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Iovinella I, Mandoli A, Luceri C, D’Ambrosio M, Caputo B, Cobre P, Dani FR. Cyclic Acetals as Novel Long-Lasting Mosquito Repellents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2152-2159. [PMID: 36649540 PMCID: PMC9896555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of skin repellents against hematophagous mosquitoes is an important personal protection practice wherever these insects are abundant and where they are vectors of diseases. DEET and Icaridin are the major synthetic insect repellents in commercial formulations and are considered the most effective. Here, we tested against the mosquito Aedes albopictus several cyclic hydroxyacetals synthesized by acetalization of commercially available aliphatic carbonyl compounds (ranging from C3 to C15) with either glycerol, 1,1,1-trismethyloletane, or 1,1,1-trismethylolpropane and compared their efficacy with commercial repellents. We found that several hydroxyacetals were comparable with DEET and Icaridin both in terms of the required dose and repellence duration, while a few performed better. For those most active, toxicity was investigated, finding that a few of them were less cytotoxic than DEET and less prone to permeate through cell layers. Therefore, such results indicate that novel safe mosquito repellents could be developed among cyclic hydroxyacetals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Iovinella
- Biology
Department, University of Firenze, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mandoli
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi
13, 56124Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Luceri
- NEUROFARBA
Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Firenze, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini 6, 50100Firenze, Italy
| | - Mario D’Ambrosio
- NEUROFARBA
Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Firenze, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini 6, 50100Firenze, Italy
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Department
of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Roma, Italy
| | - Pietro Cobre
- Department
of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, University “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Dani
- Biology
Department, University of Firenze, via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Microemulsions Enhance the In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Oleanolic Acid in RAW 264.7 Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102232. [PMID: 36297667 PMCID: PMC9610975 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is the main triterpenic acid of olive leaves known for numerous pharmacological properties, including antioxidant activity. However, it is poorly soluble in water and consequently with low bioavailability, which limits its pharmacological application. Microemulsions (MEs) are dispersed systems consisting of two immiscible phases that promote rapid solubilization and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. To improve both solubility and intestinal permeability of this molecule, OA has been formulated in two different microemulsions (ME-1 and ME-2). A solubility screening was carried out to select the ME components, and pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to evaluate the region of existence and select the appropriate amount of the constituents. ME-1 was prepared using Capmul PG-8/NF as the oily phase, and Transcutol and Tween 20 (7:3) as surfactants, while ME-2 contained Nigella oil and Isopropil myristate as the oily phase, and Transcutol HP and Cremophor EL (2:1) as surfactants. The OA solubility was increased by 1000-fold and 3000-fold in ME-1-OA and ME-2-OA, respectively. The MEs’ droplet size and the PdI were evaluated, and the stability was assessed for 8 weeks by monitoring chemical and physical parameters. The parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) also demonstrated an enhanced intestinal permeability of both OA formulations compared with free OA. The potential ability of both MEs to enhance the bioactivity of OA against LPS-induced oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages was also investigated. Overall, this study suggests that both MEs promote a bio-enhancement of the protective action of OA against the LPS-induced pro-oxidant stress in macrophages. Overall, this study suggests that MEs could be an interesting formulation to improve OA oral bioavailability with potential clinical applications.
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Chen N, Wen J, Wang Z, Wang J. Multiple regulation and targeting effects of borneol in the neurovascular unit in neurodegenerative diseases. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 130:5-19. [PMID: 34491621 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of brain-targeted drugs is highly important for the success of therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Borneol has several biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and cell penetration enhancing effect, and can regulate processes in the neurovascular unit (NVU), such as protein toxic stress, autophagosome/lysosomal system, oxidative stress, programmed cell death and neuroinflammation. However, the influence of borneol on NVU in neurodegenerative diseases has not been fully explained. This study searched the keywords 'borneol', 'neurovascular unit', 'endothelial cell', 'astrocyte', 'neuron', 'blood-brain barrier', 'neurodegenerative diseases' and 'brain disease', in PubMed, BioMed Central, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Bing search engines to explore the influence of borneol on NVU. In addition to the principle and mechanism of penetration of borneol in the brain, this study also showed its multiple regulation effects on NVU. Borneol was able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), affecting the signal transmission between BBB and the microenvironment of the brain, down-regulating the expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress proteins in NVU, especially in microglia and astrocytes. In summary, borneol is a potential drug delivery agent for drugs against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Zhilei Wang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Piazzini V, Landucci E, Urru M, Chiarugi A, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC. Enhanced dissolution, permeation and oral bioavailability of aripiprazole mixed micelles: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2020; 583:119361. [PMID: 32334067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aripiprazole (ARP) is an antipsychotic drug approved for the treatment of schizophrenia. It is poorly water-soluble and undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism and P-gp efflux, which lead to poor bioavailability and increased dose-related side effects. This study focuses on the preparation of mixed micelles (MM) to enhance the aqueous solubility, oral bioavailability, and blood-brain barrier permeation of ARP. For this purpose, Soluplus and D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) were selected for micelle preparation (ARP-MM). Micelles with borneol as penetration enhancer were also considered (ARP-B-MM). The optimized formulations have sizes of ca 50 nm, defined in distilled water, narrow size distribution (polydispersity index ≤0.1), and high encapsulation efficiency (greater than98%). Both formulations can be freeze-dried without losing their chemical-physical characteristics and are stable during storage for three months. The mixed micelles resulted stable in enzyme free-simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8), and in serum. The in vitro ARP release was evaluated in the same biorelevant media, (SGF and SIF), and it disclosed that both micelles can give prolonged drug release. Furthermore, ARP solubility is greatly increased when loaded into mixed micelles. The absorption and efflux of ARP-loaded micelles were studied in vitro, employing two artificial membranes (Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay for the intestinal, PAMPA-GI, and the blood-brain barrier, PAMPA-BBB), to simulate the intestinal and brain epithelium, and the brain microvascular endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3. ARP-MM and ARP-B-MM increase the effective permeability of ARP by a factor of about three in the case of PAMPA-GI and about two for PAMPA-BBB. Furthermore, the P-gp mediated efflux was decreased by about six times in the case of ARP-MM and by about four times in the case of ARP-B-MM, compared to unformulated ARP. Finally, both ARP-loaded mixed micelles ameliorate the bioavailability of ARP, as demonstrated by the increase of the pharmacokinetic parameters, such as Cmax, AUC0-24h, and t1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vieri Piazzini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Matteo Urru
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Alberto Chiarugi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Domenico E Pellegrini-Giampietro
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Anna Rita Bilia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Camilla Bergonzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Ramos PAB, Moreirinha C, Silva S, Costa EM, Veiga M, Coscueta E, Santos SAO, Almeida A, Pintado MM, Freire CSR, Silva AMS, Silvestre AJD. The Health-Promoting Potential of Salix spp. Bark Polar Extracts: Key Insights on Phenolic Composition and In Vitro Bioactivity and Biocompatibility. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120609. [PMID: 31801290 PMCID: PMC6943414 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salix spp. have been exploited for energy generation, along with folk medicine use of bark extracts for antipyretic and analgesic benefits. Bark phenolic components, rather than salicin, have demonstrated interesting bioactivities, which may ensure the sustainable bioprospection of Salix bark. Therefore, this study highlights the detailed phenolic characterization, as well as the in vitro antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, Staphylococcus aureus growth inhibitory effects, and biocompatibility of Salix atrocinerea Brot., Salix fragilis L., and Salix viminalis L. bark polar extracts. Fifteen phenolic compounds were characterized by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection-mass spectrometry analysis, from which two flavan-3-ols, an acetophenone, five flavanones, and a flavonol were detected, for the first time, as their bark components. Salix bark extracts demonstrated strong free radical scavenging activity (5.58–23.62 µg mL−1 IC50 range), effective inhibition on angiotensin-I converting enzyme (58–84%), and S. aureus bactericidal action at 1250–2500 µg mL−1 (6–8 log CFU mL−1 reduction range). All tested Salix bark extracts did not show cytotoxic potential against Caco-2 cells, as well as S. atrocinerea Brot. and S. fragilis L. extracts at 625 and 1250 µg mL−1 against HaCaT and L929 cells. These valuable findings can pave innovative and safer food, nutraceutical, and/or cosmetic applications of Salix bark phenolic-containing fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia A. B. Ramos
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.A.B.R.); (C.M.); (S.A.O.S.); (C.S.R.F.); (A.M.S.S.)
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Catarina Moreirinha
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.A.B.R.); (C.M.); (S.A.O.S.); (C.S.R.F.); (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Sara Silva
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (E.M.C.); (M.V.); (E.C.); (M.M.P.)
| | - Eduardo M. Costa
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (E.M.C.); (M.V.); (E.C.); (M.M.P.)
| | - Mariana Veiga
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (E.M.C.); (M.V.); (E.C.); (M.M.P.)
| | - Ezequiel Coscueta
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (E.M.C.); (M.V.); (E.C.); (M.M.P.)
| | - Sónia A. O. Santos
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.A.B.R.); (C.M.); (S.A.O.S.); (C.S.R.F.); (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Biology Department and CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - M. Manuela Pintado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (E.M.C.); (M.V.); (E.C.); (M.M.P.)
| | - Carmen S. R. Freire
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.A.B.R.); (C.M.); (S.A.O.S.); (C.S.R.F.); (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.A.B.R.); (C.M.); (S.A.O.S.); (C.S.R.F.); (A.M.S.S.)
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando J. D. Silvestre
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.A.B.R.); (C.M.); (S.A.O.S.); (C.S.R.F.); (A.M.S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-234-370-711
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Piazzini V, Micheli L, Luceri C, D'Ambrosio M, Cinci L, Ghelardini C, Bilia AR, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Bergonzi MC. Nanostructured lipid carriers for oral delivery of silymarin: Improving its absorption and in vivo efficacy in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome model. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118838. [PMID: 31715362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin (SLM) is a mixture of flavonolignans extracted from the fruit of Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. which has been used for decades as a hepatoprotector. Silymarin has recently been proposed to be beneficial in type 2 diabetic patients. Constituents of SLM are poorly water-soluble and low permeable compounds, with consequently limited oral bioavailability. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of delivery of SLM via nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to overcome these issues and for preparation of an oral dosage form. NLCs were prepared through an emulsion/evaporation/solidifying method. Cetyl palmitate:Lauroglycol 90 was selected as the lipid mixture and Brij S20 as surfactant. NLCs were chemically and physically characterized. Encapsulation efficiency was more than 92%. The storage stability of the NLC suspension was also investigated and the freeze-drying process was taken into consideration. After assessing the stability of the formulation in a simulated gastrointestinal environment, the release of SLM was monitored in different pH conditions. In vitro experiments with artificial membranes (PAMPA) and Caco-2 cells revealed that the NLCs enhanced the permeation of SLM. Active processes are involved in the internalization of NLCs, as evidenced by cellular uptake studies. After preliminary toxicological studies, the formulation was studied in vivo in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model in the presence of metabolic syndrome. The formulation was also compared to an NLC containing stearic acid:Capryol 90, to evaluate the effect of the lipid matrix on the in vivo performance of nanocarriers. Finally, hepatic histopathological analyses were also conducted. Both SLM-loaded NLCs exhibited in vivo a significant down-regulation of blood glucose and triglyceride levels better than free SLM, with a liver-protective effect. Furthermore, both formulations showed a significant anti-hyperalgesic effect on STZ-induced neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vieri Piazzini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Micheli
- NEUROFARBA, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Luceri
- NEUROFARBA, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Mario D'Ambrosio
- NEUROFARBA, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cinci
- NEUROFARBA, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- NEUROFARBA, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Bilia
- NEUROFARBA, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- NEUROFARBA, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Bergonzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Formulation of Nanomicelles to Improve the Solubility and the Oral Absorption of Silymarin. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091688. [PMID: 31052197 PMCID: PMC6540123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel nanomicellar formulations were developed to improve the poor aqueous solubility and the oral absorption of silymarin. Polymeric nanomicelles made of Soluplus and mixed nanomicelles combining Soluplus with d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS) were prepared using the thin film method. Physicochemical parameters were investigated, in particular the average diameter, the homogeneity (expressed as polydispersity index), the zeta potential, the morphology, the encapsulation efficiency, the drug loading, the critical micellar concentration and the cloud point. The sizes of ~60 nm, the narrow size distribution (polydispersity index ≤0.1) and the encapsulation efficiency >92% indicated the high affinity between silymarin and the core of the nanomicelles. Solubility studies demonstrated that the solubility of silymarin increased by ~6-fold when loaded into nanomicelles. Furthermore, the physical and chemical parameters of SLM-loaded formulations stored at room temperature and in refrigerated conditions (4 °C) were monitored over three months. In vitro stability and release studies in media miming the physiological conditions were also performed. In addition, both formulations did not alter the antioxidant properties of silymarin as evidenced by the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay. The potential of the nanomicelles to increase the intestinal absorption of silymarin was firstly investigated by the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. Subsequently, transport studies employing Caco-2 cell line demonstrated that mixed nanomicelles statistically enhanced the permeability of silymarin compared to polymeric nanomicelles and unformulated extract. Finally, the uptake studies indicated that both nanomicellar formulations entered into Caco-2 cells via energy-dependent mechanisms.
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Piazzini V, Cinci L, D'Ambrosio M, Luceri C, Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Chitosan-coated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Promising Tool for Silybin Delivery: Formulation, Characterization, and In vitro Evaluation. Curr Drug Deliv 2018; 16:142-152. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201815666181008153602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Silybin (Sb) is the major flavolignan of the extract of Silybum marianum.
It is used for the treatment of various acute and chronic liver toxicities, inflammation, fibrosis and
oxidative stress. Many studies indicate that Sb is also active against different carcinomas and it has
been very recently proposed to be beneficial in type 2 diabetes patients. However, Sb is a low water
soluble and low permeable compound.
Objective:
In this study, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) were proposed to enhance the solubility
and the intestinal absorption of Sb.
</P><P>
Methods: SLNs were made of stearic acid and Brij 78 and subsequently coated with chitosan.
Formulations were physically and chemically characterized. Stability studies were also assessed. Sb
in vitro release was evaluated in different pH media. In vitro permeability test with artificial
membranes and Caco-2 cells were performed. Cellular uptake and mucoadhesion studies were
conducted.
Results:
Both nanoparticles were found to be stable. In vitro release indicated that SLNs may prevent
burst release and gastric degradation of Sb. Higher extent of Sb permeation was observed for
both nanoparticles in PAMPA and Caco-2 cell monolayer models. The results of the cellular uptake
study suggested the involvement of active endocytic processes. Chitosan significantly improves
mucoadhesion properties of nanoparticles.
</P><P>
Conclusions: Together with the excellent stability, strong mucoadhesive property, and slow release,
chitosan coated SLNs demonstrated promising potential to enhance absorption of hydrophobic Sb after
oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vieri Piazzini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cinci
- NEUROFARBA, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Mario D'Ambrosio
- NEUROFARBA, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Luceri
- NEUROFARBA, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Bilia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Bergonzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
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Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as Promising Delivery Systems for Plant Extracts: The Case of Silymarin. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8071163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Silymarin is the extract from seeds of Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. and it has been used for decades as hepatoprotectant. Recently, it has been proposed to be beneficial in type 2 diabetes patients. However, silymarin is a poorly water soluble drug with limited oral bioavailability. In this study, nanostructured lipid carriers were proposed to enhance its solubility and intestinal absorption. Methods: Nanostructured lipid carriers were made of Stearic acid:Capryol 90 as lipid mixtures and Brij S20 as surfactant. Formulations were physically and chemically characterized. Stability and in vitro release studies were also assessed. In vitro permeability and Caco-2 cellular uptake mechanism were investigated. Results: Obtained results were based on size, homogeneity, ζ-potential and EE%. Nanostructured lipid carriers could be orally administered. No degradation phenomena were observed in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Storage stability of suspensions and lyophilized products was also tested. Glucose was selected as best cryoprotectant agent. About 60% of silymarin was released in 24 h in phosphate buffered saline. In vitro parallel artificial membrane permeability assay experiments revealed that the nanocarrier enhanced the permeation of Silymarin. Caco-2 study performed with fluorescent nanoparticles revealed the ability of carrier to enhance the permeation of a lipophilic probe. Cellular uptake studies indicated that active process is involved in the internalization of the formulation. Conclusions: The optimized nanostructured lipid carriers showed excellent chemical and physical stability and enhanced the absorption of silymarin.
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