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Del Coso J, Rodas G, Soler-Aguinaga A, López-Del Campo R, Resta R, González-Rodenas J, Ferrandis J, Moreno-Pérez V. ACTN3 XX Genotype Negatively Affects Running Performance and Increases Muscle Injury Incidence in LaLiga Football Players. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:386. [PMID: 38540445 PMCID: PMC10969915 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the ACTN3 rs1815739 polymorphism with match running performance and injury incidence in top-level professional football players. A total of 315 top-level professional football players from the first division of Spanish football (i.e., LaLiga) participated in this prospective and descriptive study. The ACTN3 rs1815739 genotype was identified for each player using genomic DNA samples. During LaLiga 2021-2022, players' performance was obtained through a validated camera system in all official matches. Additionally, the incidence of non-contact injuries was obtained by each team's medical staff according to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) statement. From the study sample, 116 (36.8%) players had the RR genotype, 156 (49.5%) had the RX genotype, and 43 (13.7%) had the XX genotype. The anthropometric characteristics of the players were similar across genotypes. However, the total running distance (p = 0.046), the distance at 21.0-23.9 km/h (p = 0.042), and the number of sprints (p = 0.042) were associated with the ACTN3 genotype. In all these variables, XX players had lower match performance values than RR players. Additionally, total and match injury incidences were higher in XX players than in RR players (p = 0.026 and 0.009, respectively). The rate of muscle injuries was also higher in XX players (p = 0.016). LaLiga football players with the ACTN3 XX genotype had lower match running performance and a higher incidence of non-contact injuries over the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (J.F.)
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department & Barça Innovation Hub, Fútbol Club Barcelona, 08038 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | | | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of Competitions, La Liga, 28043 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-D.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Joaquín González-Rodenas
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (J.F.)
| | - Jordi Ferrandis
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (J.F.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, “San Vicente Mártir”, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain;
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Translational Research Centre of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Miguel Hernandez University, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Silva ACD, Mapa V, Ferreira-Júnior JB, Oliveira ECD, Becker LK, Rosse I, Coelho DB. Progressive strength training can reverse sarcopenia stage in middle-aged and older adults regardless of their genetic profile. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 117:105182. [PMID: 37688919 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the association of the ACTN3-R577X polymorphism with sarcopenia stage, according to the Revised European Consensus on the Definition and Diagnosis of Sarcopenia, in middle-aged and older adults, pre- and post- ST. In the 12-week longitudinal study, 71 middle-aged and older adults were evaluated; the participants were assigned to either control or intervention group. The intervention group underwent progressive ST three times a week. All participants underwent blood collection, DNA extraction, genotyping of the ACTN3-R577X polymorphism, anthropometric evaluations, and diagnostic tests for sarcopenia. The last two tests were repeated after 12 weeks. No association of the ACTN3-R577X polymorphism with sarcopenia stage was observed before and after 12 weeks. However, the intervention group remained non-sarcopenic (n = 25, p <0.05) or achieved changes in sarcopenia stage (from sarcopenic to non-sarcopenic) (n = 13, p <0.05). Our study demonstrates that progressive ST performed regularly can reverse or prevent sarcopenia regardless of genotype for the ACTN3-R577X polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Mapa
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João B Ferreira-Júnior
- Department of Physical Education, Federal Institute of Southeast Minas Gerais - Campus Rio Pomba, Rio Pomba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emerson C de Oliveira
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Physical Education and Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lenice K Becker
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Physical Education and Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Izinara Rosse
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Pharmacy, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Coelho
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Physical Education and Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Zouhal H, Coso JD, Jayavel A, Tourny C, Ravé G, Jebabli N, Clark CCT, Barthélémy B, Hackney AC, Abderrahman AB. Association between ACTN3 R577X genotype and risk of non-contact injury in trained athletes: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:359-368. [PMID: 34284153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to review, systematically, evidence concerning the link between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and the rates and severity of non-contact injuries and exercise-induced muscle damage in athletes and individuals enrolled in exercise training programs. METHODS A computerized literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus, from inception until November 2020. All included studies compared the epidemiological characteristics of non-contact injury between the different genotypes of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism. RESULTS Our search identified 492 records. After the screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts, 13 studies examining the association between the ACTN3 genotypes and the rate and severity of non-contact injury were included in the analysis. These studies were performed in 6 different countries (Spain, Japan, Brazil, China, the Republic of Korea, and Italy) and involved a total participant pool of 1093 participants. Of the studies, 2 studies involved only women, 5 studies involved only men, and 6 studies involved both men and women. All the studies included were classified as high-quality studies (≥6 points in the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale score). Overall, evidence suggests there is an association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and non-contact injury in 12 investigations. Six studies observed a significant association between ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and exercise induced muscle damage: 2 with non-contact ankle injury, 3 with non-contact muscle injury, and 1 with overall non-contact injury. CONCLUSION The present findings support the premise that possessing the ACTN3 XX genotype may predispose athletes to a higher probability of some non-contact injuries, such as muscle injury, ankle sprains, and higher levels of exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé)-EA 1274, Department of Sport Sciences, University of Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France.
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Rey Juan Carlos University, Centre for Sport Studies, Madrid 28032, Spain
| | - Ayyappan Jayavel
- SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Claire Tourny
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, CETAPS EA 3832, F-76821, France
| | | | - Nidhal Jebabli
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | | | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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Fujimoto T, Hyodo Y, Ishimura T, Tashiro Y, Endo T, Nisioka S, Yokoyama N, Yamamoto K, Yano I, Fujisawa M. Association of Alpha-Actinin-3 Polymorphism With Sarcopenia in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2023:S0041-1345(23)00150-1. [PMID: 37037724 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function and is associated with increased mortality. Certain genetic polymorphisms represent risk factors used to assess the incidence of sarcopenia; however, few studies have evaluated the association between genetic polymorphisms and sarcopenia after kidney transplantation (KTx). We examined single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes involved in sarcopenia after KTx. METHODS Sixty-five patients who underwent KTx were enrolled in this study. We used the psoas mass index (PMI; the cross-sectional area of the bilateral psoas muscle/height) as a surrogate marker for assessing the extent of sarcopenia. We determined the PMI before KTx and 1 year after KTx, and we identified 5 SNPs in 5 genes associated with sarcopenia in the general population. Finally, the link between the changes in PMI 1 year after KTx and each SNP was examined. RESULTS The median PMI before KTx and 1 year after KTx was 7.4 (4.6-13.2) and 7.0 (3.6-13.6), respectively. The PMI decreased in 43 patients (66.2%). The alpha-actinin-3 rs1815739 genotype was associated with changes in PMI; the distribution of CT+TT genotypes in the PMI decrease group was significantly higher than that of the CC genotype (odds ratio, 4.23; 95% CI 0.05-0.97; P = 0.025). Moreover, the T allele frequency was significantly higher in the PMI decrease group than in the PMI increase group (odds ratio, 2.34; 95% CI 0.18-0.950; P = 0.025). CONCLUSION The alpha-actinin-3 rs1815739 genotype may represent a genetic risk factor for sarcopenia after KTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fujimoto
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery Related, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoji Hyodo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery Related, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Ishimura
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery Related, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuki Tashiro
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery Related, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahito Endo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery Related, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shun Nisioka
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery Related, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Yokoyama
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery Related, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Ikuko Yano
- Department of Pharmacy, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masato Fujisawa
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery Related, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Yang S, Lin W, Jia M, Chen H. Association between ACTN3 R577x and the physical performance of Chinese 13 to 15-year-old elite and sub-elite football players at different positions. Front Genet 2023; 14:1038075. [PMID: 36968581 PMCID: PMC10036392 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1038075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ACTN3 polymorphisms in Chinese elite and sub-elite football players aged 13–15 years at different positions. Specifically we explored whether ACTN3 genotypes were linked with athletic performance of elite and sub-elite players at different positions. The RR genotype frequency of elite defenders (p = 0.018) and midfielders (p = 0.008) was significantly higher than that of sub-elite XX genotype in elite players. Furthermore, the R allele frequency of elite defenders (p = 0.003) and midfielders (p = 0.008) was significantly higher than that of sub-elite players. In all subjects, RR players performed faster and exhibited more explosive power than RX or XX players. RR, RX and XX elite players’ 20 m/30 m sprint, 5 × 25-m repeated sprint ability (5 × 25 m RSA), and standing long jump were stronger than sub-elite players, but there was no significant different in aerobic endurance between elite and sub-elite players at different positions. In conclusion, there were significant differences in ACTN3 genotypes and alleles between elite and sub-elite players at different positions, and the RR genotype was significantly associated with power-related athletic performance in Chinese youth football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Yang
- Department of Physical Education, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Najing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wentao Lin
- Department of Physical Education, Zhuhai University of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Wentao Lin,
| | - Mengmeng Jia
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Haichun Chen
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Del Coso J, Rodas G, Buil MÁ, Sánchez-Sánchez J, López P, González-Ródenas J, Gasulla-Anglés P, López-Samanes Á, Hernández-Sánchez S, Iztueta A, Moreno-Pérez V. Association of the ACTN3 rs1815739 Polymorphism with Physical Performance and Injury Incidence in Professional Women Football Players. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091635. [PMID: 36140803 PMCID: PMC9498709 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The p.R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) in the ACTN3 gene causes individuals with the XX genotype to be deficient in functional α-actinin-3. Previous investigations have found that XX athletes are more prone to suffer non-contact muscle injuries, in comparison with RR and RX athletes who produce a functional α-actinin-3 in their fast-twitch fibers. This investigation aimed to determine the influence of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on physical performance and injury incidence of players competing in the women’s Spanish first division of football (soccer). Using a cross-sectional experiment, football-specific performance and epidemiology of non-contact football-related injuries were recorded in a group of 191 professional football players. ACTN3 R577X genotype was obtained for each player using genomic DNA samples obtained through buccal swabs. A battery of physical tests, including a countermovement jump, a 20 m sprint test, the sit-and-reach test and ankle dorsiflexion, were performed during the preseason. Injury incidence and characteristics of non-contact injuries were obtained according to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) statement for one season. From the study sample, 28.3% of players had the RR genotype, 52.9% had the RX genotype, and 18.8% had the XX genotype. Differences among genotypes were identified with one-way analysis of variance (numerical variables) or chi-square tests (categorical variables). Jump height (p = 0.087), sprint time (p = 0.210), sit-and-reach distance (p = 0.361), and dorsiflexion in the right (p = 0.550) and left ankle (p = 0.992) were similar in RR, RX, and XX football players. A total of 356 non-contact injuries were recorded in 144 football players while the remaining 47 did not sustain any non-contact injuries during the season. Injury incidence was 10.4 ± 8.6, 8.2 ± 5.7, and 8.9 ± 5.3 injuries per/1000 h of football exposure, without differences among genotypes (p = 0.222). Injury rates during training (from 3.6 ± 3.7 to 4.8 ± 2.1 injuries per/1000 h of training exposure, p = 0.100) and match (from 47.8 ± 9.5 to 54.1 ± 6.3 injuries per/1000 h of match exposure, p = 0.209) were also similar in RR, RX, and XX football players. The ACTN3 genotype did not affect the mode of onset, the time needed to return to play, the type of injury, or the distribution of body locations of the injuries. In summary, women football players with different genotypes of the p.R577X ACTN3 polymorphism had similar values of football-specific performance and injury incidence. From a practical perspective, the ACTN3 genotyping may not be useful to predict performance or injury incidence in professional women football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department & Barça Innovation Hub, Fútbol Club Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Buil
- Department of Sports Medicine, Levante Unión Deportiva, 46360 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Sports Medicine, IVRE—Institut Valencià de Recuperació Esportiva, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Pedro López
- Medical Department, Valencia Club de Fútbol, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | | | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Sergio Hernández-Sánchez
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Ane Iztueta
- Health and Performance Unit, Real Sociedad de Fútbol Sociedad Anónima Deportiva, 20160 Donostia, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Henrique JS, Braga PLG, de Almeida SS, Nunes NSP, Benfato ID, Arida RM, de Oliveira CAM, Gomes da Silva S. Effect of the ACTN-3 gene polymorphism on functional fitness and executive function of elderly. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:943934. [PMID: 36158545 PMCID: PMC9501855 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.943934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During aging, physical integrity and cognitive abilities, especially executive function, become compromised, directly influencing the quality of life of the elderly. One good strategy to ensure healthy aging is the practice of physical exercise. Activities to improve aerobic capacity and muscle strength are extremely important in old age. However, some genetic factors can interfere both positively and negatively with these gains. In this context, the polymorphism rs1815739 (R577X) of the α-actinin 3 gene (ACTN-3) is commonly studied and related to muscle phenotype. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of the ACTN-3 gene polymorphism on the functional fitness (measured by the Senior Fit test) and cognitive capacity (evaluated by the Stroop test) of the elderly (n = 347), both men and women. We did not find the effect of genotype on functional fitness, but we did observed a positive effect of the ACTN-3 gene polymorphism on executive function. The presence of the X allele of the ACTN3 gene in the elderly was related to a better performance in the Stroop test (shorter answer time). Our results showed that ACTN-3 gene polymorphism affects the executive function of the elderly but not their functional fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Luiz Garcia Braga
- Department of Psychogerontology, Instituto Educatie de Ensino e Pesquisa, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Sandro Soares de Almeida
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physical and Functional Performance, Universidade Ibirapuera, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Izabelle Dias Benfato
- Department of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Mario Arida
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- Department of Research and Extension, Fundação Cristiano Varella, Muriaé, Brazil
- Centro Universitário FAMINAS, Muriaé, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Sérgio Gomes da Silva ;
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Polygenic Models Partially Predict Muscle Size and Strength but Not Low Muscle Mass in Older Women. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13060982. [PMID: 35741744 PMCID: PMC9223182 DOI: 10.3390/genes13060982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Heritability explains 45-82% of muscle mass and strength variation, yet polygenic models for muscle phenotypes in older women are scarce. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to (1) assess if total genotype predisposition score (GPSTOTAL) for a set of polymorphisms differed between older women with low and high muscle mass, and (2) utilise a data-driven GPS (GPSDD) to predict the variance in muscle size and strength-related phenotypes. Methods: In three-hundred 60- to 91-year-old Caucasian women (70.7 ± 5.7 years), skeletal muscle mass, biceps brachii thickness, vastus lateralis anatomical cross-sectional area (VLACSA), hand grip strength (HGS), and elbow flexion (MVCEF) and knee extension (MVCKE) maximum voluntary contraction were measured. Participants were classified as having low muscle mass if the skeletal muscle index (SMI) < 6.76 kg/m2 or relative skeletal muscle mass (%SMMr) < 22.1%. Genotyping was completed for 24 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). GPSTOTAL was calculated from 23 SNPs and compared between the low and high muscle mass groups. A GPSDD was performed to identify the association of SNPs with other skeletal muscle phenotypes. Results: There was no significant difference in GPSTOTAL between low and high muscle mass groups, irrespective of classification based on SMI or %SMMr. The GPSDD model, using 23 selected SNPs, revealed that 13 SNPs were associated with at least one skeletal muscle phenotype: HIF1A rs11549465 was associated with four phenotypes and, in descending number of phenotype associations, ACE rs4341 with three; PTK2 rs7460 and CNTFR rs2070802 with two; and MTHFR rs17421511, ACVR1B rs10783485, CNTF rs1800169, MTHFR rs1801131, MTHFR rs1537516, TRHR rs7832552, MSTN rs1805086, COL1A1 rs1800012, and FTO rs9939609 with one phenotype. The GPSDD with age included as a predictor variable explained 1.7% variance of biceps brachii thickness, 12.5% of VLACSA, 19.0% of HGS, 8.2% of MVCEF, and 9.6% of MVCKE. Conclusions: In older women, GPSTOTAL did not differ between low and high muscle mass groups. However, GPSDD was associated with muscle size and strength phenotypes. Further advancement of polygenic models to understand skeletal muscle function during ageing might become useful in targeting interventions towards older adults most likely to lose physical independence.
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Kahraman M, Ozulu Turkmen B, Bahat-Ozturk G, Catikkas NM, Oren MM, Sahin A, Daglar A, Ozturk S, Palanduz S, Diler AS, Karan MA. Is there a relationship between ACTN3 R577X gene polymorphism and sarcopenia? Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:757-765. [PMID: 34677800 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-01996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The alpha-actinin (ACTN) genes are important structural components of the sarcomere. Sarcopenia is a common geriatric syndrome characterized by morbidity and mortality. Our study aimed to examine the relationship between the ACTN3 R577X gene and sarcopenia in community-dwelling Turkish adults. METHODS We designed a cross-sectional study among the patients aged ≥ 65 years admitted to the geriatric outpatient clinic. We recorded the general characteristics of the patients. We used the Jamar hand dynamometer to evaluate handgrip strength. Body composition was estimated using bioimpedance analysis. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People2 criteria with population-specific cutoffs. We performed analyses of low muscle mass (LMM) with skeletal muscle mass index adjusted for body mass index [SMMI(BMI)]. We further categorized the SMMI(BMI) cutoffs into tenths. The analyzes were performed according to the 90th percentile SMMI(BMI) cutoffs. Peripheral blood samples were collected to determine the ACTN3 genotypes. RESULTS 197 participants were included [mean age: 76.3 ± 6.1 years, 151 (76.6%) women]. The proportions of the ACTN3 genotypes were as follows: RX (45.1%) > RR (31%) > XX (23.9%). The significant difference between genotypes was found only for low SMMI(BMI) according to the 90th percentile (p = 0.025). In multivariate analysis, only gender (female) was independently associated with LMM. CONCLUSION We did not find any association between ACTN3 R577X gene polymorphism and probable sarcopenia, confirmed sarcopenia and LMM. Besides, much more research is needed to reveal how ethnicity affects the muscles of older adults with ACTN3 R577X gene polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kahraman
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Topkapı Mahallesi, Turgut Özal Caddesi̇ No: 118, Fatih, 34093, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Banu Ozulu Turkmen
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Topkapı Mahallesi, Turgut Özal Caddesi̇ No:118, Fatih, 34093, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulistan Bahat-Ozturk
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Topkapı Mahallesi, Turgut Özal Caddesi̇ No:118, Fatih, 34093, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nezahat Muge Catikkas
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Topkapı Mahallesi, Turgut Özal Caddesi̇ No:118, Fatih, 34093, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Meryem Merve Oren
- Department of Public Health, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Topkapı Mahallesi, Turgut Özal Caddesi̇ No:118, Fatih, 34093, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayla Sahin
- Division of Medical Genetic, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Topkapı Mahallesi, Turgut Özal Caddesi̇ No:118, Fatih, 34093, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Aynur Daglar
- Division of Medical Genetic, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Topkapı Mahallesi, Turgut Özal Caddesi̇ No:118, Fatih, 34093, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sukru Ozturk
- Division of Medical Genetic, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Topkapı Mahallesi, Turgut Özal Caddesi̇ No:118, Fatih, 34093, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sukru Palanduz
- Division of Medical Genetic, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Topkapı Mahallesi, Turgut Özal Caddesi̇ No:118, Fatih, 34093, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Sarper Diler
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Topkapı Mahallesi, Turgut Özal Caddesi̇ No: 118, Fatih, 34093, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Karan
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University School of Medicine, Topkapı Mahallesi, Turgut Özal Caddesi̇ No:118, Fatih, 34093, İstanbul, Turkey
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10
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Kiuchi Y, Makizako H, Nakai Y, Taniguchi Y, Tomioka K, Sato N, Wada A, Doi T, Kiyama R, Takenaka T. Associations of alpha-actinin-3 genotype with thigh muscle volume and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia or pre-sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol 2021; 154:111525. [PMID: 34425205 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship of the ACTN3 genotype with thigh muscle volume and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia or pre-sarcopenia. METHODS Data from 64 older Japanese adults (mean age 74.4 ± 6.9 years, women 71.9%) with sarcopenia or pre-sarcopenia were analyzed. Sarcopenia and pre-sarcopenia were defined using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. We collected oral mucosa samples to determine the ACTN3 genotype. Thigh muscle volumes were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Physical performance was assessed using the usual and maximum gait speed, timed up and go test, and five-repetition sit-to-stand test. Muscle strength was assessed using grip strength. RESULT The ACTN3 genotype proportions were 20.3% for RR, 51.6% for RX, and 28.1% for XX. Participants with the RR genotype showed greater thigh muscle volume/ht2 compared to those with the RX and XX ACTN3 genotypes (p < 0.05). The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that RX (p < 0.01) and XX (p < 0.01) ACTN3 genotypes, compared to RR, were associated with lower thigh muscle volume/ht2 and with age, sex (reference; men), weight and maximum walking speed. There was no significant difference between physical performance and muscle strength between the ACTN3 genotypes. CONCLUSION The ACTN3 genotype of the X allele was associated with decreased thigh muscle volume compared to the ACTN3 genotype of RR in older adults with sarcopenia or pre-sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Kiuchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Section for Health Promotion, Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Hyuma Makizako
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nakai
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Kagoshima Medical Professional College, Kagoshima 891-0133, Japan.
| | - Kazutoshi Tomioka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Tarumizu Municipal Medical Center, Tarumizu Chuo Hospital, Kagoshima 891-2124, Japan.
| | - Nana Sato
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Wada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Doi
- Section for Health Promotion, Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Ryoji Kiyama
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Takenaka
- Tarumizu Municipal Medical Center, Tarumizu Chuo Hospital, Kagoshima 891-2124, Japan.
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11
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ACTN3 Genotypes and Their Relationship with Muscle Mass and Function of Kosovan Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179135. [PMID: 34501725 PMCID: PMC8431689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining muscle mass and function is important throughout the lifestyle. While environmental factors such as physical activity and healthy nutrition are well investigated, the contribution of genetic factors is still controversial. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of a common ACTN3 polymorphism (rs1815739) on body composition, handgrip strength, knee extensor peak torque, and physical performance (gait speed, 30-s arm curl, 30-s chair stand) in Kosovan adults. In total, 308 participants (160 females and 148 males, age range from 40 to 91 years) took part in this cross-sectional study. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and assessed for ACTN3 genotype distribution (41.5% of RR, 53.9% of RX and 4.6% of XX). Genotype allocation did not account for differences in any of the variables. Interestingly, female XX carriers were taller (p = 0.025) and had a higher isokinetic knee extension peak torque (p = 0.024) than the RX+RR group. In males, XX carriers were also taller (p = 0.049) and had a lower BMI (p = 0.026), but did not differ in any of the strength and performance parameters. These results indicate that the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism might exert a sex-specific impact on knee extensor peak torque and BMI.
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12
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Seto JT, Roeszler KN, Meehan LR, Wood HD, Tiong C, Bek L, Lee SF, Shah M, Quinlan KGR, Gregorevic P, Houweling PJ, North KN. ACTN3 genotype influences skeletal muscle mass regulation and response to dexamethasone. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg0088. [PMID: 34215586 PMCID: PMC11060041 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Homozygosity for the common ACTN3 null polymorphism (ACTN3 577X) results in α-actinin-3 deficiency in ~20% of humans worldwide and is linked to reduced sprint and power performance in both elite athletes and the general population. α-Actinin-3 deficiency is also associated with reduced muscle mass, increased risk of sarcopenia, and altered muscle wasting response induced by denervation and immobilization. Here, we show that α-actinin-3 plays a key role in the regulation of protein synthesis and breakdown signaling in skeletal muscle and influences muscle mass from early postnatal development. We also show that α-actinin-3 deficiency reduces the atrophic and anti-inflammatory response to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone in muscle and protects against dexamethasone-induced muscle wasting in female but not male mice. The effects of α-actinin-3 deficiency on muscle mass regulation and response to muscle wasting provide an additional mechanistic explanation for the positive selection of the ACTN3 577X allele in recent human history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane T Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly N Roeszler
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lyra R Meehan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Harrison D Wood
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chrystal Tiong
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucinda Bek
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Siaw F Lee
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Manan Shah
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate G R Quinlan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter J Houweling
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn N North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Wagle JP, Carroll KM, Cunanan AJ, Wetmore A, Taber CB, DeWeese BH, Sato K, Stuart CA, Stone MH. Preliminary Investigation Into the Effect of ACTN3 and ACE Polymorphisms on Muscle and Performance Characteristics. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:688-694. [PMID: 30199453 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wagle, JP, Carroll, KM, Cunanan, AJ, Wetmore, A, Taber, CB, DeWeese, BH, Sato, K, Stuart, CA, and Stone, MH. Preliminary investigation into the effect of ACTN3 and ACE polymorphisms on muscle and performance characteristics. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 688-694, 2021-The purpose of this investigation was to explore the phenotypic and performance outcomes associated with ACTN3 and ACE polymorphisms. Ten trained men (age = 25.8 ± 3.0 years, height = 183.3 ± 4.1 cm, body mass = 92.3 ± 9.3 kg, and back squat to body mass ratio = 1.8 ± 0.3) participated. Blood samples were analyzed to determine ACTN3 and ACE polymorphisms. Standing ultrasonography images of the vastus lateralis (VL) were collected to determine whole muscle cross-sectional area (CSA-M), and a percutaneous muscle biopsy of the VL was collected to determine type I-specific CSA (CSA-T1), type II-specific CSA (CSA-T2), and type II to type I CSA ratio (CSA-R). Isometric squats were performed on force platforms with data used to determine peak force (IPF), allometrically scaled peak force (IPFa), and rate of force development (RFD) at various timepoints. One repetition maximum back squats were performed, whereby allometrically scaled dynamic strength (DSa) was determined. Cohen's d effect sizes revealed ACTN3 RR and ACE DD tended to result in greater CSA-M but differ in how they contribute to performance. ACTN3 RR's influence seems to be in the type II fibers, altering maximal strength, and ACE DD may influence RFD capabilities through a favorable CSA-R. Although the findings of the current investigation are limited by the sample size, the findings demonstrate the potential influence of ACTN3 and ACE polymorphisms on isometric and dynamic strength testing. This study may serve as a framework to generate hypotheses regarding the effect of genetics on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Wagle
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kevin M Carroll
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Aaron J Cunanan
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Alexander Wetmore
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Christopher B Taber
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut; and
| | - Brad H DeWeese
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kimitake Sato
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Charles A Stuart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson, City, Tennessee
| | - Michael H Stone
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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Urzi F, Pokorny B, Buzan E. Pilot Study on Genetic Associations With Age-Related Sarcopenia. Front Genet 2021; 11:615238. [PMID: 33505434 PMCID: PMC7831746 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.615238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite strong evidence of an inheritable component of muscle phenotypes, little progress has been made in identifying the specific genetic factors involved in the development of sarcopenia. Even rarer are studies that focus on predicting the risk of sarcopenia based on a genetic risk score. In the present study, we tested the single and combined effect of seven candidate gene variants on the risk of sarcopenia. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes were genotyped using the KASP assay. We examined 190 older adults that were classified as non-sarcopenic or sarcopenic according to the diagnostic criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Sarcopenia was associated with Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, Alpha-actinin-3, and Nuclear respiratory factor 2 genotypes. The combined effect of all three polymorphisms explained 39% of the interindividual variation in sarcopenia risk. Our results suggest that the single and combined effect of Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, Alpha-actinin-3, and Nuclear respiratory factor 2 polymorphism is associated with sarcopenia risk in older adults. Nowadays, as the population is getting older and older, great efforts are being made to research the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia. At the same time, small progress has been made in understanding the genetic etiology of sarcopenia. Given the importance of research on this disease, further genetic studies are needed to better understand the genetic risk underlying sarcopenia. We believe that this small-scale study will help to demonstrate that there is still much to be discovered in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicita Urzi
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Pokorny
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia.,Environmental Protection College, Velenje, Slovenia
| | - Elena Buzan
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia.,Environmental Protection College, Velenje, Slovenia
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Harada N, Gotoda Y, Hatakeyama A, Nakagawa T, Miyatake Y, Kuroda M, Masumoto S, Tsutsumi R, Nakaya Y, Sakaue H. Differential regulation of Actn2 and Actn3 expression during unfolded protein response in C2C12 myotubes. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2020; 41:199-209. [PMID: 32451822 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-020-09582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ACTN2 and ACTN3 encode sarcomeric α-actinin-2 and α-actinin-3 proteins, respectively, that constitute the Z-line in mammalian skeletal muscle fibers. In human ACTN3, a nonsense mutation at codon 577 that encodes arginine (R) produces the R577X polymorphism. Individuals having a homozygous 577XX genotype do not produce α-actinin-3 protein. The 577XX genotype reportedly occurs in sprint and power athletes in frequency lower than in the normal population, suggesting that α-actinin-3 deficiency diminishes fast-type muscle function. Among humans who carry 577R alleles, varying ACTN3 expression levels under certain conditions can have diverse effects on atheletic and muscle performance. However, the factors that regulate ACTN3 expression are unclear. Here we investigated whether the unfolded protein response (UPR) under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress regulates expression of Actn3 and its isoform Actn2 in mouse C2C12 myotubes. Among UPR-related transcription factors, XBP1 upregulated Actn2, whereas XBP1, ATF4 and ATF6 downregulated Actn3 promoter activity. Chemical induction of ER stress increased Actn2 mRNA levels, but decreased those for Actn3. ER stress also decreased α-actinin-3 protein levels, whereas levels of α-actinin-2 were unchanged. The intracellular composition of muscle contraction-related proteins was altered under ER stress, in that expression of parvalbumin (a fast-twitch muscle-specific protein) and troponin I type 1 (skeletal, slow) was suppressed. siRNA-induced suppression of Actn3 mimicked the inhibitory effect of ER stress on parvalbumin levels. Thus, endogenous expression levels of α-actinin-3 can be altered by ER stress, which may modulate muscle performance and athletic aptitudes, particularly in humans who carry ACTN3 577R alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagakatsu Harada
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, The University of Shimane, 151 Nishihayashigi, Izumo City, Shimane, 693-8550, Japan. .,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Yuka Gotoda
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Adzumi Hatakeyama
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Nakagawa
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, The University of Shimane, 151 Nishihayashigi, Izumo City, Shimane, 693-8550, Japan
| | - Yumiko Miyatake
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masashi Kuroda
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Saeko Masumoto
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, 1, Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Rie Tsutsumi
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakaya
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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16
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Pratt J, Boreham C, Ennis S, Ryan AW, De Vito G. Genetic Associations with Aging Muscle: A Systematic Review. Cells 2019; 9:E12. [PMID: 31861518 PMCID: PMC7016601 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength and function known as 'sarcopenia' is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, functional disability and mortality. While skeletal muscle properties are known to be highly heritable, evidence regarding the specific genes underpinning this heritability is currently inconclusive. This review aimed to identify genetic variants known to be associated with muscle phenotypes relevant to sarcopenia. PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were systematically searched (from January 2004 to March 2019) using pre-defined search terms such as "aging", "sarcopenia", "skeletal muscle", "muscle strength" and "genetic association". Candidate gene association studies and genome wide association studies that examined the genetic association with muscle phenotypes in non-institutionalised adults aged ≥50 years were included. Fifty-four studies were included in the final analysis. Twenty-six genes and 88 DNA polymorphisms were analysed across the 54 studies. The ACTN3, ACE and VDR genes were the most frequently studied, although the IGF1/IGFBP3, TNFα, APOE, CNTF/R and UCP2/3 genes were also shown to be significantly associated with muscle phenotypes in two or more studies. Ten DNA polymorphisms (rs154410, rs2228570, rs1800169, rs3093059, rs1800629, rs1815739, rs1799752, rs7412, rs429358 and 192 bp allele) were significantly associated with muscle phenotypes in two or more studies. Through the identification of key gene variants, this review furthers the elucidation of genetic associations with muscle phenotypes associated with sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedd Pratt
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; (C.B.); (G.D.V.)
- Genomics Medicine Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; (S.E.); (A.W.R.)
| | - Colin Boreham
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; (C.B.); (G.D.V.)
| | - Sean Ennis
- Genomics Medicine Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; (S.E.); (A.W.R.)
- UCD ACoRD, Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anthony W. Ryan
- Genomics Medicine Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; (S.E.); (A.W.R.)
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; (C.B.); (G.D.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
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17
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Broos S, Malisoux L, Theisen D, Van Thienen R, Francaux M, Thomis MA, Deldicque L. The stiffness response of type IIa fibres after eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage is dependent on ACTN3 r577X polymorphism. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:480-489. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1529200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siacia Broos
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Laurent Malisoux
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Theisen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Martine A. Thomis
- Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Abstract
As human longevity increases, recent research has focused on the maintenance of optimal health during old age. One such area of focus is that of muscle function in the elderly, with a loss of muscle mass increasing the risk of negative outcomes such as sarcopenia and a decrease in bone mineral density. In this mini-review, we focus on the impact of a single nucleotide polymorphism in ACTN3, shown to impact muscle phenotype in elite athletes, on loss of muscle function, maintenance of bone mineral density, and metabolic disorder risk in an elderly population. From the surveyed research, this polymorphism has a clear and demonstrable impact on muscle phenotype and bone mineral density in this population, and acts as a potential modulator for metabolic disorders. As such, knowledge of an individual's ACTN3 genotype may better inform the management of risk factors in the elderly, as well as driving innovations in exercise program design. Subsequently, such insights may contribute to the prolonged maintenance of health and function long into old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
- Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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Miyamoto N, Miyamoto-Mikami E, Hirata K, Kimura N, Fuku N. Association analysis of theACTN3R577X polymorphism with passive muscle stiffness and muscle strain injury. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:1209-1214. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Miyamoto
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya; Kanoya Japan
| | | | - K. Hirata
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya; Kanoya Japan
| | - N. Kimura
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya; Kanoya Japan
| | - N. Fuku
- Juntendo University; Chiba Japan
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20
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Cho J, Lee I, Kang H. ACTN3 Gene and Susceptibility to Sarcopenia and Osteoporotic Status in Older Korean Adults. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4239648. [PMID: 28626757 PMCID: PMC5463164 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4239648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information is available about molecular markers for sarcopenia and osteoporosis in Asian populations. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the association of the ACTN3 polymorphism with sarcopenia and osteoporotic status in older Korean adults. METHODS Older Korean 62 men and 270 women (mean age 73.7 ± 6.6 years) participated in this study. Body mass index, percent body fatness, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, femur, and total body were analyzed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. ACTN3 R/X genotyping was determined using TaqMan probes. RESULTS Determination of odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using binary logistic regression analyses showed that XX homozygotes were at a significantly higher risk of sarcopenia (OR = 2.056, 95% CI = 1.024-4.127, p = 0.043) and osteoporosis (OR = 2.794, 95% CI = 1.208-5.461, p = 0.016) than RR homozygotes (reference group, OR = 1). The OR of XX homozygotes for having sarcopenia remained significant (OR = 2.237, 95% CI = 1.044-4.836, p = 0.038) after adjustments for age, gender, body fatness, and serum vitamin D. The OR of XX homozygotes for having osteoporosis was no longer significant (OR = 2.682, 95% CI = 0.960-7.942, p = 0.075) after adjustments for the covariates. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the ACTN3 R577X genotype may influence decline in muscle and bone health phenotypes in older Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Cho
- College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhwan Lee
- College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsik Kang
- College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Levinger I, Yan X, Bishop D, Houweling PJ, Papadimitriou I, Munson F, Byrnes E, Vicari D, Brennan-Speranza TC, Eynon N. The influence of α-actinin-3 deficiency on bone remodelling markers in young men. Bone 2017; 98:26-30. [PMID: 28254467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a large individual variation in the bone remodelling markers (BRMs) osteocalcin (OC), procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTx), as well as undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), at rest and in response to exercise. α-actinin-3 (ACTN3), a sarcomeric protein, is expressed in skeletal muscle and osteoblasts and may influence BRM levels and the cross-talk between muscle and bone. We tested the levels of serum BRMs in α-actinin-3 deficient humans (ACTN3 XX) at baseline, and following a single bout of exercise. Forty-three healthy Caucasian individuals were divided into three groups (ACTN3 XX, n=13; ACTN3 RX, n=16; ACTN3 RR, n=14). Participants completed a single session of High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) on a cycle ergometer (8×2-min intervals at 85% of maximal power). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and three hours post exercise to identify the peak changes in serum BRMs. There was a stepwise increase in resting serum BRMs across the ACTN3 genotypes (XX>RX>RR) with significantly higher levels of tOC ~26%, P1NP ~34%, and β-CTX (~33%) in those with ACTN3 XX compared to ACTN3 RR. Following exercise BRMs and ucOC were higher in all three ACTN3 genotypes, with no significant differences between groups. Serum levels of tOC, P1NP and β-CTX are higher in men with ACTN3 XX genotype (α-actinin-3 deficiency) compared to RR and RX. It appears that the response of BRMs and ucOC to exercise is not explained by the ACTN3 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Munson
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Daniele Vicari
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Osuka Y, Fujita S, Kitano N, Kosaki K, Seol J, Sawano Y, Shi H, Fujii Y, Maeda S, Okura T, Kobayashi H, Tanaka K. Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Training Combined with Fortified Milk on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, and Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:1349-1357. [PMID: 29188900 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fortified milk and resistance training (RT) increase muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older adults, but it remains unclear whether RT combined with aerobic training (AT) would have stronger effects on these outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic and resistance training (ART) combined with fortified milk consumption on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older adults. DESIGN Open-labeled randomized controlled trial. SETTING University of Tsukuba. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-six older adults aged 65-79. INTERVENTION Participants were randomly allocated into resistance training (RT + fortified milk, n = 28) and aerobic and resistance training (ART + fortified milk, n = 28) groups. All participants attended supervised exercise programs twice a week at University of Tsukuba and ingested fortified milk every day for 12 weeks. Skeletal muscle index ([SMI]: appendicular lean mass/height2) was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry as a muscle mass measure. One-repetition maximum strength was measured using four kinds of resistance training machines (chest press, leg extension, leg curl, and leg press) as muscle strength measures. Sit-to-stand and arm curl tests were also assessed as physical performance measures. MEASUREMENTS The primary measurements were muscle mass and strength. The secondary outcomes were physical performance, blood samples, habitual diet, habitual physical activity, and medication use. RESULTS Although the muscle strength and physical performance measures significantly improved in both groups, SMI significantly improved in only the RT group. There was no significant difference in the change in SMI and muscle strength measures between the two groups. However, the change in sit-to-stand and arm curl measures in the ART group were significantly higher than those in the RT group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AT before RT combined with fortified milk consumption has similar effects on skeletal muscle mass and strength compared with RT alone, but it may be a more useful strategy to improve physical performance in older adults. Although the mechanism of our intervention is uncertain, our program would be an effective prevention for sarcopenia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Osuka
- Yosuke Osuka, Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan,
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Min SK, Lim ST, Kim CS. Association of ACTN3 polymorphisms with BMD, and physical fitness of elderly women. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:2731-2736. [PMID: 27821924 PMCID: PMC5088115 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Association of ACTN3 polymorphism with bone mineral density and the physical
fitness of elderly women is still unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the
association between ACTN3 genotype and bone mineral density, and the physical fitness of
elderly women. [Subjects and Methods] Sixty-eight elderly women (67.38 ± 3.68 years) were
recruited at a Seongbuk-Gu (Seoul, Korea) Medical Service Public Health Center.
Measurements of physical fitness included muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility,
agility, balance and VO2max. Bone mineral density (BMD), upper limb muscle
mass, lower limb muscle mass, percent body fat and body fat mass for the entire body were
measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and an analyzer. Genotyping for the ACTN3
R577X (rs1815739) polymorphism was performed using the TaqMan approach. [Results] ACTN3
gene distribution of subjects were in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p=0.694). The
relative bone mineral density trunk, pelvis and spine differed significantly among the
ACTN3 genotypes. There were no significant differences among bone mineral densities of the
head, arms, legs, ribs and total, but the RR genotype tended to be higher than other
genotypes. Physical fitness was not significantly different among the ACTN3 genotypes.
[Conclusion] These results suggest that ACTN3 gene polymorphisms could be used as one of
the genetic determinants of bone mass in elderly women, and in particular, they indicate
that individuals with the RR genotype have higher BMD and bone mineral composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Ki Min
- Department of Sport Science, Korea Institute of Sport Science (KISS), Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Taek Lim
- Department of Sport Science, Korea Institute of Sport Science (KISS), Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Sun Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Dongduk Women's University, Republic of Korea
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Evidence for ACTN3 as a Speed Gene in Isolated Human Muscle Fibers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150594. [PMID: 26930663 PMCID: PMC4773019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the effect of α-actinin-3 deficiency due to homozygosity for the ACTN3 577X-allele on contractile and morphological properties of fast muscle fibers in non-athletic young men. Methods A biopsy was taken from the vastus lateralis of 4 RR and 4 XX individuals to test for differences in morphologic and contractile properties of single muscle fibers. The cross-sectional area of the fiber and muscle fiber composition was determined using standard immunohistochemistry analyses. Skinned single muscle fibers were subjected to active tests to determine peak normalized force (P0), maximal unloading velocity (V0) and peak power. A passive stretch test was performed to calculate Young’s Modulus and hysteresis to assess fiber visco-elasticity. Results No differences were found in muscle fiber composition. The cross-sectional area of type IIa and IIx fibers was larger in RR compared to XX individuals (P<0.001). P0 was similar in both groups over all fiber types. A higher V0 was observed in type IIa fibers of RR genotypes (P<0.001) but not in type I fibers. The visco-elasticity as determined by Young’s Modulus and hysteresis was unaffected by fiber type or genotype. Conclusion The greater V0 and the larger fast fiber CSA in RR compared to XX genotypes likely contribute to enhanced whole muscle performance during high velocity contractions.
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Kim K, Ahn N, Park J, Koh J, Jung S, Kim S, Moon S. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D and α-actinin-3 R577X genotypes with metabolic syndrome risk factors in Korean children. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 10 Suppl 1:S125-S132. [PMID: 26483160 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analysed the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome through the interaction between ACTN3 and ACE gene polymorphism in Korean children. METHODS The subjects of the study consisted of elementary school students (n=788, age 10.10±0.07 yr). The anthropometric parameters, blood lipid profiles, and metabolic markers were compared among groups of the ACE I/D or the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms. RESULTS The subjects with the DD genotype showed significantly higher systolic blood pressure than the subjects with the II and ID genotype of the ACE gene polymorphism. XX genotype had significantly lower waist-hip ratio than those with RR genotype of the ACTN3 gene polymorphism. Also, the subjects with XX genotype exhibited significantly higher blood HDL cholesterol level than those with RR or RX genotype. The interaction of ACTN3 and ACE gene polymorphism in subjects having both ACE DD and ACTN3 RR genotypes demonstrated a significantly higher metabolic syndrome score than any other groups. CONCLUSION The children having both ACTN3 RR or RX genotype and ACE DD genotype showed high systolic blood pressure and low blood HDL cholesterol level, which may be considered a high-risk in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijin Kim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nayoung Ahn
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jusik Park
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Koh
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Suryun Jung
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Kim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangbok Moon
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Kikuchi N, Nakazato K. Effective utilization of genetic information for athletes and coaches: focus on ACTN3 R577X polymorphism. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2015; 19:157-64. [PMID: 26526670 PMCID: PMC4624116 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15093001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Training variants (type, intensity, and duration of exercise) can be selected according to individual aims and fitness assessment. Recently, various methods of resistance and endurance training have been used for muscle hypertrophy and VO2max improvement. Although several genetic variants are associated with elite athletic performance and muscle phenotypes, genetic background has not been used as variant for physical training. ACTN3 R577X is a well-studied genetic polymorphism. It is the only genotype associated with elite athletic performance in multiple cohorts. This association is strongly supported by mechanistic data from an Actn3-knockout mouse model. In this review, possible guidelines are discussed for effective utilization of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism for physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kikuchi
- Sports Training Center, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Broos S, Van Leemputte M, Deldicque L, Thomis MA. History-dependent force, angular velocity and muscular endurance in ACTN3 genotypes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1637-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kikuchi N, Yoshida S, Min SK, Lee K, Sakamaki-Sunaga M, Okamoto T, Nakazato K. The ACTN3 R577X genotype is associated with muscle function in a Japanese population. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:316-22. [PMID: 25761735 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homozygosity for the common nonsense polymorphism R577X in the α-actinin-3 gene (ACTN3) causes complete α-actinin-3 deficiency in fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers. This study investigated whether the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism affects fitness status using a battery of tests in a large Japanese cohort. In the present study, 1227 subjects (age: 25-85 years) were genotyped for the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) using a TaqMan SNP genotyping assay (Applied Biosystems). All subjects were divided into 2 groups based on their age (<55 years and ≥55 years). All subjects completed a questionnaire about exercise habits and were subjected to a battery of tests to assess their fitness status (including grip strength test, chair stand test, and 8-foot walking test). A significant association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and chair stand test performance was observed in the group of men ≥55 using ANCOVA adjusted for age and exercise habits (p = 0.036). The ACTN3 R577X genotype accounted for 2.5% of the variability in the results of the chair stand test among men in the ≥55 age group. Moreover, for the ≥55 age group, performance in the chair stand test was lower among those with the XX genotype than among those with the RR genotype (p = 0.024) or RX genotype (p = 0.005), unlike results for the <55 age group. No significant difference was noted for hand grip strength or 8-foot walking time. Thus, our results suggest that the ACTN3 R577X genotype is associated with lower-extremity muscle function in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kikuchi
- Sports Training Center, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Kikuchi N, Nakazato K, Min SK, Ueda D, Igawa S. The ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism Is Associated With Muscle Power in Male Japanese Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:1783-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ahmetov II, Donnikov AE, Trofimov DY. Actn3 genotype is associated with testosterone levels of athletes. Biol Sport 2014; 31:105-8. [PMID: 24899773 PMCID: PMC4042656 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1096046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED α-Actinin-3 (ACTN3) has been proposed to regulate skeletal muscle differentiation and hypertrophy through its interaction with the signalling protein calcineurin. Since the inhibition of calcineurin potentiates the production of testosterone, we hypothesized that α-actinin-3 deficiency (predicted from the ACTN3 XX genotype) may influence serum levels of testosterone of athletes. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of ACTN3 gene R577X polymorphism with resting testosterone levels in athletes. METHODS A total of 209 elite Russian athletes from different sports (119 males, 90 females) were genotyped for ACTN3 gene R577X polymorphism by real-time PCR. Resting testosterone was examined in serum of athletes using enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS The mean testosterone levels were significantly higher in both males and females with the ACTN3 R allele than in XX homozygotes (males: RR: 24.9 (5.7), RX: 21.8 (5.5), XX: 18.6 (4.9) ng · mL(-1), P = 0.0071; females: RR: 1.43 (0.6), RX: 1.21 (0.71), XX: 0.79 (0.66) ng · mL(-1), P = 0.0167). CONCLUSIONS We found that the ACTN3 R allele was associated with high levels of testosterone in athletes, and this may explain, in part, the association between the ACTN3 RR genotype, skeletal muscle hypertrophy and power athlete status.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Ahmetov
- Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Sport Technology Education Research Laboratory, Kazan, Russia ; Kazan State Medical University, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan, Russia
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Norman B, Esbjörnsson M, Rundqvist H, Österlund T, Glenmark B, Jansson E. ACTN3 genotype and modulation of skeletal muscle response to exercise in human subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1197-203. [PMID: 24651987 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00557.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Actinin-3 is a Z-disc protein expressed only in type II muscle fibers. A polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene (R577X) results in lack of α-actinin-3 in XX genotype. The prevalence of the mutated X-allele is lower among power/sprint oriented athletes compared with controls, indicating that the lack of α-actinin-3 is detrimental in these sports, but a mechanistic link has not been established. Results from Actn3-knockout (KO) mouse model suggest that α-actinin-3 may affect muscle mass and muscle glycogen levels. In the present investigation we examined muscle fiber type composition, cross-sectional fiber area (CSA), and muscle glycogen levels at baseline in 143 human subjects with different ACTN3 genotypes. In addition, hypertrophy signaling and glycogen utilization in response to sprint exercise were studied in a subset of subjects. Glycogen utilization was analyzed in separate pools of type I and type II fibers. No differences in fiber type composition, CSA, or muscle glycogen levels were observed at baseline across the ACTN3 genotypes. However, the sprint exercise-induced increase in phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6k was smaller in XX than in RR+RX (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively), indicating a less pronounced activation of hypertrophy signaling in XX. Glycogen utilization during sprint exercise varied across ACTN3 genotypes in type II fibers (P = 0.03) but not in type I fibers (P = 0.38). The present results are in accordance with findings from the KO mice and reinforce the hypothesis that ACTN3 genotype-associated differences in muscle mass and glycogen utilization provide a mechanistic explanation for the modulation of human performance by the ACTN3 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Norman
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Thomas K, Hamilton N, North K, Houweling P. Sequence analysis of the equine ACTN3 gene in Australian horse breeds. Gene 2014; 538:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Garton F, Seto J, Quinlan K, Yang N, Houweling P, North K. α-Actinin-3 deficiency alters muscle adaptation in response to denervation and immobilization. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1879-93. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Garatachea N, Lucía A. Genes and the ageing muscle: a review on genetic association studies. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:207-233. [PMID: 22037866 PMCID: PMC3543750 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Western populations are living longer. Ageing decline in muscle mass and strength (i.e. sarcopenia) is becoming a growing public health problem, as it contributes to the decreased capacity for independent living. It is thus important to determine those genetic factors that interact with ageing and thus modulate functional capacity and skeletal muscle phenotypes in older people. It would be also clinically relevant to identify 'unfavourable' genotypes associated with accelerated sarcopenia. In this review, we summarized published information on the potential associations between some genetic polymorphisms and muscle phenotypes in older people. A special emphasis was placed on those candidate polymorphisms that have been more extensively studied, i.e. angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D, α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) R577X, and myostatin (MSTN) K153R, among others. Although previous heritability studies have indicated that there is an important genetic contribution to individual variability in muscle phenotypes among old people, published data on specific gene variants are controversial. The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism could influence muscle function in old women, yet there is controversy with regards to which allele (R or X) might play a 'favourable' role. Though more research is needed, up-to-date MSTN genotype is possibly the strongest candidate to explain variance among muscle phenotypes in the elderly. Future studies should take into account the association between muscle phenotypes in this population and complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.
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Garatachea N, Lucia A. Genes, physical fitness and ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:90-102. [PMID: 23022740 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Persons aged 80 years and older are the fastest growing segment of the population. As more individuals live longer, we should try to understand the mechanisms involved in healthy ageing and preserving functional independence in later life. In elderly people, functional independence is directly dependent on physical fitness, and ageing is inevitably associated with the declining functions of systems and organs (heart, lungs, blood vessels, skeletal muscles) that determine physical fitness. Thus, age-related diminished physical fitness contributes to the development of sarcopenia, frailty or disability, all of which severely deteriorate independent living and thus quality of life. Ageing is a complex process involving many variables that interact with one another, including - besides lifestyle factors or chronic diseases - genetics. Thus, several studies have examined the contribution of genetic endowment to a decline in physical fitness and subsequent loss of independence in later life. In this review, we compile information, including data from heritability, candidate-gene association, linkage and genome-wide association studies, on genetic factors that could influence physical fitness in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Garatachea
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.
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36
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The ACTN3 XX Genotype’s Underrepresentation in Japanese Elite Wrestlers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 8:57-61. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:To examine the relationship between ACTN3 polymorphisms and level of athletic performance in Japanese wrestlers.Methods:The control group consisted of 243 healthy Japanese individuals. The authors divided 135 wrestlers into 3 groups based on their results in national or international competitions. They classified as elite 24 wrestlers who had placed in the top 8 in a world championship or participated in Olympic games, 28 wrestlers who had participated in world championships or become champions in Japan’s national championships were classified as subelite, and 83 wrestlers were classified as national (N-W, ie, national-level wrestler). In addition, the authors combined the elite and subelite to form the classification international-level wrestlers (I-W).Results:The frequency of the null X allele and the XX genotype were significantly lower in the I-W group than in the control group. However, there was no significant difference in ACTN3 genotype or allele frequency between the N-W and control groups. The frequency of the ACTN3 XX genotype in the elite groups was lower than that of all groups, and a linear tendency was observed between ACTN3 XX genotype and athletic status.Conclusions:In conclusion, the data indicated that ACTN3 polymorphisms were related to athletic performance in Japanese wrestlers.
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Kikuchi N, Min SK, Ueda D, Igawa S, Nakazato K. Higher Frequency of the ACTN3 R Allele + ACE DD Genotype in Japanese Elite Wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:3275-80. [PMID: 22996021 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318273679d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Broos S, Malisoux L, Theisen D, Francaux M, Deldicque L, Thomis MA. Role of alpha-actinin-3 in contractile properties of human single muscle fibers: a case series study in paraplegics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49281. [PMID: 23145141 PMCID: PMC3493539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A common nonsense polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene results in the absence of α-actinin-3 in XX individuals. The wild type allele has been associated with power athlete status and an increased force output in numeral studies, though the mechanisms by which these effects occur are unclear. Recent findings in the Actn3(-/-) (KO) mouse suggest a shift towards 'slow' metabolic and contractile characteristics of fast muscle fibers lacking α-actinin-3. Skinned single fibers from the quadriceps muscle of three men with spinal cord injury (SCI) were tested regarding peak force, unloaded shortening velocity, force-velocity relationship, passive tension and calcium sensitivity. The SCI condition induces an 'equal environment condition' what makes these subjects ideal to study the role of α-actinin-3 on fiber type expression and single muscle fiber contractile properties. Genotyping for ACTN3 revealed that the three subjects were XX, RX and RR carriers, respectively. The XX carrier's biopsy was the only one that presented type I fibers with a complete lack of type II(x) fibers. Properties of hybrid type II(a)/II(x) fibers were compared between the three subjects. Absence of α-actinin-3 resulted in less stiff type II(a)/II(x) fibers. The heterozygote (RX) exhibited the highest fiber diameter (0.121±0.005 mm) and CSA (0.012±0.001 mm(2)) and, as a consequence, the highest peak force (2.11±0.14 mN). Normalized peak force was similar in all three subjects (P = 0.75). Unloaded shortening velocity was highest in R-allele carriers (P<0.001). No difference was found in calcium sensitivity. The preservation of type I fibers and the absence of type II(x) fibers in the XX individual indicate a restricted transformation of the muscle fiber composition to type II fibers in response to long-term muscle disuse. Lack of α-actinin-3 may decrease unloaded shortening velocity and increase fiber elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siacia Broos
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Laurent Malisoux
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Center for Health, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Theisen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Center for Health, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Francaux
- Faculté d’Éducation Physique et de Réadaption, Faculté de Médecine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Martine A. Thomis
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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Roth SM. Genetic aspects of skeletal muscle strength and mass with relevance to sarcopenia. BONEKEY REPORTS 2012; 1:58. [PMID: 27127623 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly heritable quantitative trait, with heritability estimates ranging 30-85% for muscle strength and 50-80% for lean mass. That strong genetic contribution indicates the possibility of using genetic information to individualize treatments for sarcopenia or even aid in prevention strategies through the use of genetic screening prior to the functional limitations. Though these possibilities provide the rationale for genetic studies of skeletal muscle traits, few genes have been identified that appear to contribute to variation in either skeletal muscle strength or mass phenotypes, and sarcopenia per se is remarkably understudied as a trait in this regard. This review examines the heritability of skeletal muscle traits, findings of linkage and genome-wide association analyses and impact of specific genes and gene-sequence variants on these traits as relevant to sarcopenia. Despite considerable work in the area, the genetic underpinnings of skeletal muscle traits remain largely unknown and the genetic aspects of sarcopenia are even less clear. Large-scale longitudinal clinical studies relying on advanced genome-wide association and other techniques are needed to provide further insights into the genes and gene variants that contribute to skeletal muscle strength and mass, and ultimately to susceptibility to sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Roth
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland , College Park, MD, USA
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Garatachea N, Fiuza-Luces C, Torres-Luque G, Yvert T, Santiago C, Gómez-Gallego F, Ruiz JR, Lucia A. Single and combined influence of ACE and ACTN3 genotypes on muscle phenotypes in octogenarians. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2409-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Puthucheary Z, Skipworth JR, Rawal J, Loosemore M, Van Someren K, Montgomery HE. Genetic Influences in Sport and Physical Performance. Sports Med 2011; 41:845-59. [DOI: 10.2165/11593200-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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42
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Yang N, Schindeler A, McDonald MM, Seto JT, Houweling PJ, Lek M, Hogarth M, Morse AR, Raftery JM, Balasuriya D, MacArthur DG, Berman Y, Quinlan KGR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV, Center JR, Prince RL, Wilson SG, Zhu K, Little DG, North KN. α-Actinin-3 deficiency is associated with reduced bone mass in human and mouse. Bone 2011; 49:790-8. [PMID: 21784188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) is a complex trait that is the single best predictor of the risk of osteoporotic fractures. Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variations in approximately 30 genetic loci associated with BMD variation in humans. α-Actinin-3 (ACTN3) is highly expressed in fast skeletal muscle fibres. There is a common null-polymorphism R577X in human ACTN3 that results in complete deficiency of the α-actinin-3 protein in approximately 20% of Eurasians. Absence of α-actinin-3 does not cause any disease phenotypes in muscle because of compensation by α-actinin-2. However, α-actinin-3 deficiency has been shown to be detrimental to athletic sprint/power performance. In this report we reveal additional functions for α-actinin-3 in bone. α-Actinin-3 but not α-actinin-2 is expressed in osteoblasts. The Actn3(-/-) mouse displays significantly reduced bone mass, with reduced cortical bone volume (-14%) and trabecular number (-61%) seen by microCT. Dynamic histomorphometry indicated this was due to a reduction in bone formation. In a cohort of postmenopausal Australian women, ACTN3 577XX genotype was associated with lower BMD in an additive genetic model, with the R577X genotype contributing 1.1% of the variance in BMD. Microarray analysis of cultured osteoprogenitors from Actn3(-/-) mice showed alterations in expression of several genes regulating bone mass and osteoblast/osteoclast activity, including Enpp1, Opg and Wnt7b. Our studies suggest that ACTN3 likely contributes to the regulation of bone mass through alterations in bone turnover. Given the high frequency of R577X in the general population, the potential role of ACTN3 R577X as a factor influencing variations in BMD in elderly humans warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia.
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Age Differences in the Relation Between ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism and Thigh-Muscle Cross-Sectional Area in Women. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 15:639-43. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Hagberg JM, Rankinen T, Loos RJF, Pérusse L, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2010. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:743-52. [PMID: 21499051 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182155d21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review of the exercise genomics literature emphasizes the strongest articles published in 2010 as defined by sample size, quality of phenotype measurements, quality of the exercise program or physical activity exposure, study design, adjustment for multiple testing, quality of genotyping, and other related study characteristics. One study on voluntary running wheel behavior was performed in 448 mice from 41 inbred strains. Several quantitative trait loci for running distance, speed, and duration were identified. Several studies on the alpha-3 actinin (ACTN3) R577X nonsense polymorphism and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism were reported with no clear evidence for a joint effect, but the studies were generally underpowered. Skeletal muscle RNA abundance at baseline for 29 transcripts and 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were both found to be predictive of the V˙O2max response to exercise training in one report from multiple laboratories. None of the 50 loci associated with adiposity traits are known to influence physical activity behavior. However, physical activity seems to reduce the obesity-promoting effects of at least 12 of these loci. Evidence continues to be strong for a role of gene-exercise interaction effects on the improvement in insulin sensitivity after exposure to regular exercise. SNPs in the cAMP-responsive element binding position 1 (CREB1) gene were associated with training-induced HR response, in the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene with training-induced changes in left ventricular mass, and in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene with carotid stiffness in low-fit individuals. We conclude that progress is being made but that high-quality research designs and replication studies with large sample sizes are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Hagberg
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Alfred T, Ben-Shlomo Y, Cooper R, Hardy R, Cooper C, Deary IJ, Gunnell D, Harris SE, Kumari M, Martin RM, Moran CN, Pitsiladis YP, Ring SM, Sayer AA, Smith GD, Starr JM, Kuh D, Day INM. ACTN3 genotype, athletic status, and life course physical capability: meta-analysis of the published literature and findings from nine studies. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:1008-18. [PMID: 21542061 PMCID: PMC3174315 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) genotype has been associated with
athletic status and muscle phenotypes, although not consistently. Our objective
was to conduct a meta-analysis of the published literature on athletic status
and investigate its associations with physical capability in several new
population-based studies. Relevant data were extracted from studies in the
literature, comparing genotype frequencies between controls and sprint/power and
endurance athletes. For life course physical capability, data were used from two
studies of adolescents and seven studies in the Healthy Ageing across the Life
Course (HALCyon) collaborative research program, involving individuals aged
between 53 and 90+ years. We found evidence from the published literature
to support the hypothesis that in Europeans the RR genotype is more common among
sprint/power athletes compared with their controls. There is currently no
evidence that the X allele is advantageous to endurance athleticism. We found no
association between R577X and grip strength (P = 0.09,
n = 7,672 in males; P =
0.90, n = 7,839 in females), standing balance, timed get
up and go, or chair rises in our studies of physical capability. The
ACTN3 R577X genotype is associated with sprint/power
athletic status in Europeans, but does not appear to be associated with
objective measures of physical capability in the general population. Hum Mutat
32:1–11, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamuno Alfred
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Molecular genetic studies of gene identification for sarcopenia. Hum Genet 2011; 131:1-31. [PMID: 21706341 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, which is characterized by a progressive decrease of skeletal muscle mass and function with aging, is closely related to several common diseases (such as cardiovascular and airway diseases) and functional impairment/disability. Strong genetic determination has been reported for muscle mass and muscle strength, two most commonly recognized and studied risk phenotypes for sarcopenia, with heritability ranging from 30 to 85% for muscle strength and 45-90% for muscle mass. Sarcopenia has been the subject of increasing genetic research over the past decade. This review is designed to comprehensively summarize the most important and representative molecular genetic studies designed to identify genetic factors associated with sarcopenia. We have methodically reviewed whole-genome linkage studies in humans, quantitative trait loci mapping in animal models, candidate gene association studies, newly reported genome-wide association studies, DNA microarrays and microRNA studies of sarcopenia or related skeletal muscle phenotypes. The major results of each study are tabulated for easy comparison and reference. The findings of representative studies are discussed with respect to their influence on our present understanding of the genetics of sarcopenia. This is a comprehensive review of molecular genetic studies of gene identification for sarcopenia, and an overarching theme for this review is that the currently accumulating results are tentative and occasionally inconsistent and should be interpreted with caution pending further investigation. Consequently, this overview should enhance recognition of the need to validate/replicate the genetic variants underlying sarcopenia in large human cohorts and animal. We believe that further progress in understanding the genetic etiology of sarcopenia will provide valuable insights into important fundamental biological mechanisms underlying muscle physiology that will ultimately lead to improved ability to recognize individuals at risk for developing sarcopenia and our ability to treat this debilitating condition.
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The effect of α-actinin-3 deficiency on muscle aging. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:292-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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SAITO DAICHI, FUKU NORIYUKI, MIKAMI ERI, KAWAHARA TAKASHI, TANAKA HIROAKI, HIGUCHI MITSURU, TANAKA MASASHI. THE ACTN3 R577X NONSENSE ALLELE IS UNDER-REPRESENTED IN ELITE-LEVEL JAPANESE ENDURANCE RUNNERS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7600/jspfsm.60.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Berman Y, North KN. A gene for speed: the emerging role of alpha-actinin-3 in muscle metabolism. Physiology (Bethesda) 2010; 25:250-9. [PMID: 20699471 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00008.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A common polymorphism (R577X) in the ACTN3 gene results in complete deficiency of alpha-actinin-3 protein in approximately 16% of humans worldwide. The presence of alpha-actinin-3 protein is associated with improved sprint/power performance in athletes and the general population. Despite this, there is evidence that the null genotype XX has been acted on by recent positive selection, likely due to its emerging role in the regulation of muscle metabolism. alpha-Actinin-3 deficiency reduces the activity of glycogen phosphorylase and results in a fundamental shift toward more oxidative pathways of energy utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemima Berman
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
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50
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Judson RN, Wackerhage H, Hughes A, Mavroeidi A, Barr RJ, Macdonald HM, Ratkevicius A, Reid DM, Hocking LJ. The Functional ACTN3 577X Variant Increases the Risk of Falling in Older Females: Results From Two Large Independent Cohort Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 66:130-5. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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