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Leca BM, Lagojda L, Kite C, Karteris E, Kassi E, Randeva HS, Kyrou I. Maternal obesity and metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease in pregnancy: a comprehensive narrative review. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2024; 19:335-348. [PMID: 38860684 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2024.2365791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) during pregnancy constitute significant problems for routine antenatal care, with increasing prevalence globally. Similar to obesity, MAFLD is associated with a higher risk for maternal complications (e.g. pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes) and long-term adverse health outcomes for the offspring. However, MAFLD during pregnancy is often under-recognized, with limited management/treatment options. AREAS COVERED PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched based on a search strategy for obesity and/or MAFLD in pregnancy to identify relevant papers up to 2024. This review summarizes the pertinent evidence on the relationship between maternal obesity and MAFLD during pregnancy. Key mechanisms implicated in the underlying pathophysiology linking obesity and MAFLD during pregnancy (e.g. insulin resistance and dysregulated adipokine secretion) are highlighted. Moreover, a diagnostic approach for MAFLD diagnosis during pregnancy and its complications are presented. Finally, promising relevant areas for future research are covered. EXPERT OPINION Research progress regarding maternal obesity, MAFLD, and their impact on maternal and fetal/offspring health is expected to improve the relevant diagnostic methods and lead to novel treatments. Thus, routine practice could apply more personalized management strategies, incorporating individualized algorithms with genetic and/or multi-biomarker profiling to guide prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M Leca
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Lukasz Lagojda
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Clinical Evidence-Based Information Service (CEBIS), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Chris Kite
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Chester Medical School, University of Chester, Shrewsbury, UK
| | - Emmanouil Karteris
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Division of Biosciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Harpal S Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Institute of Cardiometabolic Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Institute of Cardiometabolic Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, UK
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Wasuwanich P, Rajborirug S, Egerman RS, Wen TS, Karnsakul W. Hepatitis C Prevalence and Birth Outcomes among Pregnant Women in the United States: A 2010-2020 Population Study. Pathogens 2024; 13:321. [PMID: 38668276 PMCID: PMC11054203 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have increased in the pregnant population. We aim to describe the age-stratified clinical outcomes and trends for inpatient pregnant women with HCV in the U.S. METHODS We utilized hospitalization data from the 2010-2020 National Inpatient Sample. Pregnancy and HCV were identified according to their ICD-9/ICD-10 codes. Demographic and clinical data including cirrhosis, mortality, preterm birth, and stillbirth were extracted. The age groups were defined as ≤18, 19-25, 26-34, and ≥35 years. RESULTS We identified 195,852 inpatient pregnant women with HCV, among whom 0.7% were ≤18, 26.7% were 19-25, 57.9% were 26-34, and 14.8% were ≥35 years of age. The hospitalization rates of pregnant women with HCV increased overall between 2010 and 2020, with the highest velocity in the 26-34 age group. The 26-34 age group had the highest HCV burden, with an age-standardized hospitalization rate of 660 per 100,000 in 2020. The rates of mortality and cirrhosis were significantly higher in the HCV cohort and increased further with age (p < 0.05). Among the HCV pregnant cohort, 151,017 (77.1%) delivered during hospitalization. Preterm births and stillbirths were significantly higher in the HCV pregnant cohort compared to the controls across multiple age groups (p < 0.05). Minority race/ethnicity was associated with increased mortality, cirrhosis, preterm birth, and stillbirth (p < 0.001). HIV co-infection, hepatitis B co-infection, and diabetes increased the odds of cirrhosis (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Hospitalizations of pregnant women with HCV are escalating, and these women are at increased risk of mortality, cirrhosis, preterm birth, and stillbirth with modifying factors, exacerbating risks further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wasuwanich
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Songyos Rajborirug
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert S. Egerman
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tony S. Wen
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Wikrom Karnsakul
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Fang ME, Peoples NA, Goulding AN, Tolcher MC. Hepatic encephalopathy precipitated by preeclampsia in the setting of cirrhosis: A case report. Case Rep Womens Health 2024; 41:e00587. [PMID: 38515998 PMCID: PMC10955193 DOI: 10.1016/j.crwh.2024.e00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia and decompensated chronic liver disease are known triggers of acute hepatic dysfunction in pregnancy, rarely including hepatic encephalopathy. Differentiating the driver of acute hepatic dysfunction in patients with concomitant preeclampsia and preexisting liver disease presents a diagnostic challenge with important management implications. A 42-year-old woman, gravida 3 para 0201, at 24 1/7 weeks of gestation presented with hepatic encephalopathy, transaminitis, and hyperbilirubinemia in the setting of cirrhosis and severe new-onset preeclampsia. The preeclampsia was thought to be the leading etiology of hepatic encephalopathy, prompting emergent Cesarean delivery at 24 2/7 weeks. Hepatic encephalopathy, blood pressure, and laboratory derangements improved promptly post-delivery. Preeclampsia can trigger acute hepatic dysfunction, including hepatic encephalopathy, in the setting of previously compensated preexisting liver disease. Recognizing this association has important implications for management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Fang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | | | - Alison N. Goulding
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Tolcher
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
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Porrello G, Cannella R, Bernuau J, Agman A, Brancatelli G, Dioguardi Burgio M, Vilgrain V. Liver imaging and pregnancy: what to expect when your patient is expecting. Insights Imaging 2024; 15:66. [PMID: 38411871 PMCID: PMC10899155 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-024-01622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases in pregnancy can be specific to gestation or only coincidental. In the latter case, the diagnosis can be difficult. Rapid diagnosis of maternal-fetal emergencies and situations requiring specialized interventions are crucial to preserve the maternal liver and guarantee materno-fetal survival. While detailed questioning of the patient and a clinical examination are highly important, imaging is often essential to reach a diagnosis of these liver diseases and lesions. Three groups of liver diseases may be observed during pregnancy: (1) diseases related to pregnancy: intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome, and acute fatty liver of pregnancy; (2) liver diseases that are more frequent during or exacerbated by pregnancy: acute herpes simplex hepatitis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, hemorrhagic hereditary telangiectasia, hepatocellular adenoma, portal vein thrombosis, and cholelithiasis; (3) coincidental conditions, including acute hepatitis, incidental focal liver lesions, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver abscesses and parasitosis, and liver transplantation. Specific knowledge of the main imaging findings is required to reach an early diagnosis, for adequate follow-up, and to avoid adverse consequences in both the mother and the fetus.Critical relevance statement Pregnancy-related liver diseases are the most important cause of liver dysfunction in pregnant patients and, in pregnancy, even common liver conditions can have an unexpected turn. Fear of radiations should never delay necessary imaging studies in pregnancy.Key points• Pregnancy-related liver diseases are the most frequent cause of liver dysfunction during gestation.• Fear of radiation should never delay necessary imaging studies.• Liver imaging is important to assess liver emergencies and for the diagnosis and follow-up of any other liver diseases.• Common liver conditions and lesions may take an unexpected turn during pregnancy.• Pregnancy-specific diseases such as pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome must be rapidly identified. However, imaging should never delay delivery when it is considered to be urgent for maternal-fetal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Porrello
- Service de Radiologie, AP-HP Nord, Hôpital Beaujon, Paris, Clichy, France.
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, Italy.
| | - Roberto Cannella
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Jacques Bernuau
- AP-HP Nord, Hôpital Beaujon, Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Antoine Agman
- Service de Gynécologie obstétrique maternité, AP-HP Nord, Hôpital Beaujon, Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Giuseppe Brancatelli
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Dioguardi Burgio
- Service de Radiologie, AP-HP Nord, Hôpital Beaujon, Paris, Clichy, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Vilgrain
- Service de Radiologie, AP-HP Nord, Hôpital Beaujon, Paris, Clichy, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, F-75018, Paris, France
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Shukla A, Singh A, Saxena A, Panda S, Mane P, Khan N, Harindranath S, Vaidya A, Kuruthukulangara M, Mayadeo N. Navigating portal hypertension: Unlocking safe passage to healthy pregnancy in EHPVO. Liver Int 2024; 44:454-459. [PMID: 38010991 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pregnancy is associated with hyperdynamic circulatory state and increased risk of portal hypertension related complications in patients with extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO). We aim to study the impact of EHPVO on pregnancy-related outcomes with focus on subset of patients with UGIB (upper GI bleed). METHODS Retrospective analysis of obstetric, maternal and neonatal outcomes of patients with EHPVO registered between January 2006 and December 2022. Forty-five patients were included. Forty-five healthy females with low-risk pregnancies formed the control group. RESULTS Adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes were comparable between EHPVO and control group (22% vs. 28.6%; p > .05; low birth weight/ small for gestational age 17.8% vs. 36%, p = .0918 and 14.2% vs. 10%, p = .5698 respectively). Adverse outcomes were similar in patients with and without history of UGIB (26.3% vs. 19.4%, p = .0814; 17.8% vs. 36%, p = .0918; 14.2% vs. 10%, p = .5698). There was no maternal mortality in both the groups. A total of 7% pregnancies in EHPVO patients were complicated by ascites. CONCLUSIONS EHPVO pregnancies have successful obstetric and neonatal outcomes with adequate management of portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Akriti Saxena
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Saurav Panda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Prajakta Mane
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Nagma Khan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sidharth Harindranath
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Arun Vaidya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Niranjan Mayadeo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Holdsworth MB, Djerboua M, Flemming JA. Impact of neighbourhood-level social determinants of health on healthcare utilisation and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with NAFLD cirrhosis: a population-based study in Ontario, Canada. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:809-815. [PMID: 37666651 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-220234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis is rising in North America, driven partly by the epidemic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), most in women of reproductive age. Little is known about factors that impact perinatal outcomes and healthcare utilisation in pregnant women with NAFLD cirrhosis. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between population-level social determinants, health outcomes and healthcare utilisation. METHODS We retrospectively analysed healthcare utilisation and perinatal outcomes in a cohort of pregnant women with NAFLD cirrhosis from Ontario, Canada from 2000 to 2016 and followed for 90 days postdelivery. We compared utilisation and health outcomes according to income, residential instability, material deprivation, dependency and ethnic diversity. A Cochran-Armitage test for trend was done to assess whether utilisation patterns were linear across quintiles. RESULTS 3320 pregnant women with NAFLD cirrhosis formed the study cohort. Decreasing income quintile associated with a higher proportion of women with at least one emergency department (ED) visit. Increasing residential instability, material deprivation and dependency were associated with a higher frequency of ED visitation, with no compelling differences in the rates of perinatal complications or adverse outcomes in pregnant women with NAFLD cirrhosis. Using multiple population-level proxies for social determinants of health, this study demonstrates an association between marginalisation and increased ED visitation. CONCLUSIONS As the incidence rate of pregnancies among women with NAFLD cirrhosis continues to rise, understanding how this population uses healthcare services will help coordinate care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer A Flemming
- Department of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Williamson C, Nana M, Poon L, Kupcinskas L, Painter R, Taliani G, Heneghan M, Marschall HU, Beuers U. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of liver diseases in pregnancy. J Hepatol 2023; 79:768-828. [PMID: 37394016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases in pregnancy comprise both gestational liver disorders and acute and chronic hepatic disorders occurring coincidentally in pregnancy. Whether related to pregnancy or pre-existing, liver diseases in pregnancy are associated with a significant risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Thus, the European Association for the Study of Liver Disease invited a panel of experts to develop clinical practice guidelines aimed at providing recommendations, based on the best available evidence, for the management of liver disease in pregnancy for hepatologists, gastroenterologists, obstetric physicians, general physicians, obstetricians, specialists in training and other healthcare professionals who provide care for this patient population.
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Mansour D, Masson S, Hammond J, Leithead JA, Johnson J, Rahim MN, Douds AC, Corless L, Shawcross DL, Heneghan MA, Tripathi D, McPherson S, Bonner E, Botterill G, West R, Donnelly M, Grapes A, Hollywood C, Ross V. British Society of Gastroenterology Best Practice Guidance: outpatient management of cirrhosis - part 3: special circumstances. Frontline Gastroenterol 2023; 14:474-482. [PMID: 37862443 PMCID: PMC10579550 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2023-102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of cirrhosis has risen significantly over recent decades and is predicted to rise further. Widespread use of non-invasive testing means cirrhosis is increasingly diagnosed at an earlier stage. Despite this, there are significant variations in outcomes in patients with cirrhosis across the UK, and patients in areas with higher levels of deprivation are more likely to die from their liver disease. This three-part best practice guidance aims to address outpatient management of cirrhosis, in order to standardise care and to reduce the risk of progression, decompensation and mortality from liver disease. Part 1 addresses outpatient management of compensated cirrhosis: screening for hepatocellular cancer, varices and osteoporosis, vaccination and lifestyle measures. Part 2 concentrates on outpatient management of decompensated disease including management of ascites, encephalopathy, varices, nutrition as well as liver transplantation and palliative care. In this, the third part of the guidance, we focus on special circumstances encountered in managing people with cirrhosis, namely surgery, pregnancy, travel, managing bleeding risk for invasive procedures and portal vein thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Mansour
- Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, UK
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Steven Masson
- The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - John Hammond
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary team, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joanna A Leithead
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew C Douds
- Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kings Lynn, UK
| | - Lynsey Corless
- Gastroenterology, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | | | - Michael A Heneghan
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dhiraj Tripathi
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stuart McPherson
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Coral Hollywood
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, UK
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Kardashian A, Kushner T, Au JS, Flemming JA, Gripshover J, Muir AJ, Orloff SL, Villa E, Sarkar M. The key role of hepatology providers in optimizing reproductive care in patients with liver disease: A call to action. Hepatology 2023; 78:363-367. [PMID: 37142412 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ani Kardashian
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tatyana Kushner
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer S Au
- Department of Organ and Cell Transplant, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jennifer A Flemming
- Department of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet Gripshover
- Department of Liver and Small Bowel Transplant, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew J Muir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan L Orloff
- Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Erica Villa
- Chimomo Department, Gastroenterology Division, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- IRCCS Saverio de Bellis, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Monika Sarkar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Alkhouri N, Gonzalez-Peralta RP, Medici V. Wilson disease: a summary of the updated AASLD Practice Guidance. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:02009842-202306010-00006. [PMID: 37184530 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is caused by autosomal variants affecting the ATP7B gene on chromosome 13, resulting in alterations in physiological copper homeostasis and copper accumulation. Excess copper clinically manifests in many organs, most often in the central nervous system and liver, ultimately causing cirrhosis and death. Often considered a pediatric or young adult disease, WD actually affects patients of all ages, and aging patients need to be regularly managed with long-term follow-up. Despite over a century of advances in diagnosis and treatment, WD is still associated with diagnostic challenges and considerable disability and death, in part due to delays in diagnosis and limitations in treatment. Standard-of-care treatments are considered generally effective when the diagnosis is timely but are also limited by efficacy, safety concerns, multiple daily dosing, and adherence. This expert perspective review seeks to facilitate improvements in the awareness, understanding, diagnosis, and management of WD. The objectives are to provide a full overview of WD and streamline updated diagnosis and treatment guidance, as recently published by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, in a practical way for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valentina Medici
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Kosian P, Jansen C, Chang J, Praktiknjo M, Ayub TH, Gembruch U, Merz WM. Maternal and Perinatal Outcome in a Contemporary Cohort of Patients with Portal Hypertension: A Single-Center Experience. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093088. [PMID: 37176528 PMCID: PMC10179582 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portal hypertension in pregnancy is characterized by an increased perinatal and maternal complication rate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perinatal and maternal outcomes of these high-risk pregnancies at our tertiary center. METHODS We identified pregnancies with portal hypertension in our departmental database for the years 2013 to 2021. The medical history and perinatal and maternal data were extracted from medical records. RESULTS Eleven cases were identified. In pregnancy, delivery and postpartum, complications occurred in 72.7% of cases and included among others ascites, subclavian thrombosis, variceal-ligation-induced ulcer bleeding and postoperative hemorrhage. The cesarean delivery rate was 72.7% (n = 8); five of these were done for obstetric or fetal indications. The rate of preterm birth and admissions to neonatal intensive care unit were high (54.5% and 45.5%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our case series substantiates the high maternal and perinatal complication rates seen in portal hypertension. The prevention of thromboembolic and bleeding complications was the main challenge. Care by an interdisciplinary team of experts is crucial for a successful perinatal and maternal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kosian
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Praktiknjo
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tiyasha Hosne Ayub
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gembruch
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Waltraut M Merz
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Fischer SE, de Vries ES, Tushuizen ME, de Boer YS, van der Meer AJP, de Man RA, Brouwer JT, Kuyvenhoven JP, Klemt-Kropp M, Gevers TJG, Tjwa ETTL, Kuiper EMM, Verhagen MAMT, Friederich PW, van Hoek B. Importance of complete response for outcomes of pregnancy in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Liver Int 2023; 43:855-864. [PMID: 36594353 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS While some articles describe outcome of pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), there are less data evaluating influence of AIH control on maternal and perinatal outcomes. This study analysed outcomes of pregnancy and related possible risk factors in AIH. METHOD A retrospective multicentre cohort study on pregnancy in AIH was performed in 11 hospitals in the Netherlands. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were collected from records and completed by interview. Risk factors-including incomplete response, relapse and cirrhosis-for adverse outcomes were identified using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Ninety-seven pregnancies in 50 women resulted in 70 deliveries (72%) with a live birth rate of 98.5%. AIH relapse occurred in 6% during pregnancy, and in 27% of post-partum episodes. Absence of complete biochemical response at conception was identified as risk factor for the occurrence of gestational and post-partum relapses. Relapse of AIH in the year before conception was a risk factor for the occurrence of both gestational relapses and post-partum relapses. No complete biochemical response increased the risk for hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). Cirrhosis was found to be a risk factor for miscarriages, but not for other outcomes. CONCLUSION Pregnancy in AIH is related to an increased incidence of maternal and fetal/neonatal complications; in most cases, outcome is good. Incomplete biochemical response at conception or relapse in the year before conception are risk factors for gestational and post-partum relapses, for hypertensive disorders and for ICP. Cirrhosis was a risk factor for miscarriages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Fischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elsemieke S de Vries
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten E Tushuizen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ynto S de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J P van der Meer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A de Man
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes T Brouwer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Johan P Kuyvenhoven
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Klemt-Kropp
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J G Gevers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric T T L Tjwa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Edith M M Kuiper
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc A M T Verhagen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Philip W Friederich
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van Hoek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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13
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The Spectrum of Hepatic Critical Care During Pregnancy: A Clinical Review. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2023; 66:176-185. [PMID: 36657053 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic disease during pregnancy can result in the development of critical illness requiring special attention from a multidisciplinary team with a low threshold for tertiary care transfer to provide access to liver transplantation. Management of this population requires taking into consideration the benefit and risks of both mother and fetus. A myriad of diseases has been recognized, some being unique to pregnancy while others are common to the general population. We present a review of the literature on the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of these diseases to aid in the optimization of care in this special population.
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14
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Kane SV, Reau N. Clinical advances: pregnancy in gastroenterologic and hepatic conditions. Gut 2023; 72:1007-1015. [PMID: 36759153 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The fields of gastroenterology and hepatology, along with endoscopic practice, have seen significant changes and innovations to practice in just the past few years. These practice changes are not limited to gastroenterology, but maternal fetal medicine and the care of the pregnant person have become increasingly more sophisticated as well. Gastroenterologists are frequently called on to provide consultative input and/or perform endoscopy during pregnancy. To be able to provide the best possible care to these patients, gastroenterologists need to be aware of (and familiar with) the various nuances and caveats related to the care of pregnant patients who either have underlying gastrointestinal (GI) conditions or present with GI and liver disorders. Here, we offer a clinical update with references more recent than 2018, along with a few words about SARS-CoV-2 infection and its relevance to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunanda V Kane
- Medicine, Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nancy Reau
- Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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15
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Karim G, Giri D, Kushner T, Reau N. Evaluation of Liver Disease in Pregnancy. Clin Liver Dis 2023; 27:133-155. [PMID: 36400462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease in pregnancy often requires diagnostic and therapeutic considerations that are unique to pregnancy. Liver disease in pregnancy is commonly thought of as either liver disease unique to pregnancy, chronic liver disease, or liver disease coincidental to pregnancy. This review summarizes the approach to evaluation of liver disease in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gres Karim
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 350 East 17th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Dewan Giri
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 350 East 17th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Tatyana Kushner
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1123, New York, NY 10023, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1123, New York, NY 10023, USA.
| | - Nancy Reau
- Division of Hepatology, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison Street
- Suite 319, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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16
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Schilsky ML, Roberts EA, Bronstein JM, Dhawan A, Hamilton JP, Rivard AM, Washington MK, Weiss KH, Zimbrean PC. A multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of Wilson disease: 2022 Practice Guidance on Wilson disease from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2022:01515467-990000000-00207. [PMID: 36151586 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Schilsky
- Medicine and Surgery , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
| | - Eve A Roberts
- Paediatrics, Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Jeff M Bronstein
- Neurology , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Anil Dhawan
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre and MowatLabs , King's College Hospital , London , UK
| | - James P Hamilton
- Medicine , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Anne Marie Rivard
- Food and Nutrition Services , Yale New Haven Hospital , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
| | - Mary Kay Washington
- Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , Tennessee , USA
| | | | - Paula C Zimbrean
- Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA
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17
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Fouda S, Vennikandam MM, Pappachan JM, Fernandez CJ. Pregnancy and Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Clinical Update. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:947-954. [PMID: 36304500 PMCID: PMC9547252 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2022.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate relationship between metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and maternal complications has rapidly become a significant health threat in pregnant women. The presence of MAFLD in pregnancy increases the maternal risk of metabolic complications and comorbidities for both mother and baby. The preexistence or development of MAFLD in pregnancy is a complex multifactorial disorder that can lead to further complications for mother and baby. Therefore, as pregnant women are severely underrepresented in clinical research, there is a great need for a fair inclusion of this group in clinical trials. This review aims to explore the effects of MAFLD during pregnancy in the context of maternal complications and outcomes and explore the effects of pregnancy on the development and progression of MAFLD within the context of maternal obesity, altered metabolic profiles, gestational diabetes and altered hormonal profiles. We also addressed potential implications for the presence of MAFLD during pregnancy and its management in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherouk Fouda
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Madhu Mathew Vennikandam
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sparrow Hospital, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joseph M. Pappachan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Preston, UK
- Faculty of Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Correspondence to: Joseph M Pappachan, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Preston PR2 9HT, UK. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0886-5255. Tel/Fax: +44-1-7725-22092, E-Mail:
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18
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Shingina A, Sarkar M, Feld L. On the Importance of Safe Access to Reproductive Options for Adolescents and Women With Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:792-794. [PMID: 35752297 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Shingina
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Monika Sarkar
- Division of GI/Hepatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Lauren Feld
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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19
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Liver Disease During Pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117:44-52. [PMID: 36194033 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Rahim MN, Hedley C, Frick A, Chung Y, Penna L, Long L, Williamson C, Heneghan MA. Development of obstetric-hepatology services: defining optimal care and impact of pregnancy counselling on patient experience. Frontline Gastroenterol 2022; 14:124-131. [PMID: 36818790 PMCID: PMC9933593 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2022-102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Prepregnancy counselling (PPC) is an important aspect of care for women with chronic liver disease (CLD) and liver transplantation (LT), yet its impact has not been well described. This study aims to assess the experience of women attending a joint obstetric-hepatology PPC clinic in a single-centre unit. Design/methods A retrospective questionnaire-based study in a tertiary unit within the UK where patients who attended the PPC clinic between March 2016 and July 2021 were invited to participate by filling in a questionnaire. Descriptive data and free-text content were subsequently analysed. Results 108 women attended the PPC clinic over a 5-year period. Overall, 58/108 (54%) completed the questionnaire. Principal concerns regarding pregnancy included fears around deterioration in health (66%), maternal death (24%), pregnancy loss (66%), medication effects (60%) and disease transmission (36%). 17/58 (14%) patients felt the presence of multiple doctors was intimidating, however, perceptions improved by the end of the consultation.Overall, 44/58 (76%) respondents felt the clinic helped them reach a decision about pursuing pregnancy. Almost all respondents would recommend the clinic to others. There were no major differences in pregnancy outcomes between those that received PPC and those that did not. Conclusion The PPC clinic facilitates a personalised approach to care and is well received by patients with CLD/LT. It is difficult to elucidate whether attendance alone impacts on pregnancy outcomes; registry data may be better placed at addressing this important question.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex Frick
- Department of Obstetrics, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Yooyun Chung
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Leonie Penna
- Department of Obstetrics, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lisa Long
- Department of Obstetrics, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
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21
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Chung YY, Heneghan MA. Autoimmune hepatitis in pregnancy: Pearls and pitfalls. Hepatology 2022; 76:502-517. [PMID: 35182079 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in pregnancy has many unique considerations. Evidence provided from single center studies with patient level data and nationwide population studies provide valuable insight into this complex situation. Because a planned pregnancy is a safer pregnancy, preconception counseling is a crucial opportunity to optimize care and risk stratify women with AIH. Women with chronic liver disease who receive preconception advice and counseling are more likely to achieve stable liver disease at conception and undergo appropriate variceal surveillance. Loss of biochemical response in pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes in unstable disease. New onset AIH in pregnancy should be managed with classical treatment regimens. The continued use of immunosuppression in pregnancy, with the exception of mycophenolate mofetil, has not shown to adversely affect the rates of stillbirth or congenital malformation. Previously adopted immunosuppression withdrawal paradigms in pregnancy should no longer be considered advantageous, because remission loss postdelivery is likely (12%-86%). Population studies, report improved outcomes with preterm birth rates falling from 20% to 9%-13% in AIH pregnancies over a 20-year period. Newer data have also demonstrated an increased risk of gestational diabetes and hypertensive complications in AIH pregnancy, which has implications for management and preeclampsia prevention with aspirin use. This review aims to provide the framework to guide and manage pregnancy in AIH outlining pearls and pitfalls to ensure optimal outcomes for mother, baby and to reduce variation in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Chung
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael A Heneghan
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,School of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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22
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Pregnancy Is Not Associated with an Increased Risk of Decompensation, Transplant, or Death in Compensated Cirrhosis. Int J Hepatol 2022; 2022:9985226. [PMID: 35845752 PMCID: PMC9279084 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9985226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Childbirth in women with cirrhosis is increasing and associated with a higher risk of perinatal outcomes compared to the general population. Whether pregnancy influences the risk of liver-related events compared to nonpregnant women with cirrhosis is unclear. This study evaluates the association between pregnancy and liver-related outcomes in women with compensated cirrhosis. Approach and Results. Population-based retrospective matched cohort study in Ontario, Canada, using routinely collected healthcare data. Pregnant women with compensated cirrhosis and without prior history of decompensation between 2000 and 2016 were identified and matched to nonpregnant women with compensated cirrhosis on age, etiology of cirrhosis, and socioeconomic status in a 1 : 2 ratio. The association between pregnancy and the composite outcome of nonmalignant decompensation, liver transplant (LT), and death up to two years after cohort entry was estimated using the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression adjusting for potential confounders. Overall, 5,403 women with compensated cirrhosis were included (1,801 pregnant; 3,602 nonpregnant; median age 31 years (IQR 27-34); 60% nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 34% viral hepatitis). After two years of follow-up, only 19 (1.1%) pregnant women had a liver-related event compared to 319 (8.9%) nonpregnant women. Pregnant women with compensated cirrhosis had a lower hazard of a liver-related event compared to nonpregnant women (aHR 0.14, 95% CI 0.09-0.22, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy in women with compensated cirrhosis is not associated with increased liver-related events compared to nonpregnant women. These results can facilitate counselling women with cirrhosis of child-bearing age and suggests that pregnancy may not accelerate liver disease progression.
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23
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Terrault NA, Williamson C. Pregnancy-Associated Liver Diseases. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:97-117.e1. [PMID: 35276220 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver disorders unique to pregnancy include hyperemesis gravidarum, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and preeclampsia-associated hepatic impairment, specifically hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome (HELLP). Their importance lies in the significant maternal and fetal/neonatal morbidity and mortality. Expeditious diagnosis and clinical evaluation is critical to ensure timely, appropriate care and minimize risks to the pregnant woman and her fetus/baby. A multidisciplinary approach is essential, including midwives, maternal-fetal-medicine specialists, anesthetists, neonatologists, and hepatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah A Terrault
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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24
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Outcome of pregnancy in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:509-514. [PMID: 34518127 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the clinical course of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) during pregnancy remain scarce. Herein, we assessed the maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy in this condition. METHODS We reviewed 104 consecutive female outpatients with PSC using a structured questionnaire. The outcomes were assessed both before and after the diagnosis of PSC. RESULTS In total, 62 patients (60%) reported 126 pregnancies. Of these, 25 patients reported 44 pregnancies occurring after the diagnosis of PSC. There were two (5%) pregnancies in progress, and among the completed pregnancies there were 34 (80%) live births, six (14%) miscarriages, one (2%) stillbirth, and one (2%) termination. The median neonatal APGAR score was 10, the median body weight was 3375 g and the median body length was 55 cm. In three pregnancies, there was a flare-up of inflammatory bowel disease. In 45 patients, 82 pregnancies occurred before PSC was diagnosed with comparable maternal and fetal outcomes. Out of 42 pregnancies following PSC diagnosis, in 29 UDCA was continued. There was no difference in the fetal outcomes between the UDCA and non-UDCA groups. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy in patients with PSC seems to be well tolerated, but should be closely monitored by an obstetrician and an experienced hepatologist.
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25
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van der Slink LL, Scholten I, van Etten-Jamaludin FS, Takkenberg RB, Painter RC. Pregnancy in women with liver cirrhosis is associated with increased risk for complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. BJOG 2022; 129:1644-1652. [PMID: 35319158 PMCID: PMC9546282 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy and liver cirrhosis is a rare but increasing combination. Liver cirrhosis can raise the chance of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity, although the exact risks remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To provide a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on maternal, fetal and obstetric complications among pregnant women with liver cirrhosis. SEARCH STRATEGY We performed a systematic literature search in the databases PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE (Ovid) from inception through 25 January 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies including pregnancies with liver cirrhosis and controls were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently evaluated study eligibility. We used the random effects model for meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS Our search yielded 3118 unique papers. We included 11 studies, including 2912 pregnancies in women with cirrhosis from 1982-2020. Seven studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The overall maternal mortality rate was 0.89%. Maternal mortality and variceal haemorrhage were lower in recent than in older studies. Most cases of maternal mortality due to variceal haemorrhage (70%) occurred during vaginal delivery. Pregnant women with liver cirrhosis had a higher chance of preterm delivery (OR 6.7, 95% CI 5.1-9.1), caesarean section (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7-3.9), pre-eclampsia (OR 3.8, 95% CI 2.2-6.5) and small-for-gestational-age neonates (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6-4.2) compared with the general obstetric population. Subgroup analyses could not be conducted. CONCLUSIONS Liver cirrhosis in pregnant women is associated with increases in maternal mortality and obstetric and fetal complications. Large international prospective studies are needed to identify risk factors for unfavourable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine L van der Slink
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irma Scholten
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Faridi S van Etten-Jamaludin
- Medical Library Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Research Support, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert B Takkenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca C Painter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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26
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Pregnancies With Cirrhosis Are Rising and Associated With Adverse Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117:445-452. [PMID: 34928866 PMCID: PMC8969586 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cirrhosis incidence in pregnancies from outside the United States (US) is rising, although contemporary data including maternal and perinatal outcomes within the United States are lacking. METHODS Using discharge data from the racially diverse US National Inpatient Sample, temporal trends of cirrhosis in pregnancies were compared with noncirrhotic chronic liver disease (CLD) or no CLD. Outcomes included preterm birth, postpartum hemorrhage, hypertensive complications (preeclampsia, eclampsia, and/or hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome), and maternal or fetal death. Logistic regression was adjusted for age, race, multiple gestation, insurance status, and prepregnancy metabolic comorbidities. RESULTS Among 18,573,000 deliveries from 2012 to 2016, 895 had cirrhosis, 119,875 had noncirrhotic CLD, and 18,452,230 had no CLD. Pregnancies with cirrhosis increased from 2.5/100,000 in 2007 to 6.5/100,000 in 2016 (P = 0.01). On adjusted analysis, cirrhosis was associated with hypertensive complications (vs no CLD, OR 4.9, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 3.3-7.4; vs noncirrhotic CLD, OR 4.4, 95% CI 3.0-6.7), postpartum hemorrhage (vs no CLD, OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.6-4.8; vs noncirrhotic CLD, OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.5), and preterm birth (vs no CLD, OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.9-4.9; vs noncirrhotic CLD, OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.3, P ≤ 0.01). Cirrhosis was statistically associated with maternal mortality, although rarely occurred (≤ 1%). DISCUSSION In this racially diverse, US population-based study, pregnancies with cirrhosis more than doubled over the past decade. Cirrhosis conferred an increased risk of several adverse events, although maternal and perinatal mortality was uncommon. These data underscore the need for reproductive counseling and multidisciplinary pregnancy management in young women with cirrhosis.
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Rashidi-Alavijeh J, Frey A, Hörster A, Nguyen BP, Iannaccone A, Saner F, Lange CM, Willuweit K. Safe for Mother, Baby, and Graft? Pregnancy After Liver Transplant: A Single-Center Experience. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:744-748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Chung YY, Rahim MN, Heneghan MA. Autoimmune hepatitis and pregnancy: considerations for the clinician. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:325-333. [PMID: 35179437 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2044307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an immune mediated inflammatory disease of the liver which affects females of reproductive age. AIH poses unique challenges in pregnancy and historically was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. AREAS COVERED This report aims to review the current evidence for AIH pregnancy outcomes and the use of medical therapies in pregnancy. The disease course of AIH in pregnancy including loss of biochemical response (LOBR) and hepatic decompensation is also reviewed. The importance of preconception counselling and continued monitoring into the post-partum phase are reinforced. EXPERT OPINION The lack of prognostic markers and targeted immunosuppression are some of the areas for future development, as this will aid the move towards individualised risk stratification and personalised care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Chung
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - M N Rahim
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9RS, UK.,School of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M A Heneghan
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9RS, UK.,School of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Sarkar M, Djerboua M, Flemming JA. NAFLD Cirrhosis Is Rising Among Childbearing Women and Is the Most Common Cause of Cirrhosis in Pregnancy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:e315-e318. [PMID: 33465483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rates of pregnancies affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the United States have nearly tripled in the last decade and NAFLD confers increased perinatal risks, such as hypertensive complications, postpartum hemorrhage, and preterm birth.1 Rates of cirrhosis in pregnancy are also rising,2 although estimates specific to NAFLD cirrhosis are lacking. Whether NAFLD cirrhosis confers differential perinatal risks than other causes of cirrhosis in pregnancy is also unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sarkar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | | | - Jennifer A Flemming
- ICES, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Varlas VN, Bohîlțea R, Gheorghe G, Bostan G, Angelescu GA, Penes ON, Bors RG, Cloțea E, Bacalbasa N, Diaconu CC. State of the Art in Hepatic Dysfunction in Pregnancy. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1481. [PMID: 34828527 PMCID: PMC8618725 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic dysfunction in pregnant women is always challenging for the obstetrician, as the spectrum of hepatic abnormalities can be very large and have various implications, both for mother and fetus. There is a diagnostic and therapeutic polymorphism of hepatic dysfunction in pregnancy and insufficient knowledge related to the etiopathogenesis and epidemiology of this disease. The clinical forms of hepatic dysfunction encountered in pregnancy can vary from liver diseases related to pregnancy (e.g., HELLP syndrome, intrahepatic cholestasis, hyperemesis gravidarum, or acute fatty liver of pregnancy) to de novo ones occurring in pregnancy, and pre-existing liver disease (cholelithiasis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and cirrhosis). We performed a systematic literature search over 10 years. The review protocol assumed a search of two databases (PubMed®/MEDLINE and Web of Science Core Collection). The strategy regarding the management of these diseases involves multidisciplinary teams composed of different specialists (obstetricians, gastroenterologists and anesthetists) from specialized tertiary centers. Despite the improving prognosis of pregnant women with liver diseases, the risk of maternal-fetal complications remains very high. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure careful monitoring by a multidisciplinary team and to inform the patients of the potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Nicolae Varlas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011132 Bucharest, Romania; (V.N.V.); (R.G.B.); (E.C.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.A.A.); (O.N.P.); (N.B.)
| | - Roxana Bohîlțea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011132 Bucharest, Romania; (V.N.V.); (R.G.B.); (E.C.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.A.A.); (O.N.P.); (N.B.)
| | - Gina Gheorghe
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Georgiana Bostan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, County Emergency Hospital “St. John the New”, 720034 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Gabriela Anca Angelescu
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.A.A.); (O.N.P.); (N.B.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, County Emergency Hospital Ilfov, 022115 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Nicolae Penes
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.A.A.); (O.N.P.); (N.B.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Clinical Hospital, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Georgiana Bors
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011132 Bucharest, Romania; (V.N.V.); (R.G.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Eliza Cloțea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011132 Bucharest, Romania; (V.N.V.); (R.G.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Nicolae Bacalbasa
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (G.A.A.); (O.N.P.); (N.B.)
- Department of Visceral Surgery, “Fundeni” Clinical Institute, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Cristina Diaconu
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania
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Kushner T, Reau N. Had Anyone Considered the Donors? Fertility and Pregnancy Outcomes Among Female Living Donors. Liver Transpl 2021; 27:1235-1236. [PMID: 34118122 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Kushner
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nancy Reau
- Section of Hepatology, Hepatology Services, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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Flemming JA, Velez MP. The ART of medicine: Counselling women with liver disease about assisted reproductive technology. J Hepatol 2021; 74:1283-1285. [PMID: 33810873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Flemming
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Maria P Velez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Maraolo AE. Choosing the appropriate pharmacotherapy for hepatitis B during pregnancy: what are the considerations? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:1083-1086. [PMID: 33797300 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1909571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rajagopal S, Whetstone S, Sarkar M. Relevance of reproductive health to comprehensive hepatology care. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:260-262. [PMID: 33714364 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(21)00055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Whetstone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0358, USA
| | - Monika Sarkar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0358, USA.
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Rahim MN, Pirani T, Williamson C, Heneghan MA. Management of pregnancy in women with cirrhosis. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9:110-119. [PMID: 33259738 PMCID: PMC8259114 DOI: 10.1177/2050640620977034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pregnancy is rare in women with cirrhosis, it is increasingly prevalent in an era of modern assisted conception techniques and improved awareness, monitoring and management of underlying liver disease. After overcoming the difficulties of subfertility and becoming pregnant, women undergo a 'high-risk' pregnancy which can be complicated by variceal haemorrhage (≤50%) and hepatic decompensation (≤25%). Management of these complications are similar to non-pregnant individuals. However, there are a few caveats to consider. These pregnancies are associated with adverse maternal and foetal outcomes, such as mortality (0%-8%) and prematurity (19%-67%) in the newborn, and mortality (0%-14%), pregnancy-induced hypertension (5%-22%) and post-partum haemorrhage (5%-45%) in the mother. Pre-pregnancy counselling, use of predictive scores and appropriate variceal screening during pregnancy can stratify patients and improve outcomes. This review focusses on the complications that can occur during pregnancy in women with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tasneem Pirani
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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Sarkar M, Brady CW, Fleckenstein J, Forde KA, Khungar V, Molleston JP, Afshar Y, Terrault NA. Reproductive Health and Liver Disease: Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2021; 73:318-365. [PMID: 32946672 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sarkar
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean P Molleston
- Indiana University and Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Yalda Afshar
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Norah A Terrault
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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