori, which infects ~60% of the world population and causes gastritis and gastric cancer, produces a pro-inflammatory urease (HPU). Here, the neurotoxic potential of HPU was investigated in cultured cells and in rats. SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to HPU (50–300 nM) produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and had an increased [Ca2+]i. HPU-treated BV-2 microglial cells produced ROS, cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, and showed reduced viability. Rats received daily i.p., HPU (5 µg) for 7 days. Hyperphosphorylation of tau at Ser199, Thr205 and Ser396 sites, with no alterations in total tau or GSK-3β levels, and overexpression of Iba1, a marker of microglial activation, were seen in hippocampal homogenates. HPU was not detected in the brain homogenates. Behavioral tests were performed to assess cognitive impairments. Our findings support previous data suggesting an association between infection by H. pylori and tauopathies such as AD, possibly mediated by its urease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto F. Uberti
- Laboratory of Neurotoxins, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BRAINS) and Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre CEP 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (A.F.U.); (N.C.-S.); (M.V.C.G.)
| | - Natalia Callai-Silva
- Laboratory of Neurotoxins, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BRAINS) and Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre CEP 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (A.F.U.); (N.C.-S.); (M.V.C.G.)
| | - Matheus V. C. Grahl
- Laboratory of Neurotoxins, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BRAINS) and Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre CEP 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (A.F.U.); (N.C.-S.); (M.V.C.G.)
| | - Angela R. Piovesan
- Center of Biotechnology, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil;
| | - Eduarda G. Nachtigall
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BRAINS) and Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre CEP 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (E.G.N.); (C.R.G.F.)
| | - Cristiane R. G. Furini
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BRAINS) and Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre CEP 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (E.G.N.); (C.R.G.F.)
| | - Celia Regina Carlini
- Laboratory of Neurotoxins, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BRAINS) and Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre CEP 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (A.F.U.); (N.C.-S.); (M.V.C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-51-3320-5986
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26
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Marques MS, Costa AC, Osório H, Pinto ML, Relvas S, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Carneiro F, Leite M, Figueiredo C. Helicobacter pylori PqqE is a new virulence factor that cleaves junctional adhesion molecule A and disrupts gastric epithelial integrity. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-21. [PMID: 33970782 PMCID: PMC8115454 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1921928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects approximately half of the world's population and is the strongest risk factor for peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, representing a major global health concern. H. pylori persistently colonizes the gastric epithelium, where it subverts the highly organized structures that maintain epithelial integrity. Here, a unique strategy used by H. pylori to disrupt the gastric epithelial junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is disclosed, using various experimental models that include gastric cell lines, primary human gastric cells, and biopsy specimens of infected and non-infected individuals. H. pylori preferentially cleaves the cytoplasmic domain of JAM-A at Alanine 285. Cells stably transfected with full-length JAM-A or JAM-A lacking the cleaved sequence are used in a range of functional assays, which demonstrate that the H. pylori cleaved region is critical to the maintenance of the epithelial barrier and of cell-cell adhesion. Notably, by combining chromatography techniques and mass spectrometry, PqqE (HP1012) is purified and identified as the H. pylori virulence factor that cleaves JAM-A, uncovering a previously unreported function for this bacterial protease. These findings propose a novel mechanism for H. pylori to disrupt epithelial integrity and functions, breaking new ground in the understanding of the pathogenesis of this highly prevalent and clinically relevant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel S. Marques
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Ipatimup – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Costa
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Ipatimup – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Osório
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Ipatimup – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta L. Pinto
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Ipatimup – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Relvas
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Dinis-Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Instituto Português de Oncologia, Porto, Portugal,Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Carneiro
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Ipatimup – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Leite
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Ipatimup – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ceu Figueiredo
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Ipatimup – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,CONTACT Ceu Figueiredo i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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27
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Prashar A, Capurro MI, Jones NL. Under the Radar: Strategies Used by Helicobacter pylori to Evade Host Responses. Annu Rev Physiol 2021; 84:485-506. [PMID: 34672717 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-035930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The body depends on its physical barriers and innate and adaptive immune responses to defend against the constant assault of potentially harmful microbes. In turn, successful pathogens have evolved unique mechanisms to adapt to the host environment and manipulate host defenses. Helicobacter pylori (Hp), a human gastric pathogen that is acquired in childhood and persists throughout life, is an example of a bacterium that is very successful at remodeling the host-pathogen interface to promote a long-term persistent infection. Using a combination of secreted virulence factors, immune subversion, and manipulation of cellular mechanisms, Hp can colonize and persist in the hostile environment of the human stomach. Here, we review the most recent and relevant information regarding how this successful pathogen overcomes gastric epithelial host defense responses to facilitate its own survival and establish a chronic infection. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Prashar
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Mariana I Capurro
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Nicola L Jones
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; .,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Guo R, Wu S, Guan L, Xie Y, Yang X, Li Z, Zhang Z. Dietary multivalent anti-Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin Y significantly increase the H. pylori eradication and improve the clinical symptoms in patients. Helicobacter 2021; 26:e12843. [PMID: 34382297 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY) as a novel model of immunotherapy to control Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori, Hp) infection has gained much interest in recent years. However, none of the current IgY therapies showed a total eradication of H. pylori on patients. METHODS In this report, the recombinant antigens of H. pylori, including UreB (1710 bp), BabA2 (1269 bp), and FlaA (399 bp), were, respectively, expressed and purified, and then mixed and subjected to immunize laying hens for the preparation of multivalent anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin Y (anti-Hp mIgY). Next, the biological activities of anti-Hp mIgY, including the recognition to antigens and the inhibition on H. pylori growth, were tested. Moreover, to perform a clinical trial, 94 Hp-infected patients, according to the values of 13 C urea breath test and the characteristics of gastroscopy of volunteers, were enrolled to evaluate the effects of dietary anti-Hp mIgY against H. pylori infection. After continuous dietary of anti-Hp mIgY for 2 weeks, the oral administration was terminated. The clinical symptoms of the patients were followed up at 2nd, 4th, and 6th week, respectively, and the 13 C urea breath test were re-examined at 6th week. RESULTS The anti-Hp mIgY could bind to recombinant antigens very well, and the titers of anti-Hp mIgY to UreB, Baba2, and FlaA, are 62.5, 125, and 250 μg/ml, respectively. The in vitro antibacterial test showed that the 2 mg/ml of anti-Hp mIgY could completely inhibit the H. pylori growth for 36 h. After a 2-week dietary of anti-Hp mIgY, the value of 13 C urea breath test was significantly decreased by 56.0% (25.9 ± 14.1 vs 11.4 ± 9.78, p < 0.001), the total improvement rate of clinical symptoms in volunteers was 87.3%, and the H. pylori eradication rate was 30.6%. CONCLUSION Two-week dietary of anti-Hp mIgY greatly improved the clinical symptoms and the quality of life of Hp-infected patients, and the H. pylori eradication rate reached up to 30.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, FuShun People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, FuShun People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Li Guan
- Department of Gastroenterology, FuShun People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Yongmei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Subject of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zaixin Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, China
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29
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Sağraç D, Şişli HB, Şenkal S, Hayal TB, Şahin F, Doğan A. Organoids in Tissue Transplantation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1347:45-64. [PMID: 34164796 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in stem cell-based research and genetic modification tools enable stem cell-based tissue regeneration applications in clinical therapies. Although inadequate cell numbers in culture, invasive isolation procedures, and poor survival rates after transplantation remain as major challenges, cell-based therapies are useful tools for tissue regeneration.Organoids hold a great promise for tissue regeneration, organ and disease modeling, drug testing, development, and genetic profiling studies. Establishment of 3D cell culture systems eliminates the disadvantages of 2D models in terms of cell adaptation and tissue structure and function. Organoids possess the capacity to mimic the specific features of tissue architecture, cell-type composition, and the functionality of real organs while preserving the advantages of simplified and easily accessible cell culture models. Thus, organoid technology might emerge as an alternative to cell and tissue transplantation. Although transplantation of various organoids in animal models has been demonstrated, liöitations related to vascularized structure formation, cell viability and functionality remain as obstacles in organoid-based transplantation therapies. Clinical applications of organoid-based transplantations might be possible in the near future, when limitations related to cell viability and tissue integration are solved. In this review, the literature was analyzed and discussed to explore the current status of organoid-based transplantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Sağraç
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hatice Burcu Şişli
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selinay Şenkal
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha Bartu Hayal
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Doğan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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30
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Strickland AB, Shi M. Mechanisms of fungal dissemination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3219-3238. [PMID: 33449153 PMCID: PMC8044058 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections are an increasing threat to global public health. There are more than six million fungal species worldwide, but less than 1% are known to infect humans. Most of these fungal infections are superficial, affecting the hair, skin and nails, but some species are capable of causing life-threatening diseases. The most common of these include Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. These fungi are typically innocuous and even constitute a part of the human microbiome, but if these pathogens disseminate throughout the body, they can cause fatal infections which account for more than one million deaths worldwide each year. Thus, systemic dissemination of fungi is a critical step in the development of these deadly infections. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of how fungi disseminate from the initial infection sites to the bloodstream, how immune cells eliminate fungi from circulation and how fungi leave the blood and enter distant organs, highlighting some recent advances and offering some perspectives on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B Strickland
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Meiqing Shi
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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31
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Owens LA, Colitti B, Hirji I, Pizarro A, Jaffe JE, Moittié S, Bishop-Lilly KA, Estrella LA, Voegtly LJ, Kuhn JH, Suen G, Deblois CL, Dunn CD, Juan-Sallés C, Goldberg TL. A Sarcina bacterium linked to lethal disease in sanctuary chimpanzees in Sierra Leone. Nat Commun 2021; 12:763. [PMID: 33536429 PMCID: PMC7859188 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal infections with bacteria of the genus Sarcina (family Clostridiaceae) are associated with gastric dilation and emphysematous gastritis. However, the potential roles of sarcinae as commensals or pathogens remain unclear. Here, we investigate a lethal disease of unknown etiology that affects sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Sierra Leone. The disease, which we have named "epizootic neurologic and gastroenteric syndrome" (ENGS), is characterized by neurologic and gastrointestinal signs and results in death of the animals, even after medical treatment. Using a case-control study design, we show that ENGS is strongly associated with Sarcina infection. The microorganism is distinct from Sarcina ventriculi and other known members of its genus, based on bacterial morphology and growth characteristics. Whole-genome sequencing confirms this distinction and reveals the presence of genetic features that may account for the unusual virulence of the bacterium. Therefore, we propose that this organism be considered the representative of a new species, named "Candidatus Sarcina troglodytae". Our results suggest that a heretofore unrecognized complex of related sarcinae likely exists, some of which may be highly virulent. However, the potential role of "Ca. S. troglodytae" in the etiology of ENGS, alone or in combination with other factors, remains a topic for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Owens
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ismail Hirji
- Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Jenny E Jaffe
- Tai Chimpanzee Project, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Moittié
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
- Twycross Zoo, Atherstone, UK
| | - Kimberly A Bishop-Lilly
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Luis A Estrella
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Logan J Voegtly
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
- Leidos, Reston, VI, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Courtney L Deblois
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christopher D Dunn
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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32
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Andreev D, Maev I, Umyarova R. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection and acne. KLINICHESKAYA DERMATOLOGIYA I VENEROLOGIYA 2021; 20:33. [DOI: 10.17116/klinderma20212004133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
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Caron TJ, Scott KE, Sinha N, Muthupalani S, Baqai M, Ang LH, Li Y, Turner JR, Fox JG, Hagen SJ. Claudin-18 Loss Alters Transcellular Chloride Flux but not Tight Junction Ion Selectivity in Gastric Epithelial Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:783-801. [PMID: 33069918 PMCID: PMC7847960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tight junctions form a barrier to the paracellular passage of luminal antigens. Although most tight junction proteins reside within the apical tight junction complex, claudin-18 localizes mainly to the basolateral membrane where its contribution to paracellular ion transport is undefined. Claudin-18 loss in mice results in gastric neoplasia development and tumorigenesis that may or may not be due to tight junction dysfunction. The aim here was to investigate paracellular permeability defects in stomach mucosa from claudin-18 knockout (Cldn18-KO) mice. METHODS Stomach tissue from wild-type, heterozygous, or Cldn18-KO mice were stripped of the external muscle layer and mounted in Ussing chambers. Transepithelial resistance, dextran 4 kDa flux, and potential difference (PD) were calculated from the chambered tissues after identifying differences in tissue histopathology that were used to normalize these measurements. Marker expression for claudins and ion transporters were investigated by transcriptomic and immunostaining analysis. RESULTS No paracellular permeability defects were evident in stomach mucosa from Cldn18-KO mice. RNAseq identified changes in 4 claudins from Cldn18-KO mice, particularly the up-regulation of claudin-2. Although claudin-2 localized to tight junctions in cells at the base of gastric glands, its presence did not contribute overall to mucosal permeability. Stomach tissue from Cldn18-KO mice also had no PD versus a lumen-negative PD in tissues from wild-type mice. This difference resulted from changes in transcellular Cl- permeability with the down-regulation of Cl- loading and Cl- secreting anion transporters. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that Cldn18-KO has no effect on tight junction permeability in the stomach from adult mice but rather affects anion permeability. The phenotype in these mice may thus be secondary to transcellular anion transporter expression/function in the absence of claudin-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Caron
- Department of Surgery/Division of General Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen E Scott
- Department of Surgery/Division of General Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nishita Sinha
- Department of Surgery/Division of General Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mahnoor Baqai
- Department of Surgery/Division of General Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lay-Hong Ang
- Department of Surgery/Division of General Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Surgery/Division of General Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Susan J Hagen
- Department of Surgery/Division of General Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Searching for putative virulence factors in the genomes of Shewanella indica and Shewanella algae. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:683-692. [PMID: 33040180 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are a major threat to both humans and animals worldwide. It is crucial to understand the mechanisms of various disease processes at the molecular level. Shewanella species are widespread in the environment and some are considered as emerging opportunistic human and marine mammal pathogens. In this study, putative virulence factors on the genome of Shewanella indica BW, a bacterium isolated from the Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni), were determined. Additionally, for comparative purposes, putative virulence factors from two other S. indica and ten S. algae strains were also determined using the Pathosystems Resource Integration Center (PATRIC) pipeline. We confirmed the presence of previously reported virulence factors and we are proposing several new candidate virulence factors. Interestingly, the putative virulence factors were very similar between the two species with the exception of microbial collagenase which was present in all S. algae genomes, but absent in all S. indica genomes.
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Teng G, Liu Y, Wu T, Wang W, Wang H, Hu F. Efficacy of Sucralfate-Combined Quadruple Therapy on Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Helicobacter pylori and Its Effect on Gastrointestinal Flora. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4936318. [PMID: 32934960 PMCID: PMC7479470 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4936318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of standard triple therapy combined with sucralfate suspension gel as well as the mechanisms of action in mouse models of H. pylori infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (natural control), HP (H. pylori infection), RAC (rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin), RACS (RAC and sucralfate suspension gel), and RACB (RAC and bismuth potassium citrate). HE staining and electron microscopy were performed to estimate histological and ultrastructural damages. The IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α of gastric antrum tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. ZO-1 and Occludin were also detected with immunohistochemistry. The genomes of gastric and fecal microbiota were sequenced. RESULTS The eradication rate of H. pylori in the RACS group was higher than the RAC group. RACS therapy had protective effects on H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damages, which were superior to the RAC group. RACS therapy reduced the protein and mRNA levels of IL-8 compared with the RAC group. The expression of Occludin in the RACS group was significantly higher than that of the RAC group. The composition of gastric and fecal microbiota for RACS was similar to the RACB group according to PCA. CONCLUSIONS The RACS regimen eradicated H. pylori infection effectively and showed RACS had protective effects against H. pylori-induced histological and ultrastructural damage. The mechanisms of RACS effects included decreasing IL-8, enhancing Occludin, and transforming gastric microbiota. Moreover, RACS and RACB have a similar effect on gastrointestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guigen Teng
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huahong Wang
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fulian Hu
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Jan HM, Chen YC, Yang TC, Ong LL, Chang CC, Muthusamy S, Abera AB, Wu MS, Gervay-Hague J, Mong KKT, Lin CH. Cholesteryl α-D-glucoside 6-acyltransferase enhances the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to gastric epithelium. Commun Biol 2020; 3:120. [PMID: 32170208 PMCID: PMC7069968 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, the most common etiologic agent of gastric diseases including gastric cancer, is auxotrophic for cholesterol and has to hijack it from gastric epithelia. Upon uptake, the bacteria convert cholesterol to cholesteryl 6′-O-acyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (CAG) to promote lipid raft clustering in the host cell membranes. However, how CAG appears in the host to exert the pathogenesis still remains ambiguous. Herein we identified hp0499 to be the gene of cholesteryl α-D-glucopyranoside acyltransferase (CGAT). Together with cholesteryl glucosyltransferase (catalyzing the prior step), CGAT is secreted via outer membrane vesicles to the host cells for direct synthesis of CAG. This significantly enhances lipid rafts clustering, gathers adhesion molecules (including Lewis antigens and integrins α5, β1), and promotes more bacterial adhesion. Furthermore, the clinically used drug amiodarone was shown as a potent inhibitor of CGAT to effectively reduce the bacterial adhesion, indicating that CGAT is a potential target of therapeutic intervention. Jan et al. identify cholesteryl α-D- glucopyranoside acyltransferase as a key enzyme in Helicobacter pylori’s synthesis of cholesteryl 6’-O-acyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, which promotes bacterial adhesion. This study provides insights into the H. pylori-induced pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau-Ming Jan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academic Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chi Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academic Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chen Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academic Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Lih Ong
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academic Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan.,Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Sasikala Muthusamy
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academic Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Andualem Bahiru Abera
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academic Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | | | - Kwok-Kong Tony Mong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academic Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Ji R, Wang P, Kou GJ, Zuo XL, Wang X, Li YQ. Impaired gastric mucosal integrity identified by confocal endomicroscopy in Helicobacter pylori-negative functional dyspepsia. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13719. [PMID: 31574212 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia (FD). We hypothesis that altered gastric permeability is involved in the onset and persistence of this disorder. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate gastric mucosal integrity and mast cell numbers in patients with FD. METHODS We enrolled 58 patients with FD fulfilling the Rome III criteria (H Pylori negative), 20 inflammatory control subjects (H Pylori positive), and 20 healthy controls (H Pylori negative). Probe-based confocal endomicroscopy was performed using intravenous fluorescein to assess the paracellular fluorescein leakage and cell shedding. Mast cells were identified with quantitative immunohistochemistry on mucosal biopsies. KEY RESULTS Endomicroscopic score of paracellular permeability was significantly higher in H pylori-negative FD patients compared with healthy controls (1.45 ± 1.27 vs 3.69 ± 3.18, P = .006). However, FD patients and healthy controls did not show differences in cell shedding score (0.75 ± 0.79 vs 1.29 ± 1.14, P = .069). Mast cell numbers were significantly increased compared with healthy control samples (18.91 ± 5.47 vs 14.1 ± 3.88, P < .001). The magnitude of increase in permeability was positively correlated with mast cell numbers of FD patients (rs = .6588, P < .0001), but not dyspepsia symptom scores. CONCLUSION AND INFERENCES Impaired gastric barrier function is present in FD patients. This might provide a new pathophysiological mechanism and therapeutical target in FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guan-Jun Kou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiu-Li Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Ansari S, Yamaoka Y. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors Exploiting Gastric Colonization and its Pathogenicity. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E677. [PMID: 31752394 PMCID: PMC6891454 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric epithelial cells of at least half of the world's population, and it is the strongest risk factor for developing gastric complications like chronic gastritis, ulcer diseases, and gastric cancer. To successfully colonize and establish a persistent infection, the bacteria must overcome harsh gastric conditions. H. pylori has a well-developed mechanism by which it can survive in a very acidic niche. Despite bacterial factors, gastric environmental factors and host genetic constituents together play a co-operative role for gastric pathogenicity. The virulence factors include bacterial colonization factors BabA, SabA, OipA, and HopQ, and the virulence factors necessary for gastric pathogenicity include the effector proteins like CagA, VacA, HtrA, and the outer membrane vesicles. Bacterial factors are considered more important. Here, we summarize the recent information to better understand several bacterial virulence factors and their role in the pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur 44200, Chitwan, Nepal;
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
- Global Oita Medical Advanced Research Center for Health, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabaru, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
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Abstract
Nickel is an essential cofactor for some pathogen virulence factors. Due to its low availability in hosts, pathogens must efficiently transport the metal and then balance its ready intracellular availability for enzyme maturation with metal toxicity concerns. The most notable virulence-associated components are the Ni-enzymes hydrogenase and urease. Both enzymes, along with their associated nickel transporters, storage reservoirs, and maturation enzymes have been best-studied in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium which depends heavily on nickel. Molecular hydrogen utilization is associated with efficient host colonization by the Helicobacters, which include both gastric and liver pathogens. Translocation of a H. pylori carcinogenic toxin into host epithelial cells is powered by H2 use. The multiple [NiFe] hydrogenases of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium are important in host colonization, while ureases play important roles in both prokaryotic (Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus spp.) and eukaryotic (Cryptoccoccus genus) pathogens associated with urinary tract infections. Other Ni-requiring enzymes, such as Ni-acireductone dioxygenase (ARD), Ni-superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Ni-glyoxalase I (GloI) play important metabolic or detoxifying roles in other pathogens. Nickel-requiring enzymes are likely important for virulence of at least 40 prokaryotic and nine eukaryotic pathogenic species, as described herein. The potential for pathogenic roles of many new Ni-binding components exists, based on recent experimental data and on the key roles that Ni enzymes play in a diverse array of pathogens.
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Yao X, Smolka AJ. Gastric Parietal Cell Physiology and Helicobacter pylori-Induced Disease. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:2158-2173. [PMID: 30831083 PMCID: PMC6715393 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acidification of the gastric lumen poses a barrier to transit of potentially pathogenic bacteria and enables activation of pepsin to complement nutrient proteolysis initiated by salivary proteases. Histamine-induced activation of the PKA signaling pathway in gastric corpus parietal cells causes insertion of proton pumps into their apical plasma membranes. Parietal cell secretion and homeostasis are regulated by signaling pathways that control cytoskeletal changes required for apical membrane remodeling and organelle and proton pump activities. Helicobacter pylori colonization of human gastric mucosa affects gastric epithelial cell plasticity and homeostasis, promoting epithelial progression to neoplasia. By intervening in proton pump expression, H pylori regulates the abundance and diversity of microbiota that populate the intestinal lumen. We review stimulation-secretion coupling and renewal mechanisms in parietal cells and the mechanisms by which H pylori toxins and effectors alter cell secretory pathways (constitutive and regulated) and organelles to establish and maintain their inter- and intracellular niches. Studies of bacterial toxins and their effector proteins have provided insights into parietal cell physiology and the mechanisms by which pathogens gain control of cell activities, increasing our understanding of gastrointestinal physiology, microbial infectious disease, and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebiao Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Adam J. Smolka
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Uotani T, Murakami K, Uchida T, Tanaka S, Nagashima H, Zeng XL, Akada J, Estes MK, Graham DY, Yamaoka Y. Changes of tight junction and interleukin-8 expression using a human gastroid monolayer model of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2019; 24:e12583. [PMID: 30950121 PMCID: PMC6918952 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of a model that mirrors Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric mucosal inflammation has hampered investigation of early host-bacterial interactions. We used an ex vivo model of human stomach, gastric epithelial organoid monolayers (gastroid monolayers) to investigate interactions of H pylori infection and the apical junctional complex and interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression. METHOD Morphology of human antral mucosal gastroid monolayers was evaluated using histology, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Functional and gross changes in the apical junctional complexes were assessed using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), cytotoxicity assays, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. IL-8 expression was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA. RESULTS When evaluated by IHC and TEM, the morphology of gastroid monolayers closely resembled in vivo human stomach. Following inoculation of H pylori, TEER transiently declined (up to 51%) in an H pylori density-dependent manner. TEER recovered by 48 hours post-infection and remained normal despite continued presence and replication of H pylori. Confocal scanning microscopy showed minimal disruption of zonula occludens-1 or E-cadherin structure. IL-8 production was unchanged by infection with either CagA-positive or CagA-negative H pylori and JNK and MEK inhibitors did not suppress IL-8 production, whereas p38 and IKK inhibitor significantly did. CONCLUSION Human gastroid monolayers provide a model for experimental H pylori infection more consistent with in vivo human infections than seen with typical gastric epithelial cell lines. This ex vivo system should lead to better understanding of H pylori host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Uotani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas,Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tomohisa Uchida
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Shingo Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas,Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | | | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Junko Akada
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David Y. Graham
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas,Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
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de Jesus Souza M, de Moraes JA, Da Silva VN, Helal-Neto E, Uberti AF, Scopel-Guerra A, Olivera-Severo D, Carlini CR, Barja-Fidalgo C. Helicobacter pylori urease induces pro-inflammatory effects and differentiation of human endothelial cells: Cellular and molecular mechanism. Helicobacter 2019; 24:e12573. [PMID: 30907046 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori urease (HPU) is a key virulence factor that enables bacteria to colonize and survive in the stomach. We early demonstrated that HPU, independent of its catalytic activity, induced inflammatory and angiogenic responses in vivo and directly activated human neutrophils to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). We have investigated the effects of HPU on endothelial cells, focusing on the signaling mechanism involved. METHODS Monolayers of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were stimulated with HPU (up to 10 nmol/L): Paracellular permeability was accessed through dextran-FITC passage. NO and ROS production was evaluated using intracellular probes. Proteins or mRNA expressions were detected by Western blotting and fluorescence microscopy or qPCR assays, respectively. RESULTS Treatment with HPU enhanced paracellular permeability of HMEC-1, preceded by VE-cadherin phosphorylation and its dissociation from cell-cell junctions. This caused profound alterations in actin cytoskeleton dynamics and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation. HPU triggered ROS and nitric oxide (NO) production by endothelial cells. Increased intracellular ROS resulted in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation and upregulated expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Higher ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression was associated with increased neutrophil adhesion on HPU-stimulated HMEC monolayers. The effects of HPU on endothelial cells were dependent on ROS production and lipoxygenase pathway activation, being inhibited by esculetin. Additionally, HPU improved vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) expression. CONCLUSION The data suggest that the pro-inflammatory properties of HPU drive endothelial cell to a ROS-dependent program of differentiation that contributes to the progression of H pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariele de Jesus Souza
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Alfredo de Moraes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Redox Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vany Nascimento Da Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edward Helal-Neto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Augusto Frantz Uberti
- Laboratory of Neurotoxins, Brain Institute (BRAINS-InsCer), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriele Scopel-Guerra
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Deiber Olivera-Severo
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Célia R Carlini
- Laboratory of Neurotoxins, Brain Institute (BRAINS-InsCer), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Christina Barja-Fidalgo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Harrer A, Bücker R, Boehm M, Zarzecka U, Tegtmeyer N, Sticht H, Schulzke JD, Backert S. Campylobacter jejuni enters gut epithelial cells and impairs intestinal barrier function through cleavage of occludin by serine protease HtrA. Gut Pathog 2019; 11:4. [PMID: 30805031 PMCID: PMC6373145 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni secretes HtrA (high temperature requirement protein A), a serine protease that is involved in virulence. Here, we investigated the interaction of HtrA with the host protein occludin, a tight junction strand component. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that infection of polarized intestinal Caco-2 cells with C. jejuni strain 81-176 resulted in a redistribution of occludin away from the tight junctions into the cytoplasm, an effect that was also observed in human biopsies during acute campylobacteriosis. Occludin knockout Caco-2 cells were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Inactivation of this gene affected the polarization of the cells in monolayers and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was reduced, compared to wild-type Caco-2 cells. Although tight junctions were still being formed, occludin deficiency resulted in a slight decrease of the tight junction plaque protein ZO-1, which was redistributed off the tight junction into the lateral plasma membrane. Adherence of C. jejuni to Caco-2 cell monolayers was similar between the occludin knockout compared to wild-type cells, but invasion was enhanced, indicating that deletion of occludin allowed larger numbers of bacteria to pass the tight junctions and to reach basal membranes to target the fibronectin receptor followed by cell entry. Finally, we discovered that purified C. jejuni HtrA cleaves recombinant occludin in vitro to release a 37 kDa carboxy-terminal fragment. The same cleavage fragment was observed in Western blots upon infection of polarized Caco-2 cells with wild-type C. jejuni, but not with isogenic ΔhtrA mutants. HtrA cleavage was mapped to the second extracellular loop of occludin, and a putative cleavage site was identified. In conclusion, HtrA functions as a secreted protease targeting the tight junctions, which enables the bacteria by cleaving occludin and subcellular redistribution of other tight junction proteins to transmigrate using a paracellular mechanism and subsequently invade epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Harrer
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- 2Institut für Klinische Physiologie, Med. Klinik m.S. Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manja Boehm
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Urszula Zarzecka
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,4Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- 3Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg D Schulzke
- 2Institut für Klinische Physiologie, Med. Klinik m.S. Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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44
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Drolia R, Bhunia AK. Crossing the Intestinal Barrier via Listeria Adhesion Protein and Internalin A. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:408-425. [PMID: 30661918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cell lining provides the first line of defense, yet foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes can overcome this barrier; however, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Though the host M cells in Peyer's patch and the bacterial invasion protein internalin A (InlA) are involved, L. monocytogenes can cross the gut barrier in their absence. The interaction of Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) with the host cell receptor (heat shock protein 60) disrupts the epithelial barrier, promoting bacterial translocation. InlA aids L. monocytogenes transcytosis via interaction with the E-cadherin receptor, which is facilitated by epithelial cell extrusion and goblet cell exocytosis; however, LAP-induced cell junction opening may be an alternative bacterial strategy for InlA access to E-cadherin and its translocation. Here, we summarize the strategies that L. monocytogenes employs to circumvent the intestinal epithelial barrier and compare and contrast these strategies with other enteric bacterial pathogens. Additionally, we provide implications of recent findings for food safety regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Drolia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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45
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Sun Y, Cheng M, Xu M, Song L, Gao M, Hu H. The effects of subacute ruminal acidosis on rumen epithelium barrier function in dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Marques MS, Melo J, Cavadas B, Mendes N, Pereira L, Carneiro F, Figueiredo C, Leite M. Afadin Downregulation by Helicobacter pylori Induces Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2712. [PMID: 30473688 PMCID: PMC6237830 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Afadin is a cytoplasmic protein of the adherens junctions, which regulates the formation and stabilization of both the adherens and the tight junctions. Aberrant expression of Afadin has been shown in cancer and its loss has been associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is characterized by the change from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype, with modifications on the expression of adhesion molecules and acquisition of a migratory and invasive cell behavior. While it is known that Helicobacter pylori disrupts the tight and the adherens junctions and induces EMT, the effect of the bacteria on Afadin is still unknown. The aim of this study was to disclose the effect of H. pylori on Afadin and its impact in the induction of an EMT phenotype in gastric cells. Using two different cell lines, we observed that H. pylori infection decreased Afadin protein levels, independently of CagA, T4SS, and VacA virulence factors. H. pylori infection of cell lines recapitulated several EMT features, displacing and downregulating multiple proteins from cell–cell junctions, and increasing the expression of ZEB1, Vimentin, Slug, N-cadherin, and Snail. Silencing of Afadin by RNAi promoted delocalization of junctional proteins from the cell–cell contacts, increased paracellular permeability, and decreased transepithelial electrical resistance, all compatible with impaired junctional integrity. Afadin silencing also led to increased expression of the EMT marker Snail, and to the formation of actin stress fibers, together with increased cell motility and invasion. Finally, and in line with our in vitro data, the gastric mucosa of individuals infected with H. pylori showed decrease/loss of Afadin membrane staining at cell–cell contacts significantly more frequently than uninfected individuals. In conclusion, Afadin is downregulated by H. pylori infection in vitro and in vivo, and its downregulation leads to the emergence of EMT and to the acquisition of an aggressive phenotype in gastric cells, which can contribute to gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Sardinha Marques
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Melo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Cavadas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mendes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pereira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Carneiro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ceu Figueiredo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Leite
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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47
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Lim SH, Methé BA, Knoll BM, Morris A, Obaro SK. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in sickle cell disease in Africa: is increased gut permeability the missing link? J Transl Med 2018; 16:239. [PMID: 30165857 PMCID: PMC6116559 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella usually induces self-limiting gastroenteritis. However, in many parts of Africa, especially in individuals who are malnourished, infected with malaria, or have sickle cell disease, the organism causes serious and potentially fatal systemic infections. Since the portal of entry of non-typhoidal Salmonella into the systemic circulation is by way of the intestine, we argue that an increased gut permeability plays a vital role in the initiation of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in these patients. Here, we will appraise the evidence supporting a breach in the intestinal barrier and propose the mechanisms for the increased risks for invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seah H Lim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, New York Medical College, Hawthorne, NY, USA. .,Westchester Medical Center Cancer Institute, 19 Bradhurst Avenue, Suite 2575S, Hawthorne, NY, 10532, USA.
| | - Barbara A Methé
- Center for Microbiome in Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Bettina M Knoll
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, Hawthorne, NY, USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Center for Microbiome in Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Stephen K Obaro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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48
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Roxas JL, Viswanathan VK. Modulation of Intestinal Paracellular Transport by Bacterial Pathogens. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:823-842. [PMID: 29687905 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The passive and regulated movement of ions, solutes, and water via spaces between cells of the epithelial monolayer plays a critical role in the normal intestinal functioning. This paracellular pathway displays a high level of structural and functional specialization, with the membrane-spanning complexes of the tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes ensuring its integrity. Tight junction proteins, like occludin, tricellulin, and the claudin family isoforms, play prominent roles as barriers to unrestricted paracellular transport. The past decade has witnessed major advances in our understanding of the architecture and function of epithelial tight junctions. While it has been long appreciated that microbes, notably bacterial and viral pathogens, target and disrupt junctional complexes and alter paracellular permeability, the precise mechanisms remain to be defined. Notably, renewed efforts will be required to interpret the available data on pathogen-mediated barrier disruption in the context of the most recent findings on tight junction structure and function. While much of the focus has been on pathogen-induced dysregulation of junctional complexes, commensal microbiota and their products may influence paracellular permeability and contribute to the normal physiology of the gut. Finally, microbes and their products have become important tools in exploring host systems, including the junctional properties of epithelial cells. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:823-842, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lising Roxas
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - V K Viswanathan
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,BIO5 Institute for Collaborative Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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49
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Olivera-Severo D, Uberti AF, Marques MS, Pinto MT, Gomez-Lazaro M, Figueiredo C, Leite M, Carlini CR. A New Role for Helicobacter pylori Urease: Contributions to Angiogenesis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1883. [PMID: 29021786 PMCID: PMC5623709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen involved in gastric diseases such as ulcers and carcinomas. H. pylori's urease is an important virulence factor produced in large amounts by this bacterium. In previous studies, we have shown that this protein is able to activate several cell types like neutrophils, monocytes, platelets, endothelial cells, and gastric epithelial cells. Angiogenesis is a physiological process implicated in growth, invasion and metastization of tumors. Here, we have analyzed the angiogenic potential of H. pylori urease (HPU) in gastric epithelial cells. No cytotoxicity was observed in AGS, Kato-III, and MKN28 gastric cell lines treated with 300 nM HPU, as evaluated by the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. As we previously reported in neutrophils, treatment with 300 nM HPU also had an anti-apoptotic effect in gastric epithelial cells leading to a 2.2-fold increase in the levels of Bcl-XL after 6 h, and a decrease of 80% in the content of BAD, after 48 h, two mitochondrial proteins involved in regulation of apoptosis. Within 10 min of exposure, HPU is rapidly internalized by gastric epithelial cells. Treatment of the gastric cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin abolished HPU internalization suggesting a cholesterol-dependent process. HPU induces the expression of pro-angiogenic factors and the decrease of expression of anti-angiogenic factors by AGS cells. The angiogenic activity of HPU was analyzed using in vitro and in vivo models. HPU induced formation of tube-like structures by human umbilical vascular endothelial cells in a 9 h experiment. In the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane model, HPU induced intense neo-vascularization after 3 days. In conclusion, our results indicate that besides allowing bacterial colonization of the gastric mucosa, H. pylori's urease triggers processes that initiate pro-angiogenic responses in different cellular models. Thus, this bacterial urease, a major virulence factor, may also play a role in gastric carcinoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deiber Olivera-Severo
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Biology Department, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, São Luiz Gonzaga, Brazil
| | - Augusto F Uberti
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Miguel S Marques
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta T Pinto
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Gomez-Lazaro
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Céu Figueiredo
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Leite
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Ipatimup-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia R Carlini
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute (BRAINS-InsCer), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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50
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Naz A, Obaid A, Awan FM, Ikram A, Ahmad J, Ali A. Petri Net-Based Model of Helicobacter pylori Mediated Disruption of Tight Junction Proteins in Stomach Lining during Gastric Carcinoma. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1682. [PMID: 28932213 PMCID: PMC5592237 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions help prevent the passage of digestive enzymes and microorganisms through the space between adjacent epithelial cells lining. However, Helicobacter pylori encoded virulence factors negatively regulate these tight junctions and contribute to dysfunction of gastric mucosa. Here, we have predicted the regulation of important tight junction proteins, such as Zonula occludens-1, Claudin-2 and Connexin32 in the presence of pathogenic proteins. Molecular events such as post translational modifications and crosstalk between phosphorylation, O-glycosylation, palmitoylation and methylation are explored which may compromise the integrity of these tight junction proteins. Furthermore, the signaling pathways disrupted by dysregulated kinases, proteins and post-translational modifications are reviewed to design an abstracted computational model showing the situation-dependent dynamic behaviors of these biological processes and entities. A qualitative hybrid Petri Net model is therefore constructed showing the altered host pathways in the presence of virulence factor cytotoxin-associated gene A, leading to the disruption of tight junction proteins. The model is qualitative logic-based, which does not depend on any kinetic parameter and quantitative data and depends on knowledge derived from experiments. The designed model provides insights into the tight junction disruption and disease progression. Model is then verified by the available experimental data, nevertheless formal in vitro experimentation is a promising way to ensure its validation. The major findings propose that H. pylori activated kinases are responsible to trigger specific post translational modifications within tight junction proteins, at specific sites. These modifications may favor alterations in gastric barrier and provide a route to bacterial invasion into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Naz
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Obaid
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faryal M. Awan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Ikram
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Ahmad
- Research Center for Modeling & Simulation, National University of Sciences and TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
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