1
|
Deutschmeyer VE, Schlaudraff NA, Walesch SK, Moyer J, Sokol AM, Graumann J, Meissner W, Schneider M, Muley T, Helmbold P, Schwinn M, Richter AM, Schmitz ML, Dammann RH. SIAH3 is frequently epigenetically silenced in cancer and regulates mitochondrial metabolism. Int J Cancer 2024. [PMID: 39344659 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.35202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Of the seven in absentia homologue (SIAH) family, three members have been identified in the human genome. In contrast to the E3 ubiquitin ligase encoding SIAH1 and SIAH2, little is known on the regulation and function of SIAH3 in tumorigenesis. In this study, we reveal that SIAH3 is frequently epigenetically silenced in different cancer entities, including cutaneous melanoma, lung adenocarcinoma and head and neck cancer. Low SIAH3 levels correlate with an impaired survival of cancer patients. Additionally, induced expression of SIAH3 reduces cell proliferation and induces cell death. Functionally, SIAH3 negatively affects cellular metabolism by shifting cells form aerobic oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. SIAH3 is localized in the mitochondrion and interacts with proteins involved in mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis and translation. We also report that SIAH3 interacts with ubiquitin ligases, including SIAH1 or SIAH2, and is degraded by them. These results suggest that SIAH3 acts as an epigenetically controlled tumor suppressor by regulating cellular metabolism through the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nico A Schlaudraff
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sara K Walesch
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Janine Moyer
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna M Sokol
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute of Translational Proteomics, Department of Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Meissner
- Core Facility for Cellular Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schneider
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Giessen Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC) and Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Giessen Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC) and Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Helmbold
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Schwinn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty of the University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Antje M Richter
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty of the University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhard H Dammann
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- University of Giessen Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC) and Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC) Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hochman MJ, DeZern AE. SOHO State of the Art Updates and Next Questions: An Update on Higher Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2024; 24:573-582. [PMID: 38594129 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (HR-MDS) are clonal myeloid neoplasms that cause life-limiting complications from severe cytopenias and leukemic transformation. Efforts to better classify, prognosticate, and assess therapeutic responses in HR-MDS have resulted in publication of new clinical tools in the last several years. Given limited current treatment options and suboptimal outcomes, HR-MDS stands to benefit from the study of investigational agents.Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (HR-MDS) are a heterogenous group of clonal myeloid-lineage malignancies often characterized by high-risk genetic lesions, increased blood transfusion needs, constitutional symptoms, elevated risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and therapeutic need for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Use of blast percentage and other morphologic features to define myelodysplastic neoplasm subtypes is rapidly shifting to incorporate genetics, resulting in a subset of former HR-MDS patients now being considered as AML in presence of leukemia-defining genetic alterations. A proliferation of prognostic tools has further focused use of genetic features to drive decision making in clinical management. Recently, criteria to assess response of HR-MDS to therapy were revised to incorporate more clinically meaningful endpoints and better match AML response criteria. Basic science investigations have resulted in improved understanding of the relationship between MDS genetic lesions, bone marrow stromal changes, germline predispositions, and disease phenotype. However, therapeutic advances have been more limited. There has been import of the IDH1 inhibitor ivosidenib, initially approved for AML; the Bcl-2 inhibitor venetoclax and liposomal daunorubicin/cytarabine (CPX-351) are under active investigation as well. Unfortunately, effective treatment of TP53-mutated disease remains elusive, though preliminary evidence suggests improved outcomes with oral decitabine/cedazuridine over parenteral hypomethylating agent monotherapy. Investigational agents with novel mechanisms of action may help expand the repertoire of treatment options for HR-MDS and trials continue to offer a hopeful therapeutic avenue for suitable patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hochman
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amy E DeZern
- Division of Hematological Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fan W, Xing Y, Yan S, Liu W, Ning J, Tian F, Wang X, Zhan Y, Luo L, Cao M, Huang J, Cai L. DUSP5 regulated by YTHDF1-mediated m6A modification promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and EGFR-TKI resistance via the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:208. [PMID: 38872157 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients have a dismal survival rate because of cancer metastasis and drug resistance. The study aims to identify the genes that concurrently modulate EMT, metastasis and EGFR-TKI resistance, and to investigate the underlying regulatory mechanisms. METHODS Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses were applied to identify prognostic oncogenes in LUAD. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to indicate the biological functions of the gene. Wound-healing and Transwell assays were used to detect migratory and invasive ability. EGFR-TKI sensitivity was evaluated by assessing the proliferation, clonogenic survival and metastatic capability of cancer cells with treatment with gefitinib. Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) analyses established the level of m6A modification present on the target gene and the protein's capability to interact with RNA, respectively. Single-sample gene set enrichment (ssGSEA) algorithm used to investigate levels of immune cell infiltration. RESULTS Our study identified dual-specificity phosphatase 5 (DUSP5) as a novel and powerful predictor of adverse outcomes for LUAD by using public datasets. Functional enrichment analysis found that DUSP5 was positively enriched in EMT and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway, a prevailing pathway involved in the induction of EMT. As expected, DUSP5 knockdown suppressed EMT via inhibiting the canonical TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in in vitro experiments. Consistently, knockdown of DUSP5 was first found to inhibit migratory ability and invasiveness of LUAD cells in in vitro and prevent lung metastasis in in vivo. DUSP5 knockdown re-sensitized gefitinib-resistant LUAD cells to gefitinib, accompanying reversion of EMT progress. In LUAD tissue samples, we found 14 cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites of DUSP5 that were negatively associated with DUSP5 gene expression. Importantly, 5'Azacytidine (AZA), an FDA-approved DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, restored DUSP5 expression. Moreover, RIP experiments confirmed that YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1 (YTHDF1), a m6A reader protein, could bind DUSP5 mRNA. YTHDF1 promoted DUSP5 expression and the malignant phenotype of LUAD cells. In addition, the DUSP5-derived genomic model revealed the two clusters with distinguishable immune features and tumor mutational burden (TMB). CONCLUSIONS Briefly, our study discovered DUSP5 which was regulated by epigenetic modification, might be a potential therapeutic target, especially in LUAD patients with acquired EGFR-TKI resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weina Fan
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Haping Road 150, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ying Xing
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Haping Road 150, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shi Yan
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Haping Road 150, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Haping Road 150, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jinfeng Ning
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Fanglin Tian
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Haping Road 150, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xin Wang
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Haping Road 150, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yuning Zhan
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Haping Road 150, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lixin Luo
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Haping Road 150, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Mengru Cao
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Haping Road 150, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Jian Huang
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Haping Road 150, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Li Cai
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Haping Road 150, Harbin, 150081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou L, Yu CW. Epigenetic modulations in triple-negative breast cancer: Therapeutic implications for tumor microenvironment. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107205. [PMID: 38719195 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype lacking estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and lacks HER2 overexpression. This absence of critical molecular targets poses significant challenges for conventional therapies. Immunotherapy, remarkably immune checkpoint blockade, offers promise for TNBC treatment, but its efficacy remains limited. Epigenetic dysregulation, including altered DNA methylation, histone modifications, and imbalances in regulators such as BET proteins, plays a crucial role in TNBC development and resistance to treatment. Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor gene promoters and the imbalance of histone methyltransferases such as EZH2 and histone deacetylases (HDACs) profoundly influence tumor cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. In addition, epigenetic alterations critically shape the tumor microenvironment (TME), including immune cell composition, cytokine signaling, and immune checkpoint expression, ultimately contributing to immune evasion. Targeting these epigenetic mechanisms with specific inhibitors such as EZH2 and HDAC inhibitors in combination with immunotherapy represents a compelling strategy to remodel the TME, potentially overcoming immune evasion and enhancing therapeutic outcomes in TNBC. This review aims to comprehensively elucidate the current understanding of epigenetic modulation in TNBC, its influence on the TME, and the potential of combining epigenetic therapies with immunotherapy to overcome the challenges posed by this aggressive breast cancer subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhou
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chen-Wei Yu
- Department of Statistics and Information Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Di Crosta M, Arena A, Benedetti R, Gilardini Montani MS, Cirone M. 5-AZA Upregulates SOCS3 and PTPN6/SHP1, Inhibiting STAT3 and Potentiating the Effects of AG490 against Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2468-2479. [PMID: 38534772 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, including aberrant DNA methylation occurring at the promoters of oncogenes and oncosuppressor genes and histone modifications, can contribute to carcinogenesis. Aberrant methylation mediated by histone methylatransferases, alongside histones, can affect methylation of proteins involved in the regulation of pro-survival pathways such as JAK/STAT and contribute to their activation. In this study, we used DNA or histone demethylating agents, 5-Azacytidine (5-AZA) or DS-3201 (valemetostat), respectively, to treat primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells, alone or in combination with AG490, a Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitor. Cell viability was investigated by trypan blue assay and FACS analysis. The molecular changes induced by 5-AZA and/or AG490 treatments were investigated by Western blot analysis, while cytokine release by PEL cells treated by these drugs was evaluated by Luminex. Statistical analyses were performed with Graphpad Prism® software (version 9) and analyzed by Student's t test or a nonparametric one-way ANOVA test. The results obtained in this study suggest that 5-AZA upregulated molecules that inhibit STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, namely Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3) and tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type (PTPN) 6/Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1), reducing STAT3 activation and downregulating several STAT3 pro-survival targets in PEL cells. As this lymphoma is highly dependent on the constitutive activation of STAT3, 5-AZA impaired PEL cell survival, and when used in combination with AG490 JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor, it potentiated its cytotoxic effect. Differently from 5-AZA, the inhibition of the EZH1/2 histone methyltransferase by DS-3201, reported to contribute to STAT3 activation in other cancers, slightly affected STAT3 phosphorylation or survival in PEL cells, either alone or in combination with AG490. This study suggests that 5-AZA, by upregulating the expression level of SOCS3 and PTPN6/SHP1, reduced STAT3 activation and improved the outcome of treatment targeting this transcription factor in PEL cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Di Crosta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiong R, Du Y, Chen S, Liu T, Ding X, Zhou J, Wang Z, Yang Q. Hypermethylation of the ADIRF promoter regulates its expression level and is involved in NNK-induced malignant transformation of lung bronchial epithelial cells. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3243-3258. [PMID: 37777989 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The carcinogenic mechanism of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a well-known tobacco carcinogen, has not been fully elucidated in epigenetic studies. 5-Methylcytosine (5mC) modification plays a major role in epigenetic regulation. In this study, the 5mC level increased in both BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelium cells treated with 100 mg/L NNK for 24 h and NNK-induced malignant-transformed BEAS-2B cells (2B-NNK cells), suggesting that 5mC modification is associated with the malignant transformation mechanism of NNK. Using a combination of Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (MeDIP-seq), RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and bioinformatics analysis of data from the Genomic Data Commons database, we found that the Adipogenesis regulatory factor (ADIRF) promoter region was abnormally hypermethylated, yielding low ADIRF mRNA expression, and that ADIRF overexpression could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of 2B-NNK cells. This finding suggests that ADIRF plays a tumor suppressor role in the NNK-induced malignant transformation of cells. Subsequently, using 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-2'-dC) and the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Catalytically Dead Cas9 (dCas9 system), we verified that the demethylation of the ADIRF promoter region in 2B-NNK cells inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of the cells and increased their apoptosis ability. These results suggest that abnormal 5mC modification of the ADIRF promoter plays a positive regulatory role in the pathogenesis of NNK-induced lung cancer. This study offers a new experimental basis for the epigenetic mechanism of NNK-induced lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiheng Du
- The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Sili Chen
- The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Ding
- The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Occupational Environment and Health, Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, 1 Tianqiang St., Huangpu West Ave, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Qiaoyuan Yang
- The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sharma R, Earla B, Baidoo KE, Zeiger MA, Madigan JP, Escorcia FE, Sadowski SM. Upregulation of Somatostatin Receptor Type 2 Improves 177Lu-DOTATATE Therapy in Receptor-Deficient Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Model. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1052-1062. [PMID: 37487000 PMCID: PMC10477832 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) express high levels of somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2), a unique target for both tumor imaging and therapy. This surface expression is lost in metastatic high-grade PNETs, making patients ineligible for SSTR2-targeted 177 Lutetium (Lu)-DOTATATE peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), and represents an unmet clinical need. Here, we aimed to restore SSTR2 expression through the reversal of inhibitory epigenetic gene silencing to improve tumor responsiveness to PRRT. We first assessed human SSTR2 promoter methylation and expression levels in 96 patient samples. We then used three NET cell lines (QGP-1, BON-1, GOT-1) with variable SSTR2 expression profiles for functional in vitro studies using histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). Finally, the QGP-1 xenograft mouse model, with low basal SSTR2 expression, was used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of combined HDACi and 177Lu-DOTATATE therapies. We confirm that SSTR expression is decreased and correlates with SSTR2 promoter methylation in patients with high-grade NETs. When exposed to HDACis, SSTR2 surface expression is increased in three NET cell lines in vitro. In an in vivo PNET xenograft model with low basal SSTR2 expression, our studies demonstrate significantly higher tumor uptake of SSTR2-targeted 177Lu-DOTATATE in animals pretreated with HDACis compared with controls. For the first time, we show that this higher tumor uptake results in significant antitumor response when compared with standard PRRT alone. These preclinical results provide a rationale for utilizing HDACi pretreatment to improve targeted radionuclide therapy in patients with SSTR2-negative, metastatic PNETs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Sharma
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bhargav Earla
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- UAB Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kwamena E. Baidoo
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martha A. Zeiger
- Office of Surgeon Scientists Programs, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James P. Madigan
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Freddy E. Escorcia
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Samira M. Sadowski
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
CRISPR-based DNA methylation editing of NNT rescues the cisplatin resistance of lung cancer cells by reducing autophagy. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:441-456. [PMID: 36336710 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is recommended as a first-line chemotherapeutic agent against advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but acquired resistance substantially limits its clinical efficacy. Recently, DNA methylation has been identified as an essential contributor to chemoresistance. However, the precise DNA methylation regulatory mechanism of cisplatin resistance remains unclear. Here, we found that nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) was silenced by DNA hypermethylation in cisplatin resistance A549 (A549/DDP) cells. Also, the DNA hypermethylation of NNT was positively correlated to poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. Overexpression of NNT in A549/DDP cells could reduce their cisplatin resistance, and also suppressed their tumor malignancy such as cell proliferation and clone formation. However, NNT enhanced sensitivity of A549/DDP cells to cisplatin had little to do with its function in mediating NADPH and ROS level, but was mainly because NNT could inhibit protective autophagy in A549/DDP cells. Further investigation revealed that NNT could decrease NAD+ level, thereby inactivate SIRT1 and block the autophagy pathway, while re-activation of SIRT1 through NAD+ precursor supplementation could antagonize this effect. In addition, targeted demethylation of NNT CpG island via CRISPR/dCas9-Tet1 system significantly reduced its DNA methylation level and inhibited the autophagy and cisplatin resistance in A549/DDP cells. Thus, our study found a novel chemoresistance target gene NNT, which played important roles in cisplatin resistance of lung cancer cells. Our findings also suggested that CRISPR-based DNA methylation editing of NNT could be a potential therapeutics method in cisplatin resistance of lung cancer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang PW, Jiao JY, Chen Z, Zhu XY, Cheng CS. Keep a watchful eye on methionine adenosyltransferases, novel therapeutic opportunities for hepatobiliary and pancreatic tumours. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188793. [PMID: 36089205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs) synthesize S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) from methionine, which provides methyl groups for DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid methylation. MATs play a critical role in cellular processes, including growth, proliferation, and differentiation, and have been implicated in tumour development and progression. The expression of MATs is altered in hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HBP) cancers, which serves as a rare biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of HBP cancers. Independent of SAM depletion in cells, MATs are often dysregulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. Dysregulation of MATs is involved in carcinogenesis, chemotherapy resistance, T cell exhaustion, activation of tumour-associated macrophages, cancer stemness, and activation of tumourigenic pathways. Targeting MATs both directly and indirectly is a potential therapeutic strategy. This review summarizes the dysregulations of MATs, their proposed mechanism, diagnostic and prognostic roles, and potential therapeutic effects in context of HBP cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Yang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ju-Ying Jiao
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Chien-Shan Cheng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bar-Hai N, Ishay-Ronen D. Engaging plasticity: Differentiation therapy in solid tumors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:944773. [PMID: 36034865 PMCID: PMC9410762 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.944773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a systemic heterogeneous disease that can undergo several rounds of latency and activation. Tumor progression evolves by increasing diversity, adaptation to signals from the microenvironment and escape mechanisms from therapy. These dynamic processes indicate necessity for cell plasticity. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a major role in facilitating cell plasticity in solid tumors by inducing dedifferentiation and cell type transitions. These two practices, plasticity and dedifferentiation enhance tumor heterogeneity creating a key challenge in cancer treatment. In this review we will explore cancer cell plasticity and elaborate treatment modalities that aspire to overcome such dynamic processes in solid tumors. We will further discuss the therapeutic potential of utilizing enhanced cell plasticity for differentiation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neta Bar-Hai
- Cancer Research Center, Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dana Ishay-Ronen
- Cancer Research Center, Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Dana Ishay-Ronen,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang YJ, Xie R, Jiang J, Zhai L, Yang CH, Zhang J, Wang X, Chen DX, Niu HT, Chen L. 5‑Aza‑dC suppresses melanoma progression by inhibiting GAS5 hypermethylation. Oncol Rep 2022; 48:123. [PMID: 35593315 PMCID: PMC9164261 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The in‑depth study of melanoma pathogenesis has revealed that epigenetic modifications, particularly DNA methylation, is a universal inherent feature of the development and progression of melanoma. In the present study, the analysis of the tumor suppressor gene growth arrest‑specific transcript 5 (GAS5) demonstrated that its expression was downregulated in melanoma, and its expression level had a certain negative association with its methylation modification level. The promoter of GAS5 presented with detectable CpG islands, and methylation‑specific polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that GAS5 was actually modified by methylation in melanoma tissues and cells; however, no methylation modification of GAS5 was detected in normal tissues. Following the treatment of melanoma cells with 5‑Aza‑2'‑deoxycytidine (5‑Aza‑dC), GAS5 methylation was significantly reversed. The analysis of melanoma cell proliferation revealed that 5‑Aza‑dC inhibited A375 and SK‑MEL‑110 cell proliferation in a time‑dependent manner. Further analysis of apoptosis demonstrated that 5‑Aza‑dC significantly increased the apoptosis level of the two cell lines. Moreover, migration analysis of melanoma cells revealed that 5‑Aza‑dC significantly reduced cell migration. Furthermore, 5‑Aza‑dC significantly decreased the invasive ability of the two cell lines. However, when the expression of GAS5 was silenced, the effects of 5‑Aza‑dC on cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration were not significant. Furthermore, the subcutaneous injection of A375 cells in nude mice successfully resulted in xenograft tumor formation. However, following an intraperitoneal injection of 5‑Aza‑dC, the volume and weight of xenograft tumors and Ki‑67 expression were significantly reduced, and caspase‑3 activity and GAS5 expression were enhanced; following the silencing of GAS5, the antitumor effect of 5‑Aza‑dC was significantly blocked. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that 5‑Aza‑dC inhibits the growth of melanoma, and its function may be related to the methylation modification of GAS5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics (Spine Special), Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Ran Xie
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Testing, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Cong-Hui Yang
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Dentistry, Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Xue Chen
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Tao Niu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Z, Fu C, Liu J, Sai X, Qin C, Di T, Yang Y, Wu Y, Bian T. Hypermethylation of the Nrf2 Promoter Induces Ferroptosis by Inhibiting the Nrf2-GPX4 Axis in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:3347-3362. [PMID: 34934311 PMCID: PMC8684379 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s340113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is involved in oxidative stress and lung inflammation and regulates the etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Ferroptosis is characterized by the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) via ferrous ion-dependent Fenton reactions and is involved in COPD. However, the role of Nrf2 in ferroptosis and its epigenetic regulation in the pathogenesis of COPD remain unclear. Methods Ferroptosis was detected by 4-HNE, MDA, C11BODIPY, DCFH-DA, Peals’ staining and CCK-8 assays. qPCR and Western blotting were performed to examine the Nrf2 levels in peripheral lung tissues, primary epithelial cells collected from patients with COPD and subjects with normal pulmonary function (never-smoker [control-NS]; smoker [control-S]), and cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-treated human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. ELISA was used to quantify IL-8 and IL-1β levels. Methylation of the Nrf2 promoter was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing and pyrosequencing. Results Ferroptosis was involved in COPD and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression was downregulated in the COPD group. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxides and MDA were increased, but GPX4 and SOD were exhausted in CSE-treated HBE cells. The production of IL-1β and IL-8 was promoted in HBE cells in response to CSE but could be reversed by the ferroptosis inhibitor fer-1. The Nrf2 level was significantly decreased in the COPD group compared with the control-S and control-NS groups. Increased Nrf2 expression enhanced GPX4 and SOD levels and inhibited ferroptosis and proinflammatory cytokines in the supernatant. Inhibition of GPX4 reversed the effect of Nrf2 overexpression and promoted ferroptosis. Two specific CpG sites within the Nrf2 promoter were hypermethylated in the COPD group. Similarly, CSE-treated HBE cells exhibited hypermethylation of the Nrf2 gene. Conclusion Nrf2 expression was downregulated in the lungs of COPD patients due to hypermethylation of the Nrf2 promoter, inhibiting Nrf2/GPX4 and ferroptosis, which is related to the initiation and progression of COPD. Targeting Nrf2/GPX4 may inhibit ferroptosis, which could provide strategies to delay or treat COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixiao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing, Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Congli Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing, Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing, Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Sai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing, Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing, Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Di
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing, Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing, Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing, Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Bian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing, Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martinez-Useros J, Martin-Galan M, Florez-Cespedes M, Garcia-Foncillas J. Epigenetics of Most Aggressive Solid Tumors: Pathways, Targets and Treatments. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3209. [PMID: 34198989 PMCID: PMC8267921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly aggressive tumors are characterized by a highly invasive phenotype, and they display chemoresistance. Furthermore, some of the tumors lack expression of biomarkers for target therapies. This is the case of small-cell lung cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma, metastatic melanoma, and advanced ovarian cancer. Unfortunately, these patients show a low survival rate and most of the available drugs are ineffective. In this context, epigenetic modifications have emerged to provide the causes and potential treatments for such types of tumors. Methylation and hydroxymethylation of DNA, and histone modifications, are the most common targets of epigenetic therapy, to influence gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. These modifications could impact both oncogenes and tumor suppressor factors, which influence several molecular pathways such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, WNT/β-catenin, PI3K-mTOR, MAPK, or mismatch repair machinery. However, epigenetic changes are inducible and reversible events that could be influenced by some environmental conditions, such as UV exposure, smoking habit, or diet. Changes in DNA methylation status and/or histone modification, such as acetylation, methylation or phosphorylation, among others, are the most important targets for epigenetic cancer therapy. Therefore, the present review aims to compile the basic information of epigenetic modifications, pathways and factors, and provide a rationale for the research and treatment of highly aggressive tumors with epigenetic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martinez-Useros
- Translational Oncology Division, OncoHealth Institute, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Avenida Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Mario Martin-Galan
- Translational Oncology Division, OncoHealth Institute, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Avenida Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Jesus Garcia-Foncillas
- Translational Oncology Division, OncoHealth Institute, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Avenida Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hung JH, Cheng HY, Tsai YC, Pan HA, Omar HA, Chiu CC, Su YM, Lin YM, Teng YN. LRWD1 expression is regulated through DNA methylation in human testicular embryonal carcinoma cells. Basic Clin Androl 2021; 31:12. [PMID: 34011267 PMCID: PMC8136200 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-021-00130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sperm growth and maturation are correlated with the expression levels of Leucine-rich repeat and WD repeat-containing protein 1 (LRWD1), a widely expressed protein in the human testicles. The decrease in LRWD1 cellular level was linked to the reduction in cell growth and mitosis and the rise in cell microtubule atrophy rates. Since DNA methylation has a major regulatory role in gene expression, this study aimed at exploring the effect of the modulation of DNA methylation on LRWD1 expression levels. RESULTS The results revealed the presence of a CpG island up of 298 bps (- 253 ~ + 45) upon LRWD1 promoter in NT2/D1 cells. The hypermethylation of the LRWD1 promoter was linked to a reduction in the transcription activity in NT2/D1 cells, as indicated by luciferase reporter assay. The methylation activator, floxuridine, confirmed the decrease in the LRWD1 promoter transcriptional activity. On the other hand, 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dc, methylation inhibitor), significantly augmented LRWD1 promoter activity and the expression levels of mRNA and proteins. Furthermore, DNA methylation status of LRWD1 promoter in human sperm genomic DNA samples was analyzed. The results indicated that methylation of LRWD1 promoter was correlated to sperm activity. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the regulation of LRWD1 expression is correlated with the methylation status of LRWD1 promoter, which played a significant role in the modulation of spermatogenesis, sperm motility, and vitality. Based on these results, the methylation status of LRWD1 promoter may serve as a novel molecular diagnostic marker or a therapeutic target in males' infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hsiang Hung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yi Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, No.33, Sec. 2, Shulin St., West Central District, Tainan City, 700, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chi-Mei Medical Center; Department of Sport Management, and Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Mei Su
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, No.33, Sec. 2, Shulin St., West Central District, Tainan City, 700, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yen-Ni Teng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, No.33, Sec. 2, Shulin St., West Central District, Tainan City, 700, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sanaei M, Kavoosi F, Sahraeian H. The Effects of 5-Aza-2'-Deoxycytidine and Valproic Acid on Apoptosis Induction and Cell Growth Inhibition in Colon Cancer HT 29 Cell Line. Int J Prev Med 2021; 12:33. [PMID: 34249282 PMCID: PMC8218802 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_410_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and histone modification, alter gene expression without the nucleotide template alterations and are associated with all stages of tumor formation and progression. Previously, we investigated the effects of DNA demethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors on hepatocellular carcinoma and colon cancers. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR, decitabine) and valproic acid (VPA), individually as well as combined on apoptosis induction and cell growth inhibition in colon cancer HT 29 cell line. Methods: The effect of the compounds on the cell viability was measured by MTT assay. To determine cell apoptosis, the cells were treated with 5-aza-CdR and VPA. Propidium iodide was used for staining and the cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results: Both agents decreased cell viability in a time and dose-dependent manner significantly (P < 0.002). The results of flow cytometry demonstrated that 5-aza-CdR and VPA induced apoptosis significantly as opposed to control groups. Maximal percentage of apoptotic cells was obtained after 48 h with combined treatment. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that 5-aza-CdR and VPA can significantly inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in colon cancer HT 29 cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Sanaei
- Research Center for Non-communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars Province, Iran
| | - Fraidoon Kavoosi
- Research Center for Non-communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars Province, Iran
| | - Hamed Sahraeian
- Student of Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars Province, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Takeshima H, Yoda Y, Wakabayashi M, Hattori N, Yamashita S, Ushijima T. Low-dose DNA demethylating therapy induces reprogramming of diverse cancer-related pathways at the single-cell level. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:142. [PMID: 32958049 PMCID: PMC7507826 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic reprogramming using DNA demethylating drugs is a promising approach for cancer therapy, but its efficacy is highly dependent on the dosing regimen. Low-dose treatment for a prolonged period shows a remarkable therapeutic efficacy, despite its small demethylating effect. Here, we aimed to explore the mechanisms of how such low-dose treatment shows this remarkable efficacy by focusing on epigenetic reprograming at the single-cell level. METHODS Expression profiles in HCT116 cells treated with decitabine (DAC) were analyzed by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). Functional consequences and DNA demethylation at the single-cell level were analyzed using cloned HCT116 cells after DAC treatment. RESULTS scRNA-seq revealed that DAC-treated cells had highly diverse expression profiles at the single-cell level, and tumor-suppressor genes, endogenous retroviruses, and interferon-stimulated genes were upregulated in random fractions of cells. DNA methylation analysis of cloned HCT116 cells revealed that, while only partial reduction of DNA methylation levels was observed in bulk cells, complete demethylation of specific cancer-related genes, such as cell cycle regulation, WNT pathway, p53 pathway, and TGF-β pathway, was observed, depending upon clones. Functionally, a clone with complete demethylation of CDKN2A (p16) had a larger fraction of cells with tetraploid than parental cells, indicating induction of cellular senescence due to normalization of cell cycle regulation. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic reprogramming of specific cancer-related pathways at the single-cell level is likely to underlie the remarkable efficacy of low-dose DNA demethylating therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takeshima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukie Yoda
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Mika Wakabayashi
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Hattori
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mudla A, Jiang Y, Arimoto KI, Xu B, Rajesh A, Ryan AP, Wang W, Daugherty MD, Zhang DE, Hao N. Cell-cycle-gated feedback control mediates desensitization to interferon stimulation. eLife 2020; 9:58825. [PMID: 32945770 PMCID: PMC7500952 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells use molecular circuits to interpret and respond to extracellular cues, such as hormones and cytokines, which are often released in a temporally varying fashion. In this study, we combine microfluidics, time-lapse microscopy, and computational modeling to investigate how the type I interferon (IFN)-responsive regulatory network operates in single human cells to process repetitive IFN stimulation. We found that IFN-α pretreatments lead to opposite effects, priming versus desensitization, depending on input durations. These effects are governed by a regulatory network composed of a fast-acting positive feedback loop and a delayed negative feedback loop, mediated by upregulation of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18). We further revealed that USP18 upregulation can only be initiated at the G1/early S phases of cell cycle upon the treatment onset, resulting in heterogeneous and delayed induction kinetics in single cells. This cell cycle gating provides a temporal compartmentalization of feedback loops, enabling duration-dependent desensitization to repetitive stimulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anusorn Mudla
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Yanfei Jiang
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Kei-Ichiro Arimoto
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Bingxian Xu
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Adarsh Rajesh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Andy P Ryan
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Matthew D Daugherty
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Dong-Er Zhang
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Pathology, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Nan Hao
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hoang NM, Rui L. DNA methyltransferases in hematological malignancies. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:361-372. [PMID: 32994141 PMCID: PMC7704698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are an evolutionarily conserved family of DNA methylases, transferring a methyl group onto the fifth carbon of a cytosine residue. The mammalian DNMT family includes three major members that have functional methylation activities, termed DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B. DNMT3A and DNMT3B are responsible for methylation establishment, whereas DNMT1 maintains methylation during DNA replication. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that regulation of DNA methylation by DNMTs is critical for normal hematopoiesis. Aberrant DNA methylation due to DNMT dysregulation and mutations is known as an important molecular event of hematological malignancies, such as DNMT3A mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. In this review, we first describe the basic methylation mechanisms of DNMTs and their functions in lymphocyte maturation and differentiation. We then discuss the current understanding of DNA methylation heterogeneity in leukemia and lymphoma to highlight the importance of studying DNA methylation targets. We also discuss DNMT mutations and pathogenic roles in human leukemia and lymphoma. We summarize the recent understanding of how DNMTs interact with transcription factors or cofactors to repress the expression of tumor suppressor genes. Finally, we highlight current clinical studies using DNMT inhibitors for the treatment of these hematological malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyet-Minh Hoang
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Lixin Rui
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rosendo-Chalma P, Antonio-Vejar V, Bigoni-Ordóñez GD, Patiño-Morales CC, Cano-García A, García-Carrancá A. CDH1 and SNAI1 are regulated by E7 from human papillomavirus types 16 and 18. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:301-313. [PMID: 32319591 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A common characteristic of cancer types associated with viruses is the dysregulated expression of the CDH1 gene, which encodes E‑cadherin, in general by activation of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts). In cervical cancer, E7 protein from high risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) has been demonstrated to interact with Dnmt1 and histone deacetylase type 1 (HDAC1). The present study proposed that E7 may regulate the expression of CDH1 through two pathways: i) Epigenetic, including DNA methylation; and ii) Epigenetic‑independent, including the induction of negative regulators of CDH1 expression, such as Snail family transcriptional repressor Snai1 and Snai2. To test this hypothesis, HPV16‑ and HPV18‑positive cell lines were used to determine the methylation pattern of the CDH1 promoter and its expression in association with its negative regulators. Different methylation frequencies were identified in the CDH1 promoter in HeLa (88.24%) compared with SiHa (17.65%) and Ca Ski (0%) cell lines. Significant differences in the expression of SNAI1 were observed between these cell lines, and an inverse association was identified between the expression levels of SNAI1 and CDH1. In addition, suppressing E7 not only increased the expression of CDH1, but notably decreased the expression of SNAI1 and modified the methylation pattern of the CDH1 promoter. These results suggested that the expression of CDH1 was dependent on the expression of SNAI1 and was inversely associated with the expression of E7. The present results indicated that E7 from HPV16/18 regulated the expression of CDH1 by the two following pathways in which Snai1 is involved: i) Hypermethylation of the CDH1 promoter region and increasing expression of SNAI1, as observed in HeLa; and ii) Hypomethylation of the CDH1 promoter region and expression of SNAI1, as observed in SiHa. Therefore, the suppression of CDH1 and expression of SNAI1 may be considered to be biomarkers of metastasis in uterine cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rosendo-Chalma
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIB), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 10450, Mexico
| | - Verónica Antonio-Vejar
- Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer of Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas‑Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IIB‑UNAM) and División de Investigación Básica of Instituto Nacional de Cancerología‑Secretaría de Salud (INCan‑SSA), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Gabriele Davide Bigoni-Ordóñez
- Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer of Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas‑Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IIB‑UNAM) and División de Investigación Básica of Instituto Nacional de Cancerología‑Secretaría de Salud (INCan‑SSA), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Carlos César Patiño-Morales
- Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer of Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas‑Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IIB‑UNAM) and División de Investigación Básica of Instituto Nacional de Cancerología‑Secretaría de Salud (INCan‑SSA), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Amparo Cano-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC‑UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer of Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas‑Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IIB‑UNAM) and División de Investigación Básica of Instituto Nacional de Cancerología‑Secretaría de Salud (INCan‑SSA), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Epigenetic preconditioning with decitabine sensitizes glioblastoma to temozolomide via induction of MLH1. J Neurooncol 2020; 147:557-566. [PMID: 32193690 PMCID: PMC7256087 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To improve the standard treatment paradigm for glioblastoma (GBM), efforts have been made to explore the efficacy of epigenetic agents as chemosensitizers. Recent data suggest possible synergy between decitabine (DAC), a DNA hypomethylating agent, and temozolomide (TMZ) in GBM, but the mechanism remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of DAC on TMZ sensitization in a consecutively derived set of primary GBM cultures, with a focus on mismatch repair (MMR) proteins. METHODS Half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of TMZ were calculated in eleven consecutive patient-derived GBM cell lines before and after preconditioning with DAC. MMR protein expression changes were determined by quantitative immunoblots and qPCR arrays. Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing of bisulfite (BS)-converted PCR amplicons of the MLH1 promoter was performed to determine methylation status. RESULTS TMZ IC50 significantly changed in 6 of 11 GBM lines of varying MGMT promoter methylation status in response to DAC preconditioning. Knockdown of MLH1 after preconditioning reversed TMZ sensitization. SMRT-BS sequencing of the MLH1 promoter region revealed higher levels of baseline methylation at proximal CpGs in desensitized lines compared to sensitized lines. CONCLUSIONS DAC enhances TMZ cytotoxicity in a subset of GBM cell lines, comprising lines both MGMT methylated and unmethylated tumors. This effect may be driven by levels of MLH1 via E2F1 transcription factor binding. Using unbiased long-range next-generation bisulfite-sequencing, we identified a region of the proximal MLH1 promoter with differential methylation patterns that has potential utility as a clinical biomarker for TMZ sensitization.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mahdi MR, Georges RB, Ali DM, Bedeer RF, Eltahry HM, Gabr AEHZ, Berger MR. Modulation of the Endothelin System in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis: Influence of Epigenetic Mechanisms? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:180. [PMID: 32194414 PMCID: PMC7063057 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting of endothelin system genes is a promising strategy in cancer therapy. The modulation of these genes was explored in a model of colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis and in a panel of CRC tumor cell lines that were exposed to the demethylating agent decitabine. The CC531 rat model mimicking CRC liver metastasis was used for tumor cell re-isolation and analysis of the endothelin system genes and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) by microarray. To mimic the effects caused by methylation changes, a panel of seven CRC cell lines was treated with the demethylating agent decitabine. Three genes of the endothelin system were potently modulated at messenger RNA (mRNA) level in rat CC531 cells during liver colonization. The concomitant decrease of two DNMTs suggested an influence from altered methylation. Changes in gene expression were also accomplished by exposure of CRC cells to the demethylating agent decitabine, when using daily low concentrations for 3 days, with minimal cytotoxic effects. Sensitive human SW480 cells showed an almost 100fold upregulation of endothelin-1 mRNA compared to untreated cells. This, however, was different in LS174T cells, which showed no significant increase in gene expression although the methylation levels were significantly decreased at a variety of corresponding loci. We suggest that the mechanism induced by methylation on gene expression in metastatic CRC cells can be compromised. The results question the overall success of treating metastatic CRC by methylation inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R. Mahdi
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rania B. Georges
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doaa M. Ali
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raouf F. Bedeer
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Huda M. Eltahry
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abd-El Hakiem Z. Gabr
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Martin R. Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Duan YT, Sangani CB, Liu W, Soni KV, Yao Y. New Promises to Cure Cancer and Other Genetic Diseases/Disorders: Epi-drugs Through Epigenetics. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:972-994. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190603094439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All the heritable alterations in gene expression and chromatin structure due to chemical modifications that do not involve changes in the primary gene nucleotide sequence are referred to as epigenetics. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs are distinct types of epigenetic inheritance. Epigenetic patterns have been linked to the developmental stages, environmental exposure, and diet. Therapeutic strategies are now being developed to target human diseases such as cancer with mutations in epigenetic regulatory genes using specific inhibitors. Within the past two decades, seven epigenetic drugs have received regulatory approval and many others show their candidature in clinical trials. The current article represents a review of epigenetic heritance, diseases connected with epigenetic alterations and regulatory approved epigenetic drugs as future medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tao Duan
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Chetan B. Sangani
- Shri Maneklal M. Patel Institute of Sciences and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 362024, India
| | - Wei Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Kunjal V. Soni
- Shri Maneklal M. Patel Institute of Sciences and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 362024, India
| | - Yongfang Yao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cook N, Parker DJ, Tauber E, Pannebakker BA, Shuker DM. Validating the Demethylating Effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in Insects Requires a Whole-Genome Approach. Am Nat 2019; 194:432-438. [PMID: 31553206 DOI: 10.1086/704248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that treatment with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) alters the offspring sex ratios produced by females of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Females allocate offspring sex ratio in line with local mate competition theory, producing more or less female-biased sex ratios as the number of other females laying eggs on a patch varies, thereby reducing competition among their sons for mates. Interestingly, treatment with 5-aza-dC did not ablate the facultative sex allocation response. Instead, sex ratios became less female biased, a shift in the direction of the optimum sex ratio for paternally inherited alleles according to genomic conflict theory. This was the first (albeit indirect) experimental evidence for genomic conflict over sex allocation. In their comment, Ellers and colleagues assayed the effects of 5-aza-dC on DNA methylation in 10 Nasonia genes, finding no evidence of demethylation in these 10 genes, from which they conclude that 5-aza-dC has no demethylating capability in N. vitripennis. Quantifying the efficacy of 5-aza-dC in terms of demethylation is indeed crucial to in-depth interpretation of studies using 5-aza-dC to link phenotypes to epigenetic regulation. Here we outline the mode of action of 5-aza-dC and demonstrate that determining the efficacy of 5-aza-dC in insect systems requires a whole-genome approach.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu YS, Lee ZY, Chuah LH, Mai CW, Ngai SC. Epigenetics in Metastatic Breast Cancer: Its Regulation and Implications in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutics. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 19:82-100. [PMID: 29714144 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180430130248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment regimen, the high incidence rate of breast cancer (BC) deaths is mostly caused by metastasis. Recently, the aberrant epigenetic modifications, which involve DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNA (miRNA) regulations become attractive targets to treat metastatic breast cancer (MBC). In this review, the epigenetic alterations of DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA regulations in regulating MBC are discussed. The preclinical and clinical trials of epigenetic drugs such as the inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (DNMTi) and the inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDACi), as a single or combined regimen with other epigenetic drug or standard chemotherapy drug to treat MBCs are discussed. The combined regimen of epigenetic drugs or with standard chemotherapy drugs enhance the therapeutic effect against MBC. Evidences that epigenetic changes could have implications in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics for MBC are also presented. Several genes have been identified as potential epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, as well as therapeutic targets for MBC. Endeavors in clinical trials of epigenetic drugs against MBC should be continued although limited success has been achieved. Future discovery of epigenetic drugs from natural resources would be an attractive natural treatment regimen for MBC. Further research is warranted in translating research into clinical practice with the ultimate goal of treating MBC by epigenetic therapy in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Seng Wu
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zhong Yang Lee
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lay-Hong Chuah
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wai Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Ching Ngai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang MH, Chou YW, Li MH, Shih TE, Lin SZ, Chuang HM, Chiou TW, Su HL, Harn HJ. Epigenetic targeting DNMT1 of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using interstitial control release biodegrading polymer reduced tumor growth through hedgehog pathway inhibition. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:50-61. [PMID: 30385365 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Annually, 48,000 people die from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), ranking it the fourth among cancer-related deaths in the United States. Currently, anti-cancer drugs are not effective against PDAC, and only extends survival by 3 months. Aberrant DNA methylation has been shown to play an important role during carcinogenesis in PDAC, with approximately 80% of tumor overexpressing the DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) protein. In the present study, we used DNMTs as a screening platform to find a new DNMT inhibitor, n-butylidenephthalide (n-BP), which is identified from a Chinese herbal drug. n-BP could inhibit DNMT1 expression in both dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. It also displays an effect in suppressing growth of PDAC cells and inducing cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase leading apoptosis. Growth suppression can be restored by the overexpression of DNMT1 in PDAC cells. Furthermore, we found n-BP-mediated DNMT1 suppression influenced the protein stability rather than changing the RNA expression. Through microarray studies, we found that the patched domain contained 4 (PTCHD4) is the potential downstream gene of DNMT1. Following silencing of PTCHD4 expression by siRNA, n-BP decreased tumor growth inhibition. Finally, in vivo, two animal models were used to evaluate the efficacy and survival after n-BP treatment by interstitial control release polymer delivery. The results show that n-BP could effectively inhibit PDAC tumor volume growth and extend animal survival. In summary, n-BP may inhibit the growth of human PDAC cells though reducing DNMT1 and increasing the expression of PTCHD4 both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chou
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsun Li
- Department of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tina E Shih
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Meng Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lin T, Dang S, Su Q, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhang X, Lu Y, Li H, Zhu Z. The Impact and Mechanism of Methylated Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 1 and 5 in the Hippocampus on Depression-Like Behavior in Prenatal Stress Offspring Rats. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7060117. [PMID: 29882864 PMCID: PMC6025529 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7060117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of epidemiological investigations and animal models research suggest that prenatal stress (PS) could cause depression-like behavior in the offspring, which is sex specific. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study is to investigate the promoter methylation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) and metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 (mGluR5) gene modification on PS induced depression-like behavior in offspring rats (OR). PS models were established, with or without 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-azaD, decitabine) treatment. Animal behavior was assessed by the sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swimming test (FST), and open field test (OFT). The mRNA and protein expression levels of mGluR1 and mGluR5 in the hippocampus of offspring were detected with quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The promoter methylation in the hippocampus of mGluR1 and mGluR5 OR were also analyzed. SPT showed significantly reduced sucrose preference in PS induced OR. FST showed significantly prolonged immobility time in PS induced OR. OFT showed significantly reduced central residence time in PS induced OR and no significantly influence in rearing as well as in frequency of micturition. Moreover, the mRNA, protein expression levels, and gene promoter methylation level of mGluR1 and mGluR5 in the hippocampus were significantly increased in the PS induced male OR, while no significantly influence in the PS induced female OR. Furthermore, the PS induced effects in male OR could be reversed by the microinjection of 5-azaD. In conclusion, our results showed that the promoter methylation of mGluR1 and mGluR5 gene modification is only involved in PS induced depression-like behavior in male OR in a sex-specific manner. These findings might contribute to the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and clinical treatment in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Lin
- Shaanxi Province Biomedicine Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shaokang Dang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qian Su
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Junli Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Biomedicine Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Biomedicine Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Biomedicine Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- Shaanxi Province Biomedicine Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xi W, Chen X, Sun J, Wang W, Huo Y, Zheng G, Wu J, Li Y, Yang A, Wang T. Combined Treatment with Valproic Acid and 5-Aza-2'-Deoxycytidine Synergistically Inhibits Human Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Growth and Migration. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1034-1043. [PMID: 29457966 PMCID: PMC5827631 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histone acetylation and DNA methylation are important mammalian epigenetic modifications that participate in the regulation of gene expression. Because dysregulation of histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferases are hallmarks of malignancy, they have become promising therapeutic targets. In this study, we explored the anti-tumor activity of valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) and 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases, on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines 786-O and 769-P. Material/Methods The cell proliferation was detected by xCELLigence RTCA DP Instrument, viability by CCK8 assay, cell apoptosis and cell cycle by flow cytometry, and cell migration by wound healing assay, Transwell assay and xCELLigence RTCA DP Instrument. Results We discovered that VPA and 5-Aza could individually induce decreased viability and have an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of 786-O and 769-P cells. This anti-growth effect was more pronounced when the cells were treated with both VPA and 5-Aza. The combination of VPA and 5-Aza also elicited more apoptosis and produced more cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase for both cell lines. On the other hand, treatment of RCC cells with VPA, 5-Aza, or a combination of both resulted in slow wound healing and impaired migration. Conclusions These findings clearly demonstrated that VPA combined with 5-Aza could significantly increase anti-RCC effects by inhibiting cellular proliferation, inducing apoptosis, promoting cell cycle arrest and prohibiting the migration of human RCC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jinbo Sun
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Guoxu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jieheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yufang Li
- Nuclear Medicine Diagnostic Center, Shaanxi Provincial Peple's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Angang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bai ZT, Bai B, Zhu J, Di CX, Li X, Zhou WC. Epigenetic actions of environmental factors and promising drugs for cancer therapy. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2049-2056. [PMID: 29434904 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is known to be primarily associated with gene mutations. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that epigenetic events also serve crucial roles in tumor etiology. Environmental factors, including nutrition, toxicants and ethanol, are involved in carcinogenesis through inducing epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone deacetylase and miRNA regulation. Studying epigenetic mechanisms has facilitated the development of early diagnostic strategies and potential therapeutic avenues. Modulation at the epigenetic level, including reversing epigenetic modifications using targeted drugs, has demonstrated promise in cancer therapy. Therefore, identifying novel epigenetic biomarkers and therapeutic targets has potential for the future of cancer therapy. The present review discusses the environmental factors involved in epigenetic modifications and potential drug candidates for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Tian Bai
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Bing Bai
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Pathology Department of Donggang Branch Courts, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Xia Di
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xun Li
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ce Zhou
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wong SHM, Fang CM, Chuah LH, Leong CO, Ngai SC. E-cadherin: Its dysregulation in carcinogenesis and clinical implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 121:11-22. [PMID: 29279096 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is a transmembrane glycoprotein which connects epithelial cells together at adherens junctions. In normal cells, E-cadherin exerts its tumour suppressing role mainly by sequestering β-catenin from its binding to LEF (Lymphoid enhancer factor)/TCF (T cell factor) which serves the function of transcribing genes of the proliferative Wnt signaling pathway. Despite the ongoing debate on whether the loss of E-cadherin is the cause or effect of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), E-cadherin functional loss has frequently been associated with poor prognosis and survival in patients of various cancers. The dysregulation of E-cadherin expression that leads to carcinogenesis happens mostly at the epigenetic level but there are cases of genetic alterations as well. E-cadherin expression has been linked to the cellular functions of invasiveness reduction, growth inhibition, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and differentiation. Studies on various cancers have shown that these different cellular functions are also interdependent. Recent studies have reported a rapid expansion of E-cadherin clinical relevance in various cancers. This review article summarises the multifaceted effect E-cadherin expression has on cellular functions in the context of carcinogenesis as well as its clinical implications in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia How Ming Wong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Mun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lay-Hong Chuah
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Onn Leong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Siew Ching Ngai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Impact of Natural Compounds on DNA Methylation Levels of the Tumor Suppressor Gene RASSF1A in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102160. [PMID: 29039788 PMCID: PMC5666841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) is a fundamental event in the pathogenesis of human cancer. This silencing is accomplished by aberrant chromatin modifications including DNA hypermethylation of the gene promoter. One of the most frequently hypermethylated TSG in human cancer is the Ras Association Domain Family 1A (RASSF1A) gene. Aberrant methylation of RASSF1A has been reported in melanoma, sarcoma and carcinoma of different tissues. RASSF1A hypermethylation has been correlated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Reactivation of epigenetically silenced TSG has been suggested as a therapy in cancer treatment. In particular, natural compounds isolated from herbal extracts have been tested for their capacity to induce RASSF1A in cancer cells, through demethylation. Here, we review the treatment of cancer cells with natural supplements (e.g., methyl donors, vitamins and polyphenols) that have been utilized to revert or prevent the epigenetic silencing of RASSF1A. Moreover, we specify pathways that were involved in RASSF1A reactivation. Several of these compounds (e.g., reseveratol and curcumin) act by inhibiting the activity or expression of DNA methyltransferases and reactive RASSF1A in cancer. Thus natural compounds could serve as important agents in tumor prevention or cancer therapy. However, the exact epigenetic reactivation mechanism is still under investigation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Rahmani S, Abdollahi M. Novel treatment opportunities for sulfur mustard-related cancers: genetic and epigenetic perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3717-3735. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
32
|
Bagu ET, Miah S, Dai C, Spriggs T, Ogunbolude Y, Beaton E, Sanders M, Goel RK, Bonham K, Lukong KE. Repression of Fyn-related kinase in breast cancer cells is associated with promoter site-specific CpG methylation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11442-11459. [PMID: 28077797 PMCID: PMC5355277 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The triple-negative breast cancer subtype is highly aggressive and has no defined therapeutic target. Fyn-related kinase (FRK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, reported to be downregulated in breast cancer and gliomas, where it is suggested to have tumor suppressor activity. We examined the expression profile of FRK in a panel of 40 breast cancer cells representing all the major subtypes, as well as in 4 non-malignant mammary epithelial cell lines. We found that FRK expression was significantly repressed in a proportion of basal B breast cancer cell lines. We then determined the mechanism of suppression of FRK in FRK-low or negative cell lines. In silico analyses of the FRK promoter region led to the identification of at least 17 CpG sites. Bisulphite sequencing of the promoter region revealed that two of these sites were consistently methylated in FRK-low/negative cell lines and especially in the basal B breast cancer subtype. We further show that treatment of these cells with histone deacetylase inhibitors, Entinostat and Mocetinostat' promoted re-expression of FRK mRNA and protein. Further, using luciferase reporter assays, we show that both GATA3-binding protein FOG1 and constitutively active STAT5A increased the activity of FRK promoter. Together, our results present the first evidence that site-specific promoter methylation contributes to the repression of FRK more so in basal B breast cancers. Our study also highlights the potential clinical significance of targeting FRK using epigenetic drugs specifically in basal B breast cancers which are usually triple negative and very aggressive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Bagu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.,Cancer Research Unit, Health Research Division, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, and Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada
| | - Sayem Miah
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.,Current address: Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Chenlu Dai
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Travis Spriggs
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Yetunde Ogunbolude
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Erika Beaton
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.,Cancer Research Unit, Health Research Division, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, and Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada
| | - Michelle Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.,Cancer Research Unit, Health Research Division, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, and Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada
| | - Raghuveera K Goel
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Keith Bonham
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.,Cancer Research Unit, Health Research Division, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, and Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada
| | - Kiven E Lukong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
5-aza-2',2'-Difluoro Deoxycytidine (NUC013): A Novel Nucleoside DNA Methyl Transferase Inhibitor and Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10030065. [PMID: 28726739 PMCID: PMC5620609 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes can be silenced genetically as well as epigenetically. One approach to reversing epigenetic suppression of tumor suppressor genes is to inhibit DNA methyl transferase. 5-aza-2′,2′-diflurorodeoxycytidine (NUC013) is a novel DNA methyl transferase and ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor that is a more potent inhibitor of growth than decitabine in the NCI 60 cancer cell line panel. NUC013 is more active than decitabine against p53-null/mutant cancer cell lines (p = 0.027) but is even more so against p53 wild-type (WT) cell lines (p = 0.0025). The maximum tolerated dose in mice of NUC013 is greater than 120 mg/kg administered intravenously for three consecutive days a week for three weeks. With this regimen and a dose of 20 mg/kg in a human leukemia HL-60 (p53-null) NCr-nu/nu mouse xenograft model (n = 10/group), NUC013 demonstrated a survival benefit (saline median survival (MS) = 26.5 days, NUC013 MS = 32 days and hazard ratio (HR) = 0.26 (p = 0.032)). In a colon cancer LoVo (TP53 WT) xenograft, mice treated with decitabine at 5 mg/kg had worse survival than saline controls (decitabine MS = 31 days, saline MS > 60 days and HR = 26.89 (p < 0.0001)). At a dose of 20 mg/kg NUC013, mean tumor volume in the LoVo xenografts was lower than controls by 50.9% and at 40 mg/kg by 53.7% (both p < 0.0001).
Collapse
|
34
|
Decreased WWOX expression promotes angiogenesis in osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60917-60932. [PMID: 28977834 PMCID: PMC5617394 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
WWOX (WW domain-containing oxidoreductase) is known to be an important tumor suppressor in cancer. In this study, we used samples from 201 osteosarcoma patients to investigate the effects of WWOX on angiogenesis and invasion. WWOX levels were negatively correlated with RUNX2 and VEGF levels, but were not correlated with OPN levels. Among the clinicopathological characteristics examined, WWOX was associated only with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and its expression in osteosarcoma tissues was a predictor of disease-free survival. WWOX promoted apoptosis and inhibited invasion and expression of bcl-2, OPN, RUNX2, and VEGF in osteosarcoma cells in vitro. In MG-63 cells, bcl-2 increased VEGF expression, while RUNX2 increased VEGF and OPN expression. Administration of DNA methylation inhibitors increased WWOX expression in MG-63 cells and methylation of WWOX gene promoter CpG island in the osteosarcoma of patients was associated with suppression of WWOX expression. Overexpression of WWOX in osteosarcoma cells inhibited tube formation in co-cultured HUVEC cells, and high WWOX expression was associated with decreased microvessel density (MVD). These results suggest that reduced WWOX expression in osteosarcoma inhibits apoptosis, promotes invasion and increases MVD.
Collapse
|
35
|
Identification of Methylation-Driven, Differentially Expressed STXBP6 as a Novel Biomarker in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42573. [PMID: 28198450 PMCID: PMC5309775 DOI: 10.1038/srep42573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an essential epigenetic marker associated with the silencing of gene expression. Although various genome-wide studies revealed aberrantly methylated gene targets as molecular biomarkers for early detection, the survival rate of lung cancer patients is still poor. In order to identify methylation-driven biomarkers, genome-wide changes in DNA methylation and differential expression in 32 pairs of lung adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal lung tissue in non-smoking women were examined. This concurrent analysis identified 21 negatively correlated probes (r ≤ −0.5), corresponding to 17 genes. Examining the endogenous expression in lung cancer cell lines, five of the genes were found to be significantly down-regulated. Furthermore, in tumor cells alone, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment increased the expression levels of STXBP6 in a dose dependent manner and pyrosequencing showed higher percentage of methylation in STXBP6 promoter. Functional analysis revealed that overexpressed STXBP6 in A549 and H1299 cells significantly decreased cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration, and increased apoptosis. Finally, significantly lower survival rates (P < 0.05) were observed when expression levels of STXBP6 were low. Our results provide a basis for the genetic etiology of lung adenocarcinoma by demonstrating the possible role of hypermethylation of STXBP6 in poor clinical outcomes in lung cancer patients.
Collapse
|
36
|
Epigenetic silencing of the NR4A3 tumor suppressor, by aberrant JAK/STAT signaling, predicts prognosis in gastric cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31690. [PMID: 27528092 PMCID: PMC4985659 DOI: 10.1038/srep31690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While aberrant JAK/STAT signaling is crucial to the development of gastric cancer (GC), its effects on epigenetic alterations of its transcriptional targets remains unclear. In this study, by expression microarrays coupled with bioinformatic analyses, we identified a putative STAT3 target gene, NR4A3 that was downregulated in MKN28 GC daughter cells overexpressing a constitutively activated STAT3 mutant (S16), as compared to an empty vector control (C9). Bisulphite pyrosequencing and demethylation treatment showed that NR4A3 was epigenetically silenced by promoter DNA methylation in S16 and other GC cell lines including AGS cells, showing constitutive activation of STAT3. Subsequent experiments revealed that NR4A3 promoter binding by STAT3 might repress its transcription. Long-term depletion of STAT3 derepressed NR4A3 expression, by promoter demethylation, in AGS GC cells. NR4A3 re-expression in GC cell lines sensitized the cells to cisplatin, and inhibited tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, in an animal model. Clinically, GC patients with high NR4A3 methylation, or lower NR4A3 protein expression, had significantly shorter overall survival. Intriguingly, STAT3 activation significantly associated only with NR4A3 methylation in low-stage patient samples. Taken together, aberrant JAK/STAT3 signaling epigenetically silences a potential tumor suppressor, NR4A3, in gastric cancer, plausibly representing a reliable biomarker for gastric cancer prognosis.
Collapse
|
37
|
Aronica A, Avagliano L, Caretti A, Tosi D, Bulfamante GP, Trinchera M. Unexpected distribution of CA19.9 and other type 1 chain Lewis antigens in normal and cancer tissues of colon and pancreas: Importance of the detection method and role of glycosyltransferase regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3210-3220. [PMID: 27535614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CA19.9 antigen has been assumed as an abundant product of cancer cells, due to the reactivity found by immunohistochemical staining of cancer tissues with anti-CA19.9 antibody. METHODS Expression and biosynthesis of type 1 chain Lewis antigens in the colon and the pancreas were studied by immunodetection in tissue sections and lysates, quantification of glycosyltransferase transcripts, bisulfite sequencing, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS CA19.9 was poorly detectable in normal colon mucosa and almost undetectable in colon cancer, while it was easily detected in the pancreatic ducts, together with Lewis b antigen, under both normal and cancer conditions. B3GALT5 transcripts were down-regulated in colon cancer, while they remained expressed in pancreatic cancer. Even ST3GAL3 transcript appeared well expressed in the pancreas but poorly in the colon, irrespective of normal or cancer conditions. CpG islands flanking B3GALT5 native promoter presented an extremely low degree of methylation in pancreatic cancer with respect to colon cancer. In a DNA region about 1kb away from the B3GALT5 retroviral promoter, a stretch of CG dinucleotides presented a methylation pattern potentially associated with transcription. Such a DNA region and the transcription factor binding site provided overlapping results by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, corroborating the hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS CA19.9 appears as a physiological product whose synthesis strongly depends on the tissue specific and epigenetically-regulated expression of B3GALT5 and ST3GAL3. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE CA19.9 and other Lewis antigens acquire tumor marker properties in the pancreas due to mechanisms giving rise to reabsorption into vessels and elevation in circulating levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Aronica
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Avagliano
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Caretti
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Delfina Tosi
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Gaetano Pietro Bulfamante
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy; Unit of Human Pathology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Trinchera
- Department of Medicine Clinical and Experimental (DMCS), University of Insubria Medical School, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li W, Wu D, Niu Z, Jiang D, Ma H, He H, Zuo X, Xie X, He Y. 5-Azacytidine suppresses EC9706 cell proliferation and metastasis by upregulating the expression of SOX17 and CDH1. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1047-54. [PMID: 27513557 PMCID: PMC5029961 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Azacytidine is a well-known anticancer drug that is clinically used in the treatment of breast cancer, melanoma and colon cancer. It has been reported that 5-azacytidine suppresses the biological behavior of esophageal cancer cells. However, corresponding mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, using Transwell invasion and cell proliferation assays, we demonstrated that 5-azacytidine significantly inhibited the metastasis and proliferation of EC9706 cells, and upregulated the expression of cadherin 1 (CDH1) and SRY-box containing gene 17 (SOX17). Moreover, the inhibition of the metastasis of the 5-azacytidine-treated EC9706 cells was impaired following transfection with siRNA targeting CDH1 (CDH1 siRNA), and the inhibition of cell proliferation was attenuated following the downregulation of SOX17 by siRNA targeting SOX17 (SOX17 siRNA). Furthermore, 5-azacytidine remarkably reduced the CDH1 and SOX17 promoter methylation levels, suggesting that 5-azacytidine upregulates the expression of SOX17 and CDH1 by inhibiting the methylation of the SOX17 and CDH1 promoter. The findings of our study confirm that 5-azacytidine suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of EC9706 esophageal cancer cells by upregulating the expression of CDH1 and SOX17. The expression levels of CDH1 and SOX17 negatively correlate with the promoter methylation levels. CDH1 and SOX17 are potential indicators of the clinical application of 5-azacytidine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Ziyu Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Dalei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Huan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Heming He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Yuanlong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kroes RA, Moskal JR. The role of DNA methylation in ST6Gal1 expression in gliomas. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1271-1283. [PMID: 27510958 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of transcriptional silencing of ST6Gal1 in gliomas has not yet been elucidated. Multiple independent promoters govern the expression of the ST6Gal I gene. Here, we investigated whether epigenetic abnormalities involving DNA methylation affect ST6Gal1 expression. Transcript-specific qRT-PCR following exposure of glioma cell lines to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, resulted in the re-expression of the normally quiescent ST6Gal1 mRNA driven exclusively by the P3 promoter sequence. The P3 promoter-specific transcription start site (TSS) was delineated by primer extension and core promoter sequences and associated functional transcription elements identified by deletion analysis utilizing chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter constructs. Minimal promoter activity was found to reside within the first 100 bp of the TSS and maximal activity was controlled by functional AP2 binding sites residing between 400 and 500 bp upstream of the initiation site. As altered AP2 binding was not directly associated with AP2 availability, these analyses demonstrate that ST6Gal1 transcription is regulated by DNA methylation within core promoter regions, ultimately by determining critical transcription factor accessibility within these regions. Transcriptional reactivation of ST6Gal1 expression by 5-aza-dC resulted in increased cell surface α2,6 sialoglycoconjugate expression, increased α2,6 sialylation of β1 integrin, and decreased adhesion to fibronectin substrate: functional correlates of decreased invasivity. The effects of global hypomethylation are not glycome-wide. Focused glycotranscriptomic analyses of three invasive glioma cell lines following 5-aza-dC treatment demonstrated the modulation of select glycogene transcripts. Taken together, these results demonstrate that epigenetic modulation of ST6Gal1 expression plays a key role in the glioma phenotype in vitro and that that therapeutic approaches targeting elements of the epigenetic machinery for the treatment of human glioblastoma are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Kroes
- Falk Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Joseph R Moskal
- Falk Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Taelman VF, Radojewski P, Marincek N, Ben-Shlomo A, Grotzky A, Olariu CI, Perren A, Stettler C, Krause T, Meier LP, Cescato R, Walter MA. Upregulation of Key Molecules for Targeted Imaging and Therapy. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1805-1810. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.165092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
|
41
|
Veenstra MJ, van Koetsveld PM, Dogan F, Farrell WE, Feelders RA, Lamberts SWJ, de Herder WW, Vitale G, Hofland LJ. Epidrug-induced upregulation of functional somatostatin type 2 receptors in human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cells. Oncotarget 2016; 9:14791-14802. [PMID: 29599907 PMCID: PMC5871078 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptors are a pivotal target for treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET), either with somatostatin analogues (SSA) or radiolabeled SSA. The highest affinity target for the most commonly used SSA is the somatostatin receptor type 2 (sst2 ). An important factor that may complicate treatment efficacy, is the variable number of receptors expressed on pNETs. Gene expression is subject to complex regulation, in which epigenetics has a central role. In this study we explored the possible role of epigenetic modifications in the variations in sst2 expression levels in two human pNET cell lines, BON-1 and QGP-1. We found upregulation of sst2 mRNA after treatment with the epidrugs 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) and valproic acid (VPA), an increased uptake of radiolabeled octreotide, as well as increased sensitivity to the SSA octreotide in functional cAMP inhibition. At epigenetic level we observed low methylation levels of the sst2 gene promoter region irrespective of expression. Activating histone mark H3K9Ac can be regulated with epidrug treatment, with an angle of effect corresponding to the effect on mRNA expression. Repressive histone mark H3K27me3 is not regulated by either 5-aza-dC or VPA. We conclude that epidrug treatment, in particular with combined 5-aza-dC and VPA treatment, might hold promise for improving and adding to current SSA treatment strategies of patients with pNETs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marije J Veenstra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William E Farrell
- Department Human Disease and Genomics Group, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W J Lamberts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mei Q, Chen M, Lu X, Li X, Duan F, Wang M, Luo G, Han W. An open-label, single-arm, phase I/II study of lower-dose decitabine based therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16698-711. [PMID: 25895027 PMCID: PMC4599300 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We conducted this phase I/II clinical trial to determine the safety and efficacy of lower-dose decitabine based therapy in pretreated patients with advanced HCC. Experimental Design Patients with advanced HCC were eligible. The administered dose of decitabine was 6 mg/m2/d intravenously on days 1 to 5 of a 28-day cycle. Additional therapies were given based on their disease progression status. The endpoint was to ensure the safety, hepatotoxicity, clinical responses, progression-free survival (PFS) and pharmacodynamics assay of lower-dose decitabine. Results Fifteen patients were enrolled. The favorable adverse events and liver function profiles were observed. The most beneficial responses were 1 complete response (CR), 6 stable disease (SD) and 8 progressive disease (PD). MRI liver scans post-treatment indicated a unique and specific characteristic. The immunohistochemistry result from the liver biopsy exhibited noteworthy CTL responses. Median PFS was 4 months (95% CI 1.7, 7), comparing favorably with existing therapeutic options. Expression decrement of DNMT1 and global DNA hypomethylation were observed in PBMCs after lower-dose decitabine treatment. Conclusion The lower-dose decitabine based treatment resulted in beneficial clinical response and favorable toxicity profiles in patients with advanced HCC. The prospective evaluations of decitabine administration schemes and tumor tissue-based pharmacodynamics effect are warranted in future trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Mei
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Bio-therapeutic, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Meixia Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Bio-therapeutic, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xuechun Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Bio-therapeutic, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Bio-therapeutic, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Feng Duan
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Maoqiang Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Bio-therapeutic, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Serrano-Gomez SJ, Maziveyi M, Alahari SK. Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition through epigenetic and post-translational modifications. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:18. [PMID: 26905733 PMCID: PMC4765192 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process in which a non-motile epithelial cell changes to a mesenchymal phenotype with invasive capacities. This phenomenon has been well documented in multiple biological processes including embryogenesis, fibrosis, tumor progression and metastasis. The hallmark of EMT is the loss of epithelial surface markers, most notably E-cadherin, and the acquisition of mesenchymal markers including vimentin and N-cadherin. The downregulation of E-cadherin during EMT can be mediated by its transcriptional repression through the binding of EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs) such as SNAIL, SLUG and TWIST to E-boxes present in the E-cadherin promoter. Additionally, EMT-TFs can also cooperate with several enzymes to repress the expression of E-cadherin and regulate EMT at the epigenetic and post- translational level. In this review, we will focus on epigenetic and post- translational modifications that are important in EMT. In addition, we will provide an overview of the various therapeutic approaches currently being investigated to undermine EMT and hence, the metastatic progression of cancer as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Juliana Serrano-Gomez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Mazvita Maziveyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Suresh K Alahari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhong B, Vatolin S, Idippily ND, Lama R, Alhadad LA, Reu FJ, Su B. Structural optimization of non-nucleoside DNA methyltransferase inhibitor as anti-cancer agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1272-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
45
|
Cao H, Wang L, Chen B, Zheng P, He Y, Ding Y, Deng Y, Lu X, Guo X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yu G. DNA Demethylation Upregulated Nrf2 Expression in Alzheimer's Disease Cellular Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 7:244. [PMID: 26779013 PMCID: PMC4700271 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important transcription factor in the defense against oxidative stress. Cumulative evidence has shown that oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Previous animal and clinical studies had observed decreased expression of Nrf2 in AD. However, the underlying regulation mechanisms of Nrf2 in AD remain unclear. Here, we used the DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) to test whether Nrf2 expression was regulated by methylation in N2a cells characterizing by expressing human Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein (N2a/APPswe). We found 5-Aza treatment increased Nrf2 at both messenger RNA and protein levels via downregulating the expression of Dnmts and DNA demethylation. In addition, 5-Aza-mediated upregulation of Nrf2 expression was concomitant with increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and higher expression of Nrf2 downstream target gene NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductas (NQO1). Our study showed that DNA demethylation promoted the Nrf2 cell signaling pathway, which may enhance the antioxidant system against AD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Bio-therapy and Hemato-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute , Chongqing , China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yubin Ding
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yushuang Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuming Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shin YH, Kim M, Kim N, Choi SK, Namkoong E, Choi SY, Lee JH, Cha S, Park K. Epigenetic alteration of the purinergic type 7 receptor in salivary epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:704-10. [PMID: 26399685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic receptors, particularly type 7 (P2RX7), are involved in apoptotic cell death. However, the expression and function of P2RX7 are suppressed in HSG cells. In the present study, we explored whether P2RX7 function is regulated by epigenetic alteration of the receptors in two different cell lines, HSG cells derived from human submandibular ducts, and A253 cells, originated from human submandibular carcinoma. We discovered that HSG cells expressed all subtypes of purinergic receptors, excluding P2RX7, at the mRNA level. However, treatment of the cells with 5-Aza-CdR, a DNA demethylating agent, increased the mRNA expression levels of P2RX7 in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, 5-Aza-CdR completely rescued the calcium response induced by P2RX7 agonist BzATP, a response that was absent in untreated HSG cells. In contrast, A253 cells showed a moderate methylation pattern in the P2RX7 CpG island. Most CG pairs from the first to the 21st were methylated in untreated HSG cells, but 5-Aza-CdR-treatment partially demethylated the methylated CG pairs. We obtained similar results when investigated human tissues; the CG pairs in the P2RX7 CpG islands showed hypermethylation and hypomethylation patterns in human normal and cancer tissues, respectively. Our results suggest that the expression level and function of P2RX7 are regulated by DNA methylation in epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, South Korea
| | - Minkyoung Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, South Korea
| | - Nahyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, South Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Choi
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, South Korea
| | - Eun Namkoong
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, South Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, South Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, South Korea
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Purcell M, Kruger A, Tainsky MA. Gene expression profiling of replicative and induced senescence. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3927-37. [PMID: 25483067 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.973327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a cell cycle arrest accompanied by high expression of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors which counteract overactive growth signals, which serves as a tumor suppressive mechanism. Senescence can be a result of telomere shortening (natural or replicative senescence) or DNA damage resulting from exogenous stressors (induced senescence). Here, we performed gene expression profiling through RNA-seq of replicative senescence, adriamycin-induced senescence, H2O2-induced senescence, and 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine-induced senescence in order to profile the pathways controlling various types of senescence. Overall, the pathways common to all 4 types of senescence were related to inflammation and the innate immune system. It was also evident that 5-aza-induced senescence mirrors natural replicative senescence due to telomere shortening. We also examined the prevalence of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors in the RNA-seq data, showing that it is a common characteristic of all 4 types of senescence. In addition, we could discriminate changes in gene expression due to quiescence during cellular senescence from those that were specific to senescence.
Collapse
Key Words
- 5-aza, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine
- 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine
- GGA, Genomatix Genome Analyzer
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IFN, interferon
- IPA, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
- LFS, Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
- LLP, lowest passage
- LP, low passage
- Li Fraumeni Syndrome
- RNA-seq
- SPIA, Signaling Pathway Impact Analysis
- Senescence
- adria, adriamycin
- adriamycin
- aging
- hydrogen peroxide
- nat, natural
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Purcell
- a Cancer Biology Program ; Wayne State University School of Medicine
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Perks CM, Holly JM. Epigenetic regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:159-66. [PMID: 25920743 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that are independent of alterations in DNA sequence. It is now accepted that disruption of epigenetic mechanisms plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cancer: culminating in altered gene function and malignant cellular transformation. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the most widely studied changes but non-coding RNAs such as miRNAs are also considered part of the epigenetic machinery. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is composed of two ligands, IGF-I and -II, their receptors and six high affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). The IGF axis plays a key role in cancer development and progression. As IGFBP genes have consistently been identified among the most common to be aberrantly altered in tumours, this review will focus on epigenetic regulation of IGFBP-3 in cancer for which the majority of evidence has been obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Perks
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK,
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cheishvili D, Boureau L, Szyf M. DNA demethylation and invasive cancer: implications for therapeutics. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2705-15. [PMID: 25134627 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer is aberrant DNA methylation, which is associated with abnormal gene expression. Both hypermethylation and silencing of tumour suppressor genes as well as hypomethylation and activation of prometastatic genes are characteristic of cancer cells. As DNA methylation is reversible, DNA methylation inhibitors were tested as anticancer drugs with the idea that such agents would demethylate and reactivate tumour suppressor genes. Two cytosine analogues, 5-azacytidine (Vidaza) and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, were approved by the Food and Drug Administration as antitumour agents in 2004 and 2006 respectively. However, these agents might cause activation of a panel of prometastatic genes in addition to activating tumour suppressor genes, which might lead to increased metastasis. This poses the challenge of how to target tumour suppressor genes and block cancer growth with DNA-demethylating drugs while avoiding the activation of prometastatic genes and precluding the morbidity of cancer metastasis. This paper reviews current progress in using DNA methylation inhibitors in cancer therapy and the potential promise and challenges ahead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Cheishvili
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University Medical School, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lisa Boureau
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University Medical School, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physiology Medical Sciences, University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University Medical School, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Developmental Psychobiology, McGill University Medical School, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bai J, Liu Z, Xu Z, Ke F, Zhang L, Zhu H, Lou F, Wang H, Fei Y, Shi YL, Wang H. Epigenetic Downregulation of SFRP4 Contributes to Epidermal Hyperplasia in Psoriasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4185-98. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|