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Li P, Miyamoto D, Huang Y, Adachi T, Hidaka M, Hara T, Soyama A, Matsushima H, Imamura H, Kanetaka K, Gu W, Eguchi S. Three-dimensional human bile duct formation from chemically induced human liver progenitor cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1249769. [PMID: 37671190 PMCID: PMC10475568 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1249769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The intrahepatic bile ducts (BDs) play an important role in the modification and transport of bile, and the integration between the BD and hepatocytes is the basis of the liver function. However, the lack of a source of cholangiocytes limits in vitro research. The aim of the present study was to establish three-dimensional BDs combined with human mature hepatocytes (hMHs) in vitro using chemically induced human liver progenitor cells (hCLiPs) derived from hMHs. Methods: In this study, we formed functional BDs from hCLiPs using hepatocyte growth factor and extracellular matrix. BDs expressed the typical biliary markers CK-7, GGT1, CFTR and EpCAM and were able to transport the bile-like substance rhodamine 123 into the lumen. The established three-dimensional BDs were cocultured with hMHs. These cells were able to bind to the BDs, and the bile acid analog CLF was transported from the culture medium through the hMHs and accumulated in the lumen of the BDs. The BDs generated from the hCLiPs showed a BD function and a physiological system (e.g., the transport of bile within the liver) when they were connected to the hMHs. Conclusion: We present a novel in vitro three-dimensional BD combined with hMHs for study, drug screening and the therapeutic modulation of the cholangiocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Li
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daisuke Miyamoto
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tomohiko Adachi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hidaka
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takanobu Hara
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Soyama
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsushima
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hajime Imamura
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kengo Kanetaka
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Weili Gu
- Department of Surgery, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Susumu Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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2
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Cai X, Tacke F, Guillot A, Liu H. Cholangiokines: undervalued modulators in the hepatic microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192840. [PMID: 37261338 PMCID: PMC10229055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The biliary epithelial cells, also known as cholangiocytes, line the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, forming a barrier between intra- and extra-ductal environments. Cholangiocytes are mostly known to modulate bile composition and transportation. In hepatobiliary diseases, bile duct injury leads to drastic alterations in cholangiocyte phenotypes and their release of soluble mediators, which can vary depending on the original insult and cellular states (quiescence, senescence, or proliferation). The cholangiocyte-secreted cytokines (also termed cholangiokines) drive ductular cell proliferation, portal inflammation and fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Hence, despite the previous consensus that cholangiocytes are bystanders in liver diseases, their diverse secretome plays critical roles in modulating the intrahepatic microenvironment. This review summarizes recent insights into the cholangiokines under both physiological and pathological conditions, especially as they occur during liver injury-regeneration, inflammation, fibrosis and malignant transformation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Cai
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanyang Liu
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Center of Gastrointestinal Diseases, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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3
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Erlinger S. A history of research into the physiology of bile, from Hippocrates to molecular medicine. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2022; 20:33-44. [PMID: 36518787 PMCID: PMC9742757 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Content available: Audio Recording.
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4
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Chen R, Tang R, Ma X, Gershwin ME. Immunologic Responses and the Pathophysiology of Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Clin Liver Dis 2022; 26:583-611. [PMID: 36270718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease with a female predisposition and selective destruction of intrahepatic small bile ducts leading to nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis. It is characterized by seropositivity of antimitochondrial antibodies or PBC-specific antinuclear antibodies, progressive cholestasis, and typical liver histologic manifestations. Destruction of the protective bicarbonate-rich umbrella is attributed to the decreased expression of membrane transporters in biliary epithelial cells (BECs), leading to the accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids and sensitizing BECs to apoptosis. A recent X-wide association study reveals a novel risk locus on the X chromosome, which reiterates the importance of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruqi Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology-Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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5
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Zulfiqar M, Chatterjee D, Yoneda N, Hoegger MJ, Ronot M, Hecht EM, Bastati N, Ba-Ssalamah A, Bashir MR, Fowler K. Imaging Features of Premalignant Biliary Lesions and Predisposing Conditions with Pathologic Correlation. Radiographics 2022; 42:1320-1337. [PMID: 35930475 DOI: 10.1148/rg.210194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Biliary malignancies include those arising from the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts as well as the gallbladder and hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater. The majority of intrahepatic and extrahepatic malignancies are cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs). They arise owing to a complex interplay between the patient-specific genetic background and multiple risk factors and may occur in the liver (intrahepatic CCA), hilum (perihilar CCA), or extrahepatic bile ducts (distal CCA). Biliary-type adenocarcinoma constitutes the most common histologic type of ampullary and gallbladder malignancies. Its prognosis is poor and surgical resection is considered curative, so early detection is key, with multimodality imaging playing a central role in making the diagnosis. There are several risk factors for biliary malignancy as well as predisposing conditions that increase the risk; this review highlights the pertinent imaging features of these entities with histopathologic correlation. The predisposing factors are broken down into three major categories: (a) congenital malformations such as choledochal cyst and pancreaticobiliary maljunction; (b) infectious or inflammatory conditions such as parasitic infections, hepatolithiasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and porcelain gallbladder; and (c) preinvasive epithelial neoplasms such as biliary intraepithelial neoplasm, intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct, intra-ampullary papillary tubular neoplasm, and intracholecystic papillary neoplasm of the gallbladder. Recognizing the baseline features of these premalignant biliary entities and changes in their appearance over time that indicate the advent of malignancy in high-risk patients can lead to early diagnosis and potentially curative management. An invited commentary by Volpacchio is available online. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zulfiqar
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Norihide Yoneda
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Mark J Hoegger
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Maxime Ronot
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Elizabeth M Hecht
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Nina Bastati
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Ahmed Ba-Ssalamah
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Mustafa R Bashir
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
| | - Kathryn Fowler
- From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110 (M.Z., M.J.H.); Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex (D.C.); Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (N.Y.); Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP.Nord, Clichy & Université de Paris, Paris, France (M.R.); Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (E.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria (N.B., A.B.S.); Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (M.R.B.); and Department of Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, Calif (K.F.)
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6
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Zhang F, Xiao X, Li Y, Wu H, Deng X, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Wang J, Ma X, Zhao Y. Therapeutic Opportunities of GPBAR1 in Cholestatic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:805269. [PMID: 35095513 PMCID: PMC8793736 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.805269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GPBAR1, a transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor for bile acids, is widely expressed in multiple tissues in humans and rodents. In recent years, GPBAR1 has been thought to play an important role in bile homeostasis, metabolism and inflammation. This review specifically focuses on the function of GPBAR1 in cholestatic liver disease and summarizes the various pathways through which GPBAR1 acts in cholestatic models. GPBAR1 mainly regulates cholestasis in a holistic system of liver-gallbladder-gut formation. In the state of cholestasis, the activation of GPBAR1 could regulate liver inflammation, induce cholangiocyte regeneration to maintain the integrity of the biliary tree, control the hydrophobicity of the bile acid pool and promote the secretion of bile HCO3−. All these functions of GPBAR1 might be clear ways to protect against cholestatic diseases and liver injury. However, the characteristic of GPBAR1-mediated proliferation increases the risk of proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma in malignant transformed cholangiocytes. This dichotomous function of GPBAR1 limits its use in cholestasis. During disease treatment, simultaneous activation of GPBAR1 and FXR receptors often results in improved outcomes, and this strategy may become a crucial direction in the development of bile acid-activated receptors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinxiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Mechanism of cholangiocellular damage and repair during cholestasis. Ann Hepatol 2021; 26:100530. [PMID: 34509686 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of damage of the biliary epithelium remains partially unexplored. However, recently many works have offered new evidence regarding the cholangiocytes' damage process, which is the main target in a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from acute cholestasis, cholangiopathies to cholangiocarcinoma. This is encouraging since some works addressed this epithelium's relevance in health and disease until a few years ago. The biliary tree in the liver, comprised of cholangiocytes, is a pipeline for bile flow and regulates key hepatic processes such as proliferation, regeneration, immune response, and signaling. This review aimed to compile the most recent advances on the mechanisms of cholangiocellular damage during cholestasis, which, although it is present in many cholangiopathies, is not necessarily a common or conserved process in all of them, having a relevant role cAMP and PKA during obstructive cholestasis, as well as Ca2+-dependent PKC in functional cholestasis. Cholangiocellular damage could vary according to the type of cholestasis, the aggressor, or the bile ducts' location where it develops and what kind of damage can favor cholangiocellular carcinoma development.
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8
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Soroka CJ, Roberts SJ, Boyer JL, Assis DN. Role of Biliary Organoids in Cholestasis Research and Regenerative Medicine. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:206-212. [PMID: 33957696 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1728663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Translational studies in human cholestatic diseases have for years been hindered by various challenges, including the rarity of the disorders, the difficulty in obtaining biliary tissue from across the spectrum of the disease stage, and the difficulty culturing and maintaining primary cholangiocytes. Organoid technology is increasingly being viewed as a technological breakthrough in translational medicine as it allows the culture and biobanking of self-organizing cells from various sources that facilitate the study of pathophysiology and therapeutics, including from individual patients in a personalized approach. This review describes current research using biliary organoids for the study of human cholestatic diseases and the emerging applications of organoids to regenerative medicine directed at the biliary tree. Challenges and possible solutions to the current hurdles in this emerging field, particularly the need for standardization of terminology and clarity on source materials and techniques, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Soroka
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Scott J Roberts
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James L Boyer
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David N Assis
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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9
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Azparren-Angulo M, Royo F, Gonzalez E, Liebana M, Brotons B, Berganza J, Goñi-de-Cerio F, Manicardi N, Abad-Jordà L, Gracia-Sancho J, Falcon-Perez JM. Extracellular vesicles in hepatology: Physiological role, involvement in pathogenesis, and therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107683. [PMID: 32961265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the first descriptions of hepatocyte-released exosome-like vesicles in 2008, the number of publications describing Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) released by liver cells in the context of hepatic physiology and pathology has grown exponentially. This growing interest highlights both the importance that cell-to-cell communication has in the organization of multicellular organisms from a physiological point of view, as well as the opportunity that these circulating organelles offer in diagnostics and therapeutics. In the present review, we summarize systematically and comprehensively the myriad of works that appeared in the last decade and lighted the discussion about the best opportunities for using EVs in liver disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azparren-Angulo
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Felix Royo
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Esperanza Gonzalez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Marc Liebana
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Bruno Brotons
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Jesús Berganza
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Felipe Goñi-de-Cerio
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nicoló Manicardi
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Abad-Jordà
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain; Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital & University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia 48015, Spain.
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10
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Teng D, Chen J, Li D, Wu Z, Li W, Tang Y, Liu G. Computational Insights into Molecular Activation and Positive Cooperative Mechanisms of FFAR1 Modulators. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:3214-3230. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Teng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dongping Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zengrui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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11
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Hepatocyte Injury and Hepatic Stem Cell Niche in the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030590. [PMID: 32131439 PMCID: PMC7140508 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by lipid accumulation in hepatocytes in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption. The global prevalence of NAFLD is constantly increasing. NAFLD is a disease spectrum comprising distinct stages with different prognoses. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive condition, characterized by liver inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning, with or without fibrosis. The natural history of NAFLD is negatively influenced by NASH onset and by the progression towards advanced fibrosis. Pathogenetic mechanisms and cellular interactions leading to NASH and fibrosis involve hepatocytes, liver macrophages, myofibroblast cell subpopulations, and the resident progenitor cell niche. These cells are implied in the regenerative trajectories following liver injury, and impairment or perturbation of these mechanisms could lead to NASH and fibrosis. Recent evidence underlines the contribution of extra-hepatic organs/tissues (e.g., gut, adipose tissue) in influencing NASH development by interacting with hepatic cells through various molecular pathways. The present review aims to summarize the role of hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, their mutual influence, and the possible interactions with extra-hepatic tissues and organs in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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12
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Hao YL, Bian ZL, Ju LL, Liu Y, Qin G. RANK/RANKL Acts as a Protective Factor by Targeting Cholangiocytes in Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:470-479. [PMID: 31377883 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by the highly selective autoimmune injury of small intrahepatic bile ducts. Studies reported that the cholangiocytes from PBC patients expressed significantly higher levels of both receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK) and its ligand RANKL. However, the accurate role of RANK/RANKL axis in PBC remains unclear. METHODS Forty patients with PBC were enrolled according to the inclusion criteria. The biochemical parameters (alkaline phosphatase, ALP; gamma-glutamyltransferase, GGT; alanine aminotransferase, ALT; aspartate transaminase, AST; total bilirubin, TB) were collected at baseline and followed-up after 6 months of treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, 15 mg/kg d). Stages of PBC were diagnosed based on liver biopsy histopathology according to Nakanuma's criteria. RANK expression in hepatic tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The cellular immunofluorescence method was used to locate the distribution of RANK in the human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (HIBECs) cultured in vitro. HIBECs were treated with RANKL at a concentration of 100 ng/ml or transfected with RANK-overexpressing lentivirus (LV-RANK). CCK-8 assay and cell cycle assay were used to detect the cell proliferation. Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of IL-6, E-cadherin, VCAM, ICAM-1, TNF-α, and CD80. RESULTS RANK expression in liver biopsies from early PBC patients (stage I + stage II) was significantly lower than that from advanced PBC patients (stage III + stage IV) (1.7 ± 0.63 vs. 2.3 ± 0.45 scores, P < 0.05). High-RANK patients seemed to have better response to UDCA than low-RANK patients (88.9% vs. 40.9%, P < 0.05). The baseline biochemical parameters between the two groups were comparable. The decline percentages of ALP and GGT after UDCA treatment were more obvious in high-RANK patients than those in low-RANK patients (53.90% ± 9.82% vs. 23.93% ± 6.24%, P < 0.05; 74.11% ± 7.18% vs. 48.00% ± 8.17%, P < 0.05, respectively). HIBECs proliferation was significantly inhibited after treatment of RANKL or transfection with LV-RANK. Increased expression of IL-6 and E-cadherin was observed in HIBECs treated with RANKL or LV-RANK. CONCLUSION The overall hepatic RANK expression was associated with disease severity and biochemical response in PBC patients. Activation of RANK/RANKL signaling pathway inhibited cholangiocytes proliferation in vitro. Our study suggested that RANK/RANKL pathway might be a potential target of immunotherapy of PBC based on its involvement in the occurrence and development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Hao
- Center for Liver Diseases, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, 60 Mid-Youth Road, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhao-Lian Bian
- Center for Liver Diseases, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, 60 Mid-Youth Road, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Lin-Ling Ju
- Center for Liver Diseases, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, 60 Mid-Youth Road, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Gang Qin
- Center for Liver Diseases, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, 60 Mid-Youth Road, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Baiocchi L, Zhou T, Liangpunsakul S, Lenci I, Santopaolo F, Meng F, Kennedy L, Glaser S, Francis H, Alpini G. Dual Role of Bile Acids on the Biliary Epithelium: Friend or Foe? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081869. [PMID: 31014010 PMCID: PMC6514722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are a family of amphipathic compounds predominantly known for their role in solubilizing and absorbing hydrophobic compounds (including liposoluble vitamins) in the intestine. Bile acids also are key signaling molecules and inflammatory agents that activate transcriptional factors and cell signaling pathways that regulate lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism in various human disorders, including chronic liver diseases. However, in the last decade increased awareness has been founded on the physiological and chemical heterogeneity of this category of compounds and their possible beneficial or injurious effects on the biliary tree. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of the molecular mechanism involving bile acid and biliary epithelium. The last achievements of the research in this field are summarized, focusing on the molecular aspects and the elements with relevance regarding human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Baiocchi
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine 702 SW HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Gastroenterology, Medicine 1481 W 10th street, Dedication Wing⁻Room C-7151, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1481 W 10th street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Ilaria Lenci
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Santopaolo
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Gastroenterology, Medicine 1481 W 10th street, Dedication Wing⁻Room C-7151, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1481 W 10th street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Gastroenterology, Medicine 1481 W 10th street, Dedication Wing⁻Room C-7151, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine 702 SW HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Heather Francis
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Gastroenterology, Medicine 1481 W 10th street, Dedication Wing⁻Room C-7151, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1481 W 10th street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center and Indiana University, Gastroenterology, Medicine 1481 W 10th street, Dedication Wing⁻Room C-7151, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1481 W 10th street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Cholangiocyte death in ductopenic cholestatic cholangiopathies: Mechanistic basis and emerging therapeutic strategies. Life Sci 2019; 218:324-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Rajapaksha IG, Angus PW, Herath CB. Current therapies and novel approaches for biliary diseases. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2019; 10:1-10. [PMID: 30622832 PMCID: PMC6318481 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v10.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases that inevitably lead to hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma have become a major cause of illness and death worldwide. Among them, cholangiopathies or cholestatic liver diseases comprise a large group of conditions in which injury is primarily focused on the biliary system. These include congenital diseases (such as biliary atresia and cystic fibrosis), acquired diseases (such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis), and those that arise from secondary damage to the biliary tree from obstruction, cholangitis or ischaemia. These conditions are associated with a specific pattern of chronic liver injury centered on damaged bile ducts that drive the development of peribiliary fibrosis and, ultimately, biliary cirrhosis and liver failure. For most, there is no established medical therapy and, hence, these diseases remain one of the most important indications for liver transplantation. As a result, there is a major need to develop new therapies that can prevent the development of chronic biliary injury and fibrosis. This mini-review briefly discusses the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis and its progression to cirrhosis. We make a special emphasis on biliary fibrosis and current therapeutic options, such as angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (known as ACE2) over-expression in the diseased liver as a novel potential therapy to treat this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu G Rajapaksha
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Peter W Angus
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Chandana B Herath
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
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16
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Nakagawa S, Okabe H, Ouchi M, Tokunaga R, Umezaki N, Higashi T, Kaida T, Arima K, Kitano Y, Kuroki H, Mima K, Nitta H, Imai K, Hashimoto D, Yamashita YI, Chikamoto A, Baba H. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) regulates tumor angiogenesis and predicts recurrence and prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. HPB (Oxford) 2018; 20:939-948. [PMID: 29759640 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and regulates tumor malignancy by gene silencing via histone methylation. In this study we investigate the role of EZH2 in angiogenesis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). METHODS The influence of EZH2 on tumor angiogenesis was examined by bioinformatics analysis of a public database. We also assessed the correlation between EZH2 and vasohibin 1 (VASH1) expression in 47 patients with ICC by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and in vitro gene silencing assays. The prognostic significance of EZH2 and VASH1 expression by IHC was also examined in the ICC cohort. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis showed that EZH2 was associated with several angiogenesis gene sets in the public database. EZH2 suppressed VASH1 expression in in vitro assays and IHC studies. EZH2-high/VASH1-low status was independently associated with poor disease-free survival (P = 0.019) and poor overall survival (P = 0.0055). CONCLUSION The current study demonstrated that high EZH2 expression was associated with activation of tumor angiogenesis, and activation of the EZH2-mediated angiogenesis pathway predicted the prognosis of patients with ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Nakagawa
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Hirohisa Okabe
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ouchi
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryuma Tokunaga
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Umezaki
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Higashi
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kaida
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kota Arima
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitano
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kuroki
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Nitta
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsunori Imai
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Akira Chikamoto
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Kumamoto University - Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto, Japan
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17
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Overi D, Carpino G, Cardinale V, Franchitto A, Safarikia S, Onori P, Alvaro D, Gaudio E. Contribution of Resident Stem Cells to Liver and Biliary Tree Regeneration in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102917. [PMID: 30257529 PMCID: PMC6213374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct stem/progenitor cell populations of biliary origin have been identified in the adult liver and biliary tree. Hepatic Stem/progenitor Cells (HpSCs) are bipotent progenitor cells located within the canals of Hering and can be differentiated into mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes; Biliary Tree Stem/progenitor Cells (BTSCs) are multipotent stem cells located within the peribiliary glands of large intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and able to differentiate into hepatic and pancreatic lineages. HpSCs and BTSCs are endowed in a specialized niche constituted by supporting cells and extracellular matrix compounds. The actual contribution of these stem cell niches to liver and biliary tree homeostatic regeneration is marginal; this is due to the high replicative capabilities and plasticity of mature parenchymal cells (i.e., hepatocytes and cholangiocytes). However, the study of human liver and biliary diseases disclosed how these stem cell niches are involved in the regenerative response after extensive and/or chronic injuries, with the activation of specific signaling pathways. The present review summarizes the contribution of stem/progenitor cell niches in human liver diseases, underlining mechanisms of activation and clinical implications, including fibrogenesis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Overi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy.
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Samira Safarikia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 151, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 151, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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18
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Roncoroni L, Elli L, Braidotti P, Tosi D, Vaira V, Tacchini L, Lombardo V, Branchi F, Scricciolo A, Doneda L. Transglutaminase 2 Mediates the Cytotoxicity of Resveratrol in a Human Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Cell Lines. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:761-769. [PMID: 29757003 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1470648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound extracted from plants and is also a constituent of red wine. Our aim was to evaluate if the cytotoxic effect of resveratrol (RES) on cholangiocarcinoma (CC) and gallbladder cancer (GBC) cell lines could be abolished by TG2 inhibition. Human CC and GBC cell lines (SK-ChA-1 and MZ-ChA-1), grown in a three-dimensional cell culture system (MCTS, multicellular tumor spheroids), were treated for 72 h with RES (32, 64 µM) alone or combined with different TG2 inhibitors (Cystamine, B003, T101). We investigated: cells viability; cell morphology with light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); immunoreactivity with immunohistochemistry; Q-Banding karyotype analysis; TG2 activity; Western blotting. RES treatment induced a significant inhibition of cell growth, ranging from 24% to 76% in both cell lines. The inhibitors successfully reduced TG2 activity without any variation of protein quantity as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. TG2 inhibition resulted in cell growth normalization. In addition, morphologic analysis by light and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the cytotoxic effect of RES and its reduction consequent to TG2 inhibition. Our data demonstrated a connection between the cytotoxic effect of RES in SK-ChA-1 and MZ-ChA-1 and TG2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Roncoroni
- a Center for the Diagnosis and Prevention of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical , Surgical and Odontoiatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.,e Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Luca Elli
- a Center for the Diagnosis and Prevention of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Paola Braidotti
- c Pathology Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, Università Degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Delfina Tosi
- c Pathology Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, Università Degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Valentina Vaira
- f Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Lorenza Tacchini
- d Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Vincenza Lombardo
- a Center for the Diagnosis and Prevention of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Federica Branchi
- a Center for the Diagnosis and Prevention of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Alice Scricciolo
- a Center for the Diagnosis and Prevention of Celiac Disease, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Luisa Doneda
- b Department of Biomedical , Surgical and Odontoiatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
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19
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Role of inflammation and proinflammatory cytokines in cholangiocyte pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1270-1278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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McMillin M, DeMorrow S, Glaser S, Venter J, Kyritsi K, Zhou T, Grant S, Giang T, Greene JF, Wu N, Jefferson B, Meng F, Alpini G. Melatonin inhibits hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone release and reduces biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis in cholestatic rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G410-G418. [PMID: 28751425 PMCID: PMC5792219 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00421.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland with increased circulating levels shown to inhibit biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis during cholestatic liver injury. Melatonin also has the capability to suppress the release of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a hormone that promotes cholangiocyte proliferation when serum levels are elevated. However, the interplay and contribution of neural melatonin and GnRH to cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrosis in bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats have not been investigated. To test this, cranial levels of melatonin were increased by implanting osmotic minipumps that performed an intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of melatonin or saline for 7 days starting at the time of BDL. Hypothalamic GnRH mRNA and cholangiocyte secretion of GnRH and melatonin were assessed. Cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrosis were measured. Primary human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were treated with cholangiocyte supernatants, GnRH, or the GnRH receptor antagonist cetrorelix acetate, and cell proliferation and fibrosis gene expression were assessed. Melatonin infusion reduced hypothalamic GnRH mRNA expression and led to decreased GnRH and increased melatonin secretion from cholangiocytes. Infusion of melatonin was found to reduce hepatic injury, cholangiocyte proliferation, and fibrosis during BDL-induced liver injury. HSCs supplemented with BDL cholangiocyte supernatant had increased proliferation, and this increase was reversed when HSCs were supplemented with supernatants from melatonin-infused rats. GnRH stimulated fibrosis gene expression in HSCs, and this was reversed by cetrorelix acetate cotreatment. Increasing bioavailability of melatonin in the brain may improve outcomes during cholestatic liver disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have previously demonstrated that GnRH is expressed in cholangiocytes and promotes their proliferation during cholestasis. In addition, dark therapy, which increases melatonin, reduced cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrosis during cholestasis. This study expands these findings by investigating neural GnRH regulation by melatonin during BDL-induced cholestasis by infusing melatonin into the brain. Melatonin infusion reduced cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrosis, and these effects are due to GNRH receptor 1-dependent paracrine signaling between cholangiocytes and hepatic stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McMillin
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Thao Giang
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - John F Greene
- Department of Pathology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Nan Wu
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Brandi Jefferson
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Research Foundation, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas;
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
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21
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de Jong IEM, van Leeuwen OB, Lisman T, Gouw ASH, Porte RJ. Repopulating the biliary tree from the peribiliary glands. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1524-1531. [PMID: 28778591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The larger ducts of the biliary tree contain numerous tubulo-alveolar adnexal glands that are lined with biliary epithelial cells and connected to the bile duct lumen via small glandular canals. Although these peribiliary glands (PBG) were already described in the 19th century, their exact function and role in the pathophysiology and development of cholangiopathies have not become evident until recently. While secretion of serous and mucinous components into the bile was long considered as the main function of PBG, recent studies have identified PBG as an important source for biliary epithelial cell proliferation and renewal. Activation, dilatation, and proliferation of PBG (or the lack thereof) have been associated with various cholangiopathies. Moreover, PBG have been identified as niches of multipotent stem/progenitor cells with endodermal lineage traits. This has sparked research interest in the role of PBG in the pathogenesis of various cholangiopathies as well as bile duct malignancies. Deeper understanding of the regenerative capacity of the PBG may contribute to the development of novel regenerative therapeutics for previously untreatable hepatobiliary diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E M de Jong
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto B van Leeuwen
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Lisman
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annette S H Gouw
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Porte
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Yoo KS, Lim WT, Choi HS. Biology of Cholangiocytes: From Bench to Bedside. Gut Liver 2017; 10:687-98. [PMID: 27563020 PMCID: PMC5003190 DOI: 10.5009/gnl16033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the lining epithelial cells in bile ducts, are an important subset of liver cells. They are activated by endogenous and exogenous stimuli and are involved in the modification of bile volume and composition. They are also involved in damaging and repairing the liver. Cholangiocytes have many functions including bile production. They are also involved in transport processes that regulate the volume and composition of bile. Cholangiocytes undergo proliferation and cell death under a variety of conditions. Cholangiocytes have functional and morphological heterogenecity. The immunobiology of cholangiocytes is important, particularly for understanding biliary disease. Secretion of different proinflammatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines suggests the major role that cholangiocytes play in inflammatory reactions. Furthermore, paracrine secretion of growth factors and peptides mediates extensive cross-talk with other liver cells, including hepatocytes, stellate cells, stem cells, subepithelial myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. Cholangiopathy refers to a category of chronic liver diseases whose primary disease target is the cholangiocyte. Cholangiopathy usually results in end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplant. We summarize the biology of cholangiocytes and redefine the concept of cholangiopathy. We also discuss the recent progress that has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of cholangiopathy and how such progress has influenced therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo-Sang Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Taek Lim
- Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Soon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Fanti M, Gramignoli R, Serra M, Cadoni E, Strom SC, Marongiu F. Differentiation of amniotic epithelial cells into various liver cell types and potential therapeutic applications. Placenta 2017; 59:139-145. [PMID: 28411944 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of Regenerative Medicine is to replace or regenerate human cells, tissues or organs in order to restore normal function. Among all organs, the liver is endowed with remarkable regenerative capacity. Nonetheless, there are conditions in which this ability is impaired, and the use of isolated cells, including stem cells, is being considered as a possible therapeutic tool for the management of chronic hepatic disease. Placenta holds great promise for the field of regenerative medicine. It has long been used for the treatment of skin lesions and in ophthalmology, due to its ability to modulate inflammation and promote healing. More recently, cells isolated from the amniotic membrane are being considered as a possible resource for tissue regeneration, including in the context liver disease. Two cell types can be easily isolated from human amnion: epithelial cells (hAEC) and mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSC). However only the first cell population has been demonstrated to be a possible source of proficient hepatic cells. This review will summarize current knowledge on the differentiation of hAEC into liver cells and their potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Fanti
- University of Cagliari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Serra
- University of Cagliari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Erika Cadoni
- University of Cagliari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stephen C Strom
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- University of Cagliari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Cagliari, Italy.
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24
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McMillin M, Frampton G, Grant S, DeMorrow S. The Neuropeptide Galanin Is Up-Regulated during Cholestasis and Contributes to Cholangiocyte Proliferation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:819-830. [PMID: 28196718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the course of cholestatic liver diseases, mitotically dormant cholangiocytes proliferate and subsequently acquire a neuroendocrine phenotype. Galanin is a neuroendocrine factor responsible for regulation of physiological responses, such as feeding behavior and mood, and has been implicated in the development of fatty liver disease, although its role in biliary hyperplasia is unknown. Biliary hyperplasia was induced in rats via bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery, and galanin was increased in serum and liver homogenates from BDL rats. Treatment of sham and BDL rats with recombinant galanin increased cholangiocyte proliferation and intrahepatic biliary mass, liver damage, and inflammation, whereas blocking galanin expression with specific vivo-morpholino sequences inhibited hyperplastic cholangiocyte proliferation, liver damage, inflammation, and subsequent fibrosis. The proliferative effects of galanin were via activation of galanin receptor 1 expressed specifically on cholangiocytes and were associated with an activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and ribosomal S6 kinase 1 signal transduction pathways and subsequent increase in cAMP responsive element binding protein DNA-binding activity and induction of Yes-associated protein expression. Strategies to inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, ribosomal S6 kinase 1, or cAMP responsive element binding protein DNA-binding activity prevented the proliferative effects of galanin. Taken together, these data suggest that targeting galanin signaling may be effective for the maintenance of biliary mass during cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McMillin
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.
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25
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Macrophage Depletion Attenuates Extracellular Matrix Deposition and Ductular Reaction in a Mouse Model of Chronic Cholangiopathies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162286. [PMID: 27618307 PMCID: PMC5019458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cholangiopathies, such as primary and secondary sclerosing cholangitis, are progressive disease entities, associated with periportal accumulation of inflammatory cells, encompassing monocytes and macrophages, peribiliary extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and ductular reaction (DR). This study aimed to elucidate the relevance of macrophages in the progression of chronic cholangiopathies through macrophage depletion in a 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) mouse model. One group of mice received a single i.p. injection of Clodronate encapsulated liposomes (CLOLipo) at day 7 of a 14 day DDC treatment, while control animals were co-treated with PBSLipo instead. Mice were sacrificed after 7 or respectively 14 days of treatment for immunohistochemical assessment of macrophage recruitment (F4/80), ECM deposition (Sirius Red, Laminin) and DR (CK19). Macrophage depletion during a 14 day DDC treatment resulted in a significant inhibition of ECM deposition. Porto-lobular migration patterns of laminin-rich ECM and ductular structures were significantly attenuated and a progression of DR was effectively inhibited by macrophage depletion. CLOLipo co-treatment resulted in a confined DR to portal regions without amorphous cell clusters. This study suggests that therapeutic options selectively directed towards macrophages might represent a feasible treatment for chronic cholestatic liver diseases.
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26
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Bernuzzi F, Marabita F, Lleo A, Carbone M, Mirolo M, Marzioni M, Alpini G, Alvaro D, Boberg KM, Locati M, Torzilli G, Rimassa L, Piscaglia F, He XS, Bowlus CL, Yang GX, Gershwin ME, Invernizzi P. Serum microRNAs as novel biomarkers for primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:61-71. [PMID: 26864161 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is difficult due to the lack of sensitive and specific biomarkers, as is the early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CC), a complication of PSC. The aim of this study was to identify specific serum miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for PSC and CC. The levels of 667 miRNAs were evaluated in 90 human serum samples (30 PSC, 30 CC and 30 control subjects) to identify disease-associated candidate miRNAs (discovery phase). The deregulated miRNAs were validated in an independent cohort of 140 samples [40 PSC, 40 CC, 20 primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 40 controls]. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were established and only miRNAs with an area under the curve (AUC) > 0·70 were considered useful as biomarkers. In the discovery phase we identified the following: 21 miRNAs expressed differentially in PSC, 33 in CC and 26 in both in comparison to control subjects as well as 24 miRNAs expressed differentially between PSC and CC. After the validation phase, miR-200c was found to be expressed differentially in PSC versus controls, whereas miR-483-5p and miR-194 showed deregulated expression in CC compared with controls. We also demonstrate a difference in the expression of miR-222 and miR-483-5p in CC versus PSC. Combination of these specific miRNAs further improved the specificity and accuracy of diagnosis. This study provides a basis for the use of miRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis of PSC and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bernuzzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, MI, Italy.,International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - F Marabita
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Lleo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - M Carbone
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - M Mirolo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - M Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott and White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott and White, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - D Alvaro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - K M Boberg
- Medical Department, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Locati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - G Torzilli
- Liver Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Milan School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - L Rimassa
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - F Piscaglia
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - X-S He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C L Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - G-X Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M E Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P Invernizzi
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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27
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Komposch K, Sibilia M. EGFR Signaling in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:E30. [PMID: 26729094 PMCID: PMC4730276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase that is activated by several ligands leading to the activation of diverse signaling pathways controlling mainly proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The EGFR signaling axis has been shown to play a key role during liver regeneration following acute and chronic liver damage, as well as in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) highlighting the importance of the EGFR in the development of liver diseases. Despite the frequent overexpression of EGFR in human HCC, clinical studies with EGFR inhibitors have so far shown only modest results. Interestingly, a recent study has shown that in human HCC and in mouse HCC models the EGFR is upregulated in liver macrophages where it plays a tumor-promoting function. Thus, the role of EGFR in liver diseases appears to be more complex than what anticipated. Further studies are needed to improve the molecular understanding of the cell-specific signaling pathways that control disease development and progression to be able to develop better therapies targeting major components of the EGFR signaling network in selected cell types. In this review, we compiled the current knowledge of EGFR signaling in different models of liver damage and diseases, mainly derived from the analysis of HCC cell lines and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Komposch
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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28
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The Characteristics of Antioxidant Activity after Liver Transplantation in Biliary Atresia Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:421413. [PMID: 26064908 PMCID: PMC4443700 DOI: 10.1155/2015/421413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Cholestatic liver injury is associated with a high production of free radicals. The pathogenesis of liver injury in biliary atresia (BA) patients is largely undefined. The goal of the present study was to clarify the oxidative damage and the changes in antioxidant enzyme activities that occur during the development of BA and after liver transplantation (LT). Methods. We enrolled BA patients and control subjects and collected their clinical information. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in BA patients before LT (BA group) and after LT (LT group) were analyzed. Results. The number of mitochondrial DNA copies had increased in the LT group compared with the BA group. Similarly, the activity of glutathione peroxidase had increased in the LT group compared with the BA group. The level of glutathione was higher in the LT group than in the BA group. Malondialdehyde levels were decreased in the LT group compared with the BA group. Conclusions. These data indicate that LT is associated with increased antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased malondialdehyde levels in BA patients. The manipulation of mitochondria-associated antioxidative activity might be an important future management strategy for BA.
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29
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Xiao Y, Wang J, Yan W, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Zhou K, Wen J, Wang Y, Cai W. Dysregulated miR-124 and miR-200 expression contribute to cholangiocyte proliferation in the cholestatic liver by targeting IL-6/STAT3 signalling. J Hepatol 2015; 62:889-96. [PMID: 25450715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholestatic liver disease is associated with dysregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). However, it remains unknown whether miRNAs are involved in the cholestasis-induced proliferation of cholangiocytes. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that miRNAs modulate cholangiocyte proliferation through effects on the IL-6 pathway, a known regulator of cholangiocyte proliferation. METHODS Expression of IL-6, Foxa2, and phosphorylated signal transducer activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was investigated in patients with biliary atresia (BA) and in rats subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL). miRNA expression was determined in BA patients and BDL rats, with miRNA array and quantitative real-time PCR. Biological functions of miRNAs were studied using immunoblot, immunohistochemical and proliferation assays. Luciferase reporter assays and Western blots were performed to identify miRNA targets. RESULTS Hepatic interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression was significantly elevated in BA patients and BDL rats, while the expression of miR-124 was dramatically decreased in comparison to controls. Moreover, mRNA levels of STAT3 and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) were inversely correlated with those of miR-124. Ectopic expression of miR-124 inhibited IL-6-mediated cholangiocyte proliferation in vitro and cholangiocyte hyperplasia in vivo, through a mechanism involving direct targeting of the 3'-untranslated region of STAT3 and IL-6R. We further demonstrated that miR-200 family members were significantly upregulated in cholestasis and inhibited FOXA2 expression in cholangiocytes, which further enhanced the expression of IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that downregulation of miR-124 and upregulation of miR-200 collaboratively promote bile duct proliferation through the IL-6/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Yan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingwei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Kejun Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
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30
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Jones H, Alpini G, Francis H. Bile acid signaling and biliary functions. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:123-8. [PMID: 26579437 PMCID: PMC4629225 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on various components of bile acid signaling in relation to cholangiocytes. Their roles as targets for potential therapies for cholangiopathies are also explored. While many factors are involved in these complex signaling pathways, this review emphasizes the roles of transmembrane G protein coupled receptor (TGR5), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and the bicarbonate umbrella. Following a general background on cholangiocytes and bile acids, we will expand the review and include sections that are most recently known (within 5-7 years) regarding the field of bile acid signaling and cholangiocyte function. These findings all demonstrate that bile acids influence biliary functions which can, in turn, regulate the cholangiocyte response during pathological events.
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Key Words
- ABCB4, ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B
- AE2, anion exchanger 2
- AKT, protein kinases B
- ASBT, apical sodium bile acid transporter
- BA, bile acid
- BASIC, bile acid sensitive ion channel
- Bile acids
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CYP27, sterol-27-hydroxylase
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Ca2+, intracellular calcium
- Cholangiocytes
- Cl−/HCO3−, chloride bicarbonate exchanger
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- OST, organic solute transporter
- PBC, primary biliary cirrhosis
- PC-1, polycystin-1
- PM, plasma membrane
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Receptors
- S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate
- S1PR2, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2
- SR, secretin receptor
- Signaling
- TCA, taurocholic acid
- TGR5, transmembrane G protein coupled receptor
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Jones
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Division Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX 76504, USA
- Corresponding author at: Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA. Tel.: +1 254 7431048; fax: +1 254 7430378, +1 254 7430555.
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31
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Wu SY, Yu MX, Li XG, Xu SF, Shen J, Sun Z, Zhou X, Chen XZ, Tu JC. Identification of Homer1 as a potential prognostic marker for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:3299-304. [PMID: 24815486 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.7.3299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to analyze whether Homer1 is a potential prognostic marker for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of Homer1 in ICC tissue was detected with immunohistochemistry and levels of protein in ICC and paratumor tissues were evaluated by Western blotting. Survival analysis by the Kaplan-Meier method was performed to assess prognostic significance. RESULTS Homer1 expression was high in 67.4% (58/86) of ICC samples, and there was significant difference between ICC and adjacent noncancerous tissues (p<0.001); high expression was associated with poor histologic differentiation (p=0.019), TNM stage (p=0.014), lymph node metastasis (p=0.040), and lymphatic invasion (p=0.025). On Kaplan-Meier analysis, a comparison of survival curves of low versus high expressors of Homer1 revealed a highly significant difference in OS (p=0.001) and DFS (p=0.006), indicating that high expression of Homer1 was linked with a worse prognosis. Multivariate analyses showed that Homer1 expression was an independent risk factor predicting overall survival[Hazard ratio(HR), 7.52; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.63- 21.47; p=0.002] and disease-free survival (HR, 11.56; 95%CI, 5.17-25.96; p<0.001) in ICC. CONCLUSIONS Homer1 promotes lymphatic invasion and associates with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis of ICC. The current study shows that Homer1 may be an independent prognostic factor for ICC patients after curative resection, and it provides an important basis for screening/treating high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Yun Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China E-mail :
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Hickman DA, Syal G, Fausther M, Lavoie EG, Goree JR, Storrie B, Dranoff JA. MCP-1 downregulates MMP-9 export via vesicular redistribution to lysosomes in rat portal fibroblasts. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/11/e12153. [PMID: 25413315 PMCID: PMC4255798 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Portal fibroblasts (PF) are one of the two primary cell types contributing to the myofibroblast population of the liver and are thus essential to the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) is a known profibrogenic chemokine that may be of particular importance in biliary fibrosis. We examined the effect of MCP‐1 on release of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) by rat PF. We found that MCP‐1 blocks PF release of MMP‐9 in a posttranslational fashion. We employed an optical and electron microscopic approach to determine the mechanism of this downregulation. Our data demonstrated that, in the presence of MCP‐1, MMP‐9‐containing vesicles were shunted to a lysosome‐like compartment. This is the first report of a secretory protein to be so regulated in fibrogenic cells. Portal fibroblasts are resident liver cells that contribute to liver fibrosis. MCP‐1 induces profibrogenic changes in portal fibroblasts. Here, we found that MCP‐1 also downregulates function of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP9 via shunting of vesicles to a lysosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- DaShawn A Hickman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Gaurav Syal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Michel Fausther
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Elise G Lavoie
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jessica R Goree
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Brian Storrie
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jonathan A Dranoff
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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EZH2 elevates the proliferation of human cholangiocarcinoma cells through the downregulation of RUNX3. Med Oncol 2014; 31:271. [PMID: 25280519 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the impact of histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human cholangiocarcinoma cells as well as its related mechanisms. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses were used to examine the expression of EZH2 in 40 cases of human cholangiocarcinoma tissues and four strains of human cholangiocarcinoma cells. The influence of EZH2 on cell growth and apoptosis were assessed by knockdown experiments, and a xenograft experiment in nude mice was performed to evaluate the impact of siEZH2 on the tumorigenicity of tumor cells. The correlation of EZH2, clinic pathological features and overall survival rates was also analyzed. EZH2 was highly expressed in human cholangiocarcinoma tissues and cells. Silencing of EZH2 could significantly reduce the methylation level of RUNX3 DNA in human cholangiocarcinoma cells and improve its protein expression as well as inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and slow down the growth of tumor in nude mice. In addition, the expression of EZH2 was associated with the tumor stage, lymph node positivity and poor prognoses. Overexpression of EZH2 can promote the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cells and inhibit their apoptosis. It is associated with poor prognoses in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Therefore, EZH2 could be a potential clinical therapeutic target for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Coulter C. Minimising Warm and Cold Ischaemic Times in Livers Transplanted from Donation after Circulatory Death Donors: Are We Doing Enough? J Intensive Care Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/175114371401500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Warm and cold ischaemic times (WIT and CIT) are two modifiable factors known to have a significant impact on transplant graft survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in WIT and CIT in our unit, and to study whether there was any correlation between them and the outcomes of donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver transplantation. Data was collected by a single-centre retrospective review of all DCD livers transplanted at our unit (n=61) from 2004–2011. The outcome measures were graft survival at one week, three months and one year post-transplant. Each year the CIT and WIT remained relatively constant, with no statistically significant change (p=0.3 and p=0.36 respectively). From 2004–2011, one graft failed within seven days of transplant, two grafts failed within three months and four failed within one year. A statistically significant finding was a correlation between WIT and graft failure at one year post-transplant (p=0.02) with an odds ratio of 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.59–0.98), which suggested that for each additional minute of WIT, the chance of graft failure at one year increased by 24%. This single-centre study demonstrated a failure to effectively minimise WIT and CIT over eight years in this unit. Our results show that reductions in WIT can have a significant impact on the long-term outcome of DCD liver transplantation. This study has identified modifiable factors which can reduce the overall CIT and WIT affecting livers for DCD transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Coulter
- Medical Student, St James' Hospital, University of Leeds
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Renzi A, Mancinelli R, Onori P, Franchitto A, Alpini G, Glaser S, Gaudio E. Inhibition of the liver expression of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase increases the expression of angiogenic factors in cholangiocytes. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2014; 3:4-10. [PMID: 24696833 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reduction of biliary serotonin N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) expression and melatonin administration/secretion in cholangiocytes increases biliary proliferation and the expression of SR, CFTR and Cl(-)/HCO3 (-) AE2. The balance between biliary proliferation/damage is regulated by several autocrine neuroendocrine factors including vascular endothelial growth factor-A/C (VEGF-A/C). VEGFs are secreted by several epithelia, where they modulate cell growth by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. No data exists regarding the effect of AANAT modulation on the expressions of VEGFs by cholangiocytes. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the effect of local modulation of biliary AANAT expression on the cholangiocytes synthesis of VEGF-A/C. RESULTS The decrease in AANAT expression and subsequent lower melatonin secretion by cholangiocytes was associated with increased expression of VEGF-A/C. Overexpression of AANAT in cholangiocyte lines decreased the expression of VEGF-A/C. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of melatonin synthesis may affect the expression of VEGF-A/C by cholangiocytes and may modulate the hepatic microvascularization through the regulation of VEGF-A/C expression regulating biliary functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Renzi
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Paolo Onori
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 4 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Academic Operations, Scott & White, 5 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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Nakagawa S, Sakamoto Y, Okabe H, Hayashi H, Hashimoto D, Yokoyama N, Tokunaga R, Sakamoto K, Kuroki H, Mima K, Beppu T, Baba H. Epigenetic therapy with the histone methyltransferase EZH2 inhibitor 3-deazaneplanocin A inhibits the growth of cholangiocarcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:983-8. [PMID: 24337160 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is involved in malignant transformation and the biological aggressiveness of several human malignancies. Growing evidence indicates that EZH2 may be an appropriate therapeutic target for malignancies, including cholangiocarcinoma. Recently, an S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitor, 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) was shown to deplete and inhibit EZH2. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of DZNep and the combination of gemcitabine and DZNep in cholangiocarcinoma cells. The effects of DZNep and its combination with gemcitabine were assessed in the cholangiocarcinoma cell lines RBE and TFK-1. DZNep depleted the cellular levels of EZH2 and inhibited the associated histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation. DZNep treatment resulted in the inhibition of proliferation in the cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, and the combination of DZNep and gemcitabine showed synergistic inhibition of cell proliferation. DZNep induced apoptosis and G1 phase cell cycle arrest in cholangiocarcinoma cells, and the combination of DZNep and gemcitabine enhanced the induced apoptosis and G1 arrest when compared with gemcitabine alone. Inhibition of cell proliferation by DZNep was partially associated with upregulation of p16INK4a and p17KIP1. The present study shows that DZNep inhibits cell proliferation by inducing G1 arrest and apoptosis. These results indicate that an epigenetic therapy that pharmacologically targets EZH2 via DZNep may constitute a novel approach for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Okabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Naomi Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ryuma Tokunaga
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Keita Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kuroki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Toru Beppu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Epidemiology of Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Carcinoma. BILIARY TRACT AND GALLBLADDER CANCER 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40558-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Jensen K, Afroze S, Ueno Y, Rahal K, Frenzel A, Sterling M, Guerrier M, Nizamutdinov D, Dostal DE, Meng F, Glaser SS. Chronic nicotine exposure stimulates biliary growth and fibrosis in normal rats. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:754-61. [PMID: 23587498 PMCID: PMC3800482 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have indicated smoking to be a risk factor for the progression of liver diseases. Nicotine is the chief addictive substance in cigarette smoke and has powerful biological properties throughout the body. Nicotine has been implicated in a number of disease processes, including increased cell proliferation and fibrosis in several organ systems. AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of nicotine on biliary proliferation and fibrosis in normal rats. METHODS In vivo, rats were treated with nicotine by osmotic minipumps for two weeks. Proliferation, α7-nicotinic receptor and profibrotic expression were evaluated in liver tissue, cholangiocytes and a polarized cholangiocyte cell line (normal rat intrahepatic cholangiocyte). Nicotine-dependent activation of the Ca(2+)/IP3/ERK 1/2 intracellular signalling pathway was also evaluated in normal rat intrahepatic cholangiocyte. RESULTS Cholangiocytes express α7-nicotinic receptor. Chronic administration of nicotine to normal rats stimulated biliary proliferation and profibrotic gene and protein expression such as alpha-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin 1. Activation of α7-nicotinic receptor stimulated Ca(2+)/ERK1/2-dependent cholangiocyte proliferation. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to nicotine contributes to biliary fibrosis by activation of cholangiocyte proliferation and expression of profibrotic genes. Modulation of α7-nicotinic receptor signalling axis may be useful for the management of biliary proliferation and fibrosis during cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal Jensen
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Syeda Afroze
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kinan Rahal
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Amber Frenzel
- Undergraduate Research Program, Texas Bioscience Institute-Temple College, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Melanie Sterling
- Undergraduate Research Program, Texas Bioscience Institute-Temple College, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Micheleine Guerrier
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Damir Nizamutdinov
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Temple, Texas USA
| | - David E. Dostal
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas USA
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Shannon S. Glaser
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas USA
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Temple, Texas USA
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Nakagawa S, Okabe H, Sakamoto Y, Hayashi H, Hashimoto D, Yokoyama N, Sakamoto K, Kuroki H, Mima K, Nitta H, Imai K, Chikamoto A, Watanabe M, Beppu T, Baba H. Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) Promotes Progression of Cholangiocarcinoma Cells by Regulating Cell Cycle and Apoptosis. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20 Suppl 3:S667-75. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Monoamine oxidase A expression is suppressed in human cholangiocarcinoma via coordinated epigenetic and IL-6-driven events. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1451-60. [PMID: 22906985 PMCID: PMC3959781 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretion of dopamine and serotonin is increased in cholangiocarcinoma, which has growth-promoting effects. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), the degradation enzyme of serotonin and dopamine, is suppressed in cholangiocarcinoma via an unknown mechanism. The aims of this study were to (i) correlate MAOA immunoreactivity with pathophysiological parameters of cholangiocarcinoma, (ii) determine the mechanism by which MAOA expression is suppressed and (iii) evaluate the consequences of restored MAOA expression in cholangiocarcinoma. MAOA expression was assessed in cholangiocarcinoma and nonmalignant controls. The control of MAOA expression by promoter hypermethylation was evaluated and the contribution of interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling to the suppression of MAOA expression was determined. The effects of MAOA overexpression on cholangiocarcinoma growth and invasion were also assessed. MAOA expression is correlated with differentiation, invasion and survival in cholangiocarcinoma. The MAOA promoter was hypermethylated immediately upstream of the start codon in cholangiocarcinoma samples and cell lines but not in nonmalignant counterparts. IL-6 signaling also decreased MAOA expression via a mechanism independent of hypermethylation, involving the regulation of the balance between SP-1 transcriptional activity and its inhibitor, R1 repressor. Inhibition of both IL-6 signaling and DNA methylation restored MAOA levels to those observed in cholangiocytes. Forced MAOA overexpression inhibited cholangiocarcinoma growth and invasion. MAOA expression is suppressed by the coordinated control of promoter hypermethylation and IL-6 signaling. MAOA may be a useful prognostic marker in the management of cholangiocarcinoma, and therapies designed to increase MAOA expression might prove beneficial in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Azmaiparashvili E, Berishvili E, Kakabadze Z, Pilishvili O, Mikautadze E, Solomonia R, Jangavadze M, Kordzaia D. Ductular reaction at the early terms of common bile duct ligation in the rats. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2012; 63:321-32. [PMID: 22963913 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.63.2012.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ductular reaction (DR) in bile duct ligated rats generally appears from 2nd day after biliary obstruction (BO). However, we show that increased amount of ductular profiles is evident already in 6 hours after BDL. The study aims to explain the origin of such an early DR in response to BO. Male Lewis rats were subjected to common bile duct ligation (CBDL) for 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours and sham operation. Liver samples were studied histologically, immunohistochemically (Ki67, pan-Cytokeratin /AE1 + AE3/ and OV-6) and by immunoblotting analyses. It appeared that number of ductular profiles increase in time-related manner after BO. These ductular profiles are formed by biliary epitheliocyte-like cells; No mitotic activity was revealed. Part of hepatocytes reveals pan-Cytokeratin positivity on 12 and 24 hours after BO. Total cytokeratins content at 24 hours after CBDL was 37% higher in comparison with control data. The significant increase was observed for the cytokeratins with molecular weights: 61, 56 and 40 KDa. Thus, early DR after BDL is mediated by widening of the existed finest biliary ramifications and is not associated with proliferation activities. This DR is accompanied by differentiation of hepatocytes toward bile duct-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elza Azmaiparashvili
- Faculty of Medicine, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma constitute the majority of primary malignant tumors located in the liver, with hepatocellular carcinoma accounting for approximately 80% of these tumors and cholangiocarcinoma representing the remaining 20%. Both are aggressive malignancies, heterogeneous in terms of biological activities and clinical behavior, with dismal outcomes and an increasing incidence worldwide. Radical surgical resection remains the gold standard to date, as adjuvant therapeutic modalities have failed to show a consistent and adequate curative response. However, radical surgical resection is not feasible in most of the patients with such tumors, as tumor size or functional status of the parenchyma does not permit extended hepatic resection. In addition, patients who undergo curative resection often have a high rate of relapse. Multimodal therapeutic approaches, such as the combination of invasive methods (surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation, and two-step or three-step procedures with intermittent portal vein embolization) with interferon-α, systemic chemotherapy, or transarterial catheter embolization, may prolong survival in some patients, but have, however, failed to demonstrate satisfactory results. Therefore, an obvious need emerges for the discovery of new biomarkers to understand the events leading to hepatocarcinogenesis, to relate different phenotypes with differences in clinical behavior and prognosis, and, if possible, to predict response rates to adjuvant therapeutic modalities or, furthermore, to establish novel mechanism-based treatments for hepatic tumors.
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Takahashi T, Miura T, Nakamura J, Yamada S, Miura T, Yanagi M, Matsuda Y, Usuda H, Emura I, Tsuneyama K, He XS, Gershwin ME. Plasma cells and the chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2012; 55:846-55. [PMID: 22031474 PMCID: PMC3272098 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There has been increased interest in the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Although the vast majority of patients with this disease have anti-mitochondrial antibodies, there is no correlation of anti-mitochondrial antibody titer and/or presence with disease severity. Furthermore, in murine models of PBC, it has been suggested that depletion of B cells may exacerbate biliary pathology. To address this issue, we focused on a detailed phenotypic characterization of mononuclear cell infiltrates surrounding the intrahepatic bile ducts of patients with PBC, primary sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic hepatitis C, and graft-versus-host disease, including CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD38, and immunoglobulin classes, as well as double immunohistochemical staining for CD38 and IgM. Interestingly, CD20 B lymphocytes, which are a precursor of plasma cells, were found in scattered locations or occasionally forming follicle-like aggregations but were not noted at the proximal location of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis. In contrast, there was a unique and distinct coronal arrangement of CD38 cells around the intrahepatic ducts in PBC but not controls; the majority of such cells were considered plasma cells based on their expression of intracellular immunoglobulins, including IgM and IgG, but not IgA. Patients with PBC who manifest this unique coronal arrangement were those with significantly higher titers of anti-mitochondrial antibodies. CONCLUSION These data collectively suggest a role for plasma cells in the specific destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts in PBC and confirm the increasing interest in plasma cells and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takahashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Tomofumi Miura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Junichiro Nakamura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Miura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yanagi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Matsuda
- Division of Human Physiological Science, Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Usuda
- Division of Medical Technology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Iwao Emura
- Division of Pathology, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, Toyama University, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Xiao-Song He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Ischemic-Type Biliary Lesions following Liver Transplantation. J Transplant 2012; 2012:164329. [PMID: 22530107 PMCID: PMC3316988 DOI: 10.1155/2012/164329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury after liver transplantation (LT) induces intra- and/or extrahepatic nonanastomotic ischemic-type biliary lesions (ITBLs). Subsequent bile duct stricture is a significant cause of morbidity and even mortality in patients who underwent LT. Although the pathogenesis of ITBLs is multifactorial, there are three main interconnected mechanisms responsible for their formation: cold and warm I-R injury, injury induced by cytotoxic bile salts, and immunological-mediated injury. Cold and warm ischemic insult can induce direct injury to the cholangiocytes and/or damage to the arterioles of the peribiliary vascular plexus, which in turn leads to apoptosis and necrosis of the cholangiocytes. Liver grafts from suboptimal or extended-criteria donors are more susceptible to cold and warm I-R injury and develop more easily ITBLs than normal livers. This paper, focusing on liver I-R injury, reviews the risk factors and mechanisms leading to ITBLs following LT.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cholangiocarcinoma is a devastating cancer of biliary origin with limited treatment options. The growth factor, progranulin, is overexpressed in a number of tumours. The study aims were to assess the expression of progranulin in cholangiocarcinoma and to determine its effects on tumour growth. METHODS The expression and secretion of progranulin were evaluated in multiple cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and in clinical samples from patients with cholangiocarcinoma. The role of interleukin 6 (IL-6)-mediated signalling in the expression of progranulin was assessed using a combination of specific inhibitors and shRNA knockdown techniques. The effect of progranulin on proliferation and Akt activation and subsequent effects of FOXO1 phosphorylation were assessed in vitro. Progranulin knockdown cell lines were established, and the effects on cholangiocarcinoma growth were determined. RESULTS Progranulin expression and secretion were upregulated in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and tissue, which were in part via IL-6-mediated activation of the ERK1/2/RSK1/C/EBPβ pathway. Blocking any of these signalling molecules, by either pharmacological inhibitors or shRNA, prevented the IL-6-dependent activation of progranulin expression. Treatment of cholangiocarcinoma cells with recombinant progranulin increased cell proliferation in vitro by a mechanism involving Akt phosphorylation leading to phosphorylation and nuclear extrusion of FOXO1. Knockdown of progranulin expression in cholangiocarcinoma cells decreased the expression of proliferating cellular nuclear antigen, a marker of proliferative capacity, and slowed tumour growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Evidence is presented for a role for progranulin as a novel growth factor regulating cholangiocarcinoma growth. Specific targeting of progranulin may represent an alternative for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Zhao J, Gong AY, Zhou R, Liu J, Eischeid AN, Chen XM. Downregulation of PCAF by miR-181a/b provides feedback regulation to TNF-α-induced transcription of proinflammatory genes in liver epithelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1266-74. [PMID: 22219331 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant cellular responses to proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, are pathogenic features in most chronic inflammatory diseases. A variety of extracellular and intracellular feedback pathways has evolved to prevent an inappropriate cellular reaction to these proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we report that TNF-α treatment of human and mouse cholangiocytes and hepatocytes downregulated expression of p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), a coactivator and an acetyltransferase that promotes histone acetylation and gene transcription. Of these upregulated microRNAs in TNF-α-treated cells, miR-181a/b (miR-181a and miR-181b) suppressed translation of PCAF mRNA. Functional manipulation of miR-181a/b caused reciprocal alterations in PCAF protein expression in cultured cholangiocytes and hepatocytes. Inhibition of miR-181a/b function with anti-miRs blocked TNF-α-induced suppression of PCAF expression. Promoter recruitment of PCAF was shown to be associated with TNF-α-induced transcription of inflammatory genes. Intriguingly, pretreatment of cells with TNF-α inhibited transcription of inflammatory genes in response to subsequent TNF-α stimulation. Overexpression of PCAF or inhibition of miR-181a/b function with anti-miRs attenuated the inhibitory effects of TNF-α pretreatment on epithelial inflammatory response to subsequent TNF-α stimulation. Downregulation of PCAF and the inhibitory effects of TNF-α pretreatment on liver epithelial inflammatory response were further confirmed in a mouse model of TNF-α i.p. injection. These data suggest that PCAF is a target for miR-181a/b, and downregulation of PCAF by TNF-α provides negative feedback regulation to inflammatory reactions in liver epithelial cells, a process that may be relevant to the epigenetic fine-tuning of epithelial inflammatory processes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Abstract
Epidemiological data from the last years show an increasing trend of incidence and mortality of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) worldwide. Many pathophysiologic aspects of this neoplasia are still unknown and need to be fully discovered. However, several progresses were recently made in order to establish the molecular mechanisms involved in the transformation and growth of malignant cholangiocytes. The principal concept that at least seems to be established is that cholangiocarcinogenesis is a multistep cellular process evolving from a normal condition of the epithelial biliary cells through a chronic inflammation status ending with malignant transformation. The bad prognosis related to CC justifies why a better identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in the growth and progression of this cancer is required for the development of effective preventive measures and valid treatment regimens. This Paper describes the scientific progresses made in the last years in defining the molecular pathways implicated in the generation of this devastating disease.
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Omenetti A, Bass LM, Anders RA, Clemente MG, Francis H, Guy CD, McCall S, Choi SS, Alpini G, Schwarz KB, Diehl AM, Whitington PF. Hedgehog activity, epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, and biliary dysmorphogenesis in biliary atresia. Hepatology 2011; 53:1246-58. [PMID: 21480329 PMCID: PMC3074103 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biliary atresia (BA) is notable for marked ductular reaction and rapid development of fibrosis. Activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway promotes the expansion of populations of immature epithelial cells that coexpress mesenchymal markers and may be profibrogenic. We examined the hypothesis that in BA excessive Hh activation impedes ductular morphogenesis and enhances fibrogenesis by promoting accumulation of immature ductular cells with a mesenchymal phenotype. Livers and remnant extrahepatic ducts from BA patients were evaluated by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) and immunostaining for Hh ligands, target genes, and markers of mesenchymal cells or ductular progenitors. Findings were compared to children with genetic cholestatic disease, age-matched deceased donor controls, and adult controls. Ductular cells isolated from adult rats with and without bile duct ligation were incubated with Hh ligand-enriched medium ± Hh-neutralizing antibody to determine direct effects of Hh ligands on epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression. Livers from pediatric controls showed greater innate Hh activation than adult controls. In children with BA, both intra- and extrahepatic ductular cells demonstrated striking up-regulation of Hh ligand production and increased expression of Hh target genes. Excessive accumulation of Hh-producing cells and Hh-responsive cells also occurred in other infantile cholestatic diseases. Further analysis of the BA samples demonstrated that immature ductular cells with a mesenchymal phenotype were Hh-responsive. Treating immature ductular cells with Hh ligand-enriched medium induced mesenchymal genes; neutralizing Hh ligands inhibited this. CONCLUSION BA is characterized by excessive Hh pathway activity, which stimulates biliary EMT and may contribute to biliary dysmorphogenesis. Other cholestatic diseases show similar activation, suggesting that this is a common response to cholestatic injury in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Omenetti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lee M Bass
- Pediatrics, Feinberg Medical School of Northwestern University, Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Robert A. Anders
- Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maria G Clemente
- Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Heather Francis
- R&E, Scott & White Digestive Disease, Medicine, Scott & White, Texas A&M HSC COM, Temple, TX,United States
| | - Cinthya D Guy
- Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Shannon McCall
- Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Steve S Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States., Section of Gastroenterology, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Research, Medicine, Division Research, Central Texas. Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M HSC COM, Scott & White, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Kathleen B Schwarz
- Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Peter F Whitington
- Pediatrics, Feinberg Medical School of Northwestern University, Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Abou Abbass A, Abouljoud M, Yoshida A, Kim DY, Slater R, Hundley J, Kazimi M, Moonka D. Biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation from donors after cardiac death: broad spectrum of disease. Transplant Proc 2011; 42:3392-8. [PMID: 21094785 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donation-after-death liver transplantation (DCD-LT) carries higher complication rates compared with donation-after-brain death liver transplantation (DBD-LT). In this report we describe our experience with biliary complications in DCD-LT with emphasis on anatomical patterns and outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed retrospective review of patients' medical records from August 2004 to December 2008, during which time total of 26 DCD-LTs were performed. Mean follow-up was 29 months (range 3 to 51 months). RESULTS Biliary complications occurred in 12 patients (46%), of whom 9 were related to DCD (35%). Four patients had more than 1 biliary complication, and 4 had concomitant arterial problems (stricture/thrombosis). Treatment of complications included: ERCP (n = 5, 3 resolved), conversion to roux (n = 5, 2 resolved), revision of roux (n = 1), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (n = 1), artery revision (n = 3). Three patients with casts had operative extraction of casts depicting a mummified biliary tree; histology showed casts and fibrosis and anastomotic suture material. Six patients underwent retransplantation (23%). Among retransplanted patients, 2 deaths occurred (7.7%). CONCLUSION Our experience with DCD-LT reveals a high prevalence of biliary complications with a new and wide spectrum of clinicopathologic findings. Better strategies for prevention of these unique biliary complications are needed to better justify the added risks and costs for performance of DCD-LT.
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Abd Ellah MR. The role of liver biopsy in detection of hepatic oxidative stress. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:613602. [PMID: 21403828 PMCID: PMC3042635 DOI: 10.4061/2011/613602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the current paper is to explore the role of liver biopsy as a tool in detection of hepatic oxidative stress, with brief notes on different types of free radicals, antioxidants, hepatic and blood oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation. Hepatic oxidative stress was investigated for many years in human and animals, but most of the studies performed in animals were concerned with studying oxidative status in the liver tissues after slaughtering or euthanasia. However, in human medicine, a large number of studies were implemented to investigate the status of antioxidants in liver biopsy specimens. Similar studies are required in animals, as the changes in hepatic antioxidants and formation of lipid peroxide give a good idea about the condition of the liver. On the other hand, hepatic disease may present without significant effect on blood oxidative status, and, consequently, the best way to detect the status of hepatic oxidants and antioxidants is through measuring in liver biopsy. Measuring antioxidants status directly in the liver tissues gives an accurate estimation about the condition of the liver, permits the diagnosis of hepatic dysfunction, and helps to determine the degree of deterioration in the hepatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Rushdi Abd Ellah
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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