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The JNK inhibitor AS602801 Synergizes with Enzalutamide to Kill Prostate Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo and Inhibit Androgen Receptor Expression. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100751. [PMID: 32199273 PMCID: PMC7082632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we observed that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may induce a compensatory increase in MAPK or JNK signaling. Here, we tested the effects of the MEK inhibitors PD0325901 and GSK1120212, ERK1/2 inhibitor GDC-0994, and the JNK inhibitor AS602801 alone and in combination with the AR inhibitor enzalutamide (ENZ) in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells and androgen-resistant C4-2 and 22Rv1 cells. Enzalutamide combined with AS602801 synergistically killed LNCaP, C4-2, and 22Rv1 cells, and decreased migration and invasion of LNCaP and C4-2 cells. We studied the combination of enzalutamide with AS602801 in vivo using luciferase labeled LNCaP xenografts, and observed that combination of ENZ with AS602801 significantly suppressed tumor growth compared with either drug alone. Importantly, combination therapy resulted in dramatic loss of AR mRNA and protein. Surprisingly, mechanistic studies and Nanostring data suggest that AS602801 likely activates JNK signaling to induce apoptosis. Since AS602801 had sufficient safety and toxicity profile to advance from Phase I to Phase II in clinical trials, repurposing of this compound may represent an opportunity for rapid translation for clinical therapy of CRPC patients.
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Muraki M. Sensitization to cell death induced by soluble Fas ligand and agonistic antibodies with exogenous agents: A review. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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An in vitro assessment of liposomal topotecan simulating metronomic chemotherapy in combination with radiation in tumor-endothelial spheroids. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15236. [PMID: 26468877 PMCID: PMC4606561 DOI: 10.1038/srep15236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Low dose metronomic chemotherapy (LDMC) refers to prolonged administration of low dose chemotherapy designed to minimize toxicity and target the tumor endothelium, causing tumor growth inhibition. Topotecan (TPT) when administered at its maximum tolerated dose (MTD) is often associated with systemic hematological toxicities. Liposomal encapsulation of TPT enhances efficacy by shielding it from systemic clearance, allowing greater uptake and extended tissue exposure in tumors. Extended release of TPT from liposomal formulations also has the potential to mimic metronomic therapies with fewer treatments. Here we investigate potential toxicities of equivalent doses of free and actively loaded liposomal TPT (LTPT) and compare them to a fractionated low dose regimen of free TPT in tumor-endothelial spheroids (TES) with/without radiation exposure for a prolonged period of 10 days. Using confocal microscopy, TPT fluorescence was monitored to determine the accumulation of drug within TES. These studies showed TES, being more reflective of the in vivo tumor microenvironment, were more sensitive to LTPT in comparison to free TPT with radiation. More importantly, the response of TES to low-dose metronomic TPT with radiation was comparable to similar treatment with LTPT. This TES study suggests nanoparticle formulations designed for extended release of drug can simulate LDMC in vivo.
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PARRA EDUARDO, GUTIÉRREZ LUIS, FERREIRA JORGE. Inhibition of basal JNK activity by small interfering RNAs enhances cisplatin sensitivity and decreases DNA repair in T98G glioblastoma cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:413-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Zeng W, Zhang J, Qi M, Peng C, Su J, Chen X, Yuan Z. αNAC inhibition of the FADD-JNK axis plays anti-apoptotic role in multiple cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1282. [PMID: 24901053 PMCID: PMC4611707 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nascent polypeptide-associated complex α (αNAC) is reportedly overexpressed in several types of cancers and regulates cell apoptosis under hypoxic conditions in HeLa cells. The aim of our study was to investigate the apoptotic function of αNAC in cancer progression. First, we observed the cellular effects of αNAC depletion. Mouse αNAC was used to restore the protein level and verify the effect. An Annexin V assay, a caspase activity reporter assay, an apoptotic molecular marker, and a colony formation assay were used as markers to investigate the mechanisms of cell death caused by αNAC depletion. The Cancer 10-pathway reporter assay was used to screen downstream pathways. PCR site-directed deletion based on the functional domains of αNAC was used to construct deletion mutants. Those functional domain deletion mutants were used to recover the apoptotic phenotype caused by αNAC depletion. Finally, the role of αNAC in TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) treatment was investigated in vitro. We found that depletion of αNAC in multiple types of cancer cells induce typical apoptotic cell death. This anti-apoptotic function is mediated by the FADD/c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. Intact αNAC is required for the direct binding of FADD as well as its anti-apoptosis function. Either αNAC depletion or the deletion of the ubiquitin-associated domain of αNAC sensitizes L929 cancer cells to mTRAIL treatment. Our study revealed a αNAC anti-apoptotic function in multiple types of cancer cells and suggested its potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - M Qi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - C Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - J Su
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - X Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Yuan
- 1] Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China [2] Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Zalmas LP, Coutts AS, Helleday T, La Thangue NB. E2F-7 couples DNA damage-dependent transcription with the DNA repair process. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3037-51. [PMID: 23974101 PMCID: PMC3875678 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to DNA damage, mediated by the DNA repair process, is essential in maintaining the integrity and stability of the genome. E2F-7 is an atypical member of the E2F family with a role in negatively regulating transcription and cell cycle progression under DNA damage. Surprisingly, we found that E2F-7 makes a transcription-independent contribution to the DNA repair process, which involves E2F-7 locating to and binding damaged DNA. Further, E2F-7 recruits CtBP and HDAC to the damaged DNA, altering the local chromatin environment of the DNA lesion. Importantly, the E2F-7 gene is a target for somatic mutation in human cancer and tumor-derived mutant alleles encode proteins with compromised transcription and DNA repair properties. Our results establish that E2F-7 participates in 2 closely linked processes, allowing it to directly couple the expression of genes involved in the DNA damage response with the DNA repair machinery, which has relevance in human malignancy.
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Xu DD, Lam HM, Hoeven R, Xu CB, Leung AWN, Cho WCS. Photodynamic therapy induced cell death of hormone insensitive prostate cancer PC-3 cells with autophagic characteristics. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:278-87. [PMID: 23993854 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to the treatment of advanced prostate cancer can accomplish the eradication of local neoplasm and distant metastases with minimized damage to the adjacent structures. The evidence of PDT efficacy for androgen-refractory prostate cancer will be especially meaningful for the patients resistant to hormone therapy. METHODS Pheophorbide a (PhA) as a photosensitizer was employed to evaluate the photodynamic efficacy in androgen-insensitive PC-3 prostate cancer cells in culture by cell viability assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement and cell cycle test. Characteristics of apoptosis and autophagy were investigated via DNA fragmentation electrophoresis and immune-fluorescence staining, acidic vesicle determination and detection of LC3B in puncta form by fluorescence microscopy, Western blotting of autophagy-related (Atg) proteins and detailed phenotype shown by electron microscopy. RESULTS PhA exerted significant photo-cytotoxicity toward androgen-insensitive prostate cancer PC-3 cells in photosensitizer-dose and light-dose dependent manners. The photoactivation immediately initiated hyperproduction of ROS, the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and the arrest of the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. Autophagy was revealed in PhA-PDT treated PC-3 cells by a significant high amount of acidic vesicular organelles with acridine orange staining, recruitment of LC3B on the membrane of autophagosomes by fluorescent microscopy, double membrane-bound vesicles suggesting autophagosomes by electron microscopy, significant increased Atg proteins such as beclin-1, Atg12-Atg5 conjugation, Atg7 and the conversion of LC3B-I to LC3B-II by Western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS PhA-mediated PDT induced significant autophagy in hormone-refractory prostate cancer PC-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dan Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Zhu MM, Tong JL, Xu Q, Nie F, Xu XT, Xiao SD, Ran ZH. Increased JNK1 signaling pathway is responsible for ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance in human colon cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41763. [PMID: 22870247 PMCID: PMC3411563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance remains a major obstacle to effective chemotherapy of colon cancer. ABCG2, as a half-transporter of the G subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporter genes (ABC transporters), is known to play a crucial role in multidrug resistance. However, the molecular mechanism of controlling ABCG2 expression in drug resistance of colon cancer is unclear and scarcely reported. In the present study, we systematically investigate the potential role of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signal pathway in ABCG2-induced multidrug resistance in colon cancer. In the hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) resistant cell line SW1116/HCPT from human colon cancer cell line SW1116, ABCG2 is the major factor for multidrug resistance, other than well-studied ABCB1 or ABCC1. Our findings indicate that blocking the JNK pathway by pathway inhibitor SP600125 reduces the expression level and transport function of ABCG2 in drug-resistant cells SW116/HCPT. Notably, the experiments of small interfering RNA directed against JNK1 and JNK2 show that only silence of JNK1 gene has the equal effect as SP600125 on dephosphorylation of transcription factor c-Jun and the expression of ABCG2 protein, while the corresponding phenomena were not observed after silence of JNK2 gene. Meanwhile, SP600125 induces the apoptosis of SW116/HCPT cells by promoting the cleavage of PARP and suppressing the anti-apoptotic protein survivin and bcl-2, and increases the sensitivity of SW1116/HCPT to HCPT. Taken together, our work demonstrated that JNK1/c-jun signaling pathway was involved in ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance in colon cancer cells. Definitely, inhibition of the JNK1/c-jun pathway is useful for reversing ABCG2-mediated drug resistance in HCPT-resistant colon cancer cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Anthracenes/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/genetics
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9/metabolism
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/biosynthesis
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Survivin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ming Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao-Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Lu Tong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao-Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao-Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Nie
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao-Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Tao Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao-Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Dong Xiao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao-Tong University), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Hua Ran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao-Tong University), Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Symes JC, Kurin M, Fleshner NE, Medin JA. Fas-mediated killing of primary prostate cancer cells is increased by mitoxantrone and docetaxel. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:3018-28. [PMID: 18790782 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapies for prostate cancer based on Fas (CD95) modulation have been under active development at the preclinical stage using immortalized cell lines. To address clinical applicability, the potential of 11 cultures of primary prostate cancer cells to be killed by Fas-mediated apoptosis was investigated. In addition, the effect of the chemotherapeutic agents mitoxantrone and docetaxel on this killing was determined. Apoptosis was induced in patient-derived, primary prostate cancer cells using effector cells engineered by recombinant lentivirus infection to express Fas ligand (FasL) and measured by 51Cr release assays. All cultured prostate cells were found to undergo Fas-mediated killing; cytotoxicity ranged from 12% to 87% after 6 h. These cells were significantly more sensitive to FasL-mediated killing than PC-3 cells. The basal expression of Fas or the expression of five inhibitors of apoptosis (c-FLIP, survivin, cellular inhibitors of apoptosis protein 1 and 2, and bcl-2) was not found to correlate with susceptibility to Fas-mediated killing. Both mitoxantrone and docetaxel were able to induce Fas receptor expression on primary prostate cancer cells, which translated into a 1.5- to 3-fold enhancement of apoptosis mediated by FasL. Whereas mitoxantrone increased the Fas-induced apoptotic response of all cultured prostate cells tested, docetaxel pretreatment was found to preferentially enhance the killing of bcl-2-expressing cells. These findings show that cultured primary prostate cancer cells are sensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, the incidence of apoptosis was found to be improved by combining Fas-mediated therapy with standard chemotherapeutic agents. These findings may have significant implications for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane C Symes
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bisbal C, Silverman RH. Diverse functions of RNase L and implications in pathology. Biochimie 2007; 89:789-98. [PMID: 17400356 PMCID: PMC2706398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The endoribonuclease L (RNase L) is the effector of the 2-5A system, a major enzymatic pathway involved in the molecular mechanism of interferons (IFNs). RNase L is a very unusual nuclease with a complex mechanism of regulation. It is a latent enzyme, expressed in nearly every mammalian cell type. Its activation requires its binding to a small oligonucleotide, 2-5A. 2-5A is a series of unique 5'-triphosphorylated oligoadenylates with 2'-5' phosphodiester bonds. By regulating viral and cellular RNA expression, RNase L plays an important role in the antiviral and antiproliferative activities of IFN and contributes to innate immunity and cell metabolism. The 2-5A/RNase L pathway is implicated in mediating apoptosis in response to viral infections and to several types of external stimuli. Several recent studies have suggested that RNase L could have a role in cancer biology and evidence of a tumor suppressor function of RNase L has emerged from studies on the genetics of hereditary prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bisbal
- IGH UPR CNRS 1142. 141 rue de la Cardonille. 34396. Montpellier France. E-mail address: , Phone: 33 (0)4 99 61 99 73, Fax: 33 (0)4 99 61 99 01
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue NB40, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 44195 USA, E-mail address: , Phone: (1) 216 445 9650, Fax: (1) 216 445 6269
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Ikegami T, Matsuzaki Y, Al Rashid M, Ceryak S, Zhang Y, Bouscarel B. Enhancement of DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor–induced apoptosis by ursodeoxycholic acid. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:68-79. [PMID: 16432164 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Certain hydrophobic bile acids, including deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, exert toxic effects not only in the liver but also in the intestine. Moreover, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which has protective actions against apoptosis in the liver, may have both protective and toxic effects in the intestine. The goal of the present study was to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the toxic effect of UDCA in intestinal HT-29 cells. Here, we show that UDCA potentiated both phosphatidylserine externalization and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation induced by SN-38, the most potent metabolite of the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, CPT-11. Furthermore, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential as well as mitochondrial membrane permeability transition induced by SN-38 was enhanced in the presence of UDCA, resulting in an increased lethality determined by colony-forming assay. This UDCA-induced increased apoptosis was not due to alteration of either intracellular accumulation of SN-38 or cell cycle arrest by SN-38. The increased apoptosis was best observed when UDCA was present after SN-38 stimulation and was independent of caspase-8 but dependent on caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, UDCA enhanced SN-38-induced c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase activation. In conclusion, UDCA increases the apoptotic effects while decreasing the necrotic effects of SN-38 when added after the topoisomerase I inhibitor, showing potential clinical relevance as far as targeted cell death and improved wound healing are concerned. However, the use of this bile acid as an enhancer in antitumor chemotherapy should be further evaluated clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ikegami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan
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Hu H, Jiang C, Ip C, Rustum YM, Lü J. Methylseleninic acid potentiates apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:2379-88. [PMID: 15788689 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether and how selenium enhances the apoptosis potency of selected chemotherapeutic drugs in prostate cancer (PCA) cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DU145 and PC3 human androgen-independent PCA cells were exposed to minimal apoptotic doses of selenium and/or the topoisomerase I inhibitor 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38), the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide or the microtubule inhibitor paclitaxel/taxol. Apoptosis was measured by ELISA for histone-associated DNA fragments, by flow cytometric analysis of sub-G(1) fraction, and by immunoblot analysis of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. Pharmacologic inhibitors were used to manipulate caspases and c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinases (JNK). RESULTS The methylselenol precursor methylseleninic acid (MSeA) increased the apoptosis potency of SN38, etoposide, or paclitaxel by several folds higher than the expected sum of the apoptosis induced by MSeA and each drug alone. The combination treatment did not further enhance JNK1/2 phosphorylation that was induced by each drug in DU145 cells. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 substantially decreased the activation of caspases and apoptosis induced by MSeA combination with SN38 or etoposide and completely blocked these events induced by MSeA/paclitaxel. The caspase-8 inhibitor zIETDfmk completely abolished apoptosis and caspase-9 and caspase-3 cleavage, whereas the caspase-9 inhibitor zLEHDfmk significantly decreased caspase-3 cleavage and apoptosis but had no effect on caspase-8 cleavage. None of these caspase inhibitors abolished JNK1/2 phosphorylation. A JNK-independent suppression of survivin by SN38 and etoposide, but not by paclitaxel, was also observed. In contrast to MSeA, selenite did not show any enhancing effect on the apoptosis induced by these drugs. CONCLUSIONS MSeA enhanced apoptosis induced by cancer therapeutic drugs in androgen-independent PCA cells. In DU145 cells, the enhancing effect was primarily through interactions between MSeA and JNK-dependent targets to amplify the caspase-8-initiated activation cascades. The results suggest a novel use of methyl selenium for improving the chemotherapy of PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Hu
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue Northeast, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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Tosi L, Rinaldi E, Carinci F, Farina A, Pastore A, Pelucchi S, Cassano L, Evangelisti R, Carinci P, Volinia S. Akt, protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2005; 27:130-7. [PMID: 15641106 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To detect epigenetic changes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and between metastatic and nonmetastatic tumors, we performed a systematic phosphorylation screening on different protein kinases. METHODS The phosphorylation levels of the serine-threonine kinase Akt, of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and of protein kinase C (PKC) beta and epsilon were measured in a series of 94 biopsy specimens, corresponding to 47 HNSCCs and paired controls taken from clinically uninvolved tissue of the same patients. RESULTS Akt and MAPK were significantly underphosphorylated (two-sided p < .004) in tumors, whereas PKCs showed no differences from control samples.Second, although in control tissue there was a significant correlation between phosphorylation levels of Akt, MAPK, and PKC (all two-sided p < .05), many correlated activations were lost in tumors and even more in lymph node-positive tumors. Finally, p44 MAPK and Akt pThr308 were phosphorylated in a coordinated fashion only in lymph node-positive tumors (two-sided p < .01). CONCLUSIONS This novel evidence documents important changes in the phosphorylation program during cancer progression of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Tosi
- Dipartimento di Morfologia ed Embriologia, Università di Ferrara, Fossato di Mortara, 64/b, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Xia S, Rosen EM, Laterra J. Sensitization of Glioma Cells to Fas-Dependent Apoptosis by Chemotherapy-Induced Oxidative Stress. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5248-55. [PMID: 15958570 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A prominent feature of glioblastoma is its resistance to death from Fas pathway activation. In this study, we explored the modulation of Fas-induced glioblastoma death with chemotherapeutic agents. Camptothecin significantly increased the glioblastoma cell death response to Fas receptor activation regardless of p53 status. Sublethal concentrations of camptothecin reduced the IC50 of agonistic anti-Fas antibody (CH-11) 10-fold, from 500 to 50 ng/mL, in human U87 glioblastoma cells (p53 wild-type). Cell viability in response to camptothecin, CH-11 alone, and the combination of camptothecin + CH-11 was found to be 84%, 85%, and 47% (P < 0.001), respectively. A similar pattern of relative cytotoxicity was found in U373 cells (p53 mutant). We further examined the pathways and mechanisms involved in this apparent synergistic cytotoxic response. Cell death was found to be predominantly apoptotic involving both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways as evidenced by annexin V staining, cleavage of caspases (3, 8, and 9), increased caspase activities, Smac release, and cytoprotection by caspase inhibitors. Expression of Fas-associated death domain, and not Fas, Fas ligand, or caspase proteins, increased following cell treatment with camptothecin + CH-11. Camptothecin treatment enhanced c-jun-NH2-kinase activation in response to CH-11, but inhibition of c-jun-NH2-kinase did not prevent cell death induced by the combination treatment. Reactive oxygen species, especially H2O2, were elevated following camptothecin treatment; and H2O2 enhanced cell death induced by CH-11. The antioxidants glutathione and N-acetyl-cysteine prevented cell death induced by camptothecin + CH-11. These findings show that camptothecin synergizes with Fas activation to induce glioblastoma apoptosis via a mechanism involving reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Xia
- The Kennedy-Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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Malathi K, Paranjape JM, Ganapathi R, Silverman RH. HPC1/RNASEL mediates apoptosis of prostate cancer cells treated with 2',5'-oligoadenylates, topoisomerase I inhibitors, and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Cancer Res 2005; 64:9144-51. [PMID: 15604285 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hereditary prostate cancer 1 (HPC1) allele maps to the RNASEL gene encoding a protein (RNase L) implicated in the antiviral activity of interferons. To investigate the possible role of RNase L in apoptosis of prostate cancer cells, we decreased levels of RNase L by severalfold in the DU145 human prostate cancer cell line through the stable expression of a small interfering RNA (siRNA). Control cells expressed siRNA with three mismatched nucleotides to the RNase L sequence. Cells deficient in RNase L, but not the control cells, were highly resistant to apoptosis by the RNase L activator, 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A). Surprisingly, the RNase L-deficient cells were also highly resistant to apoptosis by combination treatments with a topoisomerase (Topo) I inhibitor (camptothecin, topotecan, or SN-38) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand [TRAIL (Apo2L)]. In contrast, cells expressing siRNA to the RNase L inhibitor RLI (HP68) showed enhanced apoptosis in response to Topo I inhibitor alone or in combination with TRAIL. An inhibitor of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases reduced apoptosis induced by treatment with either 2-5A or the combination of camptothecin and TRAIL, thus implicating c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase in the apoptotic signaling pathway. Furthermore, prostate cancer cells were sensitive to apoptosis from the combination of 2-5A with either TRAIL or Topo I inhibitor, whereas normal prostate epithelial cells were partially resistant to apoptosis. These findings indicate that RNase L integrates and amplifies apoptotic signals generated during treatment of prostate cancer cells with 2-5A, Topo I inhibitors, and TRAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy Malathi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, and Experimental Therapeutics Program, Taussig Cancer Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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16
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Mizuno R, Oya M, Shiomi T, Marumo K, Okada Y, Murai M. Inhibition of MKP-1 expression potentiates JNK related apoptosis in renal cancer cells. J Urol 2004; 172:723-7. [PMID: 15247770 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000124990.37563.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) comprise 3 subgroups, that is extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK (p38). In this study we analyzed the role of JNK as well as the expression of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in renal cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines were used. The effects of anisomycin (JNK activator) and Ro-318220 (MKP-1 expression inhibitor) were analyzed by alamar blue assay. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometric TUNEL analysis, nuclear morphological alternations and the detection of DNA fragmentation. Changes in MKP-1 expression as well as the activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases and JNK were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS All cell lines treated with anisomycin resulted in a transient activation of JNK without inducing apoptosis. Since we hypothesized that elevated MKP-1 expression could possibly prevent persistent JNK activation, Ro-318220 was used. When cells were treated with Ro-318220, MKP-1 expression decreased in Caki-1 and KU 20-01 cells but not in ACHN or 769P cells. Combined treatment of Caki-1 and KU 20-01 cells with anisomycin and Ro-318220 resulted in a decrease in MKP-1 expression concomitant with persistent JNK activation. Apoptosis was induced in each cell line. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that prevalent MKP-1 expression in RCC contributes to cancer cell survival by attenuating an apoptosis inducing signal cascade via JNK. Since Ro-318220 potentiated JNK related apoptosis, JNK activation by blocking MKP-1 expression may be an effective therapeutic approach to RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Mizuno
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Maroni PD, Koul S, Meacham RB, Koul HK. Mitogen Activated Protein kinase signal transduction pathways in the prostate. Cell Commun Signal 2004; 2:5. [PMID: 15219238 PMCID: PMC449737 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The biochemistry of the mitogen activated protein kinases ERK, JNK, and p38 have been studied in prostate physiology in an attempt to elucidate novel mechanisms and pathways for the treatment of prostatic disease. We reviewed articles examining mitogen-activated protein kinases using prostate tissue or cell lines. As with other tissue types, these signaling modules are links/transmitters for important pathways in prostate cells that can result in cellular survival or apoptosis. While the activation of the ERK pathway appears to primarily result in survival, the roles of JNK and p38 are less clear. Manipulation of these pathways could have important implications for the treatment of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Maroni
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Sweaty Koul
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Randall B Meacham
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | - Hari K Koul
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, C-319, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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18
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Abstract
Activation of Fas receptor by Fas ligand causes caspase 8 activation and apoptosis in cells and is an important mechanism by which normal tissue homeostasis and function are maintained. Activation of caspase 8 is preceded by the formation of a death-inducing signalling complex (DISC), and a number of redundant mechanisms regulate DISC formation in vivo. Fas receptor is widely expressed in tissues, and dysfunction of the regulatory mechanisms in Fas receptor signalling has been reported in several diseases including autoimmune disease and cancer. This review aims to identify and discuss the various mechanisms employed by cells to alter their sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis by regulating DISC formation. We also discuss a number of defects identified with Fas receptor signalling and the associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Curtin
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Research Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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19
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Hara T, Ishii T, Fujishiro M, Masuda M, Ito T, Nakajima J, Inoue T, Matsuse T. Glutathione S-transferase P1 has protective effects on cell viability against camptothecin. Cancer Lett 2004; 203:199-207. [PMID: 14732228 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) is one of the important xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. It was reported that GSTP1 was overexpressed in malignant tissues, and its expression level was associated with resistance to chemotherapeutics. We carried out transfection of GSTP1 sense and antisense vectors to examine effects of GSTP1 on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by camptothecin in HeLa cells. Transfection of GSTP1 antisense vector induced apoptosis. Camptothecin-induced S- or G2/M arrest was intensified by transfection of GSTP1 antisense vector, and subsequent apoptosis was attenuated by transfection of GSTP1 sense vector. These results suggest that GSTP1 has protective effects against camptothecin-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Hara
- Department of Radiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama City, Japan
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20
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Curtin JF, Cotter TG. JNK regulates HIPK3 expression and promotes resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis in DU 145 prostate carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:17090-100. [PMID: 14766760 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307629200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated endogenous JNK activity and resistance to Fas receptor-mediated apoptosis have recently been implicated in progression of prostate cancer and can promote resistance to apoptosis in response to chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition, JNK has been demonstrated to promote transformation of epithelial cells by increasing both proliferation and survival. Although numerous studies have reported a role for JNK in promoting Fas receptor-mediated apoptosis, there is a paucity in the literature studying the antiapoptotic function of JNK during Fas receptor-mediated apoptosis. Consequently, we have used the recently described specific JNK inhibitor SP600125 and RNA interference to inhibit endogenous JNK activity in the prostate carcinoma cell line DU 145. We demonstrated that endogenous JNK activity increased the expression of a kinase, HIPK3, that has previously been implicated in multidrug resistance in a number of tumors. HIPK3 has also been reported to phosphorylate FADD. The interaction between FADD and caspase-8 was inhibited, but abrogation of JNK activity or HIPK3 expression was found to restore this interaction and increased the sensitivity of DU 145 cells to Fas receptor-mediated apoptosis. In conclusion, we present novel evidence that JNK regulates the expression of HIPK3 in prostate cancer cells, and this contributes to increased resistance to Fas receptor-mediated apoptosis by reducing the interaction between FADD and caspase-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Curtin
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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21
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Curtin JF, Cotter TG. Defects in death-inducing signalling complex formation prevent JNK activation and Fas-mediated apoptosis in DU 145 prostate carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2004; 89:1950-7. [PMID: 14612908 PMCID: PMC2394450 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen-independent prostate carcinomas are resistant to chemotherapy and cell lines derived from androgen-independent prostate carcinomas such as DU 145 cells are highly resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis. The incubation of DU 145 cells with anti-Fas IgM agonistic antibody of Fas receptor fails to activate JNK, a stress kinase involved in regulating apoptosis. We have previously shown that JNK activation is sufficient and necessary to promote Fas-mediated apoptosis in DU 145 cells. We investigate the mechanisms by which JNK activation and apoptosis are abrogated. HSP27 is overexpressed in DU 145 cells and has previously been reported to sequester DAXX and prevent JNK activation in cells treated with anti-Fas IgM. However, we find no evidence that HSP27 interacts with DAXX in DU 145 cells. Instead, we find that FADD does not interact with caspase-8 and this results in defective death-inducing signalling complex formation following Fas receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Curtin
- Tumour Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland
| | - T G Cotter
- Tumour Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland
- Tumour Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland. E-mail:
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22
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Vivo C, Liu W, Broaddus VC. c-Jun N-terminal kinase contributes to apoptotic synergy induced by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand plus DNA damage in chemoresistant, p53 inactive mesothelioma cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:25461-7. [PMID: 12707267 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302161200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic resistance of cancer cells may be overcome by the combination of treatments that activate the two major apoptotic pathways: (i) the death receptor pathway activated by death ligands and (ii) the DNA damage pathway activated by chemotherapy. We have previously shown that mesothelioma cells, resistant to most treatments, are sensitive to the combination of the death ligand tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) plus chemotherapy. We investigated a possible role for c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the synergistic effect, knowing that JNK can be activated separately by TRAIL and by DNA damage. We chose to study the M28 and REN human mesothelioma cell lines, which are p53-inactivated, to avoid an interaction between p53 and JNK. We showed that JNK was activated by TRAIL and by etoposide and that the activation was enhanced by the combination of the two treatments. We found this activation to be caspase-independent. To inhibit the JNK pathway, we used either dominant-negative constructs of JNK1 and JNK2 (compared with dominant-negative caspase 9) or a chemical inhibitor of the JNK pathway (SP600125). In cells treated with TRAIL plus etoposide, JNK inhibition increased cell survival and decreased apoptosis significantly. In transfected M28 cells, the effect of JNK inhibition was as great as that of the dominant-negative caspase 9 construct. We conclude that JNK contributes to the synergistic effect of TRAIL combined with DNA damage by mediating signals independent of p53 leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vivo
- Lung Biology Center, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0854, USA
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23
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Shimada K, Nakamura M, Ishida E, Kishi M, Yonehara S, Konishi N. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent Fas activation contributes to etoposide-induced apoptosis in p53-mutated prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2003; 55:265-80. [PMID: 12712406 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The death receptor, Fas, has recently been demonstrated to contribute the chemotherapeutic agents-induced apoptosis, however, the detail mechanisms have yet to be fully understood, especially in prostate cancer cells. METHODS PC-3 and DU145 stably transfected with dominant negative form of Fas-associated death domain (FADD) or specific kinase of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, MKK7) were selected in the presence of hygromycin B (Hyg B). Cell viability was examined by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulphonyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) assay or flowcytometric analysis using green fluorescent protein (GFP). Apoptosis was examined by DNA ladder, Western blotting analysis of cleaved caspases, or morphological analysis. The expression of Fas and JNK activation were investigated by Western blotting/flowcytometric analysis and in vitro kinase assay, respectively. RESULTS Stimulation with etoposide significantly up-regulated Fas, and the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) was formed in PC-3 and DU145. Stable transfection with dominant-negative FADD inhibited etoposide-induced apoptosis. In addition, stable transfection with dominant-negative MKK7, by which JNK activation was inhibited, canceled both the up-regulation of Fas and the formation of DISC by etoposide. Re-introduction of wild type p53 into PC-3 and DU145 completely suppressed these inhibitory effects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, in p53-mutated prostate cancer, JNK-initiated Fas-mediated apoptotic signals may play an important role in chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Shimada
- Second Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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24
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Curtin JF, Cotter TG. Anisomycin activates JNK and sensitises DU 145 prostate carcinoma cells to Fas mediated apoptosis. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:1188-94. [PMID: 12402161 PMCID: PMC2376200 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2002] [Revised: 08/15/2002] [Accepted: 08/19/2002] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of the hormone refractory prostate cancer cell line DU 145 with sublethal concentrations of chemotherapeutic drugs has been reported to sensitise these cells to Fas mediated apoptosis. However, the mechanism by which this occurs has not been determined. Our group has shown that inhibition of JNK activity completely abrogates the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. Using anisomycin, a potent JNK agonist, we have demonstrated a role for JNK in Fas mediated apoptosis in DU 145 cells. Inhibition of Caspase 8 and Caspase 9 completely inhibits this process which suggests that DU 145 cells require mitochondrial amplification of the Fas apoptotic signal. Furthermore, we have shown that inhibition of Fas mediated apoptosis is an early event in DU 145 cells, occurring upstream of Caspase 8 cleavage. It is hoped that identifying the target of JNK will allow novel therapies to be developed for the treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer. Such therapies are especially important because no single or combined treatment to date has significantly prolonged survival in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Curtin
- Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland
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25
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Mishima K, Inoue K, Hayashi Y. Overexpression of extracellular-signal regulated kinases on oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2002; 38:468-74. [PMID: 12110341 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(01)00104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) consist of major three subfamilies, extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERK MAPKs), the c-Jun N-terminal kinases/stress activated protein kinases (JNK MAPKs/SAP MAPKs), and p38 MAPKs. ERK MAPKs pathway is one of the most important pathways for cell proliferation. ERK MAPKs are located at downstream of a lot of growth factors (epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), etc.), the overexpressions and activation of which are frequently detected on a number of cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). These data indicate that overexpression and activation of ERK MAPKs play an important role in cancer progression. On the contrary, JNK MAPKs are possible regulators of cell death induced by chemotherapeutic agents. p38 MAPKs are activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory drugs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), which are known to suppress cancer growth. These findings imply that each MAPKs can be molecular targets for cancer therapy in OSCC and its investigation is very important things in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Mishima
- Department of Pathology, Tokushima University of Dentistry, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Japan.
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26
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Eder IE, Hoffmann J, Rogatsch H, Schäfer G, Zopf D, Bartsch G, Klocker H. Inhibition of LNCaP prostate tumor growth in vivo by an antisense oligonucleotide directed against the human androgen receptor. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9:117-25. [PMID: 11857028 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have shown recently that a 15-mer phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (ODNas750/15) that hybridizes to the (CAG)n polyglutamine region of mRNA encoding human androgen receptor (AR) inhibits the expression of AR in LNCaP prostate cancer cells in vitro. This AR downregulation was accompanied by significant cell growth inhibition and reduced PSA secretion. In the present study we investigated the effects of this antisense AR ODN on prostate tumor growth in vivo using a mouse xenograft model. Via subcutaneously implanted diffusion pumps, either ODNas750/15 or a scrambled control sequence ODNsr750/15 was continuously administered into LNCaP tumor-bearing male nude mice for 7 weeks. Compared with untreated control animals, treatment with ODNas750/15 resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition. Retardation of tumor growth was also significant in castrated mice, whereas the scrambled control ODN did not exert any effects. No side effects such as loss of body weight were observed at any time of treatment. ODN treatment was well tolerated and, in contrast to castration, did not induce shrinkage of mouse prostates. Both AR expression in the tumor and PSA levels in mouse serum correlated with tumor size. However, we failed to demonstrate a correlation between tumor retardation and Ki-67 antigen expression and the number of apoptotic cells, respectively. Testing of antisense-treated LNCaP cells revealed that expression levels of other proteins that contain shorter polyglutamine sequence stretches such as HDAC2, TFIID, and c-jun were not affected. The present study demonstrates that downregulation of AR with antisense ODNas750/15 causes prostate tumor growth inhibition. These results further point out the important role of the AR in prostate tumors and support further testing of AR downregulation for treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E Eder
- Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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27
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Keelan J, Helliwell R, Nijmeijer B, Berry E, Sato T, Marvin K, Mitchell M, Gilmour R. 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2-induced apoptosis in amnion-like WISH cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2001; 66:265-82. [PMID: 11785780 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(01)00164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis at the site of rupture has been proposed to play a role in premature rupture of the fetal membranes, a condition associated with increased risk of neonatal sepsis and preterm birth. We investigated the ability of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma ligands 15-deoxy-delta12,14PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2), delta12PGJ2, ciglitizone and rosiglitazone to induce apoptosis in the amnion-like WISH cell line. 15d-PGJ2 (10 microM) induced morphological characteristics of apoptosis within 2 h, with biochemical indices (caspase activation and substrate cleavage) following shortly after; maximum cell death (approximately 60%) was observed by 16 h, with an EC50) of approximately 7 microM 15d-PGJ2. Delta12-PGJ2 also induced apoptosis but was less potent and acted at a much slower rate. While ciglitizone also induced apoptosis, rosiglitazone had no effect on cell viability. The mechanism of induction of apoptosis by 15d-PGJ2 and delta12PGJ2, which may be independent of PPAR-gamma activation, requires further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Keelan
- Liggins Institute and Divisions of Pharmacology, University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, New Zealand.
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28
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O'Gorman DM, McKenna SL, McGahon AJ, Cotter TG. Inhibition of PI3-kinase sensitises HL60 human leukaemia cells to both chemotherapeutic drug- and Fas-induced apoptosis by a JNK independent pathway. Leuk Res 2001; 25:801-11. [PMID: 11489474 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(01)00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing resistance to chemotherapeutic regimes remains a serious problem in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia. We have shown that phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase inhibition significantly sensitises the AML derived cell line, HL60 to chemotherapeutic drug- and Fas-induced apoptosis. PI3-kinase inhibition significantly potentiates cytotoxic drug-induced c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, reported to be a requirement for apoptosis. However, JNK inhibition does not enhance cell viability following treatment with drug and inhibitor. Furthermore, PI3-kinase inhibition significantly increases sensitivity to apoptosis mediated by an exogenous receptor agonist, again by a JNK independent mechanism. These results suggest that PI3-kinase inhibitors could be of significant therapeutic importance, lowering the threshold for apoptosis induced by both chemotherapy and cell-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M O'Gorman
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland
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29
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Fan M, Chambers TC. Role of mitogen-activated protein kinases in the response of tumor cells to chemotherapy. Drug Resist Updat 2001; 4:253-67. [PMID: 11991680 DOI: 10.1054/drup.2001.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor agents, despite having diverse primary mechanisms of action, mediate their effects by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. Cellular commitment to apoptosis, or the ability to evade apoptosis in response to damage, involves the integration of a complex network of survival and death pathways. Among the best-characterized pathways regulating cell survival and cell death are those mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Not surprisingly, MAPK signaling pathways have been implicated in the response of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Indeed, literature in this area has grown enormously in recent years, and the present review attempts to provide an overview and perspective of these advances. While the activities of the major MAPK subgroups are subject to modulation upon exposure of different types of cancer cell lines to diverse classes of antitumor agents, the response tend to be context-dependent, and can differ depending on the system and conditions. Despite these complexities, some important trends have surfaced, and molecular connections between MAPK signaling pathways and the apoptotic regulatory machinery are beginning to emerge. With increased evidence supporting a role for MAPK signaling in antitumor drug action, MAPK modulators may have potential as chemotherapeutic drugs themselves or as chemosensitizing agents. The ability of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitors to block survival signaling in specific contexts and promote drug cytotoxicity represents an example, and recent knowledge of the pro-apoptotic functions of JNK and p38 suggests possible new approaches to targeted therapy. However, it will be important first to extrapolate the knowledge gained from these laboratory findings, and begin to address the role of MAPKs in the clinical response to chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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30
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Abstract
Drug resistance, to date, has primarily been attributed to increased drug export or detoxification mechanisms. Despite correlations between drug export and drug resistance, it is increasingly apparent that such mechanisms cannot fully account for chemoresistance in neoplasia. It is now widely accepted that chemotherapeutic drugs kill tumour cells by inducing apoptosis, a genetically regulated cell death programme. Evidence is emerging that the exploitation of survival pathways, which may have contributed to disease development in the first instance, may also be important in the development of the chemoresistance. This review discusses the components of and associations between multiple signalling cascades and their possible contribution to the development of neoplasia and the chemoresistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M O'Gorman
- Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Ireland
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