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Pudelko L, Cabianca DS. The influencers' era: how the environment shapes chromatin in 3D. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 85:102173. [PMID: 38417271 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2024.102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Environment-epigenome interactions are emerging as contributors to disease risk and health outcomes. In fact, organisms outside of the laboratory are constantly exposed to environmental changes that can influence chromatin regulation at multiple levels, potentially impacting on genome function. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on how major external cues impact on 3D chromatin organization in different experimental systems. We will describe environment-induced 3D genome alterations ranging from chromatin accessibility to the spatial distribution of the genome and discuss their role in regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Pudelko
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany. https://twitter.com/@lorenz_pudelko
| | - Daphne S Cabianca
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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2
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Kasamatsu H, Chino T, Hasegawa T, Utsunomiya N, Utsunomiya A, Yamada M, Oyama N, Hasegawa M. A cysteine proteinase inhibitor ALLN alleviates bleomycin-induced skin and lung fibrosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:156. [PMID: 37626391 PMCID: PMC10463804 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease that is characterized by fibrosis in the skin and internal organs, such as the lungs. Activated differentiation of progenitor cells, which are mainly resident fibroblasts, into myofibroblasts is considered a key mechanism underlying the overproduction of extracellular matrix and the resultant tissue fibrosis in SSc. Calpains are members of the Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease family, whose enzymatic activities participate in signal transduction and tissue remodeling, potentially contributing to fibrosis in various organs. However, the roles of calpain in the pathogenesis of SSc remain unknown. This study aimed to examine the anti-fibrotic properties of N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal (ALLN), one of the cysteine proteinase inhibitors that primarily inhibit calpain, in vitro and in vivo, to optimally translate into the therapeutic utility in human SSc. METHODS Normal human dermal and lung fibroblasts pretreated with ALLN were stimulated with recombinant transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), followed by assessment of TGF-β1/Smad signaling and fibrogenic molecules. RESULTS ALLN treatment significantly inhibited TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation and nuclear transport of Smad2/3 in skin and lung fibroblasts. TGF-β1-dependent increases in α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), collagen type I, fibronectin 1, and some mesenchymal transcription markers were attenuated by ALLN. Moreover, our findings suggest that ALLN inhibits TGF-β1-induced mesenchymal transition in human lung epithelial cells. Consistent with these in vitro findings, administering ALLN (3 mg/kg/day) three times a week intraperitoneally remarkably suppressed the development of skin and lung fibrosis in a SSc mouse model induced by daily subcutaneous bleomycin injection. The number of skin- and lung-infiltrating CD3+ T cells decreased in ALLN-treated mice compared with that in control-treated mice. Phosphorylation of Smad3 and/or an increase in αSMA-positive myofibroblasts was significantly inhibited by ALLN treatment on the skin and lungs. However, no adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results prove that calpains can be a novel therapeutic target for skin and lung fibrosis in SSc, considering its inhibitor ALLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kasamatsu
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Takenao Chino
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Takumi Hasegawa
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Natsuko Utsunomiya
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Akira Utsunomiya
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Masami Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Noritaka Oyama
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Minoru Hasegawa
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
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McConnell MJ, Kostallari E, Ibrahim SH, Iwakiri Y. The evolving role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver health and disease. Hepatology 2023; 78:649-669. [PMID: 36626620 PMCID: PMC10315420 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
LSECs are a unique population of endothelial cells within the liver and are recognized as key regulators of liver homeostasis. LSECs also play a key role in liver disease, as dysregulation of their quiescent phenotype promotes pathological processes within the liver including inflammation, microvascular thrombosis, fibrosis, and portal hypertension. Recent technical advances in single-cell analysis have characterized distinct subpopulations of the LSECs themselves with a high resolution and defined their gene expression profile and phenotype, broadening our understanding of their mechanistic role in liver biology. This article will review 4 broad advances in our understanding of LSEC biology in general: (1) LSEC heterogeneity, (2) LSEC aging and senescence, (3) LSEC role in liver regeneration, and (4) LSEC role in liver inflammation and will then review the role of LSECs in various liver pathologies including fibrosis, DILI, alcohol-associated liver disease, NASH, viral hepatitis, liver transplant rejection, and ischemia reperfusion injury. The review will conclude with a discussion of gaps in knowledge and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. McConnell
- Section of Digestive Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Samar H. Ibrahim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Section of Digestive Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Cooper SA, Kostallari E, Shah VH. Angiocrine Signaling in Sinusoidal Health and Disease. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:245-257. [PMID: 37442155 PMCID: PMC10798369 DOI: 10.1055/a-2128-5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are key players in maintaining hepatic homeostasis. They also play crucial roles during liver injury by communicating with liver cell types as well as immune cells and promoting portal hypertension, fibrosis, and inflammation. Cutting-edge technology, such as single cell and spatial transcriptomics, have revealed the existence of distinct LSEC subpopulations with a clear zonation in the liver. The signals released by LSECs are commonly called "angiocrine signaling." In this review, we summarize the role of angiocrine signaling in health and disease, including zonation in healthy liver, regeneration, fibrosis, portal hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, aging, drug-induced liver injury, and ischemia/reperfusion, as well as potential therapeutic advances. In conclusion, sinusoidal endotheliopathy is recognized in liver disease and promising preclinical studies are paving the path toward LSEC-specific pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna A. Cooper
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Enis Kostallari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Banker A, Bhatt N, Rao PS, Agrawal P, Shah M, Nayak M, Mohanka R. A Review of Machine Perfusion Strategies in Liver Transplantation. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:335-349. [PMID: 36950485 PMCID: PMC10025749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The acceptance of liver transplantation as the standard of care for end-stage liver diseases has led to a critical shortage of donor allografts. To expand the donor organ pool, many countries have liberalized the donor criteria including extended criteria donors and donation after circulatory death. These marginal livers are at a higher risk of injury when they are preserved using the standard static cold storage (SCS) preservation techniques. In recent years, research has focused on optimizing organ preservation techniques to protect these marginal livers. Machine perfusion (MP) of the expanded donor liver has witnessed considerable advancements in the last decade. Research has showed MP strategies to confer significant advantages over the SCS techniques, such as longer preservation times, viability assessment and the potential to recondition high risk allografts prior to implantation. In this review article, we address the topic of MP in liver allograft preservation, with emphasis on current trends in clinical application. We discuss the relevant clinical trials related to the techniques of hypothermic MP, normothermic MP, hypothermic oxygenated MP, and controlled oxygenated rewarming. We also discuss the potential applications of ex vivo therapeutics which may be relevant in the future to further optimize the allograft prior to transplantation.
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Key Words
- ALP, Alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, Alanine transaminase
- ASO, Antisense oligonucleotides
- AST, Aspartate transaminase
- CIT, Cold ischemia times
- COPE, Consortium for Organ Preservation in Europe
- COR, Controlled oxygenated rewarming
- DBD, Donation after brain death
- DCD, Donation after circulatory death
- DHOPE, dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion
- EAD, Early allograft dysfunction
- ECD, Extended criteria donors
- ETC, Electron transport chain
- GGT, Gamma glutamyl transferase
- HCV, Hepatitis C virus
- HMP, Hypothermic machine perfusion
- HOPE, Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion
- ICU, Intensive care unit
- IGL, Institute George Lopez-1
- INR, International normalized ratio
- IRI, ischemia reperfusion injury
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- MELD, Model for end-stage liver disease
- MP, Machine perfusion
- NAS, Non-anastomotic biliary strictures
- NMP, Normothermic machine perfusion
- NO, Nitric oxide
- PNF, Primary nonfunction
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- RT-PCR, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SNMP, Sub-normothermic machine perfusion
- UW, University of Wisconsin
- WIT, Warm ischemia times
- hypothermic machine perfusion
- hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion
- machine perfusion
- normothermic machine perfusion
- static cold storage
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Affiliation(s)
- Amay Banker
- Department of Liver Transplant and HPB Surgery, Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Neha Bhatt
- Department of Liver Transplant and HPB Surgery, Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Prashantha S. Rao
- Department of Liver Transplant and HPB Surgery, Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Pravin Agrawal
- Department of Liver Transplant and HPB Surgery, Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Mitul Shah
- Department of Liver Transplant and HPB Surgery, Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Madhavi Nayak
- Department of Liver Transplant and HPB Surgery, Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Ravi Mohanka
- Department of Liver Transplant and HPB Surgery, Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Morris SM, Chauhan A. The role of platelet mediated thromboinflammation in acute liver injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1037645. [PMID: 36389830 PMCID: PMC9647048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1037645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injuries have wide and varied etiologies and they occur both in patients with and without pre-existent chronic liver disease. Whilst the pathophysiological mechanisms remain distinct, both acute and acute-on-chronic liver injury is typified by deranged serum transaminase levels and if severe or persistent can result in liver failure manifest by a combination of jaundice, coagulopathy and encephalopathy. It is well established that platelets exhibit diverse functions as immune cells and are active participants in inflammation through processes including immunothrombosis or thromboinflammation. Growing evidence suggests platelets play a dualistic role in liver inflammation, shaping the immune response through direct interactions and release of soluble mediators modulating function of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, stromal cells as well as migrating and tissue-resident leucocytes. Elucidating the pathways involved in initiation, propagation and resolution of the immune response are of interest to identify therapeutic targets. In this review the provocative role of platelets is outlined, highlighting beneficial and detrimental effects in a spatial, temporal and disease-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Morris
- The Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- The Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Abhishek Chauhan,
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The synergy between diurnal temperature range and calcium concentration help to predict hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15527. [PMID: 36109534 PMCID: PMC9477801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested that cold is an important contributor to acute cardiovascular events and mortality. However, little is known about the Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) impact on mortality of the patients with myocardial infarction. Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a vital role in the human body, such as cardiac electrophysiology and contraction. To investigate whether DTR on admission moderates the association between serum calcium and in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This retrospective study enrolled consecutive adult patients with AMI at a single center in China (2003–2012). Patients were divided into four groups (Ca-Q1–4) according to serum calcium concentration quartiles. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to assess whether DTR moderated the association between serum calcium and in-hospital mortality. The predictive value of serum calcium was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and net reclassification improvement (NRI) analyses. The study included 3780 patients. In-hospital mortality was 4.97% (188/3780). DTR moderated the association between serum calcium and in-hospital mortality (P-interaction = 0.020). Patients with low serum calcium in the highest DTR quartile exhibited an increased risk of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio for Ca-Q4 vs. Ca-Q1, 0.03; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.01–0.20). In the highest DTR quartile, adding serum calcium concentration to the risk factor model increased the area under the ROC curve (0.81 vs. 0.76; P < 0.001) and increased NRI by 20.2% (95% CI 7.5–32.9; P = 0.001). Low serum calcium was an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality in patients with AMI, and this association was moderated by DTR. Careful attention should be paid to patients with low serum calcium who experience a higher DTR on admission.
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Tigges J, Eggerbauer F, Worek F, Thiermann H, Rauen U, Wille T. Optimization of long-term cold storage of rat precision-cut lung slices with a tissue preservation solution. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L1023-L1035. [PMID: 34643087 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00076.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) are used as ex vivo model of the lung to fill the gap between in vitro and in vivo experiments. To allow optimal utilization of PCLS, possibilities to prolong slice viability via cold storage using optimized storage solutions were evaluated. Rat PCLS were cold stored in DMEM/F-12 or two different preservation solutions for up to 28 days at 4°C. After rewarming in DMEM/F-12, metabolic activity, live/dead staining, and mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed to analyze overall tissue viability. Single-cell suspensions were prepared and proportions of CD45+, EpCAM+, CD31+, and CD90+ cells were analyzed. As functional parameters, TNF-α expression was analyzed to detect inflammatory activity and bronchoconstriction was evaluated after acetylcholine stimulus. After 14 days of cold storage, viability and mitochondrial membrane potential were significantly better preserved after storage in solution 1 (potassium chloride rich) and solution 2 (potassium- and lactobionate-rich analog) compared with DMEM/F-12. Analysis of cell populations revealed efficient preservation of EpCAM+, CD31+, and CD90+ cells. Proportion of CD45+ cells decreased during cold storage but was better preserved by both modified solutions than by DMEM/F-12. PCLS stored in solution 1 responded substantially longer to inflammatory stimulation than those stored in DMEM/F-12 or solution 2. Analysis of bronchoconstriction revealed total loss of function after 14 days of storage in DMEM/F-12 but, in contrast, a good response in PCLS stored in the optimized solutions. An improved base solution with a high potassium chloride concentration optimizes cold storage of PCLS and allows shipment between laboratories and stockpiling of tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Tigges
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Eggerbauer
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauen
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
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Gong L, Zhang X, Qiu K, He L, Wang Y, Yin J. Arginine promotes myogenic differentiation and myotube formation through the elevation of cytoplasmic calcium concentration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1115-1123. [PMID: 34738042 PMCID: PMC8543491 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the mechanism underlying arginine-promoted myogenesis of myoblasts. C2C12 cells were cultured with a medium containing 0.1, 0.4, 0.8, or 1.2 mmol/L arginine, respectively. Cell proliferation, viability, differentiation indexes, cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, and relative mRNA expression levels of myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) and key Ca2+ channels were measured in the absence or presence of 2 chemical inhibitors, dantrolene (DAN, 10 μmol/L) and nisoldipine (NIS, 10 μmol/L), respectively. Results demonstrated that arginine promoted myogenic differentiation and myotube formation. Compared with the control (0.4 mmol/L arginine), 1.2 mmol/L arginine upregulated the relative mRNA expression levels of myogenin (MyoG) and Myomaker at d 2 during myogenic induction (P < 0.05). Cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations were significantly elevated by arginine supplementation at d 2 and 4 (P < 0.05). Relative mRNA expression levels of Ca2+ channels including the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) and voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (Cav1.1) were upregulated by 1.2 mmol/L arginine during 2-d myogenic induction (P < 0.01). However, arginine-promoted myogenic potential of myoblasts was remarkably compromised by DAN and NIS, respectively (P < 0.05). These findings evidenced that the supplementation of arginine promoted myogenic differentiation and myotube formation through increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration from both extracellular and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linjuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingdong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Liu H, Man K. New Insights in Mechanisms and Therapeutics for Short- and Long-Term Impacts of Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Post Liver Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158210. [PMID: 34360975 PMCID: PMC8348697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation has been identified as the most effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver diseases. However, hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is associated with poor graft function and poses a risk of adverse clinical outcomes post transplantation. Cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis and pyroptosis, is induced during the acute phase of liver IRI. The release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAPMs) and mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from the disturbance of metabolic homeostasis initiates graft inflammation. The inflammation in the short term exacerbates hepatic damage, leading to graft dysfunction and a higher incidence of acute rejection. The subsequent changes in the graft immune environment due to hepatic IRI may result in chronic rejection, cancer recurrence and fibrogenesis in the long term. In this review, we mainly focus on new mechanisms of inflammation initiated by immune activation related to metabolic alteration in the short term during liver IRI. The latest mechanisms of cancer recurrence and fibrogenesis due to the long-term impact of inflammation in hepatic IRI is also discussed. Furthermore, the development of therapeutic strategies, including ischemia preconditioning, pharmacological inhibitors and machine perfusion, for both attenuating acute inflammatory injury and preventing late-phase disease recurrence, will be summarized in the context of clinical, translational and basic research.
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11
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Czigany Z, Lurje I, Schmelzle M, Schöning W, Öllinger R, Raschzok N, Sauer IM, Tacke F, Strnad P, Trautwein C, Neumann UP, Fronek J, Mehrabi A, Pratschke J, Schlegel A, Lurje G. Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Marginal Liver Grafts and the Role of Hypothermic Machine Perfusion: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E846. [PMID: 32244972 PMCID: PMC7141496 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) constitutes a significant source of morbidity and mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The allograft is metabolically impaired during warm and cold ischemia and is further damaged by a paradox reperfusion injury after revascularization and reoxygenation. Short-term and long-term complications including post-reperfusion syndrome, delayed graft function, and immune activation have been associated with IRI. Due to the current critical organ shortage, extended criteria grafts are increasingly considered for transplantation, however, with an elevated risk to develop significant features of IRI. In recent years, ex vivo machine perfusion (MP) of the donor liver has witnessed significant advancements. Here, we describe the concept of hypothermic (oxygenated) machine perfusion (HMP/HOPE) approaches and highlight which allografts may benefit from this technology. This review also summarizes clinical applications and the main aspects of ongoing randomized controlled trials on hypothermic perfusion. The mechanistic aspects of IRI and hypothermic MP-which include tissue energy replenishment, optimization of mitochondrial function, and the reduction of oxidative and inflammatory damage following reperfusion-will be comprehensively discussed within the context of current preclinical and clinical evidence. Finally, we highlight novel trends and future perspectives in the field of hypothermic MP in the context of recent findings of basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Czigany
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (Z.C.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Isabella Lurje
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum—Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (I.L.); (M.S.); (W.S.); (R.Ö.); (N.R.); (I.M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum—Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (I.L.); (M.S.); (W.S.); (R.Ö.); (N.R.); (I.M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Wenzel Schöning
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum—Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (I.L.); (M.S.); (W.S.); (R.Ö.); (N.R.); (I.M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Robert Öllinger
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum—Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (I.L.); (M.S.); (W.S.); (R.Ö.); (N.R.); (I.M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Nathanael Raschzok
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum—Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (I.L.); (M.S.); (W.S.); (R.Ö.); (N.R.); (I.M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Igor M. Sauer
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum—Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (I.L.); (M.S.); (W.S.); (R.Ö.); (N.R.); (I.M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum—Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (P.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (P.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Ulf Peter Neumann
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (Z.C.); (U.P.N.)
| | - Jiri Fronek
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum—Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (I.L.); (M.S.); (W.S.); (R.Ö.); (N.R.); (I.M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Andrea Schlegel
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK;
| | - Georg Lurje
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (Z.C.); (U.P.N.)
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte | Campus Virchow-Klinikum—Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (I.L.); (M.S.); (W.S.); (R.Ö.); (N.R.); (I.M.S.); (J.P.)
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12
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Hessheimer AJ, Riquelme F, Fundora-Suárez Y, García Pérez R, Fondevila C. Normothermic perfusion and outcomes after liver transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2019; 33:200-208. [PMID: 31239189 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia has been a persistent and largely unavoidable element in solid organ transplantation, contributing to graft deterioration and adverse post-transplant outcomes. In liver transplantation, where available organs arise with greater frequency from marginal donors (i.e., ones that are older, obese, and/or declared dead following cardiac arrest through the donation after circulatory death process), there is increasing interest using dynamic perfusion strategies to limit, assess, and even reverse the adverse effects of ischemia in these grafts. Normothermic perfusion, in particular, is used to restore the flow of oxygen and other metabolic substrates at physiological temperatures. It may be used in liver transplantation both in situ following cardiac arrest in donation after circulatory death donors or during part or all of the ex situ preservation phase. This review article addresses issues relevant to use of normothermic perfusion strategies in liver transplantation, including technical and logistical aspects associated with establishing and maintaining normothermic perfusion in its different forms and clinical outcomes that have been reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J Hessheimer
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery & Transplantation, General & Digestive Surgery Service, Digestive & Metabolic Disease Institute (ICMDM), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Riquelme
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery & Transplantation, General & Digestive Surgery Service, Digestive & Metabolic Disease Institute (ICMDM), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yiliam Fundora-Suárez
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery & Transplantation, General & Digestive Surgery Service, Digestive & Metabolic Disease Institute (ICMDM), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío García Pérez
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery & Transplantation, General & Digestive Surgery Service, Digestive & Metabolic Disease Institute (ICMDM), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Constantino Fondevila
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery & Transplantation, General & Digestive Surgery Service, Digestive & Metabolic Disease Institute (ICMDM), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Dar WA, Sullivan E, Bynon JS, Eltzschig H, Ju C. Ischaemia reperfusion injury in liver transplantation: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Liver Int 2019; 39:788-801. [PMID: 30843314 PMCID: PMC6483869 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease causing end organ failure is a growing cause of mortality. In most cases, the only therapy is liver transplantation. However, liver transplantation is a complex undertaking and its success is dependent on a number of factors. In particular, liver transplantation is subject to the risks of ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Liver IRI has significant effects on the function of a liver after transplantation. The cellular and molecular mechanisms governing IRI in liver transplantation are numerous. They involve multiple cells types such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, neutrophils and platelets acting via an interconnected network of molecular pathways such as activation of toll-like receptor signalling, alterations in micro-RNA expression, production of ROS, regulation of autophagy and activation of hypoxia-inducible factors. Interestingly, the cellular and molecular events in liver IRI can be correlated with clinical risk factors for IRI in liver transplantation such as donor organ steatosis, ischaemic times, donor age, and donor and recipient coagulopathy. Thus, understanding the relationship of the clinical risk factors for liver IRI to the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern it is critical to higher levels of success after liver transplantation. This in turn will help in the discovery of therapeutics for IRI in liver transplantation - a process that will lead to improved outcomes for patients suffering from end-stage liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim A. Dar
- Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX
| | - Elise Sullivan
- Department of Anesthesia, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX
| | - John S. Bynon
- Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX
| | - Holger Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesia, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Anesthesia, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston, TX
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14
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Czigany Z, Lurje I, Tolba RH, Neumann UP, Tacke F, Lurje G. Machine perfusion for liver transplantation in the era of marginal organs-New kids on the block. Liver Int 2019; 39:228-249. [PMID: 30129192 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the face of a critical organ shortage in the Western world, various strategies are employed to expand the donor pool for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Among them is the transplantation of organs from extended criteria donors, a valuable source of liver allografts, however, characterized by potential risks for post-OLT complications and inferior outcomes. In recent years, machine perfusion (MP) of the explanted donor liver as well as regional perfusion techniques has witnessed significant advancements. Here, we aim to discuss different modes of dynamic organ preservation in OLT. These include hypothermic and normothermic MP, hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE), controlled oxygenated rewarming as well as regional perfusion protocols. Over recent years, multiple feasibility trials have demonstrated the clinical prospects of MP. In the context of OLT using organs from extended criteria donors, MP has numerous advantages compared to conventional cold storage, some of which include the preservation and reconditioning of borderline transplantable organs and the viability assessment of high-risk donor allografts. This review aims to address the topic of liver allograft MP, highlighting particularly the current trends in clinical applications and future perspectives. Furthermore, different approaches of liver storage and reconditioning are reviewed in the context of ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Czigany
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Isabella Lurje
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene H Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Lurje
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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15
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Oliva-Vilarnau N, Hankeova S, Vorrink SU, Mkrtchian S, Andersson ER, Lauschke VM. Calcium Signaling in Liver Injury and Regeneration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:192. [PMID: 30023358 PMCID: PMC6039545 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fulfills central roles in metabolic control and detoxification and, as such, is continuously exposed to a plethora of insults. Importantly, the liver has a unique ability to regenerate and can completely recoup from most acute, non-iterative insults. However, multiple conditions, including viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), long-term alcohol abuse and chronic use of certain medications, can cause persistent injury in which the regenerative capacity eventually becomes dysfunctional, resulting in hepatic scaring and cirrhosis. Calcium is a versatile secondary messenger that regulates multiple hepatic functions, including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as bile secretion and choleresis. Accordingly, dysregulation of calcium signaling is a hallmark of both acute and chronic liver diseases. In addition, recent research implicates calcium transients as essential components of liver regeneration. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of calcium signaling in liver health and disease and discuss the importance of calcium in the orchestration of the ensuing regenerative response. Furthermore, we highlight similarities and differences in spatiotemporal calcium regulation between liver insults of different etiologies. Finally, we discuss intracellular calcium control as an emerging therapeutic target for liver injury and summarize recent clinical findings of calcium modulation for the treatment of ischemic-reperfusion injury, cholestasis and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Oliva-Vilarnau
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simona Hankeova
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Sabine U Vorrink
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Souren Mkrtchian
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma R Andersson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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17
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Lin BH, Tsai MH, Lii CK, Wang TS. IP3 and calcium signaling involved in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and cell rounding induced by cigarette smoke extract in human endothelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1293-1306. [PMID: 25758670 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disorders and leads to damage caused by inflammation and oxidative stress. The actin cytoskeleton is a key player in the response to inflammatory stimuli and is an early target of cellular oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in actin cytoskeleton dynamics in human endothelial EA.hy926 cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Immunostaining revealed that CSE exposure resulted in modification of the actin cytoskeleton and led to cell rounding in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, the intracellular calcium concentration was increased by treatment with CSE. Pretreatment with antioxidants (lipoic acid, glutathione, N-acetyl cysteine, aminoguanidine, α-tocopherol, and vitamin C) significantly attenuated the CSE-induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization and cell rounding. Calcium ion chelators (EGTA, BAPTA-AM AM) and a potent store-operated calcium channel inhibitor (MRS 1845) also reduced CSE-induced intracellular calcium changes and attenuated actin cytoskeleton reorganization and cell morphology change. Moreover, the CSE-induced intracellular calcium increase was suppressed by pretreatment with the inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) inhibitor xestospongin C, the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U-73122, and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X. These results suggest that reactive oxygen species production and intracellular calcium increase play an essential role in CSE-induced actin disorganization and cell rounding through a PLC-IP3-PKC signaling pathway. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1293-1306, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hong Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsuan Tsai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Kuei Lii
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Shing Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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18
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Bissoyi A, Pramanik K. Role of the Apoptosis Pathway in Cryopreservation-Induced Cell Death in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Umbilical Cord Blood. Biopreserv Biobank 2014; 12:246-54. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2014.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akalabya Bissoyi
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Krishna Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
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19
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Peralta C, Jiménez-Castro MB, Gracia-Sancho J. Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury: effects on the liver sinusoidal milieu. J Hepatol 2013; 59:1094-106. [PMID: 23811302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is an important cause of liver damage occurring during surgical procedures including hepatic resection and liver transplantation, and represents the main underlying cause of graft dysfunction post-transplantation. Cellular and biochemical processes occurring during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion are diverse and complex, and include the deregulation of the healthy phenotype of all liver cellular components. Nevertheless, a significant part of these processes are still unknown or unclear. The present review aims at summarizing the current knowledge in liver ischemia-reperfusion, but specifically focusing on liver cell phenotype and paracrine interaction deregulations. Moreover, the most updated therapeutic strategies including pharmacological, genetic and surgical interventions, as well as some of the scientific controversies in the field will be described. Finally, the importance of considering the subclinical situation of liver grafts when translating basic knowledge to the bedside is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Peralta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Pless-Petig G, Metzenmacher M, Türk TR, Rauen U. Aggravation of cold-induced injury in Vero-B4 cells by RPMI 1640 medium - identification of the responsible medium components. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:73. [PMID: 23046946 PMCID: PMC3534012 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In modern biotechnology, there is a need for pausing cell lines by cold storage to adapt large-scale cell cultures to the variable demand for their products. We compared various cell culture media/solutions for cold storage of Vero-B4 kidney cells, a cell line widely used in biotechnology. RESULTS Cold storage in RPMI 1640 medium, a recommended cell culture medium for Vero-B4 cells, surprisingly, strongly enhanced cold-induced cell injury in these cells in comparison to cold storage in Krebs-Henseleit buffer or other cell culture media (DMEM, L-15 and M199). Manufacturer, batch, medium supplements and the most likely components with concentrations outside the range of the other media/solutions (vitamin B12, inositol, biotin, p-aminobenzoic acid) did not cause this aggravation of cold-induced injury in RPMI 1640. However, a modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer with a low calcium concentration (0.42 mM), a high concentration of inorganic phosphate (5.6 mM), and glucose (11.1 mM; i.e. concentrations as in RPMI 1640) evoked a cell injury and loss of metabolic function corresponding to that observed in RPMI 1640. Deferoxamine improved cell survival and preserved metabolic function in modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer as well as in RPMI 1640. Similar Ca2+ and phosphate concentrations did not increase cold-induced cell injury in the kidney cell line LLC-PK1, porcine aortic endothelial cells or rat hepatocytes. However, more extreme conditions (Ca2+ was nominally absent and phosphate concentration raised to 25 mM as in the organ preservation solution University of Wisconsin solution) also increased cold-induced injury in rat hepatocytes and porcine aortic endothelial cells. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the combination of low calcium and high phosphate concentrations in the presence of glucose enhances cold-induced, iron-dependent injury drastically in Vero-B4 cells, and that a tendency for this pathomechanism also exists in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Pless-Petig
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr, 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
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Hypothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion in Porcine Donation After Circulatory Determination of Death Liver Transplant. Transplantation 2012; 94:22-9. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31825774d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review gives a broad overview of the key factors of ischemic injury to the liver and presents the current modifications of preservation solutions and the few strategies of biological modulation in clinical use today. RECENT FINDINGS Protective effects in human-liver transplantation were shown by methylprednisolone treatment in decreased donors, and by inhalation of a nontoxic dose of nitric oxide in recipients. In addition, recent results showed rescue of pig livers, donated after cardiac death by application of a cocktail of substances addressing several previously identified mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury. SUMMARY The future of a pharmacological approach attenuating or preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury lies in a combination of drugs acting simultaneously on several steps of the injury cascades. Applying these substances during flush, before, and during implantation appears as an attractive strategy to protect extended criteria liver grafts.
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23
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Chaperonin contributes to cold hardiness of the onion maggot Delia antiqua through repression of depolymerization of actin at low temperatures. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8277. [PMID: 20011606 PMCID: PMC2788269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Winter-diapause and cold-acclimated non-diapause pupae of the onion maggot, Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), show strong cold hardiness. To obtain insights into the mechanisms involved in the enhancement of cold hardiness, we investigated the expression patterns of genes encoding subunits of chaperonin (CCT) and the morphology of actin, a substrate of CCT, at low temperatures. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed the mRNA levels of CCT subunits in pupal tissues to be highly correlated with the cold hardiness of the pupae. While actin in the Malpighian tubules of non-cold-hardy pupae showed extensive depolymerization after a cold treatment, actin in the same tissue of cold-hardy pupae was not depolymerized. Damage to cell membranes became apparent after the depolymerization of actin. Moreover, administration of Latrunculin B, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, to the larvae markedly decreased the cold hardiness of the pupae obtained. These findings suggest that CCT contributes to the cold hardiness of D. antiqua through the repression of depolymerization of actin at low temperatures.
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Ikeda A, Ueki S, Nakao A, Tomiyama K, Ross MA, Stolz DB, Geller DA, Murase N. Liver graft exposure to carbon monoxide during cold storage protects sinusoidal endothelial cells and ameliorates reperfusion injury in rats. Liver Transpl 2009; 15:1458-68. [PMID: 19877256 PMCID: PMC2930486 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury significantly influences short-term and long-term outcomes after liver transplantation (LTx). The critical step initiating the injury is known to include sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC) alteration during the cold preservation period. As carbon monoxide (CO) has potent cytoprotective functions on vascular endothelial cells, this study examined if CO treatment of excised liver grafts during cold storage could protect SECs and ameliorate hepatic I/R injury. Rat liver grafts were preserved in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution containing 5% CO (CO-UW solution) for 18 to 24 hours and were transplanted into syngeneic Lewis rats. After 18 hours of cold preservation, SEC damage was evident with propidium iodide (PI) nuclear staining on SECs, and the frequency of PI(+) SECs was significantly lower in grafts stored in CO-UW solution versus those stored in control UW solution. SEC protection with CO was associated with decreased intercellular cell adhesion molecule translocation and less matrix metalloproteinase release during cold preservation. After LTx with 18 hours of cold preservation, serum alanine aminotransferase levels and hepatic necrosis were significantly less in the CO-UW group than in the control UW group. With 24 hours of cold storage, 35% (7/20) survived with control UW solution, whereas the survival with CO-UW solution improved to 80% (8/10). These beneficial effects of CO-UW solution were associated with a significant reduction of neutrophil extravasation, down-regulation of hepatic messenger RNA for tumor necrosis factor alpha and intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1, and less hepatic extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Liver grafts from Kupffer cell-depleted donors or pseudogerm-free donors showed less SEC death during cold preservation, and CO-UW solution further reduced SEC death. In conclusion, CO delivery to excised liver grafts during cold preservation efficiently ameliorates SEC damage and hepatic I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ikeda
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Shinya Ueki
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Atsunori Nakao
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Koji Tomiyama
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mark A. Ross
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - David A. Geller
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Noriko Murase
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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25
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Topp SA, Krieg A, Koch A, Tidden CM, Ramp U, Hohlfeld T, Macher A, Schulte am Esch J, Eisenberger CF, Stoecklein NH, Knoefel WT. Hemoglobin-Glutamer 200 Reduces Reperfusion Injury of the Cold Preserved Rat Liver by Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1. J Surg Res 2008; 150:243-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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26
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Abstract
Due to the critical shortage of deceased donor grafts, clinicians are continually expanding the criteria for an acceptable liver donor to meet the waiting list demands. However, the reduced ischemic tolerance of those extended criteria grafts jeopardizes organ viability during cold storage. Machine perfusion has been developed to limit ischemic liver damage but despite its proven biochemical benefit, machine liver perfusion is not yet considered clinically due to its low practicability. In this review, we summarize our understanding of the role of machine perfusion in marginal liver preservation. The goal is to highlight advantages or disadvantages of current perfusion techniques and to explain the underlying mechanisms. We provide evidence for the need of a liver perfusion performance shortly before implantation, and point out promising designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dutkowski
- Swiss HPB (Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary) Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Little evidence for a major role of Ca2+ in cold-induced injury of liver cells. Cryobiology 2008; 56:103-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Calpains are intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases that play crucial roles in many physiological and pathological processes. Calpain regulation is complex and activity is poorly correlated with calpain protein levels. Therefore a full understanding of calpain function requires robust methods for measuring activity. METHODS We describe and characterize a flow cytometric method for measuring calpain activity in live cells. This method uses the BOC-LM-CMAC reagent that readily diffuses into cells where it reacts with free thiols to enhance retention. RESULTS We show that the reagent is cleaved specifically by calpains and follows saturation kinetics. We use the assay to measure calpain activation following PDGF stimulation of rat fibroblasts. We also show that the calpain inhibitor PD150606 inhibits calpain with a K(i) of 12.5 muM and show that Mek inhibitors PD89059 and U0126 also suppress calpain activity. We also show that the assay can measure calpain activity in subpopulations of cells present in unfractionated cord blood or in HL60 human myelomonocytic leukemia cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that this assay is a reliable and useful method for measuring calpain activity in multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Niapour
- Arthritis and Immune Disorder Research Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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30
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Robilotto A, Baust J, Buskirk RV, Baust J. Involvement of the Cysteine Protease Calpain Family in Cell Death After Cryopreservation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/cpt.2006.4.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A.T. Robilotto
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York
- Cell Preservation Services, Inc., Owego, New York
| | - J.M. Baust
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York
- Cell Preservation Services, Inc., Owego, New York
| | - R. Van Buskirk
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York
- Cell Preservation Services, Inc., Owego, New York
| | - J.G. Baust
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York
- Biolife Solutions, Inc., Owego, New York
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Topp SA, Upadhya GA, Strasberg SM. Cold preservation of isolated sinusoidal endothelial cells in MMP 9 knockout mice: effect on morphology and platelet adhesion. Liver Transpl 2004; 10:1041-8. [PMID: 15390331 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cold preservation of rat sinusoidal endothelial cells causes actin disassembly, cell rounding, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion, and platelet adhesiveness. Studies in rats suggest that gelatinases MMP2 and MMP9 are the key mediators of the injury. We created a model of cold preservation injury in mouse sinusoidal endothelial cell (MSEC) to examine the effect of cold on MSEC, specifically on MSEC from genetically deleted mice (MMP9/KO) mice. MSEC were isolated from wild-type and MMP9/KO mice and cold preserved for up to 24 hours. MMP activity was measured in culture supernatants and in effluents from preserved whole mouse livers. Cellular and actin morphology were studied by light and fluorescence microscopy. A platelet-MSEC adhesion assay was performed. Yield, growth, and appearance of MSEC were similar in wild-type and MMP9/KO mice. Cold-preserved wild-type MSEC exhibited actin disassembly and cell rounding as in the rat but at a much slower rate. These morphologic cell changes were attenuated in MSEC from MMP9/KO mice. Both MMP2 and MMP9 were present in liver effluents of wild-type mice, but MMP9 was absent in effluents from MMP9/KO mice. Total MMP activity in culture supernatants was greater after preservation in wild-type than in MMP9/KO mice. There was significantly more platelet adhesion to wild-type MSEC than to MSEC from MMP9/KO mice. In conclusion, MSEC is an excellent model system for the study of cold preservation injury. Injury is similar to rat sinusoidal endothelial cells but delayed. MMP9 is a key mediator of the cold preservation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Topp
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Glading A, Bodnar RJ, Reynolds IJ, Shiraha H, Satish L, Potter DA, Blair HC, Wells A. Epidermal growth factor activates m-calpain (calpain II), at least in part, by extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:2499-512. [PMID: 14993287 PMCID: PMC355832 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.6.2499-2512.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
How m-calpain is activated in cells has challenged investigators because in vitro activation requires near-millimolar calcium. Previously, we demonstrated that m-calpain activation by growth factors requires extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK); this enables tail deadhesion and allows productive motility. We now show that ERK directly phosphorylates and activates m-calpain both in vitro and in vivo. We identified serine 50 as required for epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced calpain activation in vitro and in vivo. Replacing the serine with alanine limits activation by EGF and subsequent cell deadhesion and motility. A construct with the serine converted to glutamic acid displays constitutive activity in vivo; expression of an estrogen receptor fusion construct produces a tamoxifen-sensitive enzyme. Interestingly, EGF-induced m-calpain activation occurs in the absence of increased intracellular calcium levels; EGF triggers calpain even in the presence of intracellular calcium chelators and in calcium-free media. These data provide evidence that m-calpain can be activated through the ERK cascade via direct phosphorylation and that this activation may occur in the absence of cytosolic calcium fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Glading
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Topp SA, Upadhya GA, Strasberg SM. Leukocyte adhesion to cold-preserved rat endothelial cells: role of actin disassembly and ICAM-1. Liver Transpl 2003; 9:1286-94. [PMID: 14625829 DOI: 10.1016/j.lts.2003.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion on reperfusion is a critical component of cold preservation injury, and involves increased intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression on sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC). This study determined whether ICAM-1 expression occurs during cold preservation and whether actin disassembly is necessary for ICAM-1 expression and leukocyte adhesion. ICAM-1 expression was measured in isolated rat SEC during 8 hours of cold preservation by immunofluorescence techniques. Leukocyte adhesion to cold-preserved SEC was measured in an assay using fluorescently labeled leukocytes. The calpain inhibitors N-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal/N-acetyl-leu-leu-methioninal and the actin stabilizer phalloidin were added in some studies to prevent actin disassembly. Cold-exposed SEC showed a rapid increase of surface ICAM-1 expression, reaching maximum values in 1 hour. Studies in permeabilized cells suggested that ICAM-1 moved from a perinuclear location to the cell surface. Actin stabilization had no effect on the time-dependent increase in ICAM-1 expression, but seemed to affect the distribution of ICAM-1 on the cell surface. Leukocyte adhesion to SEC correlated with ICAM-1 expression and was reduced to control levels by an anti-ICAM-1 antibody. Although actin stabilization did not reduce ICAM-1 expression, it did reduce leukocyte-SEC adhesion to control values. Increased ICAM-1 expression on cold-preserved SEC is a direct effect of cold. It is not related to actin disassembly, although it seems that actin disassembly affects the distribution of ICAM-1. Leukocyte adhesion to cold-preserved SEC requires both increased ICAM-1 and actin disassembly. Agents that inhibit actin disassembly can significantly decrease leukocyte adhesion regardless of increased ICAM-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Topp
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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