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Sola D, Betancor M, Marco Lorente PA, Pérez Lázaro S, Barrio T, Sevilla E, Marín B, Moreno B, Monzón M, Acín C, Bolea R, Badiola JJ, Otero A. Diagnosis in Scrapie: Conventional Methods and New Biomarkers. Pathogens 2023; 12:1399. [PMID: 38133284 PMCID: PMC10746075 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Scrapie, a naturally occurring prion disease affecting goats and sheep, comprises classical and atypical forms, with classical scrapie being the archetype of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. This review explores the challenges of scrapie diagnosis and the utility of various biomarkers and their potential implications for human prion diseases. Understanding these biomarkers in the context of scrapie may enable earlier prion disease diagnosis in humans, which is crucial for effective intervention. Research on scrapie biomarkers bridges the gap between veterinary and human medicine, offering hope for the early detection and improved management of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Marina Betancor
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Paula A. Marco Lorente
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Sonia Pérez Lázaro
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Tomás Barrio
- Unité Mixte de Recherche de l’Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement1225 Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Eloisa Sevilla
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Belén Marín
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Bernardino Moreno
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Marta Monzón
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Cristina Acín
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Juan J. Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
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Babalola JA, Kim JM, Lee YJ, Park JH, Choi HS, Choi YG, Choi EK, Kim YS. Re-transmissibility of mouse-adapted ME7 scrapie strain to ovine PrP transgenic mice. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:e8. [PMID: 30944531 PMCID: PMC6441804 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a mammalian transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease that predominantly affects sheep and goats. Scrapie has been shown to overcome the species barrier via experimental infection of other rodents. To confirm the re-transmissibility of the mouse-adapted ME7 scrapie strain to ovine prion protein (PrP) transgenic mice, mice of an ovinized transgenic mouse line carrying the Suffolk sheep PrP gene that contained the A136 R154 Q171/ARQ allele were intracerebrally inoculated with brain homogenates obtained from terminally ill ME7-infected C57BL/6J mice. Herein, we report that the mouse-adapted ME7 scrapie strain was successfully re-transmitted to the transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP. In addition, we observed changes in the incubation period, glycoform profile, and pattern of scrapie PrP (PrPSc) deposition in the affected brains. PrPSc deposition in the hippocampal region of the brain of 2nd-passaged ovine PrP transgenic mice was accompanied by plaque formation. These results reveal that the mouse-adapted ME7 scrapie strain has the capacity to act as a template for the conversion of ovine normal monomeric precursors into a pathogenic form in ovine PrP transgenic mice. The change in glycoform pattern and the deposition of plaques in the hippocampal region of the brain of the 2nd-passaged PrP transgenic mice are most likely cellular PrP species dependent rather than being ME7 scrapie strain encoded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Adekunle Babalola
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jong-Mu Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Yun-Jung Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Park
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Yeong-Gon Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.,Department of Medical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Otero A, Duque Velásquez C, Johnson C, Herbst A, Bolea R, Badiola JJ, Aiken J, McKenzie D. Prion protein polymorphisms associated with reduced CWD susceptibility limit peripheral PrP CWD deposition in orally infected white-tailed deer. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:50. [PMID: 30717795 PMCID: PMC6360794 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting members of the Cervidae family. PrPC primary structures play a key role in CWD susceptibility resulting in extended incubation periods and regulating the propagation of CWD strains. We analyzed the distribution of abnormal prion protein (PrPCWD) aggregates in brain and peripheral organs from orally inoculated white-tailed deer expressing four different PRNP genotypes: Q95G96/Q95G96 (wt/wt), S96/wt, H95/wt and H95/S96 to determine if there are substantial differences in the deposition pattern of PrPCWD between different PRNP genotypes. Results Although we detected differences in certain brain areas, globally, the different genotypes showed similar PrPCWD deposition patterns in the brain. However, we found that clinically affected deer expressing H95 PrPC, despite having the longest survival periods, presented less PrPCWD immunoreactivity in particular peripheral organs. In addition, no PrPCWD was detected in skeletal muscle of any of the deer. Conclusions Our data suggest that expression of H95-PrPC limits peripheral accumulation of PrPCWD as detected by immunohistochemistry. Conversely, infected S96/wt and wt/wt deer presented with similar PrPCWD peripheral distribution at terminal stage of disease, suggesting that the S96-PrPC allele, although delaying CWD progression, does not completely limit the peripheral accumulation of the infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Camilo Duque Velásquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chad Johnson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Allen Herbst
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Judd Aiken
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Davenport KA, Christiansen JR, Bian J, Young M, Gallegos J, Kim S, Balachandran A, Mathiason CK, Hoover EA, Telling GC. Comparative analysis of prions in nervous and lymphoid tissues of chronic wasting disease-infected cervids. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:753-758. [PMID: 29580373 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence, host range and geographical bounds of chronic wasting disease (CWD), the prion disease of cervids, are expanding. Horizontal transmission likely contributes the majority of new CWD cases, but the mechanism by which prions are transmitted among CWD-affected cervids remains unclear. To address the extent to which prion amplification in peripheral tissues contributes to contagious transmission, we assessed the prion levels in central nervous and lymphoreticular system tissues in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) and elk (Cervus canadensis). Using real-time quaking-induced conversion, cervid prion cell assay and transgenic mouse bioassay, we found that the retropharyngeal lymph nodes of red deer, white-tailed deer and elk contained similar prion titres to brain from the same individuals. We propose that marked lymphotropism is essential for the horizontal transmission of prion diseases and postulate that shed CWD prions are produced in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Davenport
- Prion Research Center (PRC), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Christiansen
- Prion Research Center (PRC), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jifeng Bian
- Prion Research Center (PRC), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael Young
- Prion Research Center (PRC), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joseph Gallegos
- Prion Research Center (PRC), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sehun Kim
- Prion Research Center (PRC), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Candace K Mathiason
- Prion Research Center (PRC), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Edward A Hoover
- Prion Research Center (PRC), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Glenn C Telling
- Prion Research Center (PRC), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Mathiason CK. Scrapie, CWD, and Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 150:267-292. [PMID: 28838664 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prions, are neurodegenerative diseases that affect a variety of animal species, including humans. Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, sheep and goat scrapie, chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids, and transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) of mink are classified as TSEs. According to the "protein-only" hypothesis (Prusiner, 1982),1 prions are devoid of nucleic acids and consist of assemblies of misfolded host-encoded normal protein, the prion protein (PrPC). Prion propagation is thought to occur by a templating mechanism during which PrPC is recruited, converted to a disease-associated isoform (PrPD), and assembled onto the growing amyloid fibril. This fibular assembly is infectious, with ability to initiate disease processes similar to other pathogenic agents. Evidence indicates that scrapie, CWD, and TME disease processes follow this rule.
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Gao C, Han J, Zhang J, Wei J, Zhang BY, Tian C, Zhang J, Shi Q, Dong XP. Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification Cross-Species Products of Mouse-Adapted Scrapie Strain 139A and Hamster-Adapted Scrapie Strain 263K with Brain and Muscle Tissues of Opposite Animals Generate Infectious Prions. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3771-3782. [PMID: 27259989 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of prions between mammalian species is limited by a "species barrier," a biological effect involving an increase in incubation period to decrease the percentage of animals succumbing to disease. In this study, we used protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) technique, which accelerates the conversion of prion proteins in vitro. Direct interspecies PMCA involving 144 cycles confirmed that both mouse-adapted scrapie strain 139A and hamster-adapted 263K could use brain homogenates of opposite species to form proteinase K (PK)-resistant PrP proteins (PrPres). Newly formed interspecies prions could stably propagate themselves in subsequent serial PMCA passages. The two types of PMCA-generated cross-species PrPres changed their glycosylation profiles, which was similar to that observed during interspecies infection by the mouse agent 139A in vivo. These profiles were distinct from individual seeded PrPSc and possessed properties of new hosts. Comparative analysis with respect to PK resistance showed no significant diversity between PMCA-PrPres and native PrPSc or between brain and muscle PrPres. However, PrPres from the relatively early cycles of serial PMCA showed lower PK resistance than those from later cycles. Inoculation of these PMCA products amplified with homogeneous or heterogeneous brain tissues (cross-species products) induced experimental transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. These results suggested that PMCA can help prion strains to overcome species barrier and to propagate efficiently both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China.,Shandong International Travel Healthcare Center, Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Bao-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chan Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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McGovern G, Martin S, Jeffrey M, Bellworthy SJ, Spiropoulos J, Green R, Lockey R, Vickery CM, Thurston L, Dexter G, Hawkins SAC, González L. Influence of breed and genotype on the onset and distribution of infectivity and disease-associated prion protein in sheep following oral infection with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent. J Comp Pathol 2014; 152:28-40. [PMID: 25435510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The onset and distribution of infectivity and disease-specific prion protein (PrP(d)) accumulation was studied in Romney and Suffolk sheep of the ARQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARR and ARR/ARR prion protein gene (Prnp) genotypes (where A stands for alanine, R for arginine and Q for glutamine at codons 136, 154 and 171 of PrP), following experimental oral infection with cattle-derived bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent. Groups of sheep were killed at regular intervals and a wide range of tissues taken for mouse bioassay or immunohistochemistry (IHC), or both. Bioassay results for infectivity were mostly coincident with those of PrP(d) detection by IHC both in terms of tissues and time post infection. Neither PrP(d) nor infectivity was detected in any tissues of BSE-dosed ARQ/ARR or ARR/ARR sheep or of undosed controls. Moreover, four ARQ/ARQ Suffolk sheep, which were methionine (M)/threonine heterozygous at codon 112 of the Prnp gene, did not show any biological or immunohistochemical evidence of infection, while those homozygous for methionine (MARQ/MARQ) did. In MARQ/MARQ sheep of both breeds, initial PrP(d) accumulation was identified in lymphoreticular system (LRS) tissues followed by the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS) and finally by the autonomic nervous system and peripheral nervous system and other organs. Detection of infectivity closely mimicked this sequence. No PrP(d) was observed in the ENS prior to its accumulation in the CNS, suggesting that ENS involvement occurred simultaneously to that of, or followed centrifugal spread from, the CNS. The distribution of PrP(d) within the ENS further suggested a progressive spread from the ileal plexus to other ENS segments via neuronal connections of the gut wall. Differences between the two breeds were noted in terms of involvement of LRS and ENS tissues, with Romney sheep showing a more delayed and less consistent PrP(d) accumulation than Suffolk sheep in such tissues. Whether this accounted for the slight delay (∼5 months) in the appearance of clinical signs in Romney sheep is debatable since by the last scheduled kill before animals reached clinical end point, both breeds showed widespread accumulation and similar magnitudes of PrP(d) accumulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G McGovern
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Penicuik, Midlothian, UK.
| | - S Martin
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - M Jeffrey
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - S J Bellworthy
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - J Spiropoulos
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - R Green
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - R Lockey
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - C M Vickery
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - L Thurston
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - G Dexter
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - S A C Hawkins
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - L González
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
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Lack of prion accumulation in lymphoid tissues of PRNP ARQ/ARR sheep intracranially inoculated with the agent of scrapie. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108029. [PMID: 25233232 PMCID: PMC4169493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that can be transmitted horizontally. The prion protein gene (PRNP) profoundly influences the susceptibility of sheep to the scrapie agent and the tissue levels and distribution of PrPSc in affected sheep. The purpose of this study was to compare the survival time and PrPSc tissue distribution in sheep with highly resistant and highly susceptible PRNP genotypes after intracranial inoculation of the agent of scrapie. Five sheep each of genotype VRQ/VRQ, VRQ/ARR or ARQ/ARR were inoculated. Sheep were euthanized when clinical signs of scrapie became severe. Clinical signs, microscopic lesions, and western blot profiles were uniform across genotypes and consistent with manifestations of classical scrapie. Mean survival time differences were associated with the 171 polymorphic site with VRQ/VRQ sheep surviving 18 months, whereas VRQ/ARR and ARQ/ARR sheep survived 60 and 56 months, respectively. Labeling of PrPSc by immunohistochemistry revealed similar accumulations in central nervous system tissues regardless of host genotype. Immunoreactivity for PrPSc in lymphoid tissue was consistently abundant in VRQ/VRQ, present but confined to tonsil or retropharyngeal lymph node in 4/5 VRQ/ARR, and totally absent in ARQ/ARR sheep. The results of this study demonstrate the susceptibility of sheep with the ARQ/ARR genotype to scrapie by the intracranial inoculation route with PrPSc accumulation in CNS tissues, but prolonged incubation times and lack of PrPSc in lymphoid tissue.
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Scientific Opinion on the scrapie situation in the EU after 10 years of monitoring and control in sheep and goats. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Garza MC, Monzón M, Marín B, Badiola JJ, Monleón E. Distribution of peripheral PrP(Sc) in sheep with naturally acquired scrapie. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97768. [PMID: 24828439 PMCID: PMC4020850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous system is the hallmark of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. However, in some of these diseases such as scrapie or chronic wasting disease, the PrPSc can also accumulate in other tissues, particularly in the lymphoreticular system. In recent years, PrPSc in organs other than nervous and lymphoid have been described, suggesting that distribution of this protein in affected individuals may be much larger than previously thought. In the present study, 11 non-nervous/non-lymphoid organs from 16 naturally scrapie infected sheep in advanced stages of the disease were examined for the presence of PrPSc. Fourteen infected sheep were of the ARQ/ARQ PRNP genotype and 2 of the VRQ/VRQ, where the letters A, R, Q, and V represent the codes for amino-acids alanine, arginine, glutamine and valine, respectively. Adrenal gland, pancreas, heart, skin, urinary bladder and mammary gland were positive for PrPSc by immunohistochemistry and IDEXX HerdChek scrapie/BSE Antigen EIA Test in at least one animal. Lung, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle exhibited PrPSc deposits by immunohistochemistry only. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the presence of PrPSc in the heart, pancreas and urinary bladder in naturally acquired scrapie infections. In some other organs examined, in which PrPSc had been previously detected, PrPSc immunolabeling was observed to be associated with new structures within those organs. The results of the present study illustrate a wide dissemination of PrPSc in both ARQ/ARQ and VRQ/VRQ infected sheep, even when the involvement of the lymphoreticular system is scarce or absent, thus highlighting the role of the peripheral nervous system in the spread of PrPSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Garza
- Centro de Encefalopatías Espongiformes y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marta Monzón
- Centro de Encefalopatías Espongiformes y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Belén Marín
- Centro de Encefalopatías Espongiformes y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías Espongiformes y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Monleón
- Centro de Encefalopatías Espongiformes y Enfermedades Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humanas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Jeffrey M, Martin S, Chianini F, Eaton S, Dagleish MP, González L. Incidence of infection in Prnp ARR/ARR sheep following experimental inoculation with or natural exposure to classical scrapie. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91026. [PMID: 24614120 PMCID: PMC3948952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein gene (Prnp) is highly influential in determining risk and susceptibility of sheep exposed to classical scrapie. Sheep homozygous for alanine at codon 136 and arginine at codons 154 and 171 (ARR/ARR) of the Prnp gene are historically considered to be highly resistant to classical scrapie, although they form a significant fraction of cases of atypical scrapie. To date, experimental transmission of prions to ARR/ARR sheep has only been achieved with the BSE agent and mostly by the intracerebral route. We summarise here the results of six separate studies, in which 95 sheep of the ARR/ARR genotype were naturally exposed to (n = 18) or experimentally challenged with (n = 77) natural or experimental sources of classical scrapie by the oral, intra-intestinal, subcutaneous or intracerebral routes and allowed to survive for periods of up to 94 months post-infection. Only the intracerebral route resulted in disease and/or amplification of disease associated PrP (PrPd), and only in two of 19 sheep that survived for longer than 36 months. Discriminatory immunohistochemistry and Western blot confirmed the scrapie, non-BSE signature of PrPd in those two sheep. However, the neuropathological phenotype was different from any other scrapie (classical or atypical) or BSE source previously reported in sheep of any Prnp genotype. These studies confirm the widely held view that ARR/ARR sheep are highly resistant to classical scrapie infection, at least within their commercial lifespan. Moreover, within the constraints of the present studies (only two infected sheep), these results do not support the suggestion that atypical scrapie or BSE are generated by adaptation or mutation of classical scrapie in sheep of resistant ARR/ARR genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jeffrey
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stuart Martin
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Chianini
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Eaton
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo González
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Beringue
- UR892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Centre de Recherche de Jouy-en-Josas F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - O. Andreoletti
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles 31076 Toulouse, France
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13
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Influence of polymorphisms in the prion protein gene on the pathogenesis and neuropathological phenotype of sheep scrapie after oral infection. J Comp Pathol 2013; 150:57-70. [PMID: 24342584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein gene (Prnp) plays a crucial role in the susceptibility of sheep to scrapie in terms of attack rate and/or incubation period. However, the influence of Prnp on the pathogenesis of the disease, specifically the involvement of tissues of the lymphoreticular system (LRS), pathways of neuroinvasion and neuropathological phenotypes, remains controversial. This study reports the onset and progression of disease-associated prion protein (PrP(d)) accumulation in the LRS and nervous tissues of sheep of six different Prnp genotypes infected by oral administration of the same mixed scrapie brain homogenate. Sheep homozygous for glutamine (Q) at codon 171 of PrP, with either valine (V) or alanine (A) at codon 136 (i.e. VRQ/VRQ, VRQ/ARQ and ARQ/ARQ), showed early and consistent PrP(d) accumulation in LRS tissues of the pharynx and gut. In contrast, LRS involvement was minimal, inconsistent and occurred late in the incubation period in sheep heterozygous for arginine (R) at codon 171 (i.e. VRQ/ARR and ARQ/ARR). Despite this difference, all five groups were susceptible to infection and developed clinical disease, albeit with significantly different incubation periods (shortest in VRQ/VRQ and longest in ARQ/ARR sheep). The remaining group of ARR/ARR homozygous sheep did not show evidence of infection at the end of the experiment or at previous predetermined time points. As for LRS tissues, the sites of initial PrP(d) accumulation in the brain were determined immunohistochemically. These were the same in all susceptible sheep (except for ARR/ARR sheep), regardless of their Prnp genotype which, together with an early and consistent accumulation of PrP(d) in circumventricular organs and a late or inconsistent involvement of the enteric and autonomic nervous system and of the spinal cord, suggests neuroinvasion occurring via the blood. The neuropathological phenotype (PrP(d) profile in the central nervous system) of clinically affected sheep was similar in the three V136 carrier groups, but showed some differences in the two A136 homozygous groups, suggesting a codon 136-driven selection of different strains from the mixture contained in the inoculum. ARQ/ARR sheep showed an irregular distribution of brain PrP(d), contrasting with the more widespread distribution of the other four groups. The results indicate that (1) ARQ/ARR sheep are more susceptible to oral scrapie infection than would be predicted from incidence figures in natural disease, (2) amplification and accumulation of PrP(d) in LRS tissues is host genotype dependent, but does not necessarily have a marked effect on the outcome of the infection and (3) the neuropathological phenotype of scrapie is related to the host genotype, but possibly in combination with the infecting source.
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Identical pathogenesis and neuropathological phenotype of scrapie in valine, arginine, glutamine/valine, arginine, glutamine sheep infected experimentally by the oral and conjunctival routes. J Comp Pathol 2013; 150:47-56. [PMID: 24035191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of scrapie in sheep after natural or oral exposure to the infectious agent generally involves the early accumulation of disease-associated prion protein (PrP(d)) in the lymphoreticular system (LRS). This phase is followed by neuroinvasion, for which two routes, ascending neural and haematogenous, have been postulated. The present study reports the use of immunohistochemistry to track the tissue progression of PrP(d) deposition in sheep of a single, highly scrapie-susceptible PrP genotype administered by the oral or conjunctival routes. Regardless of the route of infection, the earliest detection of PrP(d) was in gut- and pharynx-associated LRS tissues. Subsequently, the brain became PrP(d) positive simultaneously with other LRS tissues, but before the spinal cord and peripheral nervous tissues of the enteric, parasympathetic and sympathetic systems. The sites of initial PrP(d) accumulation in the brain were the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the hypothalamus and their related circumventricular organs (the area postrema and the median eminence, respectively). These were the same for both routes of infection. Rapid progression to clinical disease was observed in sheep infected orally or conjunctivally, with definite signs of scrapie recorded at around 6 and 8 months after infection, respectively. Longer incubation periods in sheep infected by the conjunctival route were probably due to them receiving a lower dose than those infected orally. Irrespective of the route of infection, clinically affected sheep showed the same pathological phenotype (PrP(d) profile) and PrP(d) distribution throughout the brain. The identical peripheral and central pathogenesis observed in sheep of both groups suggests early dissemination of the infectious agent in the bloodstream and a common neuroinvasion pathway. The late involvement of the enteric and autonomic nervous system supports a haematogenous route of infection to the brain.
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15
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Membrane toxicity of abnormal prion protein in adrenal chromaffin cells of scrapie infected sheep. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58620. [PMID: 23469286 PMCID: PMC3587603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases are associated with accumulations of disease specific PrP (PrP(d)) in the central nervous system (CNS) and often the lymphoreticular system (LRS). Accumulations have additionally been recorded in other tissues including the peripheral nervous system and adrenal gland. Here we investigate the effect of sheep scrapie on the morphology and the accumulation of PrP(d) in the adrenal medulla of scrapie affected sheep using light and electron microscopy. Using immunogold electron microscopy, non-fibrillar forms of PrP(d) were shown to accumulate mainly in association with chromaffin cells, occasional nerve endings and macrophages. PrP(d) accumulation was associated with distinctive membrane changes of chromaffin cells including increased electron density, abnormal linearity and invaginations. Internalisation of PrP(d) from the chromaffin cell plasma membrane occurred in association with granule recycling following hormone exocytosis. PrP(d) accumulation and internalisation from membranes is similarly associated with perturbations of membrane structure and trafficking in CNS neurons and tingible body macrophages of the LRS. These data suggest that a major toxic effect of PrP(d) is at the level of plasma membranes. However, the precise nature of PrP(d)-membrane toxicity is tissue and cell specific suggesting that the normal protein may act as a multi-functional scaffolding molecule. We further suggest that the co-localisation of PrP(d) with exocytic granules of the hormone trafficking system may provide an additional source of infectivity in blood.
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Corbière F, Chauvineau-Perrin C, Lacroux C, Lugan S, Costes P, Thomas M, Brémaud I, Chartier C, Barillet F, Schelcher F, Andréoletti O. The limits of test-based scrapie eradication programs in goats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54911. [PMID: 23372789 PMCID: PMC3553010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant post-mortem testing programs were initially designed for monitoring the prevalence of prion disease. They are now considered as a potential alternative to genetic selection for eradicating/controlling classical scrapie at population level. If such policy should be implemented, its success would be crucially dependent on the efficiency of the surveillance system used to identify infected flocks. In this study, we first determined the performance of post-mortem classical scrapie detection in eight naturally affected goat herds (total n = 1961 animals) according to the age at culling. These results provided us with necessary parameters to estimate, through a Monte Carlo simulation model, the performance of scrapie detection in a commercial population. According to this model, whatever the number of tests performed, post mortem surveillance will have limited success in identifying infected herds. These data support the contention that scrapie eradication programs relying solely on post mortem testing in goats will probably fail. Considering the epidemiological and pathological similarities of scrapie in sheep and goats, the efficiency of scrapie surveillance in both species is likely to be similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Corbière
- UMR 1225 INRA-ENVT Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Caroline Lacroux
- UMR 1225 INRA-ENVT Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Séverine Lugan
- UMR 1225 INRA-ENVT Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierrette Costes
- UMR 1225 INRA-ENVT Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Myriam Thomas
- ANSES, Laboratoire d’études et recherches caprines, Niort, France
| | - Isabelle Brémaud
- ANSES, Laboratoire d’études et recherches caprines, Niort, France
| | | | - Francis Barillet
- INRA, UR 631, Station d’Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - François Schelcher
- UMR 1225 INRA-ENVT Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR 1225 INRA-ENVT Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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17
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Joint Scientific Opinion on any possible epidemiological or molecular association between TSEs in animals and humans. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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18
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19
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An assessment of the efficiency of PrPsc detection in rectal mucosa and third-eyelid biopsies from animals infected with scrapie. Vet Microbiol 2010; 147:237-43. [PMID: 20685048 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In classical scrapie, detection of PrPsc on lymphoreticular system is used for the in vivo and post mortem diagnosis of the disease. However, the sensitivity of this methodology is not well characterised because the magnitude and duration of lymphoid tissue involvement can vary considerably. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of detecting PrPsc in rectal mucosa and third-eyelid biopsies. A total of 474 genetically susceptible sheep and 24 goats from three scrapie infected flocks were included in this study. A sample from rectal mucosa and a sample from third-eyelid lymphoid tissue were collected from each animal. Biopsy samples were fixed in formaldehyde and processed for immunohistochemical examination. Animals with negative biopsy results were studied more closely through a post mortem examination of central nervous and lymphoreticular systems and if there was a positive result, additional biopsy sections were further tested. The sensitivity of rectal mucosa and third-eyelid assays were 36% and 40% respectively on initial examination but increased to 48% and 44% respectively after retesting. The results of this field study show a high percentage of infected animals that do not have detectable levels of PrPsc in the biopsied lymphoid tissue, due mainly to the relatively high number of animals with minimal or no involvement of lymphoid tissue in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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20
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Sisó S, González L, Jeffrey M. Neuroinvasion in prion diseases: the roles of ascending neural infection and blood dissemination. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2010; 2010:747892. [PMID: 20652006 PMCID: PMC2905956 DOI: 10.1155/2010/747892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion disorders are infectious, neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and animals. Susceptibility to some prion diseases such as kuru or the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and scrapie in sheep and goats is influenced by polymorphisms of the coding region of the prion protein gene, while other prion disorders such as fatal familial insomnia, familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease in humans have an underlying inherited genetic basis. Several prion strains have been demonstrated experimentally in rodents and sheep. The progression and pathogenesis of disease is influenced by both genetic differences in the prion protein and prion strain. Some prion diseases only affect the central nervous system whereas others involve the peripheral organs prior to neuroinvasion. Many experiments undertaken in different species and using different prion strains have postulated common pathways of neuroinvasion. It is suggested that prions access the autonomic nerves innervating peripheral organs and tissues to finally reach the central nervous system. We review here published data supporting this view and additional data suggesting that neuroinvasion may concurrently or independently involve the blood vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Sisó
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Lorenzo González
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Martin Jeffrey
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
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21
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Tabouret G, Lacroux C, Lugan S, Costes P, Corbière F, Weisbecker JL, Schelcher F, Andréoletti O. Relevance of oral experimental challenge with classical scrapie in sheep. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2139-2144. [PMID: 20444991 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.021311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral inoculation is currently considered as the best approach to mimic natural TSE contamination in ruminants. In this study, we compared the timing of abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)) dissemination and accumulation in the organism of susceptible sheep either orally inoculated or naturally infected with classical scrapie. Both animal groups shared a similar PrP(Sc) dissemination scheme and accumulation dynamics in lymphoid tissues. However, orally challenged animals displayed an earlier neuro-invasion and a dramatically shorter incubation period than naturally exposed sheep. No differences were observed between the groups with regards to the neuro-invasion route. These results unambiguously indicate that oral inoculation can have an impact on both the earliness of neuro-invasion and the incubation period. They also support the statement that oral inoculation is a relevant model for investigating transmissible spongiform encephalopathy pathogenesis. Nevertheless, data obtained under such experimental conditions should be used with some caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tabouret
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Lacroux
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Séverine Lugan
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierrette Costes
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Corbière
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | | | - François Schelcher
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
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González L, Martin S, Hawkins SAC, Goldmann W, Jeffrey M, Sisó S. Pathogenesis of natural goat scrapie: modulation by host PRNP genotype and effect of co-existent conditions. Vet Res 2010; 41:48. [PMID: 20374697 PMCID: PMC2865875 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
After detection of a high prevalence of scrapie in a large dairy goat herd, 72 infected animals were examined by immunohistochemistry with prion protein (PrP) antibody Bar224 to study the pathogenesis of the infection. Tissues examined included the brain and thoracic spinal cord (TSC), a wide selection of lymphoreticular system (LRS) tissues, the distal ileum and its enteric nervous system (ENS), and other organs, including the mammary gland. The whole open reading frame of the PRNP gene was sequenced and antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection were determined. Unexpectedly, accumulation of disease-associated PrP (PrPd) in the brain was more frequent in methionine carriers at codon 142 (24/32, 75.0%) than amongst isoleucine homozygotes (14/40, 35.0%). The latter, however, showed significantly greater amounts of brain PrPd than the former (average scores of 9.3 and 3.0, respectively). A significant proportion of the 38 goats that were positive in brain were negative in the ENS (44.7%) or in the TSC (39.5%). These results, together with the early and consistent involvement of the circumventricular organs and the hypothalamus, point towards a significant contribution of the haematogenous route in the process of neuroinvasion. Chronic enteritis was observed in 98 of the 200 goats examined, with no association with either scrapie infection or presence of PrPd in the gut. Lymphoproliferative interstitial mastitis was observed in 13/31 CAEV-positive and scrapie-infected goats; PrPd in the mammary gland was detected in five of those 13 goats, suggesting a possible contribution of CAEV infection in scrapie transmission via milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo González
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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23
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Peden A, McCardle L, Head MW, Love S, Ward HJT, Cousens SN, Keeling DM, Millar CM, Hill FGH, Ironside JW. Variant CJD infection in the spleen of a neurologically asymptomatic UK adult patient with haemophilia. Haemophilia 2010; 16:296-304. [PMID: 20070383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2009.02181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY All UK patients with bleeding disorders treated with any UK-sourced pooled factor concentrates between 1980 and 2001 have been informed that they may be at an increased risk of infection with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). We describe a study to detect disease-associated, protease-resistant prion protein (PrP(res)) in 17 neurologically aymptomatic patients with haemophilia considered to be at increased risk of vCJD. Materials from 11 autopsy and seven biopsy cases were analysed for PrP(res). The tissues available from each case were variable, ranging from a single biopsy sample to a wide range of autopsy tissues. A single specimen from the spleen of one autopsy case gave a strong positive result on repeated testing for PrP(res) by Western blot analysis. This tissue came from a 73-year-old male patient with no history of neurological disease, who was heterozygous (methionine/valine) at codon 129 in the prion protein gene. He had received over 9000 units of factor VIII concentrate prepared from plasma pools known to include donations from a vCJD-infected donor, and some 400,000 units not known to include donations from vCJD-infected donors. He had also received 14 units of red blood cells and had undergone several surgical and invasive endoscopic procedures. Estimates of the relative risks of exposure through diet, surgery, endoscopy, blood transfusion and receipt of UK-sourced plasma products suggest that by far the most likely route of infection in this patient was receipt of UK plasma products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peden
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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24
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Haley NJ, Mathiason CK, Zabel MD, Telling GC, Hoover EA. Detection of sub-clinical CWD infection in conventional test-negative deer long after oral exposure to urine and feces from CWD+ deer. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7990. [PMID: 19956732 PMCID: PMC2776529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids is a prion disease distinguished by high levels of transmissibility, wherein bodily fluids and excretions are thought to play an important role. Using cervid bioassay and established CWD detection methods, we have previously identified infectious prions in saliva and blood but not urine or feces of CWD+ donors. More recently, we identified very low concentrations of CWD prions in urine of deer by cervid PrP transgenic (Tg[CerPrP]) mouse bioassay and serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). This finding led us to examine further our initial cervid bioassay experiments using sPMCA. Objectives We sought to investigate whether conventional test-negative deer, previously exposed orally to urine and feces from CWD+ sources, may be harboring low level CWD infection not evident in the 19 month observation period. We further attempted to determine the peripheral PrPCWD distribution in these animals. Methods Various neural and lymphoid tissues from conventional test-negative deer were reanalyzed for CWD prions by sPMCA and cervid transgenic mouse bioassay in parallel with appropriate tissue-matched positive and negative controls. Results PrPCWD was detected in the tissues of orally exposed deer by both sPMCA and Tg[CerPrP] mouse bioassay; each assay revealed very low levels of CWD prions previously undetectable by western blot, ELISA, or IHC. Serial PMCA analysis of individual tissues identified that obex alone was positive in 4 of 5 urine/feces exposed deer. PrPCWD was amplified from both lymphoid and neural tissues of positive control deer but not from identical tissues of negative control deer. Discussion Detection of subclinical infection in deer orally exposed to urine and feces (1) suggests that a prolonged subclinical state can exist, necessitating observation periods in excess of two years to detect CWD infection, and (2) illustrates the sensitive and specific application of sPMCA in the diagnosis of low-level prion infection. Based on these results, it is possible that low doses of prions, e.g. following oral exposure to urine and saliva of CWD-infected deer, bypass significant amplification in the LRS, perhaps utilizing a neural conduit between the alimentary tract and CNS, as has been demonstrated in some other prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Haley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Candace K. Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Zabel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Glenn C. Telling
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Hoover
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Sisó S, Jeffrey M, González L. Neuroinvasion in sheep transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: the role of the haematogenous route. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2009; 35:232-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2008.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Lacroux C, Simon S, Benestad SL, Maillet S, Mathey J, Lugan S, Corbière F, Cassard H, Costes P, Bergonier D, Weisbecker JL, Moldal T, Simmons H, Lantier F, Feraudet-Tarisse C, Morel N, Schelcher F, Grassi J, Andréoletti O. Prions in milk from ewes incubating natural scrapie. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000238. [PMID: 19079578 PMCID: PMC2587713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since prion infectivity had never been reported in milk, dairy products originating from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)-affected ruminant flocks currently enter unrestricted into the animal and human food chain. However, a recently published study brought the first evidence of the presence of prions in mammary secretions from scrapie-affected ewes. Here we report the detection of consistent levels of infectivity in colostrum and milk from sheep incubating natural scrapie, several months prior to clinical onset. Additionally, abnormal PrP was detected, by immunohistochemistry and PET blot, in lacteal ducts and mammary acini. This PrP(Sc) accumulation was detected only in ewes harbouring mammary ectopic lymphoid follicles that developed consequent to Maedi lentivirus infection. However, bioassay revealed that prion infectivity was present in milk and colostrum, not only from ewes with such lympho-proliferative chronic mastitis, but also from those displaying lesion-free mammary glands. In milk and colostrum, infectivity could be recovered in the cellular, cream, and casein-whey fractions. In our samples, using a Tg 338 mouse model, the highest per ml infectious titre measured was found to be equivalent to that contained in 6 microg of a posterior brain stem from a terminally scrapie-affected ewe. These findings indicate that both colostrum and milk from small ruminants incubating TSE could contribute to the animal TSE transmission process, either directly or through the presence of milk-derived material in animal feedstuffs. It also raises some concern with regard to the risk to humans of TSE exposure associated with milk products from ovine and other TSE-susceptible dairy species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lacroux
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, IBiTec-S, DSV, CEA/Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Séverine Maillet
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, IBiTec-S, DSV, CEA/Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jacinthe Mathey
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Séverine Lugan
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Corbière
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Cassard
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierrette Costes
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Bergonier
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Hugh Simmons
- VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cécile Feraudet-Tarisse
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, IBiTec-S, DSV, CEA/Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Nathalie Morel
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, IBiTec-S, DSV, CEA/Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - François Schelcher
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Grassi
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, IBiTec-S, DSV, CEA/Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Human and animal exposure risk related to Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) from milk and milk products derived from small ruminants Scientific opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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TSE risk assessment from carcasses of ovine and caprine animals below 6 months of age from TSE infected flocks intended for human consumption ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards. EFSA J 2008; 6:719. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Béringue V, Vilotte JL, Laude H. Prion agent diversity and species barrier. Vet Res 2008; 39:47. [PMID: 18519020 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2008024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian prions are the infectious agents responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), a group of fatal, neurodegenerative diseases, affecting both domestic animals and humans. The most widely accepted view to date is that these agents lack a nucleic acid genome and consist primarily of PrP(Sc), a misfolded, aggregated form of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) that propagates by autocatalytic conversion and accumulates mainly in the brain. The BSE epizooty, allied with the emergence of its human counterpart, variant CJD, has focused much attention on two characteristics that prions share with conventional infectious agents. First, the existence of multiple prion strains that impose, after inoculation in the same host, specific and stable phenotypic traits such as incubation period, molecular pattern of PrP(Sc) and neuropathology. Prion strains are thought to be enciphered within distinct PrP(Sc) conformers. Second, a transmission barrier exists that restricts the propagation of prions between different species. Here we discuss the possible situations resulting from the confrontation between species barrier and prion strain diversity, the molecular mechanisms involved and the potential of interspecies transmission of animal prions, including recently discovered forms of TSE in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Béringue
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Groschup MH, Buschmann A. Rodent models for prion diseases. Vet Res 2008; 39:32. [PMID: 18284909 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2008008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Until today most prion strains can only be propagated and the infectivity content assayed by experimentally challenging conventional or transgenic animals. Robust cell culture systems are not available for any of the natural and only for a few of the experimental prion strains. Moreover, the pathogenesis of different transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) can be analysed systematically by using experimentally infected animals. While, in the beginning, animals belonging to the natural host species were used, more and more rodent model species have been established, mostly due to practical reasons. Nowadays, most of these experiments are performed using highly susceptible transgenic mouse lines expressing cellular prion proteins, PrP, from a variety of species like cattle, sheep, goat, cervidae, elk, hamster, mouse, mink, pig, and man. In addition, transgenic mice carrying specific mutations or polymorphisms have helped to understand the molecular pathomechanisms of prion diseases. Transgenic mouse models have been utilised to investigate the physiological role of PrP(C), molecular aspects of species barrier effects, the cell specificity of the prion propagation, the role of the PrP glycosylation, the mechanisms of the prion spread, the neuropathological roles of PrP(C) and of its abnormal isoform PrP(D) (D for disease) as well as the function of PrP Doppel. Transgenic mouse models have also been used for mapping of PrP regions involved in or required for the PrP conversion and prion replication as well as for modelling of familial forms of human prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut , Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
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Jeffrey M, González L. Classical sheep transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: pathogenesis, pathological phenotypes and clinical disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2007; 33:373-94. [PMID: 17617870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scrapie is a prion disease or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of sheep, goats and moufflon. As with its human counterparts, pathology consists of vacuolation, gliosis and accumulations of abnormal forms of a host prion protein (PrPd) in the brain of affected individuals. Immunohistochemical methods can be used to identify both the intracellular truncation sites of PrPd in different cell types (PrPd epitope mapping) and the different morphological patterns of accumulation (PrPd profiling). Differences in the inferred truncation sites of PrPd are found for different strains of sheep TSEs and for different infected cell types within individual strains. Immunochemical methods of characterizing strains broadly correspond to PrPd mapping discriminatory results, but distinct PrPd profiles, which provide strain- and source-specific information on both the cell types which sustain infection (cellular tropisms) and the cellular processing of PrPd, have no immunoblotting counterparts. The cause of neurological dysfunction in human is commonly considered to be neuronal loss secondary to a direct or indirect effect of the accumulation of PrPd. However, in sheep scrapie there is no significant neuronal loss, and relationships between different magnitudes, topographical and cytological forms of PrPd accumulation and clinical signs are not evident. PrPd accumulation also occurs in lymphoid tissues, for which there is indirect evidence of a pathological effect, in the peripheral nervous system and in other tissues. It is generally assumed that neuroinvasion results from infection of the enteric nervous system neurones subsequent to amplification of infectivity in lymphoid tissues and later spread via sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. The evidence for this is, however, circumstantial. Accumulation of PrPd and presence of infectivity in tissues other than the nervous and lymphoreticular systems gives insights on the ways of transmission of infection and on food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jeffrey
- Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Lasswade Laboratory, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, UK.
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32
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) ‐ Protocol for the evaluation of rapid post mortem tests to detect TSE in small ruminants. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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33
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on the Breeding programme for TSE resistance in sheep. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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34
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Jeffrey M, González L, Espenes A, Press CM, Martin S, Chaplin M, Davis L, Landsverk T, MacAldowie C, Eaton S, McGovern G. Transportation of prion protein across the intestinal mucosa of scrapie-susceptible and scrapie-resistant sheep. J Pathol 2006; 209:4-14. [PMID: 16575799 DOI: 10.1002/path.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To determine the mechanisms of intestinal transport of infection, and early pathogenesis, of sheep scrapie, isolated gut-loops were inoculated to ensure that significant concentrations of scrapie agent would come into direct contact with the relevant ileal structures (epithelial, lymphoreticular, and nervous). Gut loops were inoculated with a scrapie brain pool homogenate or normal brain or sucrose solution. After surgery, animals were necropsied at time points ranging from 15 min to 1 month and at clinical end point. Inoculum-associated prion protein (PrP) was detected by immunohistochemistry in villous lacteals and in sub-mucosal lymphatics from 15 min to 3.5 h post-challenge. It was also detected in association with dendritic-like cells in the draining lymph nodes at up to 24 h post-challenge. Replication of infection, as demonstrated by the accumulation of disease-associated forms of PrP in Peyer's patches, was detected at 30 days and sheep developed clinical signs of scrapie at 18-22 months post-challenge. These results indicate discrepancies between the routes of transportation of PrP from the inoculum and sites of de novo-generated disease-associated PrP subsequent to scrapie agent replication. When samples of homogenized inoculum were incubated with alimentary tract fluids in vitro, only trace amounts of protease-resistant PrP could be detected by western blotting, suggesting that the majority of both normal and abnormal PrP within the inoculum is readily digested by alimentary fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jeffrey
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA)-Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, UK.
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35
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Langeveld JPM, Jacobs JG, Erkens JHF, Bossers A, van Zijderveld FG, van Keulen LJM. Rapid and discriminatory diagnosis of scrapie and BSE in retro-pharyngeal lymph nodes of sheep. BMC Vet Res 2006; 2:19. [PMID: 16764717 PMCID: PMC1544330 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-2-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis based on prion detection in lymph nodes of sheep and goats can improve active surveillance for scrapie and, if it were circulating, for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). With sizes that allow repetitive testing and a location that is easily accessible at slaughter, retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RLN) are considered suitable organs for testing. Western blotting (WB) of brain homogenates is, in principle, a technique well suited to both detect and discriminate between scrapie and BSE. In this report, WB is developed for rapid diagnosis in RLN and to study biochemical characteristics of PrPres. RESULTS Optimal PrPres detection in RLN by WB was achieved by proper tissue processing, antibody choice and inclusion of a step for PrPresconcentration. The analyses were performed on three different sheep sources. Firstly, in a study with preclinical scrapie cases, WB of RLN from infected sheep of VRQ/VRQ genotype--VRQ represents, respectively, polymorphic PrP amino acids 136, 154, and 171--allowed a diagnosis 14 mo earlier compared to WB of brain stem. Secondly, samples collected from sheep with confirmed scrapie in the course of passive and active surveillance programmes in the period 2002-2003 yielded positive results depending on genotype: all sheep with genotypes ARH/VRQ, VRQ/VRQ, and ARQ/VRQ scored positive for PrPres, but ARQ/ARQ and ARR/VRQ were not all positive. Thirdly, in an experimental BSE study, detection of PrPres in all 11 ARQ/ARQ sheep, including 7 preclinical cases, was possible. In all instances, WB and IHC were almost as sensitive. Moreover, BSE infection could be discriminated from scrapie infection by faster electrophoretic migration of the PrPres bands. Using dual antibody staining with selected monoclonal antibodies like 12B2 and L42, these differences in migration could be employed for an unequivocal differentiation between BSE and scrapie. With respect to glycosylation of PrPres, BSE cases exhibited a greater diglycosylated fraction than scrapie cases. Furthermore, a slight time dependent increase of diglycosylated PrPres was noted between individual sheep, which was remarkable in that it occurred in both scrapie and BSE study. CONCLUSION The present data indicate that, used in conjunction with testing in brain, WB of RLN can be a sensitive tool for improving surveillance of scrapie and BSE, allowing early detection of BSE and scrapie and thereby ensuring safer sheep and goat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan PM Langeveld
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control Lelystad (CIDC-Lelystad), PO Box 2004, 8203 AA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jorg G Jacobs
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control Lelystad (CIDC-Lelystad), PO Box 2004, 8203 AA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jo HF Erkens
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control Lelystad (CIDC-Lelystad), PO Box 2004, 8203 AA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Bossers
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control Lelystad (CIDC-Lelystad), PO Box 2004, 8203 AA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Fred G van Zijderveld
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control Lelystad (CIDC-Lelystad), PO Box 2004, 8203 AA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Lucien JM van Keulen
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control Lelystad (CIDC-Lelystad), PO Box 2004, 8203 AA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Vidal E, Márquez M, Tortosa R, Costa C, Serafín A, Pumarola M. Immunohistochemical approach to the pathogenesis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in its early stages. J Virol Methods 2006; 134:15-29. [PMID: 16406559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An immunohistochemical and histochemical study was carried out on the brains of nine cases of BSE-diagnosed cattle as part of the surveillance plan in Catalonia, Spain. The animals had no clinical symptoms reported and were thus at early stages of the disease. The first part of the study consisted of a characterization of PrP(BSE) deposits throughout the encephalon. The behaviour of the different immuno-labelling patterns was analysed and tropism of some patterns towards certain brain areas was described. This tropism is principally directed to the brain stem region; however, an association of the stellate pattern was found with areas where PrP(BSE) is deposited less abundantly, such as the cerebral cortex. Secondly, distinct pathogenesis mechanisms that take place in the early stages of BSE, which would include these cases were investigated. This study describes the glial response to the presence of PrP(BSE) (using antibodies against astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein and lectin from Griffonia simplicifolia to identify microglia), the presence of mild oxidative stress phenomena (antibodies against metallothioneins I and II and against nitrated aminoacidic residues: nitrotyrosine), the apparent absence of apoptotic cellular death (cleaved caspase 3) and the preservation of synaptic proteins synaptophysin and small synaptosome-associated 25 kDa protein immuno-labelling. Finally, no alteration of the extra-cellular matrix was detected with the use of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, a marker for perineuronal nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vidal
- Priocat Laboratory, CReSA, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
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Ligios C, Cancedda MG, Madau L, Santucciu C, Maestrale C, Agrimi U, Ru G, Di Guardo G. PrP(Sc) deposition in nervous tissues without lymphoid tissue involvement is frequently found in ARQ/ARQ Sarda breed sheep preclinically affected with natural scrapie. Arch Virol 2006; 151:2007-20. [PMID: 16625322 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of natural scrapie in Sarda breed sheep was investigated in 1050 asymptomatic and 49 sick sheep from scrapie-affected flocks. Central and peripheral nervous system, along with lymphoreticular system (LRS) tissues, were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western-blotting (WB) for detection of pathological isoform of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)). A total of 69 of the 1050 clinically healthy sheep were found to be infected with scrapie, with PrP(Sc) being detected in both the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS) plexuses of 60 of the sheep, while IHC and WB yielded evidence of (PrP(Sc)) deposition only in lymphoid tissues of the remaining 9 clinically healthy sheep. PrP(Sc) was also detected in the CNS, as well as in ENS plexuses from all of the 49 clinically affected sheep. Nevertheless, 18 of the 69 clinically healthy animals (26%, 17 ARQ/ARQ and 1 ARQ/AHQ sheep), along with 3 ARQ/ARQ sheep (6%) of the clinically affected group, showed no IHC or WB evidence of PrP(Sc) in lymphoid tissues, but PrP(Sc) could be still detected in their CNS and ENS plexuses. The study demonstrates dual CNS and ENS PrP(Sc) deposition in Sarda sheep with scrapie, in spite of an apparent lack of lymphoid tissue involvement in a number of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy.
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Caramelli M, Ru G, Acutis P, Forloni G. Prion diseases: current understanding of epidemiology and pathogenesis, and therapeutic advances. CNS Drugs 2006; 20:15-28. [PMID: 16396521 DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200620010-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic, along with the related threat to human health posed by the transmission of the BSE agent to humans, has highlighted the importance of prion diseases. These fatal neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by spongiform changes in the CNS, and comprise a wide spectrum of clinicopathological entities in humans and animals, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and its emerging new variant (vCJD) in humans, and BSE and scrapie in animals. This article reviews the geographical distribution and the temporal trends of CJD and vCJD; the major events in the pathogenesis of prion diseases; the risk factors for sporadic CJD and vCJD; and the possible strategies for treating them. Worldwide statistics indicate that sporadic CJD has a stable incidence of one case per million people per year; in contrast, the incidence of vCJD appears to have increased exponentially from its characterisation in 1994 to a peak in 2000. As of December 2005, 183 definite or probable cases of vCJD had been reported worldwide. The crucial event in the pathogenesis of prion diseases is the conversion of the normally occurring cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) into a pathogenic form, called protease-resistant PrP (PrP(res)) or scrapie PrP (PrP(sc)). Pathogenetic studies in rodent models have shown that PrP(sc) is found in the enteric nervous system and in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue following oral scrapie ingestion. The role of the lymphoreticular system in the pathogenesis of TSE seems to be related to the strains of agents and the host genotype. Therapeutic approaches to vCJD are mainly based on the inhibition or prevention of the pathological change that creates PrP(sc). Derivatives of acridine (such as mepacrine [quinacrine]) and the phenothiazine psychotropics have been proposed as possible therapies because of their activity in cellular models; however, neither class was able to affect the protease resistance of preexisting PrP fibrils. More encouragingly, in animal models of prion disease, tetracyclines were found to reduce prion infectivity by direct inactivation of PrP(sc). While these findings are promising, the suitability of these compounds for clinical use is still limited by their low efficacy once symptoms are apparent. Treatments based on the vaccination approach have also produced positive results, but further investigations are necessary to establish their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caramelli
- CEA-National TSE Reference Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy
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Acutis PL, Martucci F, Mazza M, Peletto S, Iulini B, Corona C, Bozzetta E, Casalone C, Caramelli M. A case of scrapie in a sheep carrying the lysine-171 allele of the prion protein gene. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1875-80. [PMID: 16575479 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0748-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to scrapie in sheep depends on the host PrP genotype. No data about the linkage of the rare ARK allele to differential scrapie susceptibility are currently available. Several tissues isolated from sheep from an Italian scrapie outbreak and carrying the ARK allele were examined for the presence of the pathological prion protein. A weak positivity was detected only by Western blot in the brainstem of one ARK/ARH sheep. This result shows that the ARK allele does not confer full resistance against scrapie and that the allele needs to be studied further before it can be considered for breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Acutis
- CEA--Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy.
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Gavier-Widén D, Stack MJ, Baron T, Balachandran A, Simmons M. Diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in animals: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 17:509-27. [PMID: 16475509 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in animals include, among others, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie, chronic wasting disease, and atypical forms of prion diseases. Diagnosis of TSEs is based on identification of characteristic lesions or on detection of the abnormal prion proteins in tissues, often by use of their partial proteinase K resistance property. Correctly sampling of target tissues is of utmost importance as this has a considerable effect on test sensitivity. Most of the rapid or screening tests are based on ELISA or Western immunoblot (WB) analysis, and many are officially approved. Confirmatory testing is normally performed by use of histologic examination, immunohistochemical analysis, certain WB protocols, or detection of prion fibrils by use of electron microscopy (scrapie-associated fibril). The discriminatory methods for diagnostic use are mostly based on WB technology and provide initial identification of the prion strain, particularly for differentiation of BSE from scrapie in small ruminants. Definitive prion strain characterization is performed by use of bioassays, usually in mice. A burgeoning number of transgenic mice have been developed for TSE studies. Development of new tests with higher sensitivity and of more reliable diagnostic applications for live animals tested for food safety reasons is a rapidly developing field. Ultimately, the choice of a test for TSE diagnosis depends on the rationale for the testing.
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Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative conditions that cause extensive damage to nerve cells within the brain and can be fatal. Some prion disease agents accumulate first in lymphoid tissues, as they make their journey from the site of infection, such as the gut, to the brain. Studies in mouse models have shown that this accumulation is obligatory for the efficient delivery of prions to the brain. Indeed, if the accumulation of prions in lymphoid tissues is blocked, disease susceptibility is reduced. Therefore, the identification of the cells and molecules that are involved in the delivery of prions to the brain might identify targets for therapeutic intervention. This review describes the current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the delivery of prions to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Mabbott
- Institute for Animal Health, Ogston Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, UK.
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Sharpe A, McElroy M, Bassett H, Sweeney T. Clinical and pathological features of experimental scrapie in Irish Blackface Mountain sheep. Res Vet Sci 2006; 80:71-8. [PMID: 15961130 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There have been no reports of natural scrapie in Irish Blackface Mountain (BM) sheep which account for approximately 16% of the Irish national sheep flock. The aim of this study was to determine if Irish BM sheep had unusual clinical and/or pathological features of scrapie which would account for failure to diagnose the disease in this breed. BM (n=7), Texel (n=3) and Suffolk sheep (n=1) of scrapie-susceptible PrP genotypes (ARQ/ARQ and VRQ/ARQ) were orally challenged with scrapie-infected brain inoculum. The incubation period, clinical signs, pathology and distribution of disease specific prion protein (PrP(d)) in scrapie-affected BM sheep were similar to scrapie in the Texel and Suffolk sheep. It was concluded that there was no evidence to suggest that scrapie in BM sheep differs clinicopathologically from scrapie in other breeds of sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharpe
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Abbotstown, Castleknock, Dublin 15, Ireland.
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43
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Bolea R, Monleón E, Schiller I, Raeber AJ, Acín C, Monzón M, Martín-Burriel I, Struckmeyer T, Oesch B, Badiola JJ. Comparison of immunohistochemistry and two rapid tests for detection of abnormal prion protein in different brain regions of sheep with typical scrapie. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 17:467-9. [PMID: 16312240 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the "gold standard" techniques for postmortem confirmation of scrapie diagnosis in sheep and goats is immunohistochemical examination of brain tissue. Active surveillance for scrapie is mainly performed by rapid diagnostic tests on the basis of postmortem immunochemical detection of prion protein (PrP) in the obex tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of 2 rapid tests, Prionics-Check LIA (a chemiluminescence sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and Prionics-Check Western blot for scrapie diagnosis when applied to brain areas other than the obex, in comparison with the recognized immunohistochemistry. Prion protein was detected in the obex, cervical spinal cord, and thalamus from all the scrapie-positive sheep by the 3 tests. Western blot and LIA were negative in other areas of the brain, although weak immunohistochemical staining was detected. The results show that the 2 rapid tests studied may detect PrP in brain areas other than the obex, although with a lower sensitivity than immunohistochemistry when there is minimal PrP deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bolea
- National Reference Centre for TSE, Facultad de Veterinaria, Zaragoza, Spain
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44
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De Bosschere H, Roels S, Dechamps P, Vanopdenbosch E. TSE detected in a Belgian ARR-homozygous sheep via active surveillance. Vet J 2005; 173:449-51. [PMID: 16169265 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that scrapie-resistance and -susceptibility in sheep are genetically controlled. Consequently, the selection of sheep with scrapie-resistant genotypes is currently one of the most important objectives of the sheep breeding associations. However, during the last two years, new data have become available on transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) cases in TSE-resistant sheep in several European Union member states. The present paper describes the first Belgian natural "atypical" TSE case in a sheep with a scrapie-resistant genotype (ARR/ARR) detected via active surveillance. No other infections or diseases were detected in the source flock. The continued finding of new "atypical" TSE cases in sheep with scrapie-resistant genotypes undermines the purpose and efficacy of the breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik De Bosschere
- Veterinary Agrochemical Research Centre, Department of Biocontrol, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels (Ukkel), Belgium.
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45
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Monleón E, Monzón M, Hortells P, Bolea R, Acín C, Vargas F, Badiola JJ. Approaches to Scrapie diagnosis by applying immunohistochemistry and rapid tests on central nervous and lymphoreticular systems. J Virol Methods 2005; 125:165-71. [PMID: 15794986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Comparative studies evaluating the performance of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) rapid tests (validated for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy samples) on Scrapie samples have not been reported widely, particularly those dealing with lymphoreticular system tissues to a much lesser extent. The main objective of this study was to compare the ability of two current rapid tests (Western blot and Luminiscence Immunoassay Prionics-Check; WB and LIA, respectively) to detect PrPsc using central nervous system as well as lymphoreticular system samples corresponding to naturally infected animals. Thirty-four Scrapie-affected sheep, 26 with clinical signs of the disease, were included in the study. Tonsil, retropharyngeal lymph node and medulla oblongata were assessed by three tests: immunohistochemistry (confirmatory test), WB and LIA (rapid tests). The conclusion which can be drawn from this study is the fact that all animals involved in the study, including those at a preclinical stage, could be diagnosed regardless of the test used (with immunohistochemistry consistently showing higher sensitivity) only when the analyses of both the central nervous system and the lymphoreticular system were considered. The choice of these tissues for routine diagnosis is, therefore, proposed as a valuable tool to highly reduce the number of undetected positive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Monleón
- National Reference Centre for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, University of Zaragoza, Avda. Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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46
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Vascellari M, Aufiero GM, Nonno R, Agrimi U, Vaccari G, Basilicata L, Falcaro C, Mancin M, Marcon S, Mutinelli F. Diagnosis and PrP genotype target of scrapie in clinically healthy sheep of Massese breed in the framework of a scrapie eradication programme. Arch Virol 2005; 150:1959-76. [PMID: 15931459 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The application of a selective culling programme in two scrapie affected flocks of Massese breed sheep is described. The genetic susceptibility of this breed and the sensitivity of different diagnostic methods in the pre-clinical diagnosis of scrapie were also investigated. Overall, 2,068 clinically healthy sheep underwent PrP genotyping, providing the basis for selective culling. The prevalence of scrapie infection was investigated in susceptible sheep by two independent diagnostic methods. All the sheep older than 18 months (n = 620) were tested by Prionics Check Western rapid test on the obex, with a prevalence of infection of 3.9%. Furthermore, 385 sheep underwent immunohistochemistry (IHC) on retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN), with a prevalence of infection of 5.2%. Overall, 32 sheep were diagnosed with pre-clinical scrapie. Of these, 31 were positive by Western blot on the spleen, 29 by IHC on the RPLN and tonsil, 28 by IHC on the obex, 24 by rapid test, and only 18 by IHC on the third eyelid. All the scrapie positive sheep were of the ARQ/ARQ, ARQ/AHQ or ARQ/VRQ genotypes. No significant differences in scrapie prevalence were observed among these genotypes. The estimated risk of the three targeted alleles was also similar, suggesting that in this breed the VRQ allele was not at higher risk for scrapie, compared to the ARQ and AHQ alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vascellari
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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Madec JY, Simon S, Lezmi S, Bencsik A, Grassi J, Baron T. Abnormal prion protein in genetically resistant sheep from a scrapie-infected flock. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:3483-3486. [PMID: 15483266 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The central molecular event in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, such as scrapie in sheep, is the accumulation in tissues of an abnormal isoform of the cellular prion protein. A previous investigation of 26 sheep showed that the accumulation of PrP(res) in brain correlated more with the prnp genotype than with the severity of the clinical disease. Here, the ability of a sandwich ELISA to detect PrP(res) distribution in the brain was demonstrated. Immunohistochemistry also strongly supported the hypothesis that the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve is the possible entry site in the brain for the scrapie agent. Remarkably, three asymptomatic (or possibly asymptomatic for scrapie) sheep carrying an allele known to be associated with clinical scrapie resistance (ARR), which were negative for the detection of PrP(res) by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, were positive for the presence of PrP(res) by ELISA, raising the possibility of carriers resistant to the disease and possibly contributing to the persistence of scrapie in certain flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Madec
- AFSSA Lyon, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - S Simon
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, CEA/Saclay, France
| | - S Lezmi
- AFSSA Lyon, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - A Bencsik
- AFSSA Lyon, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - J Grassi
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, CEA/Saclay, France
| | - T Baron
- AFSSA Lyon, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
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Davies ML, Hopkins LJ, Halliday S, Houston F, Hunter N, McConnell I. Architecture of secondary lymphoid tissue in sheep experimentally challenged with scrapie. Immunology 2004; 111:230-6. [PMID: 15027909 PMCID: PMC1782407 DOI: 10.1111/j.0019-2805.2003.01789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in which there is an accumulation of the abnormal form of the prion protein, PrPsc, in the lymphoreticular system and nervous system. There is a particular accumulation of PrPsc on follicular dendritic cells within the germinal centre of B-cell follicles. Because accumulation of PrPsc in the nervous system leads to neuronal cell loss we have examined PrPsc accumulation in the prescapular and mesenteric lymph nodes in relation to lymph node architecture of scrapie-challenged sheep. We demonstrate that an accumulation of PrPsc in the lymph node fails to result in gross defects in the microanatomy and phenotype of T- and B-cell areas in the lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Davies
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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49
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Jeffrey M, González L. Pathology and pathogenesis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2004; 284:65-97. [PMID: 15148988 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-08441-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In common with other prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), scrapie of sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are characterized by grey matter vacuolation and accumulation of an abnormal isoform of the host prion protein (PrP) in the central nervous system (CNS). In apparent contrast with human disease, neither neuronal loss nor gliosis are invariable features of the pathology of domestic food animal TSEs. In sheep, accumulation of abnormal PrP may also occur in the lymphoreticular and peripheral nervous systems where it may be detected within months of birth. The involvement of tissues other than CNS is influenced by dose, PrP genotype of the host and strain of TSE agent. Although many different strains of scrapie agent have been isolated in rodents following serial passage of affected sheep brain tissue, the significance of these murine strains for natural sheep scrapie, and the extent to which different sheep scrapie strains occur naturally are uncertain. Whereas the consistent vacuolar pattern in the brains of BSE-affected cattle suggests a single strain of agent, the patterns of vacuolation in sheep scrapie are highly variable and cannot be easily used to define strain. In sheep scrapie, immunohistochemistry can be used to visualize different morphological types of abnormal PrP within individual brains. These different types of PrP accumulation seem to be associated with different brain cell types and with variation in the processing of abnormal PrP. When assessed in whole brain, different patterns of PrP accumulation are helpful in distinguishing between different sheep scrapie strains and also between ovine BSE and natural sheep scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jeffrey
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Benestad SL, Sarradin P, Thu B, Schönheit J, Tranulis MA, Bratberg B. Cases of scrapie with unusual features in Norway and designation of a new type, Nor98. Vet Rec 2003; 153:202-8. [PMID: 12956297 DOI: 10.1136/vr.153.7.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Five cases of scrapie with unusual features have been diagnosed in Norway since 1998. The affected sheep showed neurological signs dominated by ataxia, and had the PrP genotypes homozygous A136 H154 Q171/ A136H154Q171 or heterozygous A136H154Q171/A136R154Q171, which are rarely associated with scrapie. Brain histopathology revealed neuropil vacuolisation essentially in the cerebellar and cerebral cortices; vacuolation was less prominent in the brainstem, and no lesions were observed at the level of the obex. The deposits of PrPSc were mainly in the cortex of the cerebellum and cerebrum, and no PrPSC was detectable by immunohistochemistry and ELISA in the lymphoid tissues investigated. Western blot analysis showed that the glycotype was different from other known scrapie strains and from the BSE strain. From a diagnostic point of view, these features indicate that this type of scrapie, designated Nor98, could have been overlooked and may be of significance for sampling in scrapie surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Benestad
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Pathology, Oslo, Norway
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