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Heiber M, Schittenhelm A, Schlie J, Beckert M, Graf P, Schmidt A. Garmin Fénix 7 ® Underestimates Performance at the Lactate Threshold in Comparison to Standardized Blood Lactate Field Test. Open Access J Sports Med 2024; 15:47-58. [PMID: 38742188 PMCID: PMC11090120 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s444568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lactate threshold (LT) is a critical performance measure traditionally obtained using costly laboratory-based tests. Wearables offer a practical and noninvasive alternative for LT assessment in recreational and professional athletes. However, the comparability of these estimates with the regular field tests requires further evaluation. Patients and Methods In our sample of 26 participants (nf=7 and nm=19), we compared the estimated running pace and heart rate (HR) at LT with two subsequent tests. First, participants performed the Fenix 7® threshold running test after a calibration phase. Subsequently, they were tested in a standardized, graded blood lactate field test. Age was 25.97 (± 6.26) years, and body mass index (BMI) was 24.58 (± 2.8) kg/m2. Results Pace at LT calculated by Fenix 7® (M=11.87 km/h ± 1.26 km/h) was 11.96% lower compared to the field test (M=13.28 km/h ± 1.72 km/h), which was significant (p <0.001, d=-1.19). HR estimated by the Fenix 7® at LT was 1.71% lower (p >0.05). LT data obtained in the field test showed greater overall variance. Conclusion Our results suggest sufficient accuracy of Fenix 7® LT estimates for recreational athletes. It can be assumed that for professional athletes, it would fail to provide the nuanced data needed for high-quality training management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Heiber
- dtec.bw, NextGenerationEU Project Smart Health Lab, University of the Bundeswehr, Chair of Sport Biology Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Schittenhelm
- dtec.bw, NextGenerationEU Project Smart Health Lab, University of the Bundeswehr, Chair of Sport Biology Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schlie
- University of the Bundeswehr, Institute of Sport Sciences, Chair of Sport Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Beckert
- University of the Bundeswehr, Institute of Sport Sciences, Chair of Sport Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - Pascal Graf
- University of the Bundeswehr, Institute of Sport Sciences, Chair of Sport Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Schmidt
- dtec.bw, NextGenerationEU Project Smart Health Lab, University of the Bundeswehr, Chair of Sport Biology Munich, Munich, Germany
- University of the Bundeswehr, Institute of Sport Sciences, Chair of Sport Biology, Munich, Germany
- Research Center Smart Digital Health, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Munich, Germany
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Perrey S, Quaresima V, Ferrari M. Muscle Oximetry in Sports Science: An Updated Systematic Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:975-996. [PMID: 38345731 PMCID: PMC11052892 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last 5 years since our last systematic review, a significant number of articles have been published on the technical aspects of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), the interpretation of the signals and the benefits of using the NIRS technique to measure the physiological status of muscles and to determine the workload of working muscles. OBJECTIVES Considering the consistent number of studies on the application of muscle oximetry in sports science published over the last 5 years, the objectives of this updated systematic review were to highlight the applications of muscle oximetry in the assessment of skeletal muscle oxidative performance in sports activities and to emphasize how this technology has been applied to exercise and training over the last 5 years. In addition, some recent instrumental developments will be briefly summarized. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines were followed in a systematic fashion to search, appraise and synthesize existing literature on this topic. Electronic databases such as Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed and SPORTDiscus were searched from March 2017 up to March 2023. Potential inclusions were screened against eligibility criteria relating to recreationally trained to elite athletes, with or without training programmes, who must have assessed physiological variables monitored by commercial oximeters or NIRS instrumentation. RESULTS Of the identified records, 191 studies regrouping 3435 participants, met the eligibility criteria. This systematic review highlighted a number of key findings in 37 domains of sport activities. Overall, NIRS information can be used as a meaningful marker of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and can become one of the primary monitoring tools in practice in conjunction with, or in comparison with, heart rate or mechanical power indices in diverse exercise contexts and across different types of training and interventions. CONCLUSIONS Although the feasibility and success of the use of muscle oximetry in sports science is well documented, there is still a need for further instrumental development to overcome current instrumental limitations. Longitudinal studies are urgently needed to strengthen the benefits of using muscle oximetry in sports science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - Valentina Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Reinpõld K, Rannama I, Port K. Agreement between Ventilatory Thresholds and Bilaterally Measured Vastus Lateralis Muscle Oxygen Saturation Breakpoints in Trained Cyclists: Effects of Age and Performance. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:40. [PMID: 38393260 PMCID: PMC10892087 DOI: 10.3390/sports12020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study focused on comparing metabolic thresholds derived from local muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) signals, obtained using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), with global pulmonary ventilation rates measured at the mouth. It was conducted among various Age Groups within a well-trained cyclist population. Additionally, the study examined how cycling performance characteristics impact the discrepancies between ventilatory thresholds (VTs) and SmO2 breakpoints (BPs). METHODS Junior (n = 18) and Senior (n = 15) cyclists underwent incremental cycling tests to assess their aerobic performance and to determine aerobic (AeT) and anaerobic (AnT) threshold characteristics through pulmonary gas exchange and changes in linearity of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle SmO2 signals. We compared the relative power (Pkg) at ventilatory thresholds (VTs) and breakpoints (BPs) for the nondominant (ND), dominant (DO), and bilaterally averaged (Avr) SmO2 during the agreement analysis. Additionally, a 30 s sprint test was performed to estimate anaerobic performance capabilities and to assess the cyclists' phenotype, defined as the ratio of P@VT2 to the highest 5 s sprint power. RESULTS The Pkg@BP for Avr SmO2 had higher agreement with VT values than ND and DO. Avr SmO2 Pkg@BP1 was lower (p < 0.05) than Pkg@VT1 (mean bias: 0.12 ± 0.29 W/kg; Limits of Agreement (LOA): -0.45 to 0.68 W/kg; R2 = 0.72) and mainly among Seniors (0.21 ± 0.22 W/kg; LOA: -0.22 to 0.63 W/kg); there was no difference (p > 0.05) between Avr Pkg@BP2 and Pkg@VT2 (0.03 ± 0.22 W/kg; LOA: -0.40 to 0.45 W/kg; R2 = 0.86). The bias between two methods correlated significantly with the phenotype (r = -0.385 and r = -0.515 for AeT and AnT, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Two breakpoints can be defined in the NIRS-captured SmO2 signal of VL, but the agreement between the two methods at the individual level was too low for interchangeable usage of those methods in the practical training process. Older cyclists generally exhibited earlier thresholds in muscle oxygenation signals compared to systemic responses, unlike younger cyclists who showed greater variability and no significant differences in this regard in bias values between the two threshold evaluation methods with no significant difference between methods. More sprinter-type cyclists tended to have systemic VT thresholds earlier than local NIRS-derived thresholds than athletes with relatively higher aerobic abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmen Reinpõld
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, University of Tallinn, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia; (I.R.); (K.P.)
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Sendra-Pérez C, Encarnación-Martínez A, Oficial-Casado F, Salvador-Palmer R, Priego-Quesada JI. A comparative analysis of mathematical methods for detecting lactate thresholds using muscle oxygenation data during a graded cycling test. Physiol Meas 2023; 44:125013. [PMID: 38081136 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Threshold determination for improving training and sports performance is important for researchers and trainers, who currently use different methods for determining lactate, ventilatory or muscle oxygenation (SmO2) thresholds. Our study aimed to compare the identification of the intensity at the first and second thresholds using lactate and SmO2data by different mathematical methods in different muscles during a graded cycling test.Approach. Twenty-six cyclists (15 males and 11 females; 23 ±6 years, 1.71 ± 0.09 m, 64.3 ± 8.8 Kg and 12 ± 3 training hours per week) performed a graded test on the cycle ergometer. Power output and saturation of muscle oxygen in four muscles (vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior) were measured, along with systemic lactate concentration.Main Results. Our results showed that any method was reliable for determining the first muscle oxygenation threshold (MOT1) when comparing the lactate threshold in any muscle. However, the best method for determining the second muscle oxygenation threshold (MOT2) was the Exp-Dmax (p< 0.01; ICC = 0.79-0.91) in all muscles. In particular, the vastus lateralis muscle showed the highest intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.91, CI95% [0.81, 0.96]). However, results varied per sex across all muscles analyzed.Significance. Although the first muscle oxygenation threshold could not be determined using mathematical methods in all the muscles analyzed, the Exp-Dmax method presented excellent results in detecting the second systemic threshold in the vastus lateralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sendra-Pérez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Encarnación-Martínez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ontinyent (Valencia), Spain
| | - Fran Oficial-Casado
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosario Salvador-Palmer
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ontinyent (Valencia), Spain
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose I Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ontinyent (Valencia), Spain
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Sendra-Pérez C, Priego-Quesada JI, Salvador-Palmer R, Murias JM, Encarnacion-Martinez A. Sex-related differences in profiles of muscle oxygen saturation of different muscles in trained cyclists during graded cycling exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1092-1101. [PMID: 37732376 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00420.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although in recent years near-infrared spectroscopy has been used in many sports to monitor muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), there is a lack of knowledge about the sex differences in SmO2 during exercise in different muscles. Our study aimed to examine SmO2 differences in muscles between female and male cyclists, during a graded cycling test and at the first and second lactate thresholds. Twenty-five trained cyclists and triathletes (15 males: 23 ± 7 yr, 1.78 ± 0.05 m, 70.2 ± 5.3 kg, and 10 females: 22 ± 5 yr, 1.64 ± 0.06 m, 58 ± 8 kg) performed a graded cycling test on the cycle ergometer. Power output and SmO2 in five muscles (dominant vastus lateralis, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medial, biceps femoris, and triceps brachii) were measured. Our mixed regression models showed that the interaction between power output and sex was significant for all the muscles analyzed (P < 0.001), indicating a greater decrease in SmO2 for males as power output increased. Moreover, the statistical parametric mapping analyses showed for females higher SmO2 in the middle of the test in biceps femoris (P = 0.03), gastrocnemius medial (P = 0.02), and tibialis anterior (P = 0.04). Finally, the males presented a lower SmO2 in all muscles where the second lactate threshold occurred, with greater evidence than in the first lactate threshold. In conclusion, females have higher SmO2 in all muscles, and these differences are more noticeable during the graded cycling test, such that males seem to have a greater reliance on oxygen extraction than females for a given relative intensity of exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study investigated the profiles of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) during incremental exercise in females and males. Females presented higher overall SmO2 than males during moderate and heavy intensity domain exercise in all muscles including muscles that are not mainly involved in pedaling (triceps brachii), from those that are stabilizers (medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and biceps femoris), to those that are related to power output production (vastus lateralis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sendra-Pérez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose I Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Madrid, Spain
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosario Salvador-Palmer
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Madrid, Spain
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan M Murias
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alberto Encarnacion-Martinez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Madrid, Spain
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Sendra-Perez C, Oficial-Casado F, Encarnación-Martínez A, Priego-Quesada JI. Duration Effects on Wingate and Functional Power Threshold Test Outputs in Female Cyclists. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:830-838. [PMID: 36470302 DOI: 10.1055/a-1993-2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The response of female cyclists depending on the functional test duration has not been studied. This study aims to analyse the effect of modification of the duration of two different functional tests: Wingate (WAnT) and Functional Power Threshold (FTP) in female cyclists. Fourteen cyclists (27±8 years, 1,66±0,08 m, and 60,6±7,2 kg) performed 2 test days with a 24-hour break between days, varying the test duration (WAnT 20- or 30-sec, and FTP 8- or 10-min). Relative power output, cadence, heart rate, local oxygen saturation, lactate, and rating of perceived exertion were measured in each test. Time duration did not affect the power output outcomes in both tests (p>0,05). However, WAnT of 20 sec, compared with the test of 30 sec, resulted in a lower cadence decrease in the last 5 sec (p<0,01, ES=1,3), lower heart rate variables (peak, average and variation; p<0,01, ES>0,5), and higher execution inclination of local oxygen saturation (p<0,05 and ES=1,0). In conclusion, the time variations assessed do not alters power outcomes in female cyclists. However, higher acute fatigue can be observed in the WAnT of 30 sec, which suggests the use of the test of 20 sec to allow continue training afterwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sendra-Perez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fran Oficial-Casado
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Encarnación-Martínez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Sendra-Pérez C, Sanchez-Jimenez JL, Marzano-Felisatti JM, Encarnación-Martínez A, Salvador-Palmer R, Priego-Quesada JI. Reliability of threshold determination using portable muscle oxygenation monitors during exercise testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12649. [PMID: 37542055 PMCID: PMC10403529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, portable Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) technology has been suggested for determining metabolic/ventilator thresholds. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the reliability of a portable muscle oxygenation monitor for determining thresholds during exercise testing. The proposed PICO question was: Is the exercise intensity of muscle oxygenation thresholds, using portable NIRS, reliable compared with lactate and ventilatory thresholds for exercise intensity determined in athletes? A search of Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science was undertaken and the review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Fifteen articles were included. The domains which presented the highest biases were confounders (93% with moderate or high risk) and participant selection (100% with moderate or high risk). The intra-class correlation coefficient between exercise intensity of the first ventilatory or lactate threshold and the first muscle oxygenation threshold was 0.53 (obtained with data from only 3 studies), whereas the second threshold was 0.80. The present work shows that although a portable muscle oxygenation monitor has moderate to good reliability for determining the second ventilatory and lactate thresholds, further research is necessary to investigate the mathematical methods of detection, the capacity to detect the first threshold, the detection in multiple regions, and the effect of sex, performance level and adipose tissue in determining thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sendra-Pérez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universitat de València, C/Gascó Oliag, 3, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Jimenez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universitat de València, C/Gascó Oliag, 3, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martín Marzano-Felisatti
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universitat de València, C/Gascó Oliag, 3, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Encarnación-Martínez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universitat de València, C/Gascó Oliag, 3, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Campus d'Ontinyent, Laboratorio Biomecánica, Avda. Conde de Torrefiel n° 22, 46870, Ontinyent, Spain
| | - Rosario Salvador-Palmer
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Campus d'Ontinyent, Laboratorio Biomecánica, Avda. Conde de Torrefiel n° 22, 46870, Ontinyent, Spain
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Avd. Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose I Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universitat de València, C/Gascó Oliag, 3, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Campus d'Ontinyent, Laboratorio Biomecánica, Avda. Conde de Torrefiel n° 22, 46870, Ontinyent, Spain.
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Avd. Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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Osmani F, Lago-Fuentes C, Alemany-Iturriaga J, Barcala-Furelos M. The relationship of muscle oxygen saturation analyzer with other monitoring and quantification tools in a maximal incremental treadmill test. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1155037. [PMID: 37275231 PMCID: PMC10232742 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1155037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The study aims to explore whether NIRS derived data can be used to identify the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) during a maximal incremental treadmill test in non-professional runners and to determine if there is a correlation between SmO2 and other valid and reliable exercise performance assessment measures or parameters for maximal incremental test, such as lactate concentration (LT), RPE, HR, and running power (W). Methods: 24 participants were recruited for the study (5 women and 19 men). The devices used consisted of the following: i) a muscle oxygen saturation analyzer placed on the vastus lateralis of the right leg, ii) the Stryd power meter for running, iii) the Polar H7 heart rate band; and iv) the lactate analyzer. In addition, a subjective perceived exertion scale (RPE 1-10) was used. All of the previously mentioned devices were used in a maximal incremental treadmill test, which began at a speed of 8 km/h with a 1% slope and a speed increase of 1.2 km/h every 3 min. This was followed by a 30-s break to collect the lactate data between each 3-min stage. Spearman correlation was carried out and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The VT2 was observed at 87,41 ± 6,47% of the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) of each participant. No relationship between lactate data and SmO2 values (p = 0.076; r = -0.156) at the VT2 were found. No significant correlations were found between the SmO2 variables and the other variables (p > 0.05), but a high level of significance and strong correlations were found between all the following variables: power data (W), heart rate (HR), lactate concentration (LT) and RPE (p < 0.05; r > 0.5). Discussion: SmO2 data alone were not enough to determine the VT2, and there were no significant correlations between SmO2 and the other studied variables during the maximal incremental treadmill test. Only 8 subjects had a breakpoint at the VT2 determined by lactate data. Conclusion: The NIRS tool, Humon Hex, does not seem to be useful in determining VT2 and it does not correlate with the other variables in a maximal incremental treadmill test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Osmani
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
| | - Carlos Lago-Fuentes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
| | - Josep Alemany-Iturriaga
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
| | - Martín Barcala-Furelos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
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Gandia-Soriano A, Salas-Montoro JA, Javaloyes A, Lorente-Casaus C, Zabala M, Priego Quesada JI, Mateo March M. Validity and reliability of two NIRS devices to measure resting hemoglobin in elite cyclists. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:875-880. [PMID: 35439835 DOI: 10.1055/a-1828-8499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new method to monitor internal training load from muscle oxygen saturation using near-infrared spectroscopy could be of practical application for research and training purposes. This technology has been validated in different scientific fields, including sport science, and Humon Hex and Moxy are two leading brands. However, its relationship with hemoglobin has not been studied. Forty-eight professional cyclists, 19 men and 29 women, underwent a blood test to measure hemoglobin in the early morning. Immediately afterwards, hemoglobin and muscle oxygenation were monitored at rest by Moxy and Humon Hex on their right quadriceps (where the skinfold was measured). Venous blood hemoglobin was higher than the measurement for both devices (p < 0.001). Both hemoglobin (p < 0.001) and muscle oxygen saturation measurements (p < 0.05) were higher in Humon Hex than for Moxy, and there was a reasonable reproducibility (ICC=0.35 for hemoglobin and 0.26 for muscle oxygen saturation). Skinfold had an inverse relationship with hemoglobin measurement (r = -0.85 p < 0.001 for Humon Hex and r = -0.75 p < 0.001 for Moxy). These findings suggest that resting hemoglobin data provided by these devices are not coincident with those of blood sample, and skinfold has an inverse relationship with blood hemoglobin measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Gandia-Soriano
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Biophysics and Medical Physics Group (GIFIME), Valencia, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Salas-Montoro
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, University of Granada, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Lorente-Casaus
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Biophysics and Medical Physics Group (GIFIME), Valencia, Spain
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, University of Granada, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego Quesada
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Biophysics and Medical Physics Group (GIFIME), Valencia, Spain.,Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Research Group in Sport Biomechanics (GIBD), Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Mateo March
- BMX, Spanish Cycling Federation, Alicante, Spain.,Sports Science, Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche, Elche, Spain
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