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Bjørkum AA, Griebel L, Birkeland E. Human serum proteomics reveals a molecular signature after one night of sleep deprivation. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 5:zpae042. [PMID: 39131770 PMCID: PMC11310596 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Study Objectives Sleep deprivation is highly prevalent and caused by conditions such as night shift work or illnesses like obstructive sleep apnea. Compromised sleep affects cardiovascular-, immune-, and neuronal systems. Recently, we published human serum proteome changes after a simulated night shift. This pilot proteomic study aimed to further explore changes in human blood serum after 6 hours of sleep deprivation at night. Methods Human blood serum samples from eight self-declared healthy females were analyzed using Orbitrap Eclipse mass spectrometry (MS-MS) and high-pressure liquid chromatography. We used a within-participant design, in which the samples were taken after 6 hours of sleep at night and after 6 hours of sleep deprivation the following night. Systems biological databases and bioinformatic software were used to analyze the data and comparative analysis were done with other published sleep-related proteomic datasets. Results Out of 494 proteins, 66 were found to be differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) after 6 hours of sleep deprivation. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the associations of these DEPs with several biological functions related to the altered regulation of cellular processes such as platelet degranulation and blood coagulation, as well as associations with different curated gene sets. Conclusions This study presents serum proteomic changes after 6 hours of sleep deprivation, supports previous findings showing that short sleep deprivation affects several biological processes, and reveals a molecular signature of proteins related to pathological conditions such as altered coagulation and platelet function, impaired lipid and immune function, and cell proliferation. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD045729. This paper is part of the Genetic and other molecular underpinnings of sleep, sleep disorders, and circadian rhythms including translational approaches Collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvhild Alette Bjørkum
- Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Leandra Griebel
- Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Even Birkeland
- The Proteomics Unit at The Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Fazlıoğlu N, Uysal P, Durmus S, Yurt S, Gelisgen R, Uzun H. Significance of Plasma Irisin, Adiponectin, and Retinol Binding Protein-4 Levels as Biomarkers for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Severity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1440. [PMID: 37892122 PMCID: PMC10604585 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep disorder that is caused by the reduction or cessation of airflow in the upper airway. Irisin, retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4), and adiponectin are the three significant factors in the metabolic process of the human body. The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma irisin, RBP-4, and adiponectin levels are associated with the severity of OSAS. METHODS According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 125 patients with OSAS and 46 healthy, gender-matched controls were included in this study. The patients were classified according to the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) as 14 mild cases (5 < AHI < 15), 23 moderate OSAS cases (15 < AHI < 30), and 88 severe OSAS cases (AHI > 30). The plasma irisin, RBP-4, and adiponectin levels were measured and compared between groups. RESULTS RBP-4 levels were higher in severe OSAS compared to other groups, and irisin levels were significantly lower in severe OSAS compared to other groups. There was a negative correlation between irisin and RBP-4 (r = -0.421; p < 0.001), and irisin and AHI (r = -0.834; p < 0.001), and a positive correlation between irisin and adiponectin (r = 0.240; p = 0.002). There was a negative correlation between RBP-4 and adiponectin (r = -0.507; p < 0.001) and a positive correlation between RBP-4 and AHI (r = 0.473; p < 0.001). As a predictor of OSAS, adiponectin showed the highest specificity (84.8%) and RBP-4 the highest sensitivity (92.0%). CONCLUSION Circulating adiponectin, irisin, and RBP-4 may be new biomarkers in OSAS patients in addition to risk factors such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. When polysomnography is not available, these parameters and clinical data can be used to diagnose the disease. As a result, patients with an AHI score greater than thirty should be closely monitored for metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Fazlıoğlu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Namık Kemal University, 59010 Tekirdag, Turkey;
| | - Pelin Uysal
- Maslak Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Sinem Durmus
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey; (S.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Sibel Yurt
- Basaksehir Cam and Sakura State Hospital, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Health Sciences, 34480 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Remise Gelisgen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey; (S.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Hafize Uzun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul Atlas University, 34403 Istanbul, Turkey
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Brzecka A, Martynowicz H, Daroszewski C, Majchrzak M, Ejma M, Misiuk-Hojło M, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Kosacka M. The Modulation of Adipokines, Adipomyokines, and Sleep Disorders on Carcinogenesis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072655. [PMID: 37048738 PMCID: PMC10094938 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and sarcopenia, i.e., decreased skeletal muscle mass and function, are global health challenges. Moreover, people with obesity and sedentary lifestyles often have sleep disorders. Despite the potential associations, metabolic disturbances linking obesity, sarcopenia, and sleep disorders with cancer are neither well-defined nor understood fully. Abnormal levels of adipokines and adipomyokines originating from both adipose tissue and skeletal muscles are observed in some patients with obesity, sarcopenia and sleep disorders, as well as in cancer patients. This warrants investigation with respect to carcinogenesis. Adipokines and adipomyokines may exert either pro-carcinogenic or anti-carcinogenic effects. These factors, acting independently or together, may significantly modulate the incidence and progression of cancer. This review indicates that one of the possible pathways influencing the development of cancer may be the mutual relationship between obesity and/or sarcopenia, sleep quantity and quality, and adipokines/adipomyokines excretion. Taking into account the high proportion of persons with obesity and sedentary lifestyles, as well as the associations of these conditions with sleep disturbances, more attention should be paid to the individual and combined effects on cancer pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brzecka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Grabiszyńska 105, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Helena Martynowicz
- Department of Internal and Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cyryl Daroszewski
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Grabiszyńska 105, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Majchrzak
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Ludwika Pasteura 1, Grabiszyńska105, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria Ejma
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Misiuk-Hojło
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Siva G. Somasundaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, 223 West Main Street, Salem, WV 26426, USA
| | - Cecil E. Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, 223 West Main Street, Salem, WV 26426, USA
| | - Monika Kosacka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Grabiszyńska 105, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming increasingly common as the global economy grows and living standards improve. Timely and effective preventions and treatments for NAFLD are urgently needed. Retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP4), the protein that transports retinol through the circulation, was found to be positively related to diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic diseases. Observational studies on the association between serum RBP4 level and the prevalence of NAFLD found contradictory results. Some of the underlying mechanisms responsible for this association have been revealed, and the possible clinical implications of treating NAFLD by targeting RBP4 have been demonstrated. Future studies should focus on the predictive value of RBP4 on NAFLD development and its potential as a therapeutic target in NAFLD.
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Flores-Cortez YA, Barragán-Bonilla MI, Mendoza-Bello JM, GonzÁlez-Calixto C, Flores-Alfaro E, Espinoza-Rojo M. Interplay of retinol binding protein 4 with obesity and associated chronic alterations (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:244. [PMID: 35656886 PMCID: PMC9185696 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease, defined as excessive fat deposition in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is responsible for the production and secretion of numerous adipokines that induce metabolic disorders. Retinol‑binding protein 4 (RBP4) is an adipokine that transports vitamin A or retinol in the blood. High levels of RBP4 are associated with development of metabolic disease, including obesity, insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The present review summarizes the role of RBP4 in obesity and associated chronic alterations. Excessive synthesis of RBP4 contributes to inflammatory characteristic of obesity by activation of immune cells and release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα and ILs, via the Toll‑like receptor/JNK pathway. The retinol‑RBP4 complex inhibits insulin signaling directly in adipocytes by activating Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/STAT5/suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 signaling. This mechanism is retinol‑dependent and requires vitamin A receptor stimulation by retinoic acid 6 (STRA6). In muscle, RBP4 is associated with increased serine 307 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate‑1, which decreases its affinity to PI3K and promotes IR. In the liver, RBP4 increases hepatic expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, which increases production of glucose. Elevated serum RBP4 levels are associated with β‑cell dysfunction in T2D via the STRA6/JAK2/STAT1/insulin gene enhancer protein 1 pathway. By contrast, RBP4 induces endothelial inflammation via the NF‑κB/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase pathway independently of retinol and STRA6, which stimulates expression of proinflammatory molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, E‑selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and TNFα. RBP4 promotes oxidative stress by decreasing endothelial mitochondrial function; overall, it may serve as a useful biomarker in the diagnosis of obesity and prognosis of associated disease, as well as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaccil Adilene Flores-Cortez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomic, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39087, Mexico
| | - Martha I. Barragán-Bonilla
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomic, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39087, Mexico
| | - Juan M. Mendoza-Bello
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomic, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39087, Mexico
| | | | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39087, Mexico
| | - Mónica Espinoza-Rojo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genomic, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39087, Mexico
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Imani MM, Sadeghi M, Farokhzadeh F, Khazaie H, Brand S, Dürsteler KM, Brühl A, Sadeghi-Bahmani D. Evaluation of Blood Levels of C-Reactive Protein Marker in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040362. [PMID: 33921787 PMCID: PMC8073992 DOI: 10.3390/life11040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Introduction: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and CRP are inflammatory biomarkers associated with several inflammatory diseases. In both pediatric and adult individuals with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) higher hs-CRP and CRP were observed, compared to controls. With the present systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression we expand upon previous meta-analyses in four ways: (1) We included 109 studies (96 in adults and 13 in children); (2) we reported subgroup and meta-regression analyses in adults with OSA compared to controls on the serum and plasma levels of hs-CRP; (3) we reported subgroup and meta-regression analyses in adults with OSA compared to controls on the serum and plasma levels of CRP; (4) we reported serum and plasma levels of both hs-CRP and CRP in children with OSA, always compared to controls. (2) Materials and Methods: The PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched to retrieve articles published until 31 May 2020, with no restrictions. The data included basic information involving the first author, publication year, country of study, ethnicity of participants in each study, age, BMI, and AHI of both groups, and mean and standard deviation (SD) of plasma and serum levels of CRP and hs-CRP. (3) Results: A total of 1046 records were retrieved from the databases, and 109 studies were selected for the analysis (96 studies reporting the blood levels of hs-CRP/CRP in adults and 13 studies in children). For adults, 11 studies reported plasma hs-CRP, 44 serum hs-CRP, 9 plasma CRP, and 32 serum CRP levels. For children, 6 studies reported plasma hs-CRP, 4 serum hs-CRP, 1 plasma CRP, and 2 serum CRP levels. Compared to controls, the pooled MD of plasma hs-CRP levels in adults with OSA was 0.11 mg/dL (p < 0.00001). Compared to controls, the pooled MD of serum hs-CRP levels in adults with OSA was 0.09 mg/dL (p < 0.00001). Compared to controls, the pooled MD of plasma CRP levels in adults with OSA was 0.06 mg/dL (p = 0.72). Compared to controls, the pooled MD of serum CRP levels in adults with OSA was 0.36 mg/dL (p < 0.00001). Compared to controls, the pooled MD of plasma hs-CRP, serum hs-CRP, plasma hs-CRP, and serum hs-CRP in children with OSA was 1.17 mg/dL (p = 0.005), 0.18 mg/dL (p = 0.05), 0.08 mg/dL (p = 0.10), and 0.04 mg/dL (p = 0.33), respectively. The meta-regression showed that with a greater apnea-hypapnea index (AHI), serum hs-CRP levels were significantly higher. (4) Conclusions: The results of the present systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression showed that compared to healthy controls plasma and serum levels of hs-CRP and serum CRP level were higher in adults with OSA; for children, and compared to controls, just plasma hs-CRP levels in children with OSA were higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moslem Imani
- Department of Orthodontics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran;
| | - Masoud Sadeghi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran;
| | - Farid Farokhzadeh
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran;
| | - Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran; (H.K.); (D.S.-B.)
| | - Serge Brand
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran; (H.K.); (D.S.-B.)
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67146, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 25529, Iran
- Correspondence:
| | - Kenneth M. Dürsteler
- Psychiatric Clinics, Division of Substance Use Disorders, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Brühl
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran; (H.K.); (D.S.-B.)
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67146, Iran
- Departments of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35209, USA
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Lee T, Wulfovich S, Kettler E, Nation J. Incidence of cure and residual obstructive sleep apnea in obese children after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy stratified by age group. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 139:110394. [PMID: 33022556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current clinical guidelines by the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends adenotonsillectomy (T&A) as the first-line treatment for pediatric OSA. However, obese children experience a decreased incidence of cure from T&A compared to non-obese children, with obesity increasing risk of residual post-operative OSA by up to 3.7-fold. In addition to obesity, increased age has also been linked to more severe baseline OSA, among other factors. In this study, we examined how age effects the post-operative outcome in obese children with OSA. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed to assess post-operative T&A polysomnography outcomes of obese children. Inclusion criteria included patients who were 17 years old and younger, underwent T&A, were obese and had both pre- and post-operative sleep studies. The patients were split into 3 different groups based on their age: Group 1 (0-6 years old), Group 2 (7-11 years old), and Group 3 (12-17 years old). RESULTS 55 patients were included in the study: 13 in Group 1, 20 in Group 2, and 22 in Group 3. For Groups 1, 2, and 3 respectively, data averages were BMI percentile 99.20, 98.49, and 98.92 (P = 2.77); z-score 2.79, 2.36, and 2.45 (P = 0.026), tonsil size 3.17, 3.15, and 3.23 (P = 0.898), adenoid size 2.42, 2.05, and 1.77 (P = 0.015), time between the preoperative and postoperative PSG 179, 240, and 202 days (P = 0.481), and time from surgery to postoperative PSG 126, 170, and 127 days (P = 0.544). The average preoperative oAHI was 52.56, 41.23, and 43.49 (P = 0.732), post-operative oAHI was 1.94, 4.79, and 4.44 (P=.417); and change in oAHI was 50.62, 36.44, and 39.25 (P = 0.617). When comparing the age group of 0-6-year-olds to the older remaining patients, the post-operative oAHI was the only variable to show a significant difference between the two-groups with a P value of 0.038. The percentage of patients with post-operative resolution of OSA (oAHI<2), mild, moderate, and severe OSA, respectively, were 53%, 29%, 9%, and 9% for all patients, 70%, 23.1%, 7%, and 0% for group 1; 50%, 35%, 5%, and 10% for group 2; and 45%, 27%, 13%, and 13% for group 3. The percent of the patients requiring post-surgical nighttime airway support were 18%, 7%, 15%, and 26% for Groups All, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. CONCLUSION We found that despite having the highest rates of obesity and the most severe OSA, obese patients under 7 years old performed better following T&A, with greater cure rate, overall reduction of oAHI, and decreased need for post-surgical nighttime airway support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya Lee
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, United States
| | - Sharon Wulfovich
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, United States
| | - Ellen Kettler
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, United States
| | - Javan Nation
- Rady Children's Hospital San Diego Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, United States; University of California San Diego Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, United States.
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Kim GH, Yi SS. Chronic oral administration of Passiflora incarnata extract has no abnormal effects on metabolic and behavioral parameters in mice, except to induce sleep. Lab Anim Res 2020; 35:31. [PMID: 32257918 PMCID: PMC7081546 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the number of prescriptions and dependence on sleeping pills are increasing, the associations with unexpected abnormal behaviors and metabolic diseases caused by the overuse of sleeping pills are not well understood. In particular, such as abnormal eating-behavior and the occurrence of metabolic disorders caused by psychological unstable states are reported. For this reason, herbal medicine, which has not had such side effects in recent years, is attracting attention as an alternative medicine/food for sleeping inducer. We have used ethanol extracts from Passiflora incarnata (PI) to steadily obtain positive effects on sleep and brain microenvironment. However, as mentioned earlier, sleep-inducing efficacy can only be used safely if the behavioral and metabolic abnormalities do not appear. Thus, in this study, we used Phenomaster equipment to continuously monitor the movement, feeding, water consumption, gas changes, etc. in C57BL/6 mice at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days with PI extract group compared with the control group. Before sacrifice, differences in body composition of mice were also compared. Monitoring of 24 h/5 days through the equipment showed no change in PI-treated group in anything except for significant decrease in blood melatonin levels and activity after PI administration. Taken together, the statistically insignificance of any behavioral and metabolic phenomenon produced by repeated treatment of PI are not only expected to have an accurate sleep effect, but are also free of side effects of the prescribed sleeping pills. This study has given us greater confidence in the safety of the PI extracts we use for sleep-inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Shin Yi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
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Silva LOE, Guimarães TM, Luz GP, Coelho G, Badke L, Almeida IR, Millani-Carneiro A, Tufik S, Bittencourt L, Togeiro SM. Metabolic Profile in Patients with Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2017; 16:6-12. [PMID: 29148894 DOI: 10.1089/met.2017.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder in adults. However, it is not clear whether mild OSA has significant metabolic complications. This study examined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with mild OSA compared to control group. METHODS Adults (18-65 years of age) of both genders with a body mass index (BMI) ≤35 kg/m2 were included. The mild OSA group comprised of patients with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) score of ≥5 but ≤15 events/hr of sleep, independent of other symptoms. The control group (CG) comprised individuals with an AHI of <5 events/hr of sleep and an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of <10. The following were used for both groups: two questionnaires on sleepiness, the maintenance of wakefulness test, and full-night polysomnography. Anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples were obtained, including fasting glucose and insulin, total cholesterol and its subfractions [low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c)], triglycerides (TG), and the TG/HDL-c ratio. In addition, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index and homeostasis model assessment indices were calculated. RESULTS Thirty-two percent of mild OSA patients had MS, 43.5% of mild OSA patients had hypertension, 14% showed dyslipidemia, and 56% had prediabetes. The OSA group showed increased TG (CG: 90.0 ± 51.9 vs. OSA: 140.3 ± 78.2 mg/dL, P = 0.004), and TG/HDL-c (CG: 1.9 ± 1.4 vs. OSA: 3.1 ± 2.0, P = 0.05), independent of adjustments. Independent of obesity (BMI <30 kg/m2), there was a negative correlation between total cholesterol and TG with mean oxygen saturation, independent of obesity (BMI <30 kg/m2). CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed dysregulation in lipid profiles after adjustments for confounders in the mild OSA group, and there was a correlation between these parameters and sleep hypoxemia. The TG/HDL-c ratio in particular was high, suggesting that it might be investigated as a marker of a detrimental metabolic profile in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Oliveira E Silva
- 1 Disciplina de Medicina e Biologia do Sono, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais M Guimarães
- 1 Disciplina de Medicina e Biologia do Sono, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela P Luz
- 2 Departamento de Pneumologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaury Coelho
- 1 Disciplina de Medicina e Biologia do Sono, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Badke
- 2 Departamento de Pneumologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ildonete R Almeida
- 1 Disciplina de Medicina e Biologia do Sono, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Millani-Carneiro
- 1 Disciplina de Medicina e Biologia do Sono, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- 1 Disciplina de Medicina e Biologia do Sono, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lia Bittencourt
- 1 Disciplina de Medicina e Biologia do Sono, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia M Togeiro
- 1 Disciplina de Medicina e Biologia do Sono, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
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Chang X, Yan H, Bian H, Xia M, Zhang L, Gao J, Gao X. Serum retinol binding protein 4 is associated with visceral fat in human with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease without known diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:28. [PMID: 25890223 PMCID: PMC4419494 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High serum Retinol Binding Protein 4 (RBP4) levels were associated with insulin-resistant states in humans. To determine which fat compartments are associated with elevated RBP4 levels in humans, we measured serum RBP4 and hepatic fat content (HFC), visceral (VFA) and subcutaneous abdominal fat area (SFA) in 106 subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) without known diabetes. Methods 106 patients with NAFLD (M/F: 61/45, aged 47.44 ± 14.16 years) were enrolled. Subjects with known diabetes, chronic virus hepatitis, and those with alcohol consumption ≥30 g/d in man and ≥20 g/d in woman were excluded. Anthropometrics and laboratory tests, including lipid profile, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) were conducted. HFC, VFA and SFA were determined by CT scan. Serum RBP4 was detected by an enzyme immunoassay kit and validated by quantitative Western blotting. Results Circulating RBP4 was negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (r = −0.392, p < 0.001), but positively with waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (r = 0.343, p = 0.001), triglyceride (r = 0.330, p = 0.002), VFA (r = 0.298, p = 0.027), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.247, p = 0.020), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.241, p = 0.023), γ-GT (r = 0.239, p = 0.034), waist circumference (r = 0.218, p = 0.040). Differently, serum RBP4 levels were not associated with HFC (r = 0.199, p = 0.071), SFA, age, BMI, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), ALT or AST (all p > 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that RBP4 correlated independently with VFA (Standard β = 0.357, p = 0.019) and HDL-c (Standard β = −0.345, p = 0.023) in all subjects, HDL-c (Standard β = −0.315, p = 0.040) in men, VFA/SFA in women (Standard β = 0.471, p = 0.049), not with HFC. However, serum RBP4 was positively correlated with HFC when HFC below 6.34% (r = 0.574, p = 0.001). Conclusions RBP4 could be a marker of abdominal obesity, however, the role of RBP4 in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is not sufficiently elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Hongmei Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Hua Bian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Linshan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of clinical nutrition, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Lam DCL, Lam KSL, Ip MSM. Obstructive sleep apnoea, insulin resistance and adipocytokines. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:165-77. [PMID: 25154902 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with multiple cardiometabolic abnormalities. Obesity is considered a major risk factor for the development of OSA, and it is also an established risk factor for insulin resistance and other cardiometabolic disorders. The enigma remains whether OSA has any causal role in the adverse metabolic profile, independent of or beyond that due to obesity. Sleep apnoeas and hypopnoeas result directly in intermittent hypoxaemia and cerebral arousals, both of which may evoke a cascade of downstream biologic responses in various body tissues and cells. Adipose tissue is a major source of adipocytokines many of which play important roles in the regulation of various metabolic functions. It is hypothesized that OSA may, through its unique pathophysiology, affect metabolic function through modulation of production or action of adipocytokines. This review focuses on insulin resistance, glucose metabolism and relevant adipocytokines in the context of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C L Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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12
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Maresca F, Palma VD, Bevilacqua M, Uccello G, Taglialatela V, Giaquinto A, Esposito G, Trimarco B, Cirillo P. Adipokines, Vascular Wall, and Cardiovascular Disease. Angiology 2015; 66:8-24. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319713520463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence has shown that abdominal obesity is closely associated with the development of cardiovascular (CV) disease, suggesting that it might be considered as an independent CV risk factor. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the association between these 2 clinical entities remain largely unknown. Adipocytes are considered able to produce and secrete chemical mediators known as “adipokines” that may exert several biological actions, including those on heart and vessels. Of interest, a different adipokine profile can be observed in the plasma of patients with obesity or metabolic syndrome compared with healthy controls. We consider the main adipokines, focusing on their effects on the vascular wall and analyzing their role in CV pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Maresca
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vito Di Palma
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Bevilacqua
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Uccello
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittorio Taglialatela
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giaquinto
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Plinio Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
The ever growing prevalence of childhood obesity is being accompanied by an increase in the pediatric population of diseases once believed to be exclusive of the adulthood such as the metabolic syndrome (MS). The MS has been defined as the link between insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and other metabolic abnormalities associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in adults. In this review, we will discuss the peculiar aspects of the pediatric MS and the role of novel molecules and biomarkers in its pathogenesis.
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14
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Rocha M, Bañuls C, Bellod L, Rovira-Llopis S, Morillas C, Solá E, Víctor VM, Hernández-Mijares A. Association of serum retinol binding protein 4 with atherogenic dyslipidemia in morbid obese patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78670. [PMID: 24223837 PMCID: PMC3817034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is an adipokine that may contribute to the development of insulin resistance. However, how this adipokine is affected and its possible involvement in lipid metabolism in obese patients with varying degrees of insulin resistance is yet to be determined. A total of 299 middle-aged morbid obese patients (BMI>40 kg/m(2)) were divided in euglycemic, metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetic. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical variables and systemic RBP4 levels were determined. RBP4 levels were significantly higher in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes than in euglycemic subjects (42.9±14.6; 42.3±17.0 and 37.4±11.7 µg/ml, respectively) and correlated with triglycerides but not with those of HOMA-IR in the whole population. The multivariate regression model revealed that triglycerides were the strongest predictor of systemic RBP4 levels. Analysis of lipoprotein subfractions in a subpopulation of 80 subjects showed an altered profile of insulin resistant states characterized by higher VLDL, sdLDL and small HDL percentages and lower large HDL percentage. Although RBP4 levels correlated significantly with LDL particle size and small HDL percentage, the latter parameter was independently associated only with RBP4. Our study reveals that systemic RBP4 levels could play an important role in lipid metabolism in morbid obesity, increasing triglyceride levels and contributing to the formation of small HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Rocha
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Healthcare and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER CB06/04/0071 Research Group. CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Bañuls
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorena Bellod
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Healthcare and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana Rovira-Llopis
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Healthcare and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Morillas
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Healthcare and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Solá
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Healthcare and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor M. Víctor
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Healthcare and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER CB06/04/0071 Research Group. CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Hernández-Mijares
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Healthcare and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Santoro N, Weiss R. Metabolic syndrome in youth: current insights and novel serum biomarkers. Biomark Med 2013; 6:719-27. [PMID: 23227837 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Paralleling the worldwide epidemic in childhood obesity, in the last decade we have observed a rise in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in pediatrics. The MetS comprises a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors. Multiple definitions have been proposed for the syndrome in the pediatric age group, but they are very difficult to test and validate. Thus, in this paper we will discuss the current knowledge in pediatric MetS and the potential role of novel biomarkers in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Santoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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16
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Murase K, Mori K, Yoshimura C, Aihara K, Chihara Y, Azuma M, Harada Y, Toyama Y, Tanizawa K, Handa T, Hitomi T, Oga T, Mishima M, Chin K. Association between plasma neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin level and obstructive sleep apnea or nocturnal intermittent hypoxia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54184. [PMID: 23342100 PMCID: PMC3544801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and a novel lipocalin, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (Ngal), have been reported to be closely linked with cardiovascular disease and loss of kidney function through chronic inflammation. However, the relationship between OSA and Ngal has never been investigated. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relationship between Ngal and OSA in clinical practice. METHODS In 102 patients, polysomnography was performed to diagnose OSA and plasma Ngal levels were measured. The correlations between Ngal levels and OSA severity and other clinical variables were evaluated. Of the 46 patients who began treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), Ngal levels were reevaluated after three months of treatment in 25 patients. RESULTS The Ngal level correlated significantly with OSA severity as determined by the apnea hypopnea index (r = 0.24, p = 0.01) and 4% oxygen desaturation index (ODI) (r = 0.26, p = 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that the Ngal level was associated with 4%ODI independently of other clinical variables. Compliance was good in 13 of the 25 patients who used CPAP. Although the OSA (4%ODI: 33.1±16.7 to 1.1±1.9/h, p<0.01) had significantly improved in those with good compliance, the Ngal levels were not significantly changed (60.5±18.1 before CPAP vs 64.2±13.9 ng/ml after CPAP, p = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS Plasma Ngal levels were positively associated with the severity of OSA. However, the contribution rate of OSA to systemic Ngal secretion was small and changes in Ngal levels appeared to be influenced largely by other confounding factors. Therefore, it does not seem reasonable to use the Ngal level as a specific biomarker of OSA in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Murase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Mori
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chikara Yoshimura
- Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kensaku Aihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuichi Chihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Red Cross Otsu Hospital, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masanori Azuma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuka Harada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Toyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiminobu Tanizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Handa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takefumi Hitomi
- Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Oga
- Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiaki Mishima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Chin
- Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Hoggard N, Agouni A, Mody N, Delibegovic M. Serum levels of RBP4 and adipose tissue levels of PTP1B are increased in obese men resident in northeast Scotland without associated changes in ER stress response genes. Int J Gen Med 2012; 5:403-11. [PMID: 22615536 PMCID: PMC3355846 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s25879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is an adipokine identified as a marker of insulin resistance in mice and humans. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) expression levels as well as other genes involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response are increased in adipose tissue of obese, high-fat-diet-fed mice. In this study we investigated if serum and/or adipose tissue RBP4 protein levels and expression levels of PTP1B and other ER stress-response genes are altered in obese and obese/diabetic men resident in northeast Scotland. Methods We studied three groups of male volunteers: (1) normal/overweight (body mass index [BMI] < 30), (2) obese (BMI > 30), and (3) obese/diabetic (BMI > 30) controlling their diabetes either by diet or the antidiabetic drug metformin. We analyzed their serum and adipose tissue RBP4 protein levels as well as adipose tissue mRNA expression of PTP1B, binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP), activated transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) alongside other markers of adiposity (percentage body fat, leptin, cholesterol, triglycerides) and insulin resistance (oral glucose tolerance tests, insulin, homeostatic model assessment–insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, and adiponectin). Results We found that obese Scottish subjects had significantly higher serum RBP4 protein levels in comparison to the normal/overweight subjects (P < 0.01). Serum RBP4 levels were normalized in obese/diabetic subjects treated with diet or metformin (P < 0.05). Adipose tissue RBP4 protein levels were comparable between all three groups of subjects as were serum and adipose transthyretin levels. Adipose tissue PTP1B mRNA levels were increased in obese subjects in comparison to normal/overweight subjects (P < 0.05); however diet and/or metformin treatment did not reverse this effect. Adipose tissue BIP, ATF4, and GRP94 expression levels were unchanged in obese and obese/diabetic subjects. Conclusions Human obesity results in an increase in serum but not adipose tissue RBP4 protein levels, and these are normalized in obese/diabetic subjects, which exhibit improvements in insulin sensitivity through diet or metformin treatment. However, while adipose tissue PTP1B mRNA levels increase in obese Scottish subjects, these remain high in obese/diabetics on diet or metformin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Hoggard
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Salgado-Somoza A, Teijeira-Fernández E, Rubio J, Couso E, González-Juanatey JR, Eiras S. Coronary artery disease is associated with higher epicardial retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and lower glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 levels in epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76:51-8. [PMID: 21645024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), produced by adipocytes and hepatocytes, contributes to an unfavourable lipid profile and insulin resistance, which can contribute to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Recently, several studies have shown that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) differs from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and plays a role on the physiopathology of CAD because of its proximity to the coronary arteries. We aimed to study the expression and secretion levels of RBP4 in both fat tissues and explore its possible association with CAD. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fifty-eight patients undergoing heart surgery were included in the study. We analysed RBP4 mRNA expression by real-time PCR, protein expression by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, and secretion of EAT and SAT explants from CAD and non-CAD patients by Enzyme Immunoassay. RESULTS Retinol-binding protein 4 is expressed at similar levels in EAT and SAT, mainly from adipocytes. Protein levels were higher in EAT from CAD than non-CAD patients (0·63 ± 0·09 arbitrary units (a.u).; n = 10) vs (0·41 ± 0·04 a.u.; n = 13, P = 0·039). In contrast, GLUT4 mRNA levels were lower in EAT from CAD than non-CAD patients (6·55 ± 0·16 a.u.; n = 13) vs (7·21 ± 0·18 a.u.; n = 14, P = 0·012). We also found differential expression in SAT between samples from CAD and non-CAD patients [(6·63 ± 0·16 a.u.; n = 14) vs (7·21 ± 0·14 a.u.; n = 14, P = 0·009)]. Besides, EAT releases higher RBP4 levels than SAT after 3, 6, 24 and 48 h of culture. These levels were independent of CAD but significantly higher in diabetic than nondiabetic patients. CONCLUSION Retinol-binding protein 4 levels behave differently in EAT and SAT with respect to CAD. However, both adipose tissues have lower GLUT4 levels in patients with CAD. These findings suggest a differential regulation of RBP4 production in EAT and SAT that may be influenced by local factors.
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Abstract
Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ secreting biologically active factors called adipokines that act on both local and distant tissues. Adipokines have an important role in the development of obesity-related comorbidities not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a recently identified adipokine suggested to link obesity with its comorbidities, especially insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and certain components of the metabolic syndrome. However, data, especially resulting from the clinical studies, are conflicting. In this review, we summarize up-to-date knowledge on RBP4's role in obesity, development of insulin resistance, and T2D. Special attention is given to studies on children and adolescents. We also discuss the role of possible confounding factors that should be taken into account when critically evaluating published studies or planning new studies on this exciting adipokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primoz Kotnik
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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20
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Sarac F, Basoglu OK, Gunduz C, Bayrak H, Biray Avci C, Akcicek F. Association of osteopontin and tumor necrosis factor-α levels with insulin resistance in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:528-33. [PMID: 20935448 DOI: 10.3275/7287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to compare the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and osteopontin levels, to identify the relationship between insulin resistance (IR) and osteopontin levels in obese patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). METHOD The study population included 62 obese patients (35 males, 27 females) with OSAS and was compared with 26 obese patients (16 males, 10 females) without OSAS as a control group. Polysomnographic evaluation, spirometric tests and arterial blood gas sampling were performed on the obese patients with OSAS. Plasma levels of TNF-α and osteopontin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays during the process. IR was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). RESULTS Mean plasma levels of fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA, liver function test, hematocrit, leukocyte, TSH, free T4, fibrinogen, TNF-α, and osteopontin were similar in the 2 groups. In patients with OSAS, mean osteopontin levels were positively correlated with mean fasting insulin levels (r=0.306, p=0.01), HOMA (r=0.299, p=0.01), apnea-hypopnea index (r=0.377, p=0.03) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (r=0.299, p=0.01). However, mean TNF-α levels were negatively correlated with Epworth Sleepiness Scale (r=-0.298, p=0.01) in the patients with OSAS. CONCLUSIONS It was observed that TNF-α and osteopontin levels showed no difference between obese patients with and without OSAS. However, osteopontin levels increased with fasting insulin, IR, OSAS severity, and daytime sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sarac
- Department of Geriatrics, Ege University Medical Faculty, 5th Floor, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Short sleep duration is associated with systemic inflammation and diabetes; however the mechanisms by which reduced sleep leads to these complications are unclear. One possibility is sleep may impact secretion of adipocyte derived hormones that regulate inflammation and insulin resistance. In this study we assessed the association between sleep duration and 3 adipokine levels. METHODS A total of 561 adults from the Cleveland Family Study underwent standardized laboratory polysomnography followed by a morning fasting blood draw assayed for leptin, visfatin, and retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4) levels. RESULTS The cohort had an age of 44.5 (16.1) years and total sleep time (TST) of 6.2 (1.3) hours (mean [SD]). Each hour reduction in TST was associated with a 10% increase in leptin (P = 0.01) and a 14% increase in visfatin levels (P = 0.03) in analyses adjusted for age, gender, and race. After additional adjustment for obesity, sleep apnea severity, hypertension, and diabetes, each hour reduction in TST was associated with a 6% increase in leptin (P = 0.01) and a 14% increase in visfatin levels (P = 0.02). Leptin increased by 15% (P = 0.01) and visfatin increased by 31% (P = 0.05) for every 1-h decrease in REM sleep. In contrast, no association between sleep duration and RBP4 was found. CONCLUSIONS Reduced sleep and reduced REM sleep are associated with elevations in leptin and visfatin, 2 adipokines associated with inflammation and insulin resistance. Further investigation of the effect of sleep on adipose tissue function should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Hayes
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University Hospital Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Fang Xu
- Center for Clinical Investigation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH
| | - Denise Babineau
- Center for Clinical Investigation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH
| | - Sanjay R. Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University Hospital Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Arens R, Sin S, Nandalike K, Rieder J, Khan UI, Freeman K, Wylie-Rosett J, Lipton ML, Wootton DM, McDonough JM, Shifteh K. Upper airway structure and body fat composition in obese children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 183:782-7. [PMID: 20935105 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201008-1249oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Mechanisms leading to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in obese children are not well understood. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine anatomical risk factors associated with OSAS in obese children as compared with obese control subjects without OSAS. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine the size of upper airway structure, and body fat composition. Paired analysis was used to compare between groups. Mixed effects regression models and conditional multiple logistic regression models were used to determine whether body mass index (BMI) Z-score was an effect modifier of each anatomic characteristic as it relates to OSAS. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We studied 22 obese subjects with OSAS (12.5 ± 2.8 yr; BMI Z-score, 2.4 ± 0.4) and 22 obese control subjects (12.3 ± 2.9 yr; BMI Z-score, 2.3 ± 0.3). As compared with control subjects, subjects with OSAS had a smaller oropharynx (P < 0.05) and larger adenoid (P < 0.01), tonsils (P < 0.05), and retropharyngeal nodes (P < 0.05). The size of lymphoid tissues correlated with severity of OSAS whereas BMI Z-score did not have a modifier effect on these tissues. Subjects with OSAS demonstrated increased size of parapharyngeal fat pads (P < 0.05) and abdominal visceral fat (P < 0.05). The size of these tissues did not correlate with severity of OSAS and BMI Z-score did not have a modifier effect on these tissues. CONCLUSIONS Upper airway lymphoid hypertrophy is significant in obese children with OSAS. The lack of correlation of lymphoid tissue size with obesity suggests that this hypertrophy is caused by other mechanisms. Although the parapharyngeal fat pads and abdominal visceral fat are larger in obese children with OSAS we could not find a direct association with severity of OSAS or with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raanan Arens
- Division of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
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Update on Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Its Associated Metabolic Abnormalities: Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-010-0083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies have been found in obese individuals across age groups worldwide. While the effects of micronutrient deficiencies on human functions have been studied widely in different populations, there is limited information on how these micronutrient deficiencies affect obese populations. An examination of the available literature suggests associations exist between micronutrient deficiencies and obesity in different populations. These associations and possible mechanisms of the deficiencies' metabolic effects, such as their influence on leptin and insulin metabolism, are discussed here. Further studies are needed to clarify the roles of the different micronutrient deficiencies with respect to obesity and its comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P García
- School of Natural Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Juriquilla, Mexico.
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Serum retinol binding protein 4 in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:1183-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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