1
|
Wang H, Zhu B. Directed preparation of algal oligosaccharides with specific structures by algal polysaccharide degrading enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134093. [PMID: 39053825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Seaweed polysaccharides have a wide range of sources and rich content, with various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anticoagulant, and blood pressure lowering. They can be applied in fields such as food, agriculture, and medicine. However, the poor solubility of macromolecular seaweed polysaccharides limits their further application. Reports have shown that some biological activities of seaweed oligosaccharides are more extensive and superior to that of seaweed polysaccharides. Therefore, reducing the degree of polymerization of polysaccharides will be the key to the high value utilization of seaweed polysaccharide resources. There are three main methods for degrading algal polysaccharides into algal oligosaccharides, physical, chemical and enzymatic degradation. Among them, enzymatic degradation has been a hot research topic in recent years. Various types of algal polysaccharide hydrolases and related glycosidases are powerful tools for the preparation of algal oligosaccharides, including α-agarases, β-agaroses, α-neoagarose hydrolases and β-galactosidases that are related to agar, κ-carrageenases, ι-carrageenases and λ-carrageenases that are related to carrageenan, β-porphyranases that are related to porphyran, funoran hydrolases that are related to funoran, alginate lyases that are related to alginate and ulvan lyases related to ulvan. This paper describes the bioactivities of agar oligosaccharide, carrageenan oligosaccharide, porphyran oligosaccharide, funoran oligosaccharide, alginate oligosaccharide and ulvan oligosaccharide and provides a detailed review of the progress of research on the enzymatic preparation of these six oligosaccharides. At the same time, the problems and challenges faced are presented to guide and improve the preparation and application of algal oligosaccharides in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211086, China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211086, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim SH, Leem YE, Park HE, Jeong HI, Lee J, Kang JS. The Extract of Gloiopeltis tenax Enhances Myogenesis and Alleviates Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6806. [PMID: 38928510 PMCID: PMC11203874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The decline in the function and mass of skeletal muscle during aging or other pathological conditions increases the incidence of aging-related secondary diseases, ultimately contributing to a decreased lifespan and quality of life. Much effort has been made to surmise the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle atrophy and develop tools for improving muscle function. Enhancing mitochondrial function is considered critical for increasing muscle function and health. This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of an aqueous extract of Gloiopeltis tenax (GTAE) on myogenesis and muscle atrophy caused by dexamethasone (DEX). The GTAE promoted myogenic differentiation, accompanied by an increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator α (PGC-1α) expression and mitochondrial content in myoblast cell culture. In addition, the GTAE alleviated the DEX-mediated myotube atrophy that is attributable to the Akt-mediated inhibition of the Atrogin/MuRF1 pathway. Furthermore, an in vivo study using a DEX-induced muscle atrophy mouse model demonstrated the efficacy of GTAE in protecting muscles from atrophy and enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and function, even under conditions of atrophy. Taken together, this study suggests that the GTAE shows propitious potential as a nutraceutical for enhancing muscle function and preventing muscle wasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hyung Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (Y.-E.L.)
| | - Young-Eun Leem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (Y.-E.L.)
| | - Hye Eun Park
- Laboratories of Marine New Drugs, Redone Technologies Co., Ltd., Jangseong-gun 57247, Republic of Korea; (H.E.P.); (H.-I.J.)
| | - Hae-In Jeong
- Laboratories of Marine New Drugs, Redone Technologies Co., Ltd., Jangseong-gun 57247, Republic of Korea; (H.E.P.); (H.-I.J.)
| | - Jihye Lee
- Laboratories of Marine New Drugs, Redone Technologies Co., Ltd., Jangseong-gun 57247, Republic of Korea; (H.E.P.); (H.-I.J.)
| | - Jong-Sun Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (Y.-E.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sajadimajd S, Momtaz S, Haratipour P, El-Senduny FF, Panah AI, Navabi J, Soheilikhah Z, Farzaei MH, Rahimi R. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Cancer Preventive and Therapeutic Potential of Algal Polysaccharides. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1210-1235. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190425155126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Algal polysaccharide and oligosaccharide derivatives have been shown to possess a
variety of therapeutic potentials and drug delivery applications. Algal polysaccharides contain sulfated sugar
monomers derived from seaweed including brown, red, and green microalgae. Here, in this review, the recent
progress of algal polysaccharides’ therapeutic applications as anticancer agents, as well as underlying cellular and
molecular mechanisms was investigated. Moreover, recent progress in the structural chemistry of important polysaccharides
with anticancer activities were illustrated.
Methods:
Electronic databases including “Scopus”, “PubMed”, and “Cochrane library” were searched using the
keywords “cancer”, or “tumor”, or “malignancy” in title/abstract, along with “algae”, or “algal” in the whole text
until July 2018. Only English language papers were included.
Results:
The most common polysaccharides involved in cancer management were sulfated polysaccharides, Fucoidans,
Carageenans, and Ulvan from different species of algae that have been recognized in vitro and in vivo.
The underlying anticancer mechanisms of algal polysaccharides included induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest,
modulation of transduction signaling pathways, suppression of migration and angiogenesis, as well as activation
of immune responses and antioxidant system. VEGF/VEGFR2, TGFR/Smad/Snail, TLR4/ROS/ER, CXCL12/
CXCR4, TGFR/Smad7/Smurf2, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, PBK/TOPK, and β-catenin/Wnt are among the main cellular
signaling pathways which have a key role in the preventive and therapeutic effects of algal polysaccharides
against oncogenesis.
Conclusion:
Algal polysaccharides play a crucial role in the management of cancer and may be considered the
next frontier in pharmaceutical research. Further well-designed clinical trials are mandatory to evaluate the efficacy
and safety of algal polysaccharides in patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| | - Pouya Haratipour
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fardous F. El-Senduny
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Amin Iran Panah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jafar Navabi
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zhaleh Soheilikhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416663361, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Watanabe K, Kishimoto T, Kumagai Y, Shimizu T, Uji T, Yasui H, Kishimura H. Complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA of Gloiopeltis furcata (Postels and Ruprecht) J. Agardh. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2019; 4:2543-2544. [PMID: 33365618 PMCID: PMC7687640 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1639558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although most red algae produce agar and carrageenan, Gloiopeltis furcata produces funoran as polysaccharide component. In this study, the complete G. furcata mitochondrial genome was determined. It had a circular mapping molecular with the length of 25,636 bp and contained 49 genes including 24 protein-coding, two rRNA, and 23 tRNA. Phylogenetic analysis showed that G. furcata was separated with the other polysaccharide-producing red algae. This is the first report of complete mitochondrial genome from funoran producing red algae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Watanabe
- Chair of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kishimoto
- Chair of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Yuya Kumagai
- Laboratory of Marine Chemical Resource, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Department of Research and Development, Hokkaido Industrial Technology Center, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uji
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Hajime Yasui
- Laboratory of Humans and the Ocean, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Hideki Kishimura
- Laboratory of Marine Chemical Resource, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song JH, Kang HB, Park SH, Jeong JH, Park J, You Y, Lee YH, Lee J, Kim E, Choi KC, Jun W. Extracts of Porphyra tenera (Nori Seaweed) Activate the Immune Response in Mouse RAW264.7 Macrophages via NF-κB Signaling. J Med Food 2018; 20:1152-1159. [PMID: 29243967 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyra tenera, also known as nori, is a red algal species of seaweed. It is cultivated in Asia for culinary purposes. We report that P. tenera extract (PTE) enhances the immune response in mouse macrophages. We found that P. tenera extract regulates the NF-κB IκB kinase (IKK) signaling pathway, and we assessed the expression and translocation of p65, a subunit of NF-κB, in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells after treatment with PTE. We also investigated the effects of 10% ethanol PTE (PTE10) in RAW264.7 cells. The production of IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ was induced by PTE treatment of the macrophages, and PTE also enhanced p-IκB and p-AKT. PTE10 showed no cytotoxicity at 10-20 μg/mL in RAW264.7 cells. PTE10, in fact, increased cell viability at 24 h, stimulated macrophage cells, and induced the phosphorylation of Akt. Akt stimulates IKK activity through the phosphorylation of IKKα and enhances immune activity through the activation of NF-κB. In this study, NF-κB activation was induced by increasing p-NF-κB and p-IKK. A subunit of NF-κB, p65, was located in the nucleus and increased the expression of various cytokines. PTE thus enhanced the immune response through IκB-α immunostimulation signaling in RAW264.7 cells. PTE10 has potential therefore for development of future treatments requiring immune system stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Song
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, South Korea .,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Bum Kang
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, South Korea .,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Park
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, South Korea .,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Jeong
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, South Korea .,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongjin Park
- 3 Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Korea.,4 Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yanghee You
- 3 Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Korea.,4 Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yoo-Hyun Lee
- 5 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The University of Suwon , Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- 6 Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Korea
| | - Eungpil Kim
- 7 Marine Biotechnology Research Center , Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Wando, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, South Korea .,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Woojin Jun
- 3 Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Korea.,4 Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bakunina I, Chadova O, Malyarenko O, Ermakova S. The Effect of Fucoidan from the Brown Alga Fucus evanescence on the Activity of α- N-Acetylgalactosaminidase of Human Colon Carcinoma Cells. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E155. [PMID: 29748462 PMCID: PMC5983286 DOI: 10.3390/md16050155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.49) (alpha-NaGalase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-galactoside residues from non-reducing ends of various complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. It is known that human cancer cells express an alpha-NaGalase, which accumulates in the blood plasma of patients. The enzyme deglycosylates the Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) and inhibits macrophage activity acting as an immunosuppressor. The high specific activity 0.033 ± 0.002 μmol mg−1 min−1 of the enzyme was found in human colon carcinoma cells DLD-1. The alpha-NaGalase of DLD-1 cells was isolated and biochemical characterized. The enzyme exhibits maximum activity at pH 5.2 and temperature 55 °C. The Km is 2.15 mM, Vmax⁻0.021 μmol min−1 mL−1, kcat⁻1.55 min−1 and kcat/Km⁻0.72 min−1 mM−1 at 37 °C, pH 5.2. The effects of fucoidan from the brown alga Fucus evanescence on the activity of alpha-NaGalase in human colon carcinoma DLD-1 cells and on the biosynthesis of this enzyme were investigated. It was shown that fucoidan did not inhibit free alpha-NaGalase, however, it reduced the expression of the enzyme in the DLD-1 cells at IC50 73 ± 4 μg mL−1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Bakunina
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry of G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Oksana Chadova
- School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia.
| | - Olesya Malyarenko
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry of G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Ermakova
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry of G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matloub AA, Salama AH, Aglan HA, AbouSamra MM, ElSouda SSM, Ahmed HH. Exploiting bilosomes for delivering bioactive polysaccharide isolated from Enteromorpha intestinalis for hacking hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 44:523-534. [PMID: 29115890 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1402922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile salts containing vesicles (bilosomes) represent a portentous vesicular carrier that showed prosperous results in delivering active moieties in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In this study, bilosomes were exploited to deliver sulfated polysaccharide-protein complexes of Enteromorpha intestinalis (EHEM) and enhance its activity against hepatocellular carcinoma as well as resist harsh GIT conditions. Bilosomes were prepared using the sodium salt of three different bile acids (cholic, deoxycholic, taurodeoxycholic) and two different nonionic surfactants (Span 40 and 65). The effects of experimental variables were thoroughly studied to obtain an optimum formulation loading EHEM. The selected formulation (EH-Bilo-2) prepared with sodium cholate and Span 65 displayed nano-sized (181.1 ± 16.80 nm) spherical vesicles with reasonable entrapment efficiency (71.60 ± 0.25%) and controlled release properties; and thus was investigated as anti-hepatocarcinogenic candidate for in vivo studies. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) bearing rats with EH-Bilo-2 experienced significant decrease in serum α-fetoprotein, endoglin, lipocalin-2, and heat shock protein 70 levels vs. the untreated counterparts. Furthermore, the photomicrographs of their liver tissue sections showed focal area of degenerated pleomorphic hepatocytes with fine fibrosis originating from the portal area. Thus, the optimized bilosomal formulation is a promising delegate for tackling hepatocellular carcinoma owing to its powerful anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alaa Hamed Salama
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , National Research Centre , Cairo , Egypt
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Antioxidant and fermentation properties of aqueous solutions of dried algal products from the Boso Peninsula, Japan. FOOD BIOSCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Kuda T, Nemoto M, Kawahara M, Oshio S, Takahashi H, Kimura B. Induction of the superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity of dried 'funori'Gloiopeltis furcata by Lactobacillus plantarum S-SU1 fermentation. Food Funct 2015; 6:2535-41. [PMID: 26110834 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00668f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
To understand the beneficial properties of edible algae obtained from the north-eastern (Sanriku) Satoumi region of Japan, the antioxidant properties of hot aqueous extract solutions (AES) obtained from 18 dried algal products were determined. The samples included 4 Ceratophyllum demersum (matsumo), 5 Undaria pinnatifida (wakame), 5 Laminaria japonica (kombu), and 2 each of Gloiopeltis furcate (funori) and G. tenax (funori). Of these products, the total phenolic content and Fe-reducing power were highest in matsumo. On the other hand, the polysaccharide content, viscosity, and superoxide anion radical (O2˙(-))-scavenging capacity were highest in funori. Lactobacillus plantarum S-SU3, isolated from the intestine of Japanese surfperch, and Lb. plantarum S-SU1, isolated from salted squid, could ferment the AES of matsumo and funori, respectively. Although the Fe-reducing power of the matsumo solution was reduced due to fermentation, the O2˙(-)-scavenging capacity of the funori solution was increased by fermentation. Furthermore, the fermented funori suspension protected Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a live cell model, against H2O2 toxicity. These results suggest that the fermented funori is a promising functional food material that is capable of protecting against reactive oxygen species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuda
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-city, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tuvikene R, Robal M, Fujita D, Saluri K, Truus K, Tashiro Y, Ogawa H, Matsukawa S. Funorans from Gloiopeltis species. Part I. Extraction and structural characteristics. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
|
11
|
Zheng J, Chen Y, Yao F, Chen W, Shi G. Chemical composition and antioxidant/antimicrobial activities in supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extract of Gloiopeltis tenax. Mar Drugs 2013; 10:2634-47. [PMID: 23342386 PMCID: PMC3528115 DOI: 10.3390/md10122634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gloiopeltis tenax (G. tenax) is widely distributed along the Chinese coastal areas and is commonly used in the treatment of diarrhea and colitis. This study aimed at investigating the bioactivities of the volatile constituents in G. tenax. We extracted the essential constituents of G. tenax by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (CO2-SFE), then identified and analyzed the constituents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 30 components were identified in the G. tenax extract. The components showed remarkable antioxidant activity (radical scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)), lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity (in a β-carotene/linoleic acid-coupled oxidation reaction), and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity (by deoxyribose degradation by iron-dependent hydroxyl radical), compared to butylated hydroxytoluene. In microdilution assays, G. tenax extracts showed a moderate inhibitory effects on Staphyloccocus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 3.9 mg/mL), Enterococcus faecalis (7.8 mg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.6 mg/mL), and Escherichia coli (3.9 mg/mL). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of G. tenax were related to the active chemical composition. These results suggest that the CO2-SFE extract from G. tenax has potential to be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (F.Y.)
| | - Yicun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fen Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (F.Y.)
| | - Weizhou Chen
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China;
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (F.Y.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +86-754-8890-0301; Fax: +86-754-8855-7562
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fan L, Ding S, Ai L, Deng K. Antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of water-soluble polysaccharide from Inonotus obliquus. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:870-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Chen HW, Yang TS, Chen MJ, Chang YC, Lin CY, Wang EIC, Ho CL, Huang KM, Yu CC, Yang FL, Wu SH, Lu YC, Chao LKP. Application of power plant flue gas in a photobioreactor to grow Spirulina algae, and a bioactivity analysis of the algal water-soluble polysaccharides. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 120:256-263. [PMID: 22820115 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel photobioreactor was developed with a total volume of 30 m(3) which required merely 100 m(3) of land footprint. The bioreactor was capable of utilizing CO(2) in the flue gas of a power plant as the carbon source for the growth of a freshwater alga, Spirulina platensis, mitigating the greenhouse effect caused by the same amount of CO(2) discharge. Results of the study indicated that the photobioreactor was capable of fixing 2,234 kg of CO(2) per annum. Upon deducting the energy consumption of operating the bioreactor unit, the estimated amount of CO(2) to be fixed by a scaled-up reactor would be 74 tons ha(-1)year(-1). In addition, the study prove that protein-free polysaccharides of S. platensis could induce the production of pro-IL-1 and IL-1 proteins through the mediation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs pathways. As a consequence, immunogenic activities of the macrophage cells were enhanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Wei Chen
- Chemistry and Environment Laboratory, Taiwan Power Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jiao L, Jiang P, Zhang L, Wu M. Antitumor and immunomodulating activity of polysaccharides from Enteromorpha intestinalis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
15
|
Song YH, Liu Q, Lv ZP, Chen YY, Zhou YC, Sun XG. Protection of a polysaccharide from Salvia miltiorrhiza, a Chinese medicinal herb, against immunological liver injury in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2008; 43:170-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
16
|
Ma Z, Wang J, Zhang L. Structure and chain conformation of β-glucan isolated fromAuricularia auricula-judae. Biopolymers 2008; 89:614-22. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.20971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
17
|
Kiyohara M, Sakaguchi K, Yamaguchi K, Araki T, Nakamura T, Ito M. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel beta-1,3-xylanase possessing two putative carbohydrate-binding modules from a marine bacterium Vibrio sp. strain AX-4. Biochem J 2005; 388:949-57. [PMID: 15743273 PMCID: PMC1183476 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We cloned a novel beta-1,3-xylanase gene, consisting of a 1728-bp open reading frame encoding 576 amino acid residues, from a marine bacterium, Vibrio sp. strain AX-4. Sequence analysis revealed that the beta-1,3-xylanase is a modular enzyme composed of a putative catalytic module belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 26 and two putative carbohydrate-binding modules belonging to family 31. The recombinant enzyme hydrolysed beta-1,3-xylan to yield xylo-oligosaccharides with different numbers of xylose units, mainly xylobiose, xylotriose and xylotetraose. However, the enzyme did not hydrolyse beta-1,4-xylan, beta-1,4-mannan, beta-1,4-glucan, beta-1,3-xylobiose or p-nitrophenyl-beta-xyloside. When beta-1,3-xylo-oligosaccharides were used as the substrate, the kcat value of the enzyme for xylopentaose was found to be 40 times higher than that for xylotetraose, and xylotriose was extremely resistant to hydrolysis by the enzyme. A PSI-BLAST search revealed two possible catalytic Glu residues (Glu-138 as an acid/base catalyst and Glu-234 as a nucleophile), both of which are generally conserved in glycoside hydrolase superfamily A. Replacement of these two conserved Glu residues with Asp and Gln resulted in a significant decrease and complete loss of enzyme activity respectively, without a change in their CD spectra, suggesting that these Glu residues are the catalytic residues of beta-1,3-xylanase. The present study also clearly shows that the non-catalytic putative carbohydrate-binding modules play an important role in the hydrolysis of insoluble beta-1,3-xylan, but not that of soluble glycol-beta-1,3-xylan. Furthermore, repeating a putative carbohydrate-binding module strongly enhanced the hydrolysis of the insoluble substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kiyohara
- *Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Keishi Sakaguchi
- *Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kuniko Yamaguchi
- *Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Araki
- †Department of Life Science, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, 1515 Kamihama, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- *Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- *Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schepetkin IA, Quinn MT. Botanical polysaccharides: macrophage immunomodulation and therapeutic potential. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 6:317-33. [PMID: 16428067 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 859] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Botanical polysaccharides exhibit a number of beneficial therapeutic properties, and it is thought that the mechanisms involved in these effects are due to the modulation of innate immunity and, more specifically, macrophage function. In this review, we summarize our current state of understanding of the macrophage modulatory effects of botanical polysaccharides isolated from a wide array of different species of flora, including higher plants, mushrooms, lichens and algae. Overall, the primary effect of botanical polysaccharides is to enhance and/or activate macrophage immune responses, leading to immunomodulation, anti-tumor activity, wound-healing and other therapeutic effects. Furthermore, botanical and microbial polysaccharides bind to common surface receptors and induce similar immunomodulatory responses in macrophages, suggesting that evolutionarily conserved polysaccharide structural features are shared between these organisms. Thus, the evaluation of botanical polysaccharides provides a unique opportunity for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents and adjuvants that exhibit beneficial immunomodulatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang JC, Hu SH, Liang ZC, Yeh CJ. Optimization for the production of water-soluble polysaccharide from Pleurotus citrinopileatus in submerged culture and its antitumor effect. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 67:759-66. [PMID: 15703910 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Revised: 10/31/2004] [Accepted: 11/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a number of studies have been done on the physiological effects of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPS) and their antitumor and immuno-enhancing properties. Many edible mushrooms, in particular those rich in WSPS, not only taste good but also contain ingredients beneficial to the physiology of the human body. In this study, response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal conditions for the production of WSPS, including the C/N ratio, initial pH, and incubation temperature. The highest yield of WSPS was obtained by incubation with a C/N ratio of 40, initial pH 5.5, and an incubation temperature of 25 degrees C. WSPS were extracted by alcohol precipitation from the fermented broth of edible Pleurotus citrinopileatus. These extracts, referred to as SPPC in this paper, had a molecular mass of more than 10(5) Da and were largely made up of glucose and mannose. SPPC was fed to mice which had artificial pulmonary metastatic tumors. Changes in the percentage of the numbers of tumor cells and immune cells were determined by flow cytometry. Daily feeding of SPPC at a dosage of 50 mg/kg to tumor-bearing mice for 12 days resulted in a significant increase in the number of T cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, and macrophages, compared with mice that were not fed any SPPC. The proliferation rate of the pulmonary sarcoma lesions slowed down.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinn-Chyi Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tajen Institute of Technology, Ping Tung, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen YH, Tu CJ, Wu HT. Growth-inhibitory effects of the red alga Gelidium amansii on cultured cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:180-4. [PMID: 14758029 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Gelidium amansii, an edible red agar cultivated off the northeast coast of Taiwan, on the growth of two lines of cancer cells, murine hepatoma (Hepa-1) and human leukemia (HL-60) cells, as well as a normal cell line, murine embryo fibroblast cells (NIH-3T3). The potential role of G. amansii on the induction of apoptosis was also examined. The results indicated that all extracts from G. amansii, including phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and methanol extracts from dried algae as well as the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extract from freeze-dried G. amansii agar, inhibited the growth of Hepa-1 and NIH-3T3 cells, but not the growth of HL-60 cells. Annexin V-positive cells were observed in methanol and DMSO extract-treated, but not PBS extract-treated Hepa-1 and NIH-3T3 cells, suggesting that the lipid-soluble extracts of G. amansii induced apoptosis. In summary, extracts of G. amansii from various preparations exhibited antiproliferative effects on Hepa-1 and NIH-3T3 cells, and apoptosis may play a role in the methanol and DMSO extract-induced inhibitory effects. However, the antiproliferative effects of PBS extracts was not through apoptosis. Moreover, the growth-inhibitory effects of G. amansii were not specific to cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hwa Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan 110, ROC.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Moretão MP, Zampronio AR, Gorin PAJ, Iacomini M, Oliveira MBM. Induction of secretory and tumoricidal activities in peritoneal macrophages activated by an acidic heteropolysaccharide (ARAGAL) from the gum of Anadenanthera colubrina (Angico branco). Immunol Lett 2004; 93:189-97. [PMID: 15158616 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory and anti-tumoral effects of an acidic heteropolysaccharide containing mainly galactose and arabinose (ARAGAL), isolated from the gum of the leguminous tree Anadenanthera colubrina (Angico branco) native to Brazil, were studied. It has been demonstrated that activation of mice peritoneal macrophages both in vivo and in vitro, increases phagocytic ability and anion superoxide production. In order to obtain further insights on the biological effects of ARAGAL, the capacity of eliciting peritoneal macrophages and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production, and anti-tumoral effect against Sarcoma 180 (S-180), are now evaluated. Cell eliciting activity was observed in ARAGAL-treated animals in a dose dependent manner. Treatment of animals with 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg of ARAGAL increased peritoneal exudate cell (PEC) numbers by approximately 18, approximately 44 and approximately 88%, respectively. ARAGAL also increased 26-fold TNF-alpha production by peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages, treated in vitro for 18 h with ARAGAL, were able to kill Sarcoma 180 cells, as observed by their structures inside the macrophage cytoplasm. ARAGAL (100 mg/kg) showed anti-tumoral activity against S-180 in ascites or solid tumors, the tumoral inhibition being 63 and 38%, respectively. The results suggest a possible role as a BRM for ARAGAL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Piemonte Moretão
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19046, CEP 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Senff-Ribeiro A, Echevarria A, Silva EF, Veiga SS, Oliveira MBM. Antimelanoma activity of 1,3,4-thiadiazolium mesoionics: a structure–activity relationship study. Anticancer Drugs 2004; 15:269-75. [PMID: 15014361 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200403000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a series of 4-phenyl-5-(2'-Y, 4'-X or 4'-X-cinnamoyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazolium-2-phenylamine chlorides was evaluated against B16-F10 murine melanoma cells in vitro and against tumors resulting from implanted B16-F10 cells in C57BL/6 mice. These compounds differ from each other only at the cinnamoyl ring substituent (MI-J, X=OH; MI-2,4diF, X=Y=F; MI-4F, X=F and MI-D, X=NO2). The results were compared with those obtained for MI-D, which has already been shown to be a potent and promising drug against melanoma. On exposure of B16-F10 cells to MI-D, MI-2,4diF and MI-4F, all of them at the same micromolar concentration (50 microM) decreased the cell viability to 8, 50 and 22%, respectively, while MI-J did not show any significant effect under the same conditions. However, low doses such as 10 microM MI-D were sufficient to impair cell growth over 72 h, but for MI-2,4diF and MI-4F the effect on B16-F10 proliferation was only observed at a concentration of 25 microM. Furthermore, MI-4F had a slightly better effect than MI-2,4diF in vitro; its effect on tumor growth in vivo was not significant. MI-D inhibited tumor growth by 77%. The greater effectiveness of MI-D compared with MI-2,4diF, MI-4F and MI-J against B16-F10 melanoma cells is probably due to its stronger electron-withdrawing group (NO2), which increases the positive charge on the mesoionic ring and allows extensive conjugation of the side-chain with the exocyclic moiety. This seems to be important for degree of anti-tumor activity of these compounds.
Collapse
|
23
|
Senff-Ribeiro A, Echevarria A, Silva EF, Sanches Veiga S, Oliveira MBM. Effect of a new 1,3,4-thiadiazolium mesoionic compound (MI-D) on B16-F10 murine melanoma. Melanoma Res 2003; 13:465-71. [PMID: 14512788 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200310000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The structural characteristics of mesoionic compounds, which contain distinct regions of positive and negative charges associated with a poly-heteroatomic system, enable them to cross cellular membranes and interact strongly with biomolecules. Potential biological applications have been described for mesoionic compounds. In this study we evaluated the antitumour activity of 4-phenyl-5-(4-nitrocinnamoyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazolium-2-phenylamine chloride (MI-D), a new mesoionic compound, against the mouse melanoma B16-F10 cell line. In vitro assays showed that MI-D interferes with both cell viability and proliferation. MI-D was cytotoxic to B16-F10 cells; cell viability, which was determined at various time intervals (1-72 h) and in the presence of different concentrations of the drug (2.5-75 micro M), was reduced by approximately 80% following 24 h exposure at 25 micro M. The proliferation rate evaluated over 72 h using varying subcytotoxic and cytotoxic concentrations (2.5-25 micro M) decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The in vivo antitumour activity of the drug was evaluated using a subcutaneous B16-F10 melanoma tumour in C57BL/6 mice. Animals were given MI-D intraperitoneally at a single dose of 57 micro mol/kg, 24 h after cell inoculation. Positive controls were treated with fotemustine and dacarbazine, which have known effects on melanoma cells. On day 17, tumours were excised and their weights were determined. MI-D inhibited tumour growth by 85%. This is a very encouraging result with regard to the possibility of MI-D becoming a new tool for melanoma research and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schuberth HJ, Riedel-Caspari G, Leibold W. Flow cytometric testing of immunological effects of a phytomedicinal combination (equimun) and its compounds on bovine leucocytes. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2002; 49:291-8. [PMID: 12227471 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2002.00433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the major goals of this study was to establish fast, reliable and sensitive assays for the quality control of immunomodulating phytopreparations and to determine whether pharmacological compounds or phytopreparations have effects on bovine immune cells. Flow cytometric methods were chosen because they are very sensitive in the detection of even subtle effects on cells. In this study, we addressed the question of whether these methods are useful in monitoring the effects of EquiMun and its compounds on bovine leucocytes in vitro. EquiMun is a fixed combination of Echinacea purpurea (Ec), Thuja occidentalis (Th) and elemental phosphorus (Ph) in different starting concentrations. Separated blood mononuclear cells (MNC) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN, mainly neutrophils) were cultured for up to 44 h in vitro in the presence or absence of the tested substances. Whereas MNC were not affected by any of the compounds, EquiMun, Ec, Th and Ph significantly reduced the forward scatter (size) of cultured PMN without affecting their side scatter (granularity). The size effects were paralleled by a significantly enhanced viability of PMN after 20 h in culture. The observed effects were constant over wide concentration ranges and indicate a very similar reaction of leucocytes from individual cows. Whereas spontaneous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils was up-regulated by Ph and EquiMun, EquiMun down-regulated the phorbol ester-stimulated ROS production. However, ROS generation by neutrophils displayed a large inter-individual variation with less apparent, down-regulatory effects of EquiMun. The ability of PMN to kill target cells via antibody-independent cellular cytotoxicity showed small inter-individual variations and was enhanced by Ec and Th but not by Ph and EquiMun, probably due to dose-dependent effects. In summary, the flow cytometric characterization of cellular viability and shape changes of neutrophils seem to be a suitable and reliable approach for the quality test of immunomodulating phytomedicines based on bioassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sekita K, Umemura T, Saito M, Ogawa Y, Ueno K, Kaneko T, Uchida O, Matsushima Y, Kawasaki Y, Kurokawa Y, Inoue T. [Fukuronori (Gloiopeltis furcata) extract: 90-day dietary toxicity study in F344 rats]. SHOKUHIN EISEIGAKU ZASSHI. JOURNAL OF THE FOOD HYGIENIC SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2001; 42:96-101. [PMID: 11486390 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.42.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fukuronori extract (FE), which is mainly composed of polysaccharides, and is an extract of the seaweed Gloiopeltis furcata, is permitted for use as a food thickening agent by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan. In order to study the subchronic toxicity of FE, F344 rats of both genders were administered FE at concentrations of 0% (basal diet, control group), 0.5%, 1.5% and 5.0% in basal powder diet for 90 days, and observation of general condition, recording of body weight and food consumption, examination of hematology and blood chemistry, measurement of organ weight, and pathological examination were performed. Food consumption tended to increase in both sexes given FE at 1.5% and 5.0% throughout most of the experimental period. This was, however, considered not to be a toxic effect because the differences in body weight were small. Total cholesterol and triglycerides in serum decreased significantly (p < 0.05) and not significantly, respectively, in males of the 5.0% group. These changes were considered to be related to the intake of FE, but the differences were slight and within physiological ranges. Hematological and pathological examination revealed neither any particular adverse effect nor any significant difference from the control. Hence, dietary intake of 5.0% of FE, 3,362 mg/kg/day for males and 3,594 mg/kg/day for females as mean daily intake, for 90 days was considered to be a no observable adverse effect level in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sekita
- National Institute of Health Sciences: 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pérez-Fernández ME, Quesada E, Gálvez J, Ruiz C. Effect of exopolysaccharide V2-7, isolated from Halomonas eurihalina, on the proliferation in vitro of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2000; 22:131-41. [PMID: 10737262 DOI: 10.3109/08923970009016411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory activity of the exopolysaccharide V2-7, a sulfated polymer excreted by the moderately halophilic bacteria Halomonas eurihalina, was studied in vitro. [3H]thymidine incorporation and flow-cytometry measurements showed that this exopolysaccharide enhanced the unspecific proliferation of human lymphocytes in response to the presence of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. It was effective at concentrations of less than 1 microg/ml, maximum activity being achieved at 0.2 microg/ml.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|