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Romagnoli S, Krekeler N, de Cramer K, Kutzler M, McCarthy R, Schaefer-Somi S. WSAVA guidelines for the control of reproduction in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:424-559. [PMID: 38804079 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- S Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Viale dell'Università 16, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - N Krekeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K de Cramer
- Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Kutzler
- Dept of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, 112 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - R McCarthy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, United States
| | - S Schaefer-Somi
- Center for Reproduction, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
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2
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Brunori L, Walesby OX, Lewis DH, Boag AM. A retrospective study of hydrocortisone continuous rate infusion compared with administration of dexamethasone boluses in dogs with adrenal crisis. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:951-959. [PMID: 38353573 PMCID: PMC10937513 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicating the optimal treatment protocol for dogs in adrenal crisis is lacking. OBJECTIVES Compare outcomes of dogs presented in adrenal crisis treated with either hydrocortisone (HC) continuous rate infusion (CRI) or intermittent dexamethasone (DEX) administration. ANIMALS Thirty-nine client-owned dogs. METHODS Multi-institutional retrospective observational study (July 2016-May 2022) including dogs diagnosed with adrenal crisis and with available sequential blood work during hospitalization. Dogs were excluded if already on treatment with exogenous corticosteroids. Outcomes assessed included duration of hospitalization, survival, number of repeat measurements of electrolyte concentrations, and time to normalization of electrolyte and acid-base status. RESULTS No significant difference was found between the groups for hospitalization time (P = .41; HC median [range] 48 h [19-105 h]; DEX 57 h [17-167 h]) nor case fatality rate 2/28 in the DEX group and 0/11 in the HC group (P = 1), nor in number of measurements of electrolyte concentrations (P = .90; HC 4 [2-10]; DEX 4.5 [2-15]). No significant differences were found between the 2 treatment groups in time to normalization of serum Na (P = .30; HC 33 h [7-66 h]; DEX 16 h [1.5-48 h]), K (P = .92; HC 17 h [4-48 h]; DEX 16 h [1.25-60 h]) or Na/K ratio (P = .08; HC 17 h [8-48 h]; DEX 26 h [1.5-60 h]). CONCLUSIONS This study detected no difference in outcomes for dogs in adrenal crisis treated with either DEX boluses or HC CRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Brunori
- Emergency & Critical Care Specialist ServiceVetsNow 24/7 Pet Emergency & Specialty HospitalGlasgowUK
| | - Olivia X. Walesby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush CampusThe University of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| | - Daniel H. Lewis
- Emergency & Critical Care Specialist ServiceVetsNow 24/7 Pet Emergency & Specialty HospitalGlasgowUK
| | - Alisdair M. Boag
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush CampusThe University of EdinburghMidlothianUK
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3
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Yokota S, Yuki M. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and pure red cell aplasia in a Jack Russell Terrier during treatment for hypoadrenocorticism. Vet Clin Pathol 2024; 53:69-73. [PMID: 38433116 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
An 11-year-old neutered male Jack Russell Terrier was presented to Yuki Animal Hospital for regenerative anemia during the treatment of hypoadrenocorticism. A blood smear examination showed spherocytes, polychromatic erythrocytes, and erythrocyte ghosts. The direct agglutination test was positive at 37°C. The dog was then diagnosed with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). Although prednisolone and mycophenolate mofetil were administered, the hematocrit and reticulocyte count decreased, and nonregenerative anemia developed. A bone marrow examination was performed to diagnose the cause of the nonregenerative anemia. Histologic and cytologic bone marrow examination revealed a normocellular to hypercellular medulla with severe erythroid hypoplasia. No proliferation of lymphocytes or lymphoblast-appearing cells was observed. This dog was diagnosed with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). Despite treatment with immunosuppressive agents, the patient died of thrombosis. Although these associations were unclear, this is the first report of PRCA diagnosis following IMHA and while treating hypoadrenocorticism.
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Treeful AE, Searle KM, Carroll DM, Yost KJ, Hedger AL, Friedenberg SG. A case-control survey study of environmental risk factors for primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2073-2083. [PMID: 37830238 PMCID: PMC10658521 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs is thought to be multifactorial with roles for both genetic and environmental factors. The contributions of environmental factors remain unexplored. OBJECTIVE Identify environmental and lifestyle exposures associated with primary hypoadrenocorticism in 2 dog breeds with high risk of developing the disease. ANIMALS Animals were not used in this study. Owners of Standard Poodles (STPDs) and Portuguese water dogs (POWDs) participated in a survey. METHODS Retrospective case-control study. Dog owners were invited to participate in an online survey through convenience sampling. Questions regarded the demographics, health histories, and indoor/outdoor environments in which their dogs live and play. Responses for dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism were compared to those without the disease using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS Five thousand forty-seven responses (358 cases, 4689 controls) met initial inclusion criteria. Significant associations with modest effect size were found for community type, ingestion of canned food, and use of lawn fertilizer in some analysis models. Reproductive (spay/neuter) status exhibited the strongest association with high effect size across all models with adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-4.5; P = .003) for spayed females and 6.0 (95% CI, 2.6-13.9; P < .001) for neutered males. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The large effect size for reproductive status reflects its high potential clinical relevance, whereas modest effect sizes for other environmental variables suggest lower potential clinical relevance. These findings are associations and do not necessarily imply causation. Before any actionable recommendations are warranted, additional evidence regarding biological mechanisms is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Treeful
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108USA
| | - Kelly M. Searle
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota 55455USA
| | - Dana M. Carroll
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota 55455USA
| | - Kathleen J. Yost
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Anna L. Hedger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108USA
| | - Steven G. Friedenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota 55108USA
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5
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Strey S, Mischke R, Rieder J. [Polyendocrine syndromes in dogs]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:313-325. [PMID: 37956663 DOI: 10.1055/a-2183-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) refers to a combination of autoimmune endocrine disorders. It is rarely described in dogs. The most common combinations are hypoadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism, followed by diabetes mellitus, and less often hypoparathyroidism and orchitis. The diagnosis of the APS is based on the diagnosis of each endocrinopathy, as is the therapy, which involves the substitution of deficient hormones. If a patient was previously stable under treatment and is showing further signs (e.g. polyuria, polydipsia, or weight loss), the development of additional endocrinopathies like hypoadrenocorticism or diabetes mellitus should be considered. The diagnosis of the initially diagnosed endocrinopathy should also be critically questioned. This article summarizes some cases of our own animal hospital and selected cases published in the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Strey
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover
| | - Reinhard Mischke
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover
| | - Johanna Rieder
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover
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Kim J, Hwang I, Kwon D, Park K, Yoon H. Ectopic insulinoma in a dog with insulin-induced hypoglycemia: a case report. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e39. [PMID: 37271507 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A 7-year-old spayed female Shih Tzu dog was presented for evaluation of recurrent hypoglycemia. Serum insulin levels during hypoglycemia were 35.3 μIU/mL. Ultrasonography and computed tomography showed a mesenteric nodule between the kidney and the portal vein, but no pancreatic mass was observed. During surgery, the nodule had neither anatomical adhesions nor vascular connections to the pancreas. Pancreatic inspection and palpation revealed no abnormalities. Hypoglycemia improved after resection of the nodule. Histopathological examination confirmed the nodule to be an islet cell carcinoma. Although extremely rare, ectopic insulinoma should be considered as a possible cause of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Insun Hwang
- Bundang Leaders Animal Medical Center, Seongnam 13636, Korea
| | - Danbee Kwon
- Bundang Leaders Animal Medical Center, Seongnam 13636, Korea
| | - Kanghyo Park
- Bundang Leaders Animal Medical Center, Seongnam 13636, Korea
| | - Hakyoung Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Institute of Animal Transplantation, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea.
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7
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Paulin MV, Snead EC. Case report: Hypoadrenocorticism crisis complicated by non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema in a dog. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1015739. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1015739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-year-old castrated male Labradoodle was referred in uncompensated hypovolemic shock, with a 72-h history of lethargy, vomiting and diarrhea that had acutely worsened with subsequent development of profuse hemorrhagic diarrhea in the last 24 h after a visit to the groomer. In most respects this case was classic for a patient with a primary hypoadrenocortical crisis. After initial attempts to address hypovolemia and refractory hypotension, no clinical improvement was seen, and the respiratory rate had increased acutely to 80 bpm with crackles detected on thoracic auscultation and serosanguineous fluid began draining from the nose and mouth. An arterial blood gas sample while breathing room air revealed moderate hypoxemia (PaO2 59.9: RI 95–100 mmHg), an elevated alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient at 54.7 (RI < 15 mmHg) and a PaO2:FiO2 ratio of 285 mmHg. Thoracic radiographs revealed severe bilateral alveolar lung pattern largely limited to the perihilar and caudodorsal lung fields. The radiographic findings, along with signs of ongoing hypovolemia, the lack of evidence of typical long-standing acquired cardiac disease, and the rapid resolution of the pulmonary edema without the need for diuretics or long-term cardiac medications supported non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The proposed cause of the non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema was speculated to be neurogenically mediated. Oxygen supplementation along with mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid replacement therapy was sufficient for the management of the non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema in this case.
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8
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Lee GW, Kang MH, Park HM. Case Report: Hindlimb Ataxia Concurrent With Seizures by Presumed Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome in a Dog. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:848405. [PMID: 35782535 PMCID: PMC9247564 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.848405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-year-old castrated male Chihuahua dog was presented with hindlimb paresis and ataxia. The dog had hyponatremia and was diagnosed as hypoadrenocorticism 10 days before its visit, and the neurologic signs including generalized tonic seizures and hindlimb paresis occurred 3 days after correction of hyponatremia at a referral hospital. Based on history and clinical findings, osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) secondary to rapid correction of hyponatremia was highly suspected. After administration of anti-convulsant and supplements, seizures did not occur, and gait was normalized within 2 weeks. Phenobarbital was tapered and finally discontinued after 3 months, and seizure did not recur. The neurologic signs were completely resolved and the dog continued to be free of neurologic or additional clinical signs over the 19-month follow-up period. ODS should be included among the differential diagnoses in case of any acute neurological dysfunction that occurs with episodes of rapid correction of hyponatremia. To the author's knowledge, this is the rare case report of a dog with hypoadrenocorticism and presumed ODS after rapid correction of hyponatremia leading to neurologic signs including seizures and ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Won Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Bio-Animal Care, Jangan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Myung Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hee-Myung Park
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9
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Treeful AE, Coffey EL, Friedenberg SG. A scoping review of autoantibodies as biomarkers for canine autoimmune disease. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:363-378. [PMID: 35192227 PMCID: PMC8965235 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoantibody biomarkers are valuable tools used to diagnose and manage autoimmune diseases in dogs. However, prior publications have raised concerns over a lack of standardization and sufficient validation for the use of biomarkers in veterinary medicine. Objectives Systematically compile primary research on autoantibody biomarkers for autoimmune disease in dogs, summarize their methodological features, and evaluate their quality; synthesize data supporting their use into a resource for veterinarians and researchers. Animals Not used. Methods Five indices were searched to identify studies for evaluation: PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, Agricola, and SCOPUS. Two independent reviewers (AET and ELC) screened titles and abstracts for exclusion criteria followed by full‐text review of remaining articles. Relevant studies were classified based on study objectives (biomarker, epitope, technique). Data on study characteristics and outcomes were synthesized in independent data tables for each classification. Results Ninety‐two studies qualified for final analysis (n = 49 biomarker, n = 9 epitope, and n = 34 technique studies). A high degree of heterogeneity in study characteristics and outcomes reporting was observed. Opportunities to strengthen future studies could include: (1) routine use of negative controls, (2) power analyses to inform sample sizes, (3) statistical analyses when appropriate, and (4) multiple detection techniques to confirm results. Conclusions These findings provide a resource that will allow veterinary clinicians to efficiently evaluate the evidence supporting the use of autoantibody biomarkers, along with the varied methodological approaches used in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Treeful
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily L Coffey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Steven G Friedenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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10
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Use of Deoxycorticosterone Pivalate by Veterinarians: A Western European Survey. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110271. [PMID: 34822644 PMCID: PMC8624386 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to gather knowledge about the use of deoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP) by Western European Veterinarians (WEV) in dogs with typical hypoadrenocorticism. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey, translated into four languages and disseminated to veterinary affiliates and mailing lists in six countries of Western Continental Europe. Respondents were tasked to share their therapeutic approach to hypoadrenocorticism, whether they preferred DOCP or fludrocortisone and the specific practical use of DOCP. One-hundred and eighty-four responses were included. Of these, 79.9% indicated that they preferred prescribing DOCP over fludrocortisone as a first-line treatment for mineralocorticoid supplementation. A total of 154 respondents had used DOCP at least once. Eighty percent of those who reported their initial dosage prescribed 2.2 mg/kg. After starting DOCP, 68.2% of the respondents assess electrolytes 10 and 25 days after administration following manufacturer instructions. In stable dogs, electrolytes are monitored quarterly, monthly, semi-annually, and annually by 44.2%, 34.4%, 16.9%, and 4.6% of respondents respectively. When treatment adjustment is required, 53% prefer to reduce dosage while 47% increase the interval between doses. Overall, DOCP is the preferred mineralocorticoid supplementation among WEV. Reported variability underlies the need to investigate the best strategies for DOCP use and therapeutic adjustments.
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11
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Yu H, Zhou A, Liu J, Tang Y, Yuan Q, Man Y, Xiang L. Management of systemic risk factors ahead of dental implant therapy: A beard well lathered is half shaved. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:591-604. [PMID: 34231923 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6mr0621-760rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most successful therapy for missing teeth, dental implant has become increasingly prevalent around the world. A lot of papers have reported diverse local risk factors affecting the success and survival rate of dental implants, either for a short or a long period. However, there are also many types of systemic disorders or relatively administrated medicine that may jeopardize the security and success of dental implant treatment. Additionally, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic also poses a challenge to dental implant clinicians. Some of these risk factors are clinically common but to some extent unfamiliar to dentists, thus optimal measurements are often lacking when they occur in dental clinics. In this review, we analyze potential systemic risk factors that may affect the success rate of dental implants. Some of them may affect bone mineral density or enhance the likelihood of local infection, thus impeding osseointegration. Others may even systemically increase the risk of the surgery and threaten patients' life. In order to help novices receive high-risk patients who need to get dental implant treatment in a more reasonable way, we accordingly review recent research results and clinical experiments to discuss promising precautions, such as stopping drugs that impact bone mineral density or the operation, and addressing any perturbations on vital signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yufei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Osborne LG, Burkitt-Creedon JM, Epstein SE, Hopper K. Semiquantitative acid-base analysis in dogs with typical hypoadrenocorticism. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 31:99-105. [PMID: 33251763 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the semiquantitative acid-base status of dogs with untreated naturally occurring typical hypoadrenocorticism and to compare this to the status determined by traditional acid-base analysis. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Thirty-three dogs with newly diagnosed typical hypoadrenocorticism between 2000 and 2017. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Dogs were included if they had newly diagnosed hypoadrenocorticism, post-ACTH stimulation serum cortisol concentration <2 μg/dL, and blood collected within 6 hours of presentation for acid-base, electrolyte, and serum biochemical assays. Dogs were excluded if the Na+ :K+ ratio was ≥28 or the dog had received a mineralocorticoid-containing corticosteroid medication within the preceding month. Traditional acid-base analysis identified normal acid-base status in 1 dog, simple respiratory acid-base abnormalities in 2 of 33 dogs, and simple metabolic acidosis in 14 of 33 dogs. A mixed disorder was most common, noted in 16 of 33 dogs. The semiquantitative approach identified metabolic abnormalities in all cases. All dogs had ≥1 acidifying process, and 29 of 33 had both acidifying and alkalinizing processes. Acidosis attributable to excess free water was present in all dogs, and an acidifying phosphate effect was present in 27 of 33. Hyperlactatemia contributed to the acidosis in 8 of 33 dogs, with a median (range) lactate concentration of 1.5 mmol/L (13.5 mg/dL) (0.3-4.2 mmol/L [2.7-37.8 mg/dL]). CONCLUSIONS Dogs with untreated Addison's disease have complex acid-base derangements. The semiquantitative approach to acid-base analysis provides greater insight into the underlying mechanisms of metabolic acid-base abnormalities in these dogs, particularly because lactic acidosis appears to be a minor influence in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Osborne
- Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Western Veterinary Specialist and Emergency Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jamie M Burkitt-Creedon
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Steven E Epstein
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kate Hopper
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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13
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Gershony LC, Belanger JM, Hytönen MK, Lohi H, Famula TR, Oberbauer AM. Genetic characterization of Addison's disease in Bearded Collies. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:833. [PMID: 33243158 PMCID: PMC7690126 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hypoadrenocorticism (or Addison's disease, AD) is an autoimmune disease that results in destruction of the adrenal cortex and consequent adrenal insufficiency. The disease has been described in purebred and mixed breed dogs, although some breeds, including the Bearded Collie, are at increased risk for AD. Candidate gene approaches have yielded few associations that appear to be breed-specific. A single other genome-wide association study reported no significant regions of association for AD in Standard Poodles. The present study aimed to identify genomic regions of association for canine AD in Bearded Collies. RESULTS Our study consists of the first genome-wide association analysis to identify a genome-wide significant region of association with canine AD (CFA18). Peaks of suggestive association were also noted on chromosomes 11, 16 and 29. Logistic regression analysis supported an additive effect of risk genotypes at these smaller effect loci on the probability of disease associated with carrying a risk genotype on CFA18. Potential candidate genes involved in adrenal steroidogenesis, regulation of immune responses and/or inflammation were identified within the associated regions of chromosomes 11 and 16. The gene-poor regions of chromosomes 18 and 29 may, however, harbor regulatory sequences that can modulate gene expression and contribute to disease susceptibility. CONCLUSION Our findings support the polygenic and complex nature of canine AD and identified a strongly associated locus on CFA18 that, when combined with three other smaller effect loci, was predictive of disease. The results offer progress in the identification of susceptibility loci for canine AD in the Bearded Collie. Further studies are needed to confirm association with the suggested candidate genes and identify actual causative mutations involved with AD susceptibility in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza C Gershony
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) fellow, Brasilia, DF, 71605, Brazil
| | - Janelle M Belanger
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marjo K Hytönen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Thomas R Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anita M Oberbauer
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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14
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Murray O, Lawrence YA. Atypical hypoadrenocorticism in a dog with chronically elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Murray
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesTexas A&M University College StationCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Yuri A Lawrence
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryTexas A&M University College StationCollege StationTexasUSA
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15
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Treeful AE, Rendahl AK, Friedenberg SG. DLA class II haplotypes show sex-specific associations with primary hypoadrenocorticism in Standard Poodle dogs. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:373-382. [PMID: 30968193 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Addison's disease (AD) is a life-threatening endocrine disorder that occurs spontaneously in both humans and dogs. Associations between MHC class II genes and AD have been shown in several human studies. Our goal was to identify MHC class II associations with AD in a large population of Standard Poodles, a breed highly predisposed to AD. We sequenced exon 2 of the class II genes DLA-DRB1, DLA-DQA1, and DLA-DQB1 in 110 affected and 101 unaffected Standard Poodles and tested for association with AD. After correcting for population structure, two haplotypes were found to confer risk of developing AD in a sex-specific manner: DLA-DRB1*015:01-DQA1*006:01-DQB1*023:01 in males (x2p = 0.03, OR 2.1) and DLA-DRB1*009:01-DQA1*001:01-DQB1*008:01:1 in females (x2p = 0.02, OR 8.43). Sex-specific associations have been previously described in human populations, but this is the first report of this kind in dogs. Consistent with findings in other studies, we found the DLA-DQA1*006:01 allele (x2p = 0.04) to be associated with AD in males independent of haplotype. In females, the haplotype DLA-DRB1*009:01-DQA1*001:01-DQB1*008:01:1 confers a very high risk for developing AD, although its frequency was rare (9 of 124 females) in our study population. Further studies are warranted to validate the findings of this exploratory dataset and to assess the usefulness of this haplotype as a risk marker for AD in female Standard Poodles. Our results highlight the importance of evaluating MHC class II disease associations in large populations, and accounting for both biological sex and population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Treeful
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Aaron K Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Steven G Friedenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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Gershony LC, Belanger JM, Short AD, Le M, Hytönen MK, Lohi H, Famula TR, Kennedy LJ, Oberbauer AM. DLA class II risk haplotypes for autoimmune diseases in the bearded collie offer insight to autoimmunity signatures across dog breeds. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2019; 6:2. [PMID: 30783534 PMCID: PMC6376674 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-019-0070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease, AD) and symmetrical lupoid onychodystrophy (SLO) are two clinical conditions with an autoimmune etiology that occur in multiple dog breeds. In man, autoimmunity is associated with polymorphisms in immune-related genes that result in a reduced threshold for, or defective regulation of, T cell activation. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes encode molecules that participate in these functions, and polymorphisms within these genes have been associated with autoimmune conditions in dogs and humans. Bearded collies have a relatively high prevalence of autoimmune diseases, particularly AD and SLO. Our study assessed the relationship between particular MHC (dog leukocyte antigen, DLA) class II haplotypes and the two autoimmune diseases most common in this breed. Moreover, five unrelated breeds at increased risk for AD were studied for comparative purposes and analyzed in the context of extant literature. RESULTS A single DLA class II three-locus haplotype, determined by sequence-based typing, was associated with increased risk for AD (DLA-DRB1*009:01/DQA1*001:01/DQB1*008:02) in bearded collies. Comparative analysis with the five additional breeds showed limited allele sharing, with DQA1*001:01 and DQB1*002:01 being the only alleles observed in all breeds. A distinct three-locus risk haplotype (DLA-DRB1*001:01/DQA1*001:01/DQB1*002:01) was associated with AD in the West Highland white terrier and Leonberger. Two different risk haplotypes were associated with increased risk for SLO in the bearded collie (DLA-DRB1*018:01/DQA1*001:01/DQB1*002:01 and DLA-DRB1*018:01/DQA1*001:01/ DQB1*008:02). CONCLUSION Two-locus DQ haplotypes composed of DLA-DQA1*001:01 in association with DLA-DQB1*002:01 or DLA-DQB1*008:02 make up the four risk haplotypes identified in the present study and are also found in other risk haplotypes previously associated with diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism across different dog breeds. Our findings build upon previously published data to suggest that this two-locus (DQ) model serves as a good indicator for susceptibility to multiple organ-specific autoimmune diseases in the canine population. However, it is also clear that additional loci are necessary for actual disease expression. Investigation of affected and unaffected dogs carrying these predisposing DQ haplotype signatures may allow for the identification of those additional genetic components that determine autoimmune disease expression and organ specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza C. Gershony
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) fellow, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Janelle M. Belanger
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Andrea D. Short
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Myly Le
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Marjo K. Hytönen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas R. Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Lorna J. Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anita M. Oberbauer
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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17
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Santifort KM, Kooistra HS, Mandigers PJJ. Neurological signs due to hypoadrenocorticism in two dogs. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koen M Santifort
- Veterinair Verwijscentrum de Pietersberg ‐ part of Evidensia GroupOosterbeekThe Netherlands
| | - Hans S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Paul JJ Mandigers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUniversiteit UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
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18
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King J, Morton J. Incidence and risk factors for hypoadrenocorticism in dogs treated with trilostane. Vet J 2017; 230:24-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Jaffey JA, Nurre P, Cannon AB, DeClue AE. Desoxycorticosterone Pivalate Duration of Action and Individualized Dosing Intervals in Dogs with Primary Hypoadrenocorticism. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1649-1657. [PMID: 28892205 PMCID: PMC5697171 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinicians alter dosing for desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP) to mitigate costs, but this practice has not been critically evaluated in a prospective clinical trial. Hypothesis/Objectives The duration of action of DOCP is longer than 30 days in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism (PH). Animals A total of 53 client‐owned dogs with PH. Twenty‐four dogs with newly diagnosed PH (Group 1) and 29 dogs with treated PH (Group 2). Methods Prospective, multicenter, clinical trial. For phase I, DOCP was administered and plasma sodium and potassium concentrations were measured until the dog developed hyponatremia or hyperkalemia at a planned evaluation, or displayed clinical signs with plasma electrolyte concentrations outside of the reference interval independent of a planned evaluation, thus defining DOCP duration of action. Plasma electrolyte concentrations then were assessed at the end of the individualized dosing interval (IDI; i.e., DOCP duration of action minus 7 days, phase II and at least 3 months after concluding phase II, phase III). Results The duration of action of DOCP in dogs in phase I with naïve PH (n = 24) ranged from 32 to 94 days (median, 62 days; 95% confidence interval [CI], 57, 65) and previously treated PH (n = 29) from 41 to 124 days (median, 67 days; CI, 56, 72). Overall, the final DOCP dosing interval for all dogs that completed phase II (n = 36) ranged from 38 days to 90 days (median, 58 days; CI, 53, 61). No dog that completed phase III (n = 15) required reduction in the IDI. The DOCP duration of action, independent of group, was not significantly associated with several baseline variables. The median drug cost reduction using IDI was approximately 57.5% per year. Conclusion and Clinical Importance The duration of action of DOCP in dogs with PH is >30 days, and plasma sodium and potassium concentrations can be maintained with an IDI >30 days long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jaffey
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Bay Veterinary Specialists, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - P Nurre
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Bay Veterinary Specialists, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - A B Cannon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lauderdale Veterinary Specialists, Ft. Lauderdale, FL
| | - A E DeClue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Friedenberg SG, Brown DL, Meurs KM, Law JM. Lymphocyte Subsets in the Adrenal Glands of Dogs With Primary Hypoadrenocorticism. Vet Pathol 2016; 55:177-181. [PMID: 28005496 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816684914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Primary hypoadrenocorticism, or Addison's disease, is an autoimmune condition common in certain dog breeds that leads to the destruction of the adrenal cortex and a clinical syndrome involving anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, and electrolyte imbalances. Previous studies have demonstrated that this destruction is strongly associated with lymphocytic-plasmacytic inflammation and that the lymphocytes are primarily T cells. In this study, we used both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to characterize the T-cell subtypes involved. We collected postmortem specimens of 5 dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism and 2 control dogs and, using the aforementioned techniques, showed that the lymphocytes are primarily CD4+ rather than CD8+. These findings have important implications for improving our understanding of the pathogenesis and in searching for the underlying causative genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Friedenberg
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,2 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - D L Brown
- 3 WIL Research (a Charles River Company), Hillsborough, NC, USA
| | - K M Meurs
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - J McHugh Law
- 4 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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21
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Evaluation of the genetic basis of primary hypoadrenocorticism in Standard Poodles using SNP array genotyping and whole-genome sequencing. Mamm Genome 2016; 28:56-65. [PMID: 27864587 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary hypoadrenocorticism, also known as Addison's disease, is an autoimmune disorder leading to the destruction of the adrenal cortex and subsequent loss of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones. The disease is prevalent in Standard Poodles and is believed to be highly heritable in the breed. Using genotypes derived from the Illumina Canine HD SNP array, we performed a genome-wide association study of 133 carefully phenotyped Standard Poodles (61 affected, 72 unaffected) and found no markers significantly associated with the disease. We also sequenced the entire genomes of 20 Standard Poodles (13 affected, 7 unaffected) and analyzed the data to identify common variants (including SNPs, indels, structural variants, and copy number variants) across affected dogs and variants segregating within a single pedigree of highly affected dogs. We identified several candidate genes that may be fixed in both Standard Poodles and a small population of dogs of related breeds. Further studies are required to confirm these findings more broadly, as well as additional gene-mapping efforts aimed at fully understanding the genetic basis of what is likely a complex inherited disorder.
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