1
|
Wells KV, Krackeler ML, Jathal MK, Parikh M, Ghosh PM, Leach JK, Genetos DC. Prostate cancer and bone: clinical presentation and molecular mechanisms. Endocr Relat Cancer 2023; 30:e220360. [PMID: 37226936 PMCID: PMC10696925 DOI: 10.1530/erc-22-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is an increasingly prevalent health problem in the developed world. Effective treatment options exist for localized PCa, but metastatic PCa has fewer treatment options and shorter patient survival. PCa and bone health are strongly entwined, as PCa commonly metastasizes to the skeleton. Since androgen receptor signaling drives PCa growth, androgen-deprivation therapy whose sequelae reduce bone strength constitutes the foundation of advanced PCa treatment. The homeostatic process of bone remodeling - produced by concerted actions of bone-building osteoblasts, bone-resorbing osteoclasts, and regulatory osteocytes - may also be subverted by PCa to promote metastatic growth. Mechanisms driving skeletal development and homeostasis, such as regional hypoxia or matrix-embedded growth factors, may be subjugated by bone metastatic PCa. In this way, the biology that sustains bone is integrated into adaptive mechanisms for the growth and survival of PCa in bone. Skeletally metastatic PCa is difficult to investigate due to the entwined nature of bone biology and cancer biology. Herein, we survey PCa from origin, presentation, and clinical treatment to bone composition and structure and molecular mediators of PCa metastasis to bone. Our intent is to quickly yet effectively reduce barriers to team science across multiple disciplines that focuses on PCa and metastatic bone disease. We also introduce concepts of tissue engineering as a novel perspective to model, capture, and study complex cancer-microenvironment interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V Wells
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Margaret L Krackeler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Maitreyee K Jathal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, California, USA
| | - Mamta Parikh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Paramita M Ghosh
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, California, USA
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Damian C Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sachdeva A, Hart CA, Kim K, Tawadros T, Oliveira P, Shanks J, Brown M, Clarke N. Non-canonical EphA2 activation underpins PTEN-mediated metastatic migration and poor clinical outcome in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1254-1262. [PMID: 35869144 PMCID: PMC9519535 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The key process of mesenchymal to amoeboid transition (MAT), which enables prostate cancer (PCa) transendothelial migration and subsequent development of metastases in red bone marrow stroma, is driven by phosphorylation of EphA2S897 by pAkt, which is induced by the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid. Here we investigate the influence of EphA2 signalling in PCa progression and long-term survival. Methods The mechanisms underpinning metastatic biopotential of altered EphA2 signalling in relation to PTEN status were assessed in vitro using canonical (EphA2D739N) and non-canonical (EphA2S897G) PC3-M mutants, interrogation of publicly available PTEN-stratified databases and clinical validation using a PCa TMA (n = 177) with long-term follow-up data. Spatial heterogeneity of EphA2 was assessed using a radical prostatectomy cohort (n = 67). Results Non-canonical EphA2 signalling via pEphA2S897 is required for PCa transendothelial invasion of bone marrow endothelium. High expression of EphA2 or pEphA2S897 in a PTENlow background is associated with poor overall survival. Expression of EphA2, pEphA2S897 and the associated MAT marker pMLC2 are spatially regulated with the highest levels found within lesion areas within 500 µm of the prostate margin. Conclusion EphA2 MAT-related signalling confers transendothelial invasion. This is associated with a substantially worse prognosis in PTEN-deficient PCa.
Collapse
|
3
|
Stromal Co-Cultivation for Modeling Breast Cancer Dormancy in the Bone Marrow. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143344. [PMID: 35884405 PMCID: PMC9320268 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers metastasize to the bone marrow before primary tumors can be detected. Bone marrow micrometastases are resistant to therapy, and while they are able to remain dormant for decades, they recur steadily and result in incurable metastatic disease. The bone marrow microenvironment maintains the dormancy and chemoresistance of micrometastases through interactions with multiple cell types and through structural and soluble factors. Modeling dormancy in vitro can identify the mechanisms of these interactions. Modeling also identifies mechanisms able to disrupt these interactions or define novel interactions that promote the reawakening of dormant cells. The in vitro modeling of the interactions of cancer cells with various bone marrow elements can generate hypotheses on the mechanisms that control dormancy, treatment resistance and reawakening in vivo. These hypotheses can guide in vivo murine experiments that have high probabilities of succeeding in order to verify in vitro findings while minimizing the use of animals in experiments. This review outlines the existing data on predominant stromal cell types and their use in 2D co-cultures with cancer cells.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Bone metastases are the main driver of morbidity and mortality in advanced prostate cancer. Targeting the bone microenvironment, a key player in the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, has become one of the mainstays of therapy in men with advanced prostate cancer. This review will evaluate the data supporting the use of bone-targeted therapy, including (1) bisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid, which directly target osteoclasts, (2) denosumab, a receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK) ligand inhibitor, which targets a key component of bone stromal interaction, and (3) radium-223, an alpha-emitting calcium mimetic, which hones to the metabolically active areas of osteoblastic metastasis and induces double-strand breaks in the DNA. Denosumab has shown enhanced delay in skeletal-related events compared to zoledronic acid in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Data are mixed with regard to pain control as a primary measure of efficacy. New data call into question dosing frequency, with quarterly dosing strategy potentially achieving similar effect compared to monthly dosing for zoledronic acid. In the case of radium-223, there are data for both pain palliation and improved overall survival in mCRPC. Further studies are needed to optimize timing and combination strategies for bone-targeted therapies. Ongoing studies will explore the impact of combining bone-targeted therapy with investigational therapeutic agents such as immunotherapy, for advanced prostate cancer. Future studies should strive to develop biomarkers of response, in order to improve efficacy and cost-effectiveness of these agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya B Dorff
- USC Keck School of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Genitourinary Oncology, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Hunts Man Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reeves KJ, Hurrell JE, Cecchini M, van der Pluijm G, Down JM, Eaton CL, Hamdy F, Clement-Lacroix P, Brown NJ. Prostate cancer cells home to bone using a novelin vivomodel: Modulation by the integrin antagonist GLPG0187. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1731-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley J. Reeves
- Microcirculation Research Group, Department of Oncology; CR-UK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield; S10 2RX United Kingdom
- Bone Biology Group, Department of Human Metabolism; Medical School, University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2RX United Kingdom
| | - Jack E. Hurrell
- Microcirculation Research Group, Department of Oncology; CR-UK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield; S10 2RX United Kingdom
| | - Marco Cecchini
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Urology; University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35; CH-3010 Bern Switzerland
| | - Gabri van der Pluijm
- Department of Urology; Leiden University Medical Center; J3-100, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jenny M. Down
- Bone Biology Group, Department of Human Metabolism; Medical School, University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2RX United Kingdom
| | - Colby L. Eaton
- Bone Biology Group, Department of Human Metabolism; Medical School, University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2RX United Kingdom
| | - Freddie Hamdy
- Urology & Oncology, Nuffield Department of Surgery; John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford; Oxford OX3 9DU United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicola J. Brown
- Microcirculation Research Group, Department of Oncology; CR-UK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield; S10 2RX United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen X, Corbin JM, Tipton GJ, Yang LV, Asch AS, Ruiz-Echevarría MJ. The TMEFF2 tumor suppressor modulates integrin expression, RhoA activation and migration of prostate cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1216-24. [PMID: 24632071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion and migration play important roles in physiological and pathological states, including embryonic development and cancer invasion and metastasis. The type I transmembrane protein with epidermal growth factor and two follistatin motifs 2 (TMEFF2) is expressed mainly in brain and prostate and its expression is deregulated in prostate cancer. We have previously shown that TMEFF2 can function as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell migration and invasion of prostate cells. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this inhibition are not clear. In this study we demonstrate that TMEFF2 affects cell adhesion and migration of prostate cancer cells and that this effect correlates with changes in integrin expression and RhoA activation. Deletion of a 13 basic-rich amino acid region in the cytoplasmic domain of TMEFF2 prevented these effects. Overexpression of TMEFF2 reduced cell attachment and migration on vitronectin and caused a concomitant decrease in RhoA activation, stress fiber formation and expression of αv, β1 and β3 integrin subunits. Conversely, TMEFF2 interference in 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells resulted in an increased integrin expression. Results obtained with a double TRAMP/TMEFF2 transgenic mouse also indicated that TMEFF2 expression reduced integrin expression in the mouse prostate. In summary, the data presented here indicate an important role of TMEFF2 in regulating cell adhesion and migration that involves integrin signaling and is mediated by its cytoplasmic domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Joshua M Corbin
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Greg J Tipton
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Li V Yang
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Adam S Asch
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Maria J Ruiz-Echevarría
- Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brown M, Roulson JA, Hart CA, Tawadros T, Clarke NW. Arachidonic acid induction of Rho-mediated transendothelial migration in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2099-108. [PMID: 24595005 PMCID: PMC3992515 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone metastases in prostate cancer (CaP) result in CaP-related morbidity/mortality. The omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid (AA) and lipophilic statins affect metastasis-like behaviour in CaP cells, regulating the critical metastatic step of CaP migration to the bone marrow stroma. METHODS Microscopic analysis and measurement of adhesion and invasion of CaP cells through bone marrow endothelial cells (BMEC) was undertaken with AA stimulation and/or simvastatin (SIM) treatment. Amoeboid characteristics of PC-3, PC3-GFP and DU-145 were analysed by western blotting and Rho assays. RESULTS The CaP cell lines PC-3, PC3-GFP and DU-145 share the ability to migrate across a BMEC layer. Specific amoeboid inhibition decreased transendothelial migration (TEM). AA stimulates amoeboid characteristics, driven by Rho signalling. Selective knock-down of components of the Rho pathway (RhoA, RhoC, Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) and ROCK2) showed that Rho signalling is crucial to TEM. Functions of these components were analysed, regarding adhesion to BMEC, migration in 2D and the induction of the amoeboid phenotype by AA. TEM was reduced by SIM treatment of PC3-GFP and DU-145, which inhibited Rho pathway signalling. CONCLUSIONS AA-induced TEM is mediated by the induction of a Rho-driven amoeboid phenotype. Inhibition of this cell migratory process may be an important therapeutic target in high-risk CaP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Brown
- Genito Urinary Cancer Research Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - J-A Roulson
- Genito Urinary Cancer Research Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - C A Hart
- Genito Urinary Cancer Research Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - T Tawadros
- Genito Urinary Cancer Research Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - N W Clarke
- 1] Genito Urinary Cancer Research Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK [2] Department of Urology, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford M6 8HD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Bone is the most common site for metastasis in human prostate cancer patients. Skeletal metastases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and overall greatly affect the quality of life of prostate cancer patients. Despite advances in our understanding of the biology of primary prostate tumors, our knowledge of how and why secondary tumors derived from prostate cancer cells preferentially localize bone remains limited. The physiochemical properties of bone, and signaling molecules including specific chemokines and their receptors, are distinct in nature and function, yet play intricate and significant roles in prostate cancer bone metastasis. Examining the impact of these facets of bone metastasis in vivo remains a significant challenge, as animal models that mimic the natural history and malignant progression clinical prostate cancer are rare. The goals of this article are to discuss (1) characteristics of bone that most likely render it a favorable environment for prostate tumor cell growth, (2) chemokine signaling that is critical in the recruitment and migration of prostate cancer cells to the bone, and (3) current animal models utilized in studying prostate cancer bone metastasis. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the extravasation of disseminated prostate cancer cells into the bone and to provide a better understanding of the basis of cancer cell survival within the bone microenvironment. The development of animal models that recapitulate more closely the human clinical scenario of prostate cancer will greatly benefit the generation of better therapies.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee YC, Jin JK, Cheng CJ, Huang CF, Song JH, Huang M, Brown WS, Zhang S, Yu-Lee LY, Yeh ET, McIntyre BW, Logothetis CJ, Gallick GE, Lin SH. Targeting constitutively activated β1 integrins inhibits prostate cancer metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:405-17. [PMID: 23339185 PMCID: PMC3631285 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated prostate cancer cells must survive in circulation for metastasis to occur. Mechanisms by which these cells survive are not well understood. By immunohistochemistry of human tissues, we found that levels of β1 integrins and integrin-induced autophosphorylation of FAK (pFAK-Y397) are increased in prostate cancer cells in primary prostate cancer and lymph node metastases, suggesting that β1 integrin activation occurs in metastatic progression of prostate cancer. A conformation-sensitive antibody, 9EG7, was used to examine β1 integrin activation. We found that β1 integrins are constitutively activated in highly metastatic PC3 and PC3-mm2 cells, with less activation in low metastatic LNCaP and C4-2B4 cells. Increased β1 integrin activation as well as the anoikis resistance in prostate cancer cells correlated with metastatic potential in vivo. Knockdown of β1 integrin abrogated anoikis resistance in PC3-mm2 cells. In agreement with β1 integrin activation, PC3-mm2 cells strongly adhered to type I collagen and fibronectin, a process inhibited by the β1 integrin-neutralizing antibody mAb 33B6. mAb 33B6 also inhibited the phosphorylation of β1 integrin downstream effectors, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and AKT, leading to a 3-fold increase in PC3-mm2 apoptosis. Systemic delivery of mAb 33B6 suppressed spontaneous metastasis of PC3-mm2 from the prostate to distant lymph nodes following intraprostatic injection and suppressed metastasis of PC3-mm2 to multiple organs following intracardiac injection. Thus, constitutively activated β1 integrins play a role in survival of PC3-mm2 cells in circulation and represent a potential target for metastasis prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Lee
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jung-Kang Jin
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- The Program in Cancer Metastasis, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston
| | - Chien-Jui Cheng
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Fen Huang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Pharmacy at National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian H. Song
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Miao Huang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Wells S. Brown
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Edward T. Yeh
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Bradley W. McIntyre
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Gary E. Gallick
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- The Program in Cancer Metastasis, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- The Program in Cancer Metastasis, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reeves KJ, Hou J, Higham SE, Sun Z, Trzeciakowski JP, Meininger GA, Brown NJ. Selective measurement and manipulation of adhesion forces between cancer cells and bone marrow endothelial cells using atomic force microscopy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012. [PMID: 23199365 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The lack of understanding of the biology of bone cancer metastasis has limited the development of effective treatment strategies. The aim of this study was to characterize tumor cell adhesion molecules and determine active tumor cell interactions with human bone marrow endothelial (BME) cells using atomic force microscopy. MATERIALS & METHODS A single prostate (PC3) cancer cell was coupled (concanavalin A) to the atomic force microscopy cantilever then placed in contact with BME cells for cell force spectroscopy measurements. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Strong adhesive interactions between PC3 and BME cells were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by anti-ICAM-1, anti-β1 and anti-P-selectin, but not anti-VCAM-1. The combined blocking antibodies or the therapeutic agent zoledronic acid significantly (p < 0.005) reduced the adhesive interactions by 65 and 63%, respectively, which was confirmed using a functional in vitro assay. CONCLUSION Atomic force microscopy provides a highly sensitive screening assay to determine and quantify nanoscale adhesion events between different cell types important in the metastatic cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley J Reeves
- Microcirculation Research Group, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Barthel SR, Hays DL, Yazawa EM, Opperman M, Walley KC, Nimrichter L, Burdick MM, Gillard BM, Moser MT, Pantel K, Foster BA, Pienta KJ, Dimitroff CJ. Definition of molecular determinants of prostate cancer cell bone extravasation. Cancer Res 2012; 73:942-52. [PMID: 23149920 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer commonly metastasizes to bone, but transit of malignant cells across the bone marrow endothelium (BMEC) remains a poorly understood step in metastasis. Prostate cancer cells roll on E-selectin(+) BMEC through E-selectin ligand-binding interactions under shear flow, and prostate cancer cells exhibit firm adhesion to BMEC via β1, β4, and αVβ3 integrins in static assays. However, whether these discrete prostate cancer cell-BMEC adhesive contacts culminate in cooperative, step-wise transendothelial migration into bone is not known. Here, we describe how metastatic prostate cancer cells breach BMEC monolayers in a step-wise fashion under physiologic hemodynamic flow. Prostate cancer cells tethered and rolled on BMEC and then firmly adhered to and traversed BMEC via sequential dependence on E-selectin ligands and β1 and αVβ3 integrins. Expression analysis in human metastatic prostate cancer tissue revealed that β1 was markedly upregulated compared with expression of other β subunits. Prostate cancer cell breaching was regulated by Rac1 and Rap1 GTPases and, notably, did not require exogenous chemokines as β1, αVβ3, Rac1, and Rap1 were constitutively active. In homing studies, prostate cancer cell trafficking to murine femurs was dependent on E-selectin ligand, β1 integrin, and Rac1. Moreover, eliminating E-selectin ligand-synthesizing α1,3 fucosyltransferases in transgenic adenoma of mouse prostate mice dramatically reduced prostate cancer incidence. These results unify the requirement for E-selectin ligands, α1,3 fucosyltransferases, β1 and αVβ3 integrins, and Rac/Rap1 GTPases in mediating prostate cancer cell homing and entry into bone and offer new insight into the role of α1,3 fucosylation in prostate cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Barthel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ligand-independent activation of EphA2 by arachidonic acid induces metastasis-like behaviour in prostate cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1737-44. [PMID: 23037715 PMCID: PMC3493871 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: High intake of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been associated with clinical progression in prostate cancer (CaP). This study investigates the signalling mechanism by which the omega-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) induces prostatic cellular migration to bone marrow stroma. Methods: Western blot analysis of the PC-3, PC3-GFP, DU 145 and LNCaP cells or their lipid raft (LR) components post AA stimulation was conducted in association with assays for adhesion and invasion through the bone marrow endothelial monolayers. Results: Arachidonic acid increased transendothelial migration of PC3-GFP cells (adhesion 37%±0.08, P=0.0124; transmigration 270%±0.145, P=0.0008). Akt, Src and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathways were induced by AA and integrally involved in transendothelial migration. LR were critical in AA uptake and induced Akt activity. Ephrin receptor A2 (EphA2), localised in LR, is expressed in DU 145 and PC-3 cells. Arachidonic acid induced a rapid increase of EphA2 Akt-dependent/ligand-independent activation, while knockdown of the EphrinA1 ligand decreased AA induced transendothelial migration, with an associated decrease in Src and FAK activity. Arachidonic acid activated Akt in EphA2− LNCaP cells but failed to induce BMEC transendothelial invasion. Conclusion: Arachidonic acid induced stimulation of EphA2 in vitro is associated fundamentally with CaP epithelial migration across the endothelial barrier.
Collapse
|
13
|
The differential effects of statins on the metastatic behaviour of prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1689-96. [PMID: 22531631 PMCID: PMC3349174 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although statins do not affect the incidence of prostate cancer (CaP), usage reduces the risk of clinical progression and mortality. Although statins are known to downregulate the mevalonate pathway, the mechanism by which statins reduce CaP progression is unknown. Methods: Bone marrow stroma (BMS) was isolated with ethical approval from consenting patients undergoing surgery for non-malignant disease. PC-3 binding, invasion and colony formation within BMS was assessed by standardised in vitro co-culture assays in the presence of different statins. Results: Statins act directly on PC-3 cells with atorvastatin, mevastatin, simvastatin (1 μℳ) and rosuvastatin (5 μℳ), but not pravastatin, significantly reducing invasion towards BMS by an average of 66.68% (range 53.93–77.04% P<0.05) and significantly reducing both number (76.2±8.29 vs 122.9±2.48; P=0.0055) and size (0.2±0.0058 mm2vs 0.27±0.012 mm2; P=0.0019) of colonies formed within BMS. Statin-treated colonies displayed a more compact morphology containing cells of a more epithelial phenotype, indicative of a reduction in the migrational ability of PC-3 cells. Normal PC-3 phenotype and invasive ability was recovered by the addition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). Conclusion: Lipophilic statins reduce the migration and colony formation of PC-3 cells in human BMS by inhibiting GGPP production, reducing the formation and the spread of metastatic prostate colonies.
Collapse
|
14
|
Jamieson-Gladney WL, Zhang Y, Fong AM, Meucci O, Fatatis A. The chemokine receptor CX₃CR1 is directly involved in the arrest of breast cancer cells to the skeleton. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R91. [PMID: 21933397 PMCID: PMC3262203 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Skeletal metastases from breast adenocarcinoma are responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality associated with this tumor and represent a significant and unmet need for therapy. The arrival of circulating cancer cells to the skeleton depends first on the adhesive interactions with the endothelial cells lining the bone marrow sinusoids, and then the extravasation toward chemoattractant molecules produced by the surrounding bone stroma. We have previously shown that the membrane-bound and cell-adhesive form of the chemokine fractalkine is exposed on the luminal side of human bone marrow endothelial cells and that bone stromal cells release the soluble and chemoattractant form of this chemokine. The goal of this study was to determine the role of fractalkine and its specific receptor CX3CR1 in the homing of circulating breast cancer cells to the skeleton. Methods We employed a powerful pre-clinical animal model of hematogenous metastasis, in which fluorescent cancer cells are identified immediately after their arrival to the bone. We engineered cells to over-express either wild-type or functional mutants of CX3CR1 as well as employed transgenic mice knockout for fractalkine. Results CX3CR1 protein is detected in human tissue microarrays of normal and malignant mammary glands. We also found that breast cancer cells expressing high levels of this receptor have a higher propensity to spread to the skeleton. Furthermore, studies with fractalkine-null transgenic mice indicate that the ablation of the adhesive and chemotactic ligand of CX3CR1 dramatically impairs the skeletal dissemination of circulating cancer cells. Finally, we conclusively confirmed the crucial role of CX3CR1 on breast cancer cells for both adhesion to bone marrow endothelium and extravasation into the bone stroma. Conclusions We provide compelling evidence that the functional interactions between fractalkine produced by both the endothelial and stromal cells of bone marrow and the CX3CR1 receptor on breast cancer cells are determinant in the arrest and initial lodging needed for skeletal dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L Jamieson-Gladney
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1101, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Individual rac GTPases mediate aspects of prostate cancer cell and bone marrow endothelial cell interactions. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:541851. [PMID: 21776386 PMCID: PMC3135208 DOI: 10.1155/2011/541851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Rho GTPases organize the actin cytoskeleton and are involved in cancer metastasis. Previously, we demonstrated that RhoC GTPase was required for PC-3 prostate cancer cell invasion. Targeted down-regulation of RhoC led to sustained activation of Rac1 GTPase and morphological, molecular and phenotypic changes reminiscent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. We also reported that Rac1 is required for PC-3 cell diapedesis across a bone marrow endothelial cell layer. In the current study, we queried whether Rac3 and RhoG GTPases also have a role in prostate tumor cell diapedesis. Using specific siRNAs we demonstrate roles for each protein in PC-3 and C4-2 cell adhesion and diapedesis. We have shown that the chemokine CCL2 induces tumor cell diapedesis via Rac1 activation. Here we find that RhoG partially contributes to CCL2-induced tumor cell diapedesis. We also find that Rac1 GTPase mediates tight binding of prostate cancer cells to bone marrow endothelial cells and promotes retraction of endothelial cells required for tumor cell diapedesis. Finally, Rac1 leads to β1 integrin activation, suggesting a mechanism that Rac1 can mediate tight binding with endothelial cells. Together, our data suggest that Rac1 GTPase is key mediator of prostate cancer cell-bone marrow endothelial cell interactions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Jin JK, Dayyani F, Gallick GE. Steps in prostate cancer progression that lead to bone metastasis. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:2545-61. [PMID: 21365645 PMCID: PMC3082284 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a complex disease in which metastasis to the bone is the main cause of death. Initial stages of metastasis are generally similar to those for most solid tumors; however, the mechanisms that underlie the homing of prostate tumor cells to the bone are not completely understood. Prostate cancer bone metastasis is also a microenvironment-driven disease, involving bidirectional interactions between the tumor and the bone microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the biologic processes and regulatory factors involved in the metastasis of prostate cancer cells, and their specific properties that promote growth in bone. Although many of these processes still need to be fully elucidated, a better understanding of the complex tumor/microenvironment interplay is slowly leading to more effective therapies for patients with prostate cancer bone metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kang Jin
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Farshid Dayyani
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gary E. Gallick
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen JK, Shen CR, Liu CL. N-acetylglucosamine: production and applications. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2493-516. [PMID: 20948902 PMCID: PMC2953398 DOI: 10.3390/md8092493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that usually polymerizes linearly through (1,4)-β-linkages. GlcNAc is the monomeric unit of the polymer chitin, the second most abundant carbohydrate after cellulose. In addition to serving as a component of this homogeneous polysaccharide, GlcNAc is also a basic component of hyaluronic acid and keratin sulfate on the cell surface. In this review, we discuss the industrial production of GlcNAc, using chitin as a substrate, by chemical, enzymatic and biotransformation methods. Also, newly developed methods to obtain GlcNAc using glucose as a substrate in genetically modified microorganisms are introduced. Moreover, GlcNAc has generated interest not only as an underutilized resource but also as a new functional material with high potential in various fields. Here we also take a closer look at the current applications of GlcNAc, and several new and cutting edge approaches in this fascinating area are thoroughly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeen-Kuan Chen
- Department of Environment and Biotechnology, Refining & Manufacturing Research Institute, CPC Corporation, 217 Min-Sheng S. Rd, Chiayi, Taiwan; E-Mail: (J.-K.C.)
| | - Chia-Rui Shen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; E-Mail: (C.-R.S.)
| | - Chao-Lin Liu
- Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, Taipei, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Beheshti M, Langsteger W, Fogelman I. Prostate Cancer: Role of SPECT and PET in Imaging Bone Metastases. Semin Nucl Med 2009; 39:396-407. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
19
|
Marra M, Santini D, Meo G, Vincenzi B, Zappavigna S, Baldi A, Rosolowski M, Tonini G, Loeffler M, Lupu R, Addeo SR, Abbruzzese A, Budillon A, Caraglia M. Cyr61 downmodulation potentiates the anticancer effects of zoledronic acid in androgen‐independent prostate cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2004-13. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Marra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio‐Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Meo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio‐Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Zappavigna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Baldi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maciej Rosolowski
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Tonini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio‐Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ruth Lupu
- Department of Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Research Institute, Feinberg Medical School, Evanston, IL
| | - Santolo Rosario Addeo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Abbruzzese
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute of Naples “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute of Naples “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bone imaging in prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5:434-44. [PMID: 18682719 DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastases of solid tumors are common, and about 80% of them occur in patients with breast, lung or prostate cancer. Bone metastases can be suspected clinically and by laboratory tests; however, a final diagnosis relies on radiographic evidence. Bone metastases of prostate cancer usually have osteoblastic characteristics, manifested by pathological bone resorption and formation. Conventional bone scans (e.g. with (99m)Tc-labeled methylene diphosphonate) are preferred to plain-film radiography for surveillance of the entire skeleton. Radiologic diagnosis of bone metastases, particularly in patients with low burden of disease, is difficult because noncancerous bone lesions that mimic cancer are common. Conventional bone scans are limited by their low sensitivity and high false-negative rate (up to 40%) compared with advanced bone-imaging modalities such as PET, PET-CT and MRI, which might assist or replace conventional scanning methods. The correct diagnosis of bone involvement in prostate cancer is crucial to assess the effects of therapy on the primary tumor, the patient's prognosis, and the efficacy of bone-specific treatments that can reduce future bone-associated morbidity. In addition, predictive tools such as nomograms enable the identification of patients at risk of bone involvement during the course of their disease. Such tools may limit treatment costs by avoidance of unnecessary tests and might reduce both short-term and long-term complication rates.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tissue-Specific Targeting Based on Markers Expressed Outside Endothelial Cells. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2009; 67:61-102. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(09)67003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
22
|
Cooper CR, Graves B, Pruitt F, Chaib H, Lynch JE, Cox AK, Sequeria L, van Golen KL, Evans A, Czymmek K, Bullard RS, Donald CD, Sol-Church K, Gendernalik JD, Weksler B, Farach-Carson MC, Macoska JA, Sikes RA, Pienta KJ. Novel surface expression of reticulocalbin 1 on bone endothelial cells and human prostate cancer cells is regulated by TNF-alpha. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:2298-309. [PMID: 18561328 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An unbiased cDNA expression phage library derived from bone-marrow endothelial cells was used to identify novel surface adhesion molecules that might participate in metastasis. Herein we report that reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1) is a cell surface-associated protein on both endothelial (EC) and prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines. RCN1 is an H/KDEL protein with six EF-hand, calcium-binding motifs, found in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our data indicate that RCN1 also is expressed on the cell surface of several endothelial cell lines, including human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMVECs), bone marrow endothelial cells (BMEC), and transformed human bone marrow endothelial cells (TrHBMEC). While RCN1 protein levels were highest in lysates from HDMVEC, this difference was not statistically significant compared BMEC and TrHBMEC. Given preferential adhesion of PCa to bone-marrow EC, these data suggest that RCN1 is unlikely to account for the preferential metastasis of PCa to bone. In addition, there was not a statistically significant difference in total RCN1 protein expression among the PCa cell lines. RCN1 also was expressed on the surface of several PCa cell lines, including those of the LNCaP human PCa progression model and the highly metastatic PC-3 cell line. Interestingly, RCN1 expression on the cell surface was upregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment of bone-marrow endothelial cells. Taken together, we show cell surface localization of RCN1 that has not been described previously for either PCa or BMEC and that the surface expression on BMEC is regulated by pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlton R Cooper
- Center for Translational Cancer Research and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barthel SR, Gavino JD, Wiese GK, Jaynes JM, Siddiqui J, Dimitroff CJ. Analysis of glycosyltransferase expression in metastatic prostate cancer cells capable of rolling activity on microvascular endothelial (E)-selectin. Glycobiology 2008; 18:806-17. [PMID: 18647941 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) cell tethering and rolling on microvascular endothelium has been proposed to promote the extravasation of PCa cells. We have shown that these adhesive events are mediated through binding interactions between endothelial (E)-selectin and Lewis carbohydrates on PCa cells. Prior data indicate that E-selectin-mediated rolling of bone-metastatic PCa MDA PCa 2b (MDA) cells is dependent on sialyl Lewis X (sLe(X))-bearing glycoproteins. To explore the molecular basis of sLe(X) synthesis and E-selectin ligand (ESL) activity on PCa cells, we compared and contrasted the expression level of glycosyltransferases, characteristically involved in sLe(X) and ESL synthesis, in ESL(+) MDA cells among other ESL(-) metastatic PCa cell lines. We also created and examined ESL(hi) and ESL(lo) variants of MDA cells to provide a direct comparison of the glycosyltransferase expression level. We found that normal prostate tissue and all metastatic PCa cell lines expressed glycosyltransferases required for sialo-lactosamine synthesis, including N-acetylglucosaminyl-, galactosyl-, and sialyltransferases. However, compared with expression in normal prostate tissue, ESL(+) MDA cells expressed a 31- and 10-fold higher level of alpha1,3 fucosyltransferases (FT) 3 and 6, respectively. Moreover, FT3 and FT6 were expressed at 2- to 354-fold lower levels in ESL(-) PCa cell lines. Consistent with these findings, ESL(hi) MDA cells expressed a 131- and 51-fold higher level of FT3 and FT6, respectively, compared with expression in ESL(lo) MDA cells. We also noted that alpha1,3 FT7 was expressed at a 5-fold greater level in ESL(hi) MDA cells. Furthermore, ESL(lo) MDA cells did not display sLe(X) on glycoproteins capable of bearing sLe(X), notably P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. These results implicate the importance of alpha1,3 FT3, FT6, and/or FT7 in sLe(X) and ESL synthesis on metastatic PCa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Barthel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The skeleton is a common destination for many cancer metastases including breast and prostate cancer. There are many characteristics of bone that make it an ideal environment for cancer cell migration and colonization. Metaphyseal bone, found at the ends of long bone, in ribs, and in vertebrae, is comprised of trabecular bone interspersed with marrow and rich vasculature. The specialized microvasculature is adapted for the easy passage of cells in and out of the bone marrow. Moreover, the metasphyseal regions of bone are constantly undergoing remodeling, a process that releases growth factors from the matrix. Bone turnover also involves the production of numerous cytokines and chemokines that provide a means of communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, but co-incidentally can also attract and support metastatic cells. Once in the marrow, cancer cells can interact directly and indirectly with osteoblasts and osteclasts, as well as hematopoietic and stromal cells. Cancer cells secrete factors that affect the network of cells in the bone microenvironment as well as interact with other cytokines. Additionally, transient cells of the immune system may join the local mileau to ultimately support cancer cell growth. However, most metastasized cells that enter the bone marrow are transient; a few may remain in a dormant state for many years. Advances in understanding the bone cell-tumor cell interactions are key to controlling, if not preventing metastasis to bone.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hypoxia and the presence of human vascular endothelial cells affect prostate cancer cell invasion and metabolism. Neoplasia 2008; 9:1138-51. [PMID: 18084621 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression and metastasis are influenced by hypoxia, as well as by interactions between cancer cells and components of the stroma, such as endothelial cells. Here, we have used a magnetic resonance (MR)-compatible invasion assay to further understand the effects of hypoxia on human prostate cancer cell invasion and metabolism in the presence and absence of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Additionally, we compared endogenous activities of selected proteases related to invasion in PC-3 cells and HUVECs, profiled gene expression of PC-3 cells by microarray, and evaluated cell proliferation of PC-3 cells and HUVECs by flow cytometry, under hypoxic and oxygenated conditions. The invasion of less-invasive DU-145 cells was not affected by either hypoxia or the presence of HUVECs. However, hypoxia significantly decreased the invasion of PC-3 cells. This hypoxia-induced decrease was attenuated by the presence of HUVECs, whereas under oxygenated conditions, HUVECs did not alter the invasion of PC-3 cells. Cell metabolism changed distinctly with hypoxia and invasion. The endogenous activity of selected extracellular proteases, although altered by hypoxia, did not fully explain the hypoxia-induced changes in invasion. Gene expression profiling indicated that hypoxia affects multiple cellular functions and pathways.
Collapse
|
26
|
Schantz JT, Chim H, Whiteman M. Cell guidance in tissue engineering: SDF-1 mediates site-directed homing of mesenchymal stem cells within three-dimensional polycaprolactone scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:2615-24. [PMID: 17961003 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell guidance is a new tissue engineering concept aimed at total in vivo tissue engineering without the need for cell seeding. This technique aims to create a biomimetic environment through constant delivery of cytokines to different areas of an implanted scaffold, such that site-specific homing of cells can be achieved. In this study, expression of CXCR4 on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was characterized by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, subsequent to which chemotaxis toward stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) was demonstrated. In a subsequent three-dimensional in vitro study, MSCs were shown to migrate within a polycaprolactone scaffold in response to SDF-1, such that polarized tissue formation could be achieved. A customized cytokine microdelivery system comprising a reservoir housing system and microneedle apparatus was fabricated to ensure constant delivery of SDF-1 to the scaffold. Following on this experiment, we demonstrated in an in vivo rat bone tissue engineering model that a cytokine combination consisting of vascular endothelial growth factor, SDF-1, and bone morphogenetic protein-6 delivered at 10-day intervals through the microneedle apparatus could lead to tissue formation through migrating cell fronts, with evidence of angiogenesis and vascularization without the need for cell seeding on scaffolds prior to implantation. In summary, cell guidance offers an advancement in cellular methodology for tissue engineering, and promises a novel, minimally invasive option for tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Thorsten Schantz
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Barthel SR, Gavino JD, Descheny L, Dimitroff CJ. Targeting selectins and selectin ligands in inflammation and cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:1473-91. [PMID: 18028011 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.11.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and cancer metastasis are associated with extravasation of leukocytes or tumor cells from blood into tissue. Such movement is believed to follow a coordinated and sequential molecular cascade initiated, in part, by the three members of the selectin family of carbohydrate-binding proteins: E-selectin (CD62E), L-selectin (CD62L) and P-selectin (CD62P). E-selectin is particularly noteworthy in disease by virtue of its expression on activated endothelium and on bone-skin microvascular linings and for its role in cell rolling, cell signaling and chemotaxis. E-selectin, along with L- or P-selectin, mediates cell tethering and rolling interactions through the recognition of sialo-fucosylated Lewis carbohydrates expressed on structurally diverse protein-lipid ligands on circulating leukocytes or tumor cells. Major advances in understanding the role of E-selectin in inflammation and cancer have been advanced by experiments assaying E-selectin-mediated rolling of leukocytes and tumor cells under hydrodynamic shear flow, by clinical models of E-selectin-dependent inflammation, by mice deficient in E-selectin and by mice deficient in glycosyltransferases that regulate the binding activity of E-selectin ligands. Here, the authors elaborate on how E-selectin and its ligands may facilitate leukocyte or tumor cell recruitment in inflammatory and metastatic settings. Antagonists that target cellular interactions with E-selectin and other members of the selectin family, including neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, competitive ligand inhibitors or metabolic carbohydrate mimetics, exemplify a growing arsenal of potentially effective therapeutics in controlling inflammation and the metastatic behavior of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Barthel
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Room 669, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Miles FL, Pruitt FL, van Golen KL, Cooper CR. Stepping out of the flow: capillary extravasation in cancer metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 25:305-24. [PMID: 17906932 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In order for cancer cells to successfully colonize a metastatic site, they must detach from the primary tumor using extracellular matrix-degrading proteases, intravasate and survive in the circulation, evade the immune response, and extravasate the vasculature to invade the target tissue parenchyma, where metastatic foci are established. Though many of the steps of metastasis are widely studied, the precise cellular interactions and molecular alterations associated with extravasation are unknown, and further study is needed to elucidate the mechanisms inherent to this process. Studies of leukocytes localized to inflamed tissue during the immune response may be used to elucidate the process of cancer extravasation, since leukocyte diapedesis through the vasculature involves critical adhesive interactions with endothelial cells, and both leukocytes and cancer cells express similar surface receptors capable of binding endothelial adhesion molecules. Thus, leukocyte extravasation during the inflammatory response has provided a model for transendothelial migration (TEM) of cancer cells. Leukocyte extravasation is characterized by a process whereby rolling mediated by cytokine-activated endothelial selectins is followed by firmer adhesions with beta1 and beta2 integrin subunits to an activated endothelium and subsequent diapedesis, which most likely involves activation of Rho GTPases, regulators of cytoskeletal rearrangements and motility. It is controversial whether such selectin-mediated rolling is necessary for TEM of cancer cells. However, it has been established that similar stable adhesions between tumor and endothelial cells precede cancer cell transmigration through the endothelium. Additionally, there is support for the preferential attachment of tumor cells to the endothelium and, accordingly, site-specific metastasis of cancer cells. Rho GTPases are critical to TEM of cancer cells as well, and some progress has been made in understanding the specific roles of the Rho GTPase family, though much is still unknown. As the mechanisms of cancer TEM are elucidated, new approaches to study and target metastasis may be utilized and developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fayth L Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Morrissey C, Vessella RL. The role of tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer bone metastasis. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:873-86. [PMID: 17387734 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) epithelial cells require a number of factors to facilitate their establishment and growth at a distant site of metastasis. Their ability to adapt to their microenvironment, proliferate and recruit an underlying stroma is integral to the survival and growth of the metastasis. PCa predominantly metastasizes to the bone, and bone metastases are the main cause of morbidity. The bone marrow provides a permissive environment for the formation of a metastasis. In some cases, the cells may remain dormant for some time, eventually proliferating in response to an unknown "trigger." The marrow is rich in progenitor cells that differentiate into numerous cell types, producing new blood vessels, supporting fibroblasts, and an underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) that form the reactive stroma. By secreting a number of cytokines, growth factors and proteases they recruit auxiliary cells required to produce a functional stroma. These components are involved in a reciprocal interaction between the stroma and the PCa cells, allowing for the growth and survival of the tumor. Left unchecked, once a PCa tumor has established itself in the bone marrow it will eventually replace the marrow, interrupting bone homeostasis and typically promoting an osteoblastic response in the bone including osteoclastic events. The abundant deposition of new woven bone results in nerve compression, bone pain and an increase in fractures in patients with PCa bone metastases. This review will examine the tumor microenvironment, its role in facilitating tumor dissemination, growth and the resultant pathologies associated with PCa bone metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Koutsilieris M, Dimopoulos T, Milathianakis C, Bogdanos J, Karamanolakis D, Pissimissis N, Halapas A, Lembessis P, Papaioannou A, Sourla A. Combination of somatostatin analogues and dexamethasone (antisurvival-factor concept) with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in androgen ablation-refractory prostate cancer with bone metastasis. BJU Int 2007; 100 Suppl 2:60-2. [PMID: 17594363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.06958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sun YX, Fang M, Wang J, Cooper CR, Pienta KJ, Taichman RS. Expression and activation of alpha v beta 3 integrins by SDF-1/CXC12 increases the aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2007; 67:61-73. [PMID: 17034033 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) and CXCR4 are key elements in the metastasis of prostate cancer cells to bone--but the mechanisms as to how it localizes to the marrow remains unclear. METHODS Prostate cancer cell lines were stimulated with SDF-1 and evaluated for alterations in the expression of adhesion molecules using microarrays, FACs, and Western blotting to identify alpha(v)beta(3) receptors. Cell-cell adhesion and invasion assays were used to verify that activation of the receptor is responsive to SDF-1. RESULTS We demonstrate that SDF-1 transiently regulates the number and affinity of alpha(v)beta(3) receptors by prostate cancer cells to enhance their metastatic behavior by increasing adhesiveness and invasiveness. SDF-1 transiently increased the expression of beta(3) receptor subunit and increased its phosphorylation in metastatic but not nonmetastatic cells. CONCLUSIONS The transition from a locally invasive phenotype to a metastatic phenotype may be primed by the elevated expression of alpha(v)beta(3) receptors. Activation and increased expression of alpha(v)beta(3) within SDF-1-rich organs may participate in metastatic localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xi Sun
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Metastatic cancer spread to bones, causing intractable pain, pathological fractures, spinal cord compression, and ultimately death, represents massive clinical problem. Intravascular cell-to-cell heterotypic (between cancer and other types of cells) and homotypic (between cancer cells) adhesive interactions, leading to the establishment of metastatic deposits in bone marrow vasculature, represent important rate-limiting steps in bone metastasis. In this review, we discuss molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning metastasis-associated intravascular cell-to-cell adhesive interactions, their role in a multi-step metastatic cascade, and a potential for therapeutic targeting of early metastasis-associated adhesive events.
Collapse
|
33
|
Blaheta RA, Weich E, Marian D, Bereiter-Hahn J, Jones J, Jonas D, Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J. Human cytomegalovirus infection alters PC3 prostate carcinoma cell adhesion to endothelial cells and extracellular matrix. Neoplasia 2006; 8:807-16. [PMID: 17032497 PMCID: PMC1715925 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome and antigens of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are frequently found in prostatic carcinoma. However, whether this infection is causative or is an epiphenomenon is not clear. We therefore investigated the ability of HCMV to promote metastatic processes, defined by tumor cell adhesion to the endothelium and extracellular matrix proteins. Experiments were based on the human prostate tumor cell line PC3, either infected with the HCMV strain Hi (HCMV(Hi)) or transfected with cDNA encoding the HCMV-specific immediate early protein IEA1 (UL123) or IEA2 (UL122). HCMV(Hi) upregulated PC3 adhesion to the endothelium and to the extracellular matrix proteins collagen, laminin, and fibronectin. The process was accompanied by enhancement of beta(1)-integrin surface expression, elevated levels of integrin-linked kinase, and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. IEA1 or IEA2 did not modulate PC3 adhesion or beta(1)-integrin expression. Based on this in vitro model, we postulate a direct association between HCMV infection and prostate tumor transmigration, which is not dependent on IEA proteins. Integrin overexpression, combined with the modulation of integrin-dependent signalling, seems to be, at least in part, responsible for a more invasive PC3(Hi) tumor cell phenotype. Elevated levels of c-myc found in IEA1-transfected or IEA2-transfected PC3 cell populations might promote further carcinogenic processes through accelerated cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Blaheta
- Zentrum der Chirurgie, Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eva Weich
- Zentrum der Chirurgie, Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dana Marian
- Zentrum der Chirurgie, Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Juürgen Bereiter-Hahn
- Institut für Kinematische Zellforschung, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jon Jones
- Zentrum der Chirurgie, Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dietger Jonas
- Zentrum der Chirurgie, Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Zentrum der Hygiene, Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hans Willhelm Doerr
- Zentrum der Hygiene, Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Zentrum der Hygiene, Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Arya M, Bott SR, Shergill IS, Ahmed HU, Williamson M, Patel HR. The metastatic cascade in prostate cancer. Surg Oncol 2006; 15:117-28. [PMID: 17150354 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality due to prostate cancer are mainly a result of prostate cancer metastases. After the initial neoplastic transformation of cells, the process of metastasis involves a series of sequential steps, which involve neoangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, loss of adhesion with migration away from the primary tumour and entry into the systemic vasculature or lymphatics. Metastatic growth in sites such as lymph nodes and bone marrow then involves the specific non-random homing of prostate cancer cells. An appreciation and understanding of this metastatic cascade in relation to prostate cancer is clinically important in order to stratify men with prostate cancer into prognostic groups. Moreover, it is crucial in the future development of therapies that can prevent metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manit Arya
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, University College London, The Institute of Urology, 67 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EJ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Koutsilieris M, Bogdanos J, Milathianakis C, Dimopoulos P, Dimopoulos T, Karamanolakis D, Halapas A, Tenta R, Katopodis H, Papageorgiou E, Pitulis N, Pissimissis N, Lembessis P, Sourla A. Combination therapy using LHRH and somatostatin analogues plus dexamethasone in androgen ablation refractory prostate cancer patients with bone involvement: a bench to bedside approach. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:795-804. [PMID: 16787142 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.7.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of resistance to anticancer therapies is a major hurdle in preventing long-lasting clinical responses to conventional therapies in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Herein, the molecular evidence documenting that bone metastasis microenvironment survival factors (mainly the paracrine growth hormone-independent, urokinase-type plasminogen activator-mediated increase of IGF-1 and the endocrine production of growth hormone-dependent IGF-1, mainly liver-derived IGF-1 production) produce an epigenetic form of prostate cancer cells that are resistant to proapoptotic therapies is reviewed. Consequently, the authors present the conceptual framework of a novel antibone microenvironment survival factor, mainly an anti-IGF-1 hormonal manipulation for androgen ablation refractory prostate cancer (a combination of conventional androgen ablation therapy [luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist-A or orchiectomy]) with dexamethasone plus somatostatin analogue, which yielded durable objective responses and major improvement of bone pain and performance status in stage D3 prostate cancer patients.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/secondary
- Adenocarcinoma/surgery
- Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Androgens/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
- Bone Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/secondary
- Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Dexamethasone/administration & dosage
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Estramustine/administration & dosage
- Etoposide/administration & dosage
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/analogs & derivatives
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/therapeutic use
- Growth Substances/metabolism
- Humans
- Leuprolide/administration & dosage
- Male
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/secondary
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/surgery
- Orchiectomy
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoclasts/metabolism
- Paracrine Communication
- Peptides, Cyclic/administration & dosage
- Prospective Studies
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Receptors, Androgen/drug effects
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Salvage Therapy
- Somatostatin/administration & dosage
- Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives
- Survival Analysis
- Triptorelin Pamoate/administration & dosage
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koutsilieris
- University of Athens, Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School, 75 Micras Asias, Goudi-Athens 11527, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Barrett JM, Rovedo MA, Tajuddin AM, Jilling T, Macoska JA, MacDonald J, Mangold KA, Kaul KL. Prostate cancer cells regulate growth and differentiation of bone marrow endothelial cells through TGFbeta and its receptor, TGFbetaRII. Prostate 2006; 66:632-50. [PMID: 16388503 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying mechanisms permitting prostate cancer bone metastasis are poorly understood. We previously showed that the highly metastatic prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, inhibits bone marrow endothelial (HBME-1) cell growth in collagen gels and induces them to differentiate into cords, resembling angiogenesis in vivo. METHODS cDNA microarray analysis was performed to identify cytokines responsible for the effects of PC-3 cells on HBME-1 cells. Cytokine and neutralizing antibody studies were done to further investigate specific angiogenic factors, such as transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta). TGFbeta RNA and protein were detected by real-time RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis to measure their production by prostate cancer cell lines. Conditioned media experiments using TGFbeta neutralizing antibodies were used to analyze TGFbeta activation by prostate cancer cells. RESULTS PC-3 conditioned media altered the expression of several TGFbeta-regulated or -associated genes in HBME-1 cells. Low concentrations of TGFbeta cytokines inhibited HBME-1 cell growth to a similar level as PC-3 conditioned media and partially induced differentiation. Inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies directed against TGFbeta isoforms and TGFbeta receptor type 2 (TGFbetaRII) reversed the growth inhibition of HBME-1 cells conferred by PC-3 conditioned media. Yet, only TGFbetaRII neutralizing antibodies significantly inhibited HBME-1 differentiation. Also, prostate cancer cell lines produced low levels of TGFbeta RNA and protein, and were shown to activate serum-derived TGFbeta. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that prostate cancer cells mediate growth inhibition and differentiation of bone marrow endothelial cells both through production and activation of TGFbeta as well as alteration of TGFbetaRII-mediated signal transduction. This could contribute to the establishment and growth of bone metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Barrett
- Interdepartmental Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Skogseth H, Holt RU, Larsson E, Halgunset J. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors alter adhesivity of prostatic cancer cells to extracellular matrix components. APMIS 2006; 114:225-33. [PMID: 16643189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are thought to have potential as a new generation of anti-cancer drugs. Since invasiveness, the main characteristic of malignant behaviour, is believed to depend on altered cell-matrix interactions, we investigated the effect of two potent TKIs, genistein and tyrphostin AG-1478, on the interaction of prostate cancer cells with extracellular matrix components. PC-3 and DU-145 cells were treated with various concentrations of genistein and tyrphostin AG-1478. Adhesion to extracellular matrix was assayed using fluorescence-labelled cells seeded on collagen type I, collagen type IV, fibronectin, laminin and vitronectin. The expression levels of integrin beta1, alpha2, alpha3 and alpha5 subunits were measured using flow cytometry of cells labelled with monoclonal murine antibodies. Genistein treatment reduced the ability of both cell lines to adhere to the matrix proteins tested. This effect was more pronounced for PC-3 cells than for DU-145 cells. Genistein treatment decreased the expression of beta1 integrins by 40% in PC-3 cells and 22% in DU-145. AG-1478 treatment slightly reduced the ability of DU-145 cells to adhere, but did not decrease PC-3 cell adhesion. Nevertheless, expression levels were reduced for most integrins tested, except the expression of alpha-5, for which no significant effect was measured. Our results point to a possible role of TKIs as suppressors of prostate carcinoma cell adhesion to extracellular matrix components, by acting as inhibitors of integrin expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haakon Skogseth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian Universit of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Saad F, Clarke N, Colombel M. Natural history and treatment of bone complications in prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2006; 49:429-40. [PMID: 16431012 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastases are highly prevalent in patients with prostate cancer, and they commonly present a therapeutic challenge. The natural history of prostatic bone metastases is characterized by skeletal morbidity, often producing distressing symptoms for individual patients and reducing patient autonomy and mobility. These bone metastases are usually radiologically osteoblastic, but there is also a strong osteolytic component as evidenced by marked increases in bone resorption markers. Malignant bone lesions can reduce the structural integrity of the skeleton, resulting in skeletal complications such as pathologic fracture, spinal cord compression, and severe bone pain, which adversely affect quality of life. Preclinical and clinical studies have provided insight into the pathophysiology of malignant bone disease from prostate cancer and suggest that bone-directed therapies, including radionuclides, endothelin-1 antagonists, and bisphosphonates, may provide both palliative and therapeutic benefits. Clinical investigations with these agents are underway in patients with prostate cancer to gain insight into the pathophysiology of bone metastases and to evaluate the role of bone-specific therapies in treating and preventing bone metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Saad
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Podgorski I, Linebaugh BE, Sameni M, Jedeszko C, Bhagat S, Cher ML, Sloane BF. Bone microenvironment modulates expression and activity of cathepsin B in prostate cancer. Neoplasia 2005; 7:207-23. [PMID: 15799821 PMCID: PMC1501133 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancers metastasize to bone leading to osteolysis. Here we assessed proteolysis of DQ-collagen I (a bone matrix protein) and, for comparison, DQ-collagen IV, by living human prostate carcinoma cells in vitro. Both collagens were degraded, and this degradation was reduced by inhibitors of matrix metallo, serine, and cysteine proteases. Because secretion of the cysteine protease cathepsin B is increased in human breast fibroblasts grown on collagen I gels, we analyzed cathepsin B levels and secretion in prostate cells grown on collagen I gels. Levels and secretion were increased only in DU145 cells--cells that expressed the highest baseline levels of cathepsin B. Secretion of cathepsin B was also elevated in DU145 cells grown in vitro on human bone fragments. We further investigated the effect of the bone microenvironment on cathepsin B expression and activity in vivo in a SCID-human model of prostate bone metastasis. High levels of cathepsin B protein and activity were found in DU145, PC3, and LNCaP bone tumors, although the PC3 and LNCaP cells had exhibited low cathepsin B expression in vitro. Our results suggest that tumor-stromal interactions in the context of the bone microenvironment can modulate the expression of the cysteine protease cathepsin B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Barrett JM, Mangold KA, Jilling T, Kaul KL. Bi-directional interactions of prostate cancer cells and bone marrow endothelial cells in three-dimensional culture. Prostate 2005; 64:75-82. [PMID: 15651029 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer preferentially metastasizes to bone, yet little is known about the cellular and molecular factors that support this growth. Endothelial cells are likely the initial contact for circulating prostate cells entering the bone microenvironment. METHODS Using co-culture and conditioned media experiments, we studied cellular and molecular interactions of prostate cancer cells of varying aggressiveness (PC-3 and LNCaP) with bone marrow endothelial (HBME-1) cells in collagen gels. RESULTS In co-culture, HBME-1 cells stimulated proliferation ( approximately 90% increase) and migration of the more aggressive PC-3 cell line, while having little effect on LNCaP cell proliferation or migration. Concomitantly, HBME-1 cell growth was inhibited by both PC-3 and LNCaP cells and their conditioned media. Additionally, HBME-1 cells underwent significant morphological changes in co-culture, forming large, branching, cord-like structures, which mimic angiogenesis. Prostate cancer cell conditioned media induced a similar effect on HBME-1 cells. In comparison, conditioned media from PC-3 cells also inhibited growth of non-bone marrow-derived endothelial cells, but did not affect their morphology. CONCLUSIONS Significant bi-directional interactions, including secreted factors and direct cellular interactions, exist between bone marrow endothelial cells and highly metastatic prostate cancer cells, and may underlie the propensity for prostate cancer to metastasize to the bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Barrett
- Interdepartmental Program in Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang X, Ferreira AM, Shao Q, Laird DW, Sandig M. Beta3 integrins facilitate matrix interactions during transendothelial migration of PC3 prostate tumor cells. Prostate 2005; 63:65-80. [PMID: 15468167 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND beta3 integrins play a role in metastatic progression of prostate cancer by mediating adhesion of cancer cells to endothelium and migration through extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the role of beta3 integrins during transendothelial migration (TEM) of prostate tumor cells is poorly understood. We examined the role of beta3 integrins in TEM of PC3 human prostate cancer cells through a monolayer of human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs). METHODS PC3 cells were challenged with beta3 integrin antibodies or antisense nucleotides and their efficiency to migrate through monolayers of endothelial cells (ECs) was assessed using confocal microscopy. RESULTS beta3 integrins in PC3 cells are not localized in focal contacts and their blockade significantly inhibited TEM by over 50% preferentially during late stages of migration. Formation of PC3 cell pseudopodia on matrigel was significantly reduced by beta3 integrin antisense oligonucleotides. CONCLUSIONS beta3 integrins play important roles during TEM of PC3 cells while interacting with the matrix underneath the endothelium. These interactions are independent of the ability to cluster beta3 integrins into focal adhesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hart CA, Brown M, Bagley S, Sharrard M, Clarke NW. Invasive characteristics of human prostatic epithelial cells: understanding the metastatic process. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:503-12. [PMID: 15668715 PMCID: PMC2362089 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer has a predilection to metastasise to the bone marrow stroma (BMS) by an as yet uncharacterised mechanism. We have defined a series of coculture models of invasion, which simulate the blood/BMS boundary and allow the elucidation of the signalling and mechanics of trans-endothelial migration within the complex bone marrow environment. Confocal microscopy shows that prostate epithelial cells bind specifically to bone marrow endothelial-to-endothelial cell junctions and initiate endothelial cell retraction. Trans-endothelial migration proceeds via an epithelial cell pseudopodial process, with complete epithelial migration occurring after 232±43 min. Stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 signalling induced PC-3 to invade across a basement membrane although the level of invasion was 3.5-fold less than invasion towards BMS (P=0.0007) or bone marrow endothelial cells (P=0.004). Maximal SDF-1 signalling of invasion was completely inhibited by 10 μM of the SDF-1 inhibitor T140. However, 10 μM T140 only reduced invasion towards BMS and bone marrow endothelial cells by 59% (P=0.001) and 29% (P=0.011), respectively. This study highlights the need to examine the potential roles of signalling molecules and/or inhibitors, not just in single-cell models but in coculture models that mimic the complex environment of the bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Hart
- PromPT Genito-Urinary Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - M Brown
- PromPT Genito-Urinary Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
- PromPT Genito-Urinary Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. E-mail:
| | - S Bagley
- Advanced Imaging Facility, Cancer Research UK, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - M Sharrard
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Biology Department, The University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK
| | - N W Clarke
- PromPT Genito-Urinary Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
- Department of Urology, Salford Royal Hospital, Eccles Old Road, Salford, UK
- Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Montague R, Hart CA, George NJ, Ramani VAC, Brown MD, Clarke NW. Differential inhibition of invasion and proliferation by bisphosphonates: anti-metastatic potential of Zoledronic acid in prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2005; 46:389-401; discussion 401-2. [PMID: 15306113 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2004.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the mode of action of Zoledronic acid in the inhibition of metastasis in prostate cancer and the reduction of prostate cancer bone metastases. METHODS Benign and malignant primary prostatic epithelial cells (PEC) and the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line were studied in co-culture using human bone marrow stroma in the presence of escalating doses of EDTA, Clodronate, Pamidronate and Zoledronic acid. PEC binding and colony growth in bone marrow stroma was measured using standardised quantitative techniques. PEC cellular invasion through Matrigel and an endothelial monolayer was measured either in invasion chambers or by the measurement of endothelial monolayer permeability to fluorescent dextran. Co-culture supernatants were assayed for specific cytokine levels. Bone marrow cellular toxicity was assessed using a standard Mix assay. RESULTS Treatment of PEC with up to 100 microM bisphosphonate did not affect their ability to bind to bone marrow endothelium or stroma. Bone marrow endothelial permeability was reduced by 100 microM Zoledronic acid by 3.8% (p = 0.03856). Both Pamidronate (40% at 100 microM, p < or = 0.05) and Zoledronic acid inhibited PEC invasion, with Zoledronic acid being the most potent (40% at 10 microM, p < or = 0.05 rising to 91% at 100 microM, p < or = 0.001). Zoledronic acid inhibits malignant PEC proliferation in bone marrow stroma co-culture (26.5% at 10 microM rising to 66.5% at 40 microM). This was accompanied by changes within the cytokine milieu with a >800% rise in TIMP-2. CONCLUSION Zoledronic acid is a potent inhibitor of PEC invasion across bone marrow endothelium and colony formation with the bone marrow stroma, affecting the MMP: TIMP-2 balance to favour MMP inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Montague
- Genito-Urinary Cancer Research Group, Kay Kendall Laboratory, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ishida E, Nakamura M, Shimada K, Matsuyoshi S, Tada K, Okajima E, Fujimoto K, Konishi N. Autopsy case of prostate cancer with multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A. Pathol Int 2004; 54:918-23. [PMID: 15598314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2004.01773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe an autopsy case of a 65-year-old man with prostate cancer accompanied by multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A (MEN 2A), including malignant pheochromocytomas, thyroid medullary carcinomas and parathyroid hyperplasia. Metastatic lesions from the prostate primary were identified using immunohistochemistry for prostate specific antigen within both primary and metastatic pheochromocytomas in the liver. To investigate the affinity of prostate cancer for pheochromocytoma cells, immunohistochemistry was carried out using a number of antibodies and both tumors were positive for N-cadherin. Interestingly, pheochromocytomas, thyroid medullary carcinomas and prostate cancer were all positive for the anti-RET antibody. The immunohistochemical results suggest that the cell affinity may, in part, result from cell-cell adhesion via N-cadherin. Although prostate cancer is rarely associated with MEN, RET activation may have participated in the tumorigenesis of this case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiwa Ishida
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Draffin JE, McFarlane S, Hill A, Johnston PG, Waugh DJJ. CD44 potentiates the adherence of metastatic prostate and breast cancer cells to bone marrow endothelial cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5702-11. [PMID: 15313910 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this current study was to examine the significance of CD44 expression in mediating cancer cell adhesion to human bone marrow endothelial cell(s) (hBMEC). Differential CD44 expression on two metastatic prostate cancer cell lines, PC3 (CD44 +ve) and DU145 (CD44 -ve) and four breast cancer cell lines was confirmed by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. In cell adhesion assays, PC3 but not DU145 cells demonstrated a rapid adhesion to hBMECs. Treatment of PC3 cells with a neutralizing antibody against CD44 standard (CD44s) and CD44 splice variants decreased PC3 cell adhesion to hBMECs. Similarly, depletion of CD44 expression using RNA interference decreased the ability of PC3 cells and two CD44 +ve breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-157) to bind FITC-conjugated hyaluronan (FITC-HA) and to adhere to hBMECs. In contrast, transfection of DU145 cells or the T47D and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines to express CD44s increased cell surface binding of FITC-HA and cell adherence to hBMECs. Treatment of PC3 and MDA-MD-231 cells but not hBMECs with hyaluronidase attenuated cell adhesion, suggesting that cell surface expression of CD44 on prostate and breast cancer cells may promote the retention of a HA coat that facilitates their initial arrest on bone marrow endothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayne E Draffin
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bryden AAG, Islam S, Freemont AJ, Shanks JH, George NJR, Clarke NW. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide: expression in prostate cancer bone metastases. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2004; 5:59-62. [PMID: 15195132 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2001] [Revised: 09/20/2001] [Accepted: 10/10/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is a regulatory protein associated with cell growth in non-osseous tissues and with osteoclast stimulation in bone. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of bone metastases, particularly in breast carcinoma. PTHrP is widely expressed in primary prostate cancers, but there are few reports of its expression in prostatic metastases. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of PTHrP in bone metastases from patients with untreated adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Ten bone biopsies containing metastatic deposits of untreated prostatic cancer were identified. These were immunohistochemically stained for PTHrP using a murine monoclonal antibody (PTHLP[Ab1]) and the streptavidin-biotin complex technique. Intensity of staining for PTHrP was graded by two observers. In total, PTHrP expression was positive in 5/10 specimens. This was graded as moderate in four and weak in one. In those specimens with positive staining, the expression varied between cells. There was no obvious association between expression of PTHrP and tumour differentiation. PTHrP is expressed in prostatic bone metastases and may have a role in their pathogenesis and pathophysiology. However, expression is not universal.
Collapse
|
47
|
Dimitroff CJ, Lechpammer M, Long-Woodward D, Kutok JL. Rolling of Human Bone-Metastatic Prostate Tumor Cells on Human Bone Marrow Endothelium under Shear Flow Is Mediated by E-Selectin. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5261-9. [PMID: 15289332 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate tumor cells preferentially adhere to bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs) compared with endothelial linings from other tissue microvessels, implicating the importance of BMEC adhesion in the predilection of prostate tumor metastasis to bone. E (endothelial)-selectin, which functions as an initiator of leukocyte adhesion to target tissue endothelium, is constitutively expressed on BMECs, suggesting that prostate tumor cells could use this adhesive mechanism to initiate their migration into bone. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time that human bone-metastatic prostate tumor cells roll on human BMECs under physiological flow conditions. We show that these dynamic adhesive interactions are dependent on the expression of BMEC E-selectin and sialylated glycoconjugates on bone-metastatic prostate tumor cells. We also establish the importance of both glycoprotein(s) and glycosphingolipid structures displaying sialyl Lewis X epitopes as potential E-selectin ligands on bone-metastatic prostate tumor cells. Coexpression of sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids on bone-metastatic prostate tumor cells triggers robust E-selectin binding activity, which is identical to that observed on human hematopoietic progenitor cells. By Western blot analysis, we identify candidate E-selectin glycoprotein ligand(s); distinct sialyl Lewis X (or HECA-452 antigen)-bearing membrane proteins were resolved at M(r) 130,000 and M(r) 220,000 as well as others ranging from M(r) 100,000 to M(r) 220,000. Immunohistochemical analysis of HECA-452 antigen expression on normal prostate tissue and on low- and high-grade prostate adenocarcinoma shows that HECA-452 antigen expression is directly associated with prostate tumor progression and may indicate acquisition of E-selectin ligand expression. These findings provide novel insight into potential adhesive mechanisms promoting hematogenous dissemination of prostate tumor cells into bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Dimitroff
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Woodward JKL, Rennie IG, Elshaw SR, Burn JL, Sisley K. Invasive and noninvasive uveal melanomas have different adhesive properties. Eye (Lond) 2004; 19:342-8. [PMID: 15258612 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To establish if invasive and noninvasive uveal melanomas have differences in expression of adhesion molecules, and whether their adhesive interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and endothelium vary. METHODS Cells from an invasive and noninvasive uveal melanoma cell line and hepatic and dermal microvascular endothelial cells were assessed by flow cytometry for adhesion molecule expression. Tumour cell adhesion to ECM substrates (collagens I and IV, fibronectin, laminin, and vitronectin) and endothelial cells was also investigated using a commercially available assay or a fluorescence-based in vitro assay, respectively. The significance of results comparing cell lines was determined using a Student's t-test, whereby P-values of less than 0.05 were taken as significant. RESULTS alpha1- and alpha4-integrins were not expressed by noninvasive cells, but were detected on invasive cells. The invasive cell line also expressed higher levels of other integrins than the noninvasive line. Correspondingly, invasive cells adhered in higher numbers to ECM substrates and endothelial cells, and for the latter, the difference was highly significant (P<0.001). No preference in adhesion of invasive cells for the hepatic endothelium was observed. CONCLUSIONS Successful attachment to and migration through the ECM, basement membrane, and endothelium are vital processes involved in malignant progression. Differential expression of alpha1- and alpha4-integrins by invasive and noninvasive cells infers a role for these receptors in invasion, while the ability of invasive cells to adhere more efficiently to the endothelium suggests that this is a critical factor in uveal melanoma invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K L Woodward
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology and Orthoptics, Division of Clinical Sciences (S), University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wynn RF, Hart CA, Corradi-Perini C, O'Neill L, Evans CA, Wraith JE, Fairbairn LJ, Bellantuono I. A small proportion of mesenchymal stem cells strongly expresses functionally active CXCR4 receptor capable of promoting migration to bone marrow. Blood 2004; 104:2643-5. [PMID: 15251986 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-02-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Homing of bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) to bone and bone marrow after transplantation, important for the correction of conditions such as metabolic storage disorders, can occur but with poor efficiency. Substantial improvements in engraftment will be required in order to derive a clinical benefit from MSC transplantation. Chemokines are the most important factors controlling cellular migration. Stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) has been shown to be critical in promoting the migration of cells to the bone marrow, via its specific receptor CXCR4. The aim of our study was to investigate CXCR4 expression on MSCs and its role in mediating migration to bone marrow. We show that CXCR4, although present at the surface of a small subset of MSCs, is important for mediating specific migration of these cells to bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Wynn
- Stem Cell Research Group and Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Shariat SF, Anwuri VA, Lamb DJ, Shah NV, Wheeler TM, Slawin KM. Association of preoperative plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 with lymph node status and biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:1655-63. [PMID: 15117988 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.09.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiogenesis is a critical process for cancer progression. We tested whether elevated circulating levels of the angiogenesis-related markers vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and/or soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) are associated with prostate cancer diagnosis, stage, progression, and metastasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Plasma levels of VEGF and sVCAM-1 were measured on frozen, archival plasma obtained preoperatively from 215 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease, nine men with untreated prostate cancer metastatic to bones, and 40 healthy men without cancer. RESULTS Plasma levels of both VEGF and sVCAM-1 were highest in patients with bone metastases (P <.001). VEGF levels were higher in patients with clinically localized disease than in healthy controls (P <.001). VEGF levels were elevated in patients with biopsy and final Gleason sum > or = 7 (P =.036 and P =.020, respectively) and extraprostatic extension (P =.047). Higher preoperative VEGF was independently associated with metastases to lymph nodes (P <.001). Both VEGF and sVCAM-1 were independently associated with biochemical progression after adjustment for the effects of standard preoperative features (P =.014 and P =.039, respectively). VEGF remained independently associated with biochemical progression after adjustment for standard postoperative features (P =.019). CONCLUSION Plasma levels of VEGF increased incrementally from healthy controls to patients with clinically localized disease to patients with lymph node and skeletal metastases. Higher preoperative VEGF was independently associated with metastases to lymph nodes and biochemical progression after surgery in both pre- and postoperative models. Plasma sVCAM-1 was elevated in men with bone metastases and was associated with biochemical progression in a preoperative model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahrokh F Shariat
- Baylor Prostate Center and Division of Male Reproductive Medicine, Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|