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Badminton MN, Anderson KE, Deybach JC, Harper P, Sandberg S, Elder GH. From chemistry to genomics: A concise history of the porphyrias. Liver Int 2024. [PMID: 38767598 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
We describe developments in understanding of the porphyrias associated with each step in the haem biosynthesis pathway and the role of individuals whose contributions led to major advances over the past 150 years. The first case of erythropoietic porphyria was reported in 1870, and the first with acute porphyria in 1889. Photosensitisation by porphyrin was confirmed by Meyer-Betz, who self-injected haematoporphyrin. Günther classified porphyrias into haematoporphyria acuta, acuta toxica, congenita and chronica. This was revised by Waldenström into porphyria congenita, acuta and cutanea tarda, with the latter describing those with late-onset skin lesions. Waldenström was the first to recognise porphobilinogen's association with acute porphyria, although its structure was not solved until 1953. Hans Fischer was awarded the Nobel prize in 1930 for solving the structure of porphyrins and the synthesis of haemin. After 1945, research by several groups elucidated the pathway of haem biosynthesis and its negative feedback regulation by haem. By 1961, following the work of Watson, Schmid, Rimington, Goldberg, Dean, Magnus and others, aided by the availability of modern techniques of porphyrin separation, six of the porphyrias were identified and classified as erythropoietic or hepatic. The seventh, 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase deficiency porphyria, was described by Doss in 1979. The discovery of increased hepatic 5-aminolaevulinate synthase activity in acute porphyria led to development of haematin as a treatment for acute attacks. By 2000, all the haem biosynthesis genes were cloned, sequenced and assigned to chromosomes and disease-specific mutations identified in all inherited porphyrias. These advances have allowed definitive family studies and development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl E Anderson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jean-Charles Deybach
- French Porphyria Reference Center (CRMR Porphyries France), University Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Harper
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Centre for inherited Metabolic Diseases, Porphyria Centre Sweden, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sverre Sandberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Centre for inherited Metabolic Diseases, Porphyria Centre Sweden, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Norwegian Porphyria Centre, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Zheng BF, Zuo Y, Huang GY, Wang ZZ, Ma JY, Wu QY, Yang GF. Synthesis and Biological Activity Evaluation of Benzoxazinone-Pyrimidinedione Hybrids as Potent Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Inhibitor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14221-14231. [PMID: 37729497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO/Protox, E.C. 1.3.3.4) is recognized as one of the most important targets for herbicide discovery. In this study, we report our ongoing research efforts toward the discovery of novel PPO inhibitors. Specifically, we identified a highly potent new compound series containing a pyrimidinedione moiety and bearing a versatile building block-benzoxazinone scaffold. Systematic bioassays resulted in the discovery of compound 7af, ethyl 4-(7-fluoro-6-(3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3,6-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-4H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-4-yl)butanoate, which exhibited broad-spectrum and excellent herbicidal activity at the dosage of 37.5 g a.i./ha through postemergence application. The inhibition constant (Ki) value of 7af to Nicotiana tabacum PPO (NtPPO) was 14 nM, while to human PPO (hPPO), it was 44.8 μM, indicating a selective factor of 3200, making it the most selective PPO inhibitor to date. Moreover, molecular simulations further demonstrated the selectivity and the binding mechanism of 7af to NtPPO and hPPO. This study not only identifies a candidate that showed excellent in vivo bioactivity and high safety toward humans but also provides a paradigm for discovering PPO inhibitors with improved performance through molecular simulation and structure-guided optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Feng Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zuo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Yi Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Zheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Yi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Qiong-You Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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Novakova Z, Milosevic M, Kutil Z, Ondrakova M, Havlinova B, Kasparek P, Sandoval-Acuña C, Korandova Z, Truksa J, Vrbacky M, Rohlena J, Barinka C. Generation and characterization of human U-2 OS cell lines with the CRISPR/Cas9-edited protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX gene. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17081. [PMID: 36224252 PMCID: PMC9556554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, disruptions in the heme biosynthetic pathway are associated with various types of porphyrias, including variegate porphyria that results from the decreased activity of protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX (PPO; E.C.1.3.3.4), the enzyme catalyzing the penultimate step of the heme biosynthesis. Here we report the generation and characterization of human cell lines, in which PPO was inactivated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The PPO knock-out (PPO-KO) cell lines are viable with the normal proliferation rate and show massive accumulation of protoporphyrinogen IX, the PPO substrate. Observed low heme levels trigger a decrease in the amount of functional heme containing respiratory complexes III and IV and overall reduced oxygen consumption rates. Untargeted proteomics further revealed dysregulation of 22 cellular proteins, including strong upregulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase, the major regulatory protein of the heme biosynthesis, as well as additional ten targets with unknown association to heme metabolism. Importantly, knock-in of PPO into PPO-KO cells rescued their wild-type phenotype, confirming the specificity of our model. Overall, our model system exploiting a non-erythroid human U-2 OS cell line reveals physiological consequences of the PPO ablation at the cellular level and can serve as a tool to study various aspects of dysregulated heme metabolism associated with variegate porphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Novakova
- grid.448014.dLaboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 25250 Czech Republic
| | - Mirko Milosevic
- grid.448014.dLaboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 25250 Czech Republic ,grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XFaculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, Prague, 12108 Czech Republic
| | - Zsofia Kutil
- grid.448014.dLaboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 25250 Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Ondrakova
- grid.448014.dLaboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 25250 Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Havlinova
- grid.448014.dLaboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 25250 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kasparek
- grid.418827.00000 0004 0620 870XCzech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 25250 Czech Republic
| | - Cristian Sandoval-Acuña
- grid.448014.dLaboratory of Tumour Resistance, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 25250 Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Korandova
- grid.418925.30000 0004 0633 9419Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220 Czech Republic ,grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XFirst Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, Prague, 12108 Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Truksa
- grid.448014.dLaboratory of Tumour Resistance, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 25250 Czech Republic
| | - Marek Vrbacky
- grid.418925.30000 0004 0633 9419Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220 Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Rohlena
- grid.448014.dLaboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 25250 Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Barinka
- grid.448014.dLaboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 25250 Czech Republic
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Novakova Z, Mikesova J, Ondrakova M, Kutil Z, Vesela K, Martasek P, Barinka C. Molecular characterization of a novel His333Arg variant of human protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 588:182-186. [PMID: 34968794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Variegate porphyria is caused by mutations in the protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX (PPOX, EC 1.3.3.4) gene, resulting in reduced overall enzymatic activity of PPOX in human tissues. Recently, we have identified the His333Arg mutation in the PPOX protein (PPOX(H333R)) as a putative founder mutation in the Moroccan Jewish population. Herein we report the molecular characterization of PPOX(H333R) in vitro and in cells. Purified recombinant PPOX(H333R) did not show any appreciable enzymatic activity in vitro, corroborating the clinical findings. Biophysical experiments and molecular modeling revealed that PPOX(H333R) is not folded properly and fails to adopt its native functional three-dimensional conformation due to steric clashes in the vicinity of the active site of the enzyme. On the other hand, PPOX(H333R) subcellular distribution, as evaluated by live-cell confocal microscopy, is unimpaired suggesting that the functional three-dimensional fold is not required for efficient transport of the polypeptide chain into mitochondria. Overall, the data presented here provide molecular underpinnings of the pathogenicity of PPOX(H333R) and might serve as a blueprint for deciphering whether a given PPOX variant represents a disease-causing mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Novakova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Mikesova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Marketa Ondrakova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Zsofia Kutil
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Vesela
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Martasek
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Cyril Barinka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
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Novakova Z, Khuntsaria D, Gresova M, Mikesova J, Havlinova B, Shukla S, Kolarova L, Vesela K, Martasek P, Barinka C. Heterologous expression and purification of recombinant human protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX: A comparative study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259837. [PMID: 34793488 PMCID: PMC8601502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX (hPPO) is an oxygen-dependent enzyme catalyzing the penultimate step in the heme biosynthesis pathway. Mutations in the enzyme are linked to variegate porphyria, an autosomal dominant metabolic disease. Here we investigated eukaryotic cells as alternative systems for heterologous expression of hPPO, as the use of a traditional bacterial-based system failed to produce several clinically relevant hPPO variants. Using bacterially-produced hPPO, we first analyzed the impact of N-terminal tags and various detergent on hPPO yield, and specific activity. Next, the established protocol was used to compare hPPO constructs heterologously expressed in mammalian HEK293T17 and insect Hi5 cells with prokaryotic overexpression. By attaching various fusion partners at the N- and C-termini of hPPO we also evaluated the influence of the size and positioning of fusion partners on expression levels, specific activity, and intracellular targeting of hPPO fusions in mammalian cells. Overall, our results suggest that while enzymatically active hPPO can be heterologously produced in eukaryotic systems, the limited availability of the intracellular FAD co-factor likely negatively influences yields of a correctly folded protein making thus the E.coli a system of choice for recombinant hPPO overproduction. At the same time, PPO overexpression in eukaryotic cells might be preferrable in cases when the effects of post-translational modifications (absent in bacteria) on target protein functions are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Novakova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Daria Khuntsaria
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Gresova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Mikesova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Havlinova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Shivam Shukla
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kolarova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Vesela
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Martasek
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Barinka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Zeb A, Park C, Son M, Baek A, Cho Y, Kim D, Rampogu S, Lee G, Kwak YS, Park SJ, Lee KW. Integration of virtual screening and computational simulation identifies photodynamic therapeutics against human Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase IX (hPPO). ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Chi MH, Shen MH, Kuo TT. New heterozygous mutation of protoporphyrinogen oxidase gene in a case of variegate porphyria in Taiwan. DERMATOL SIN 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ds.ds_11_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Aoki Y, Atsumi K, Kora M, Koh N, Yokoyama J. Sugammadex and amino acid infusion can contribute to safe anesthetic management of variegate porphyria. JA Clin Rep 2018; 4:49. [PMID: 32026031 PMCID: PMC6967284 DOI: 10.1186/s40981-018-0187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variegate porphyria (VP) is an inherited type of porphyria characterized by cutaneous manifestations and/or acute neurovisceral attacks. We report successful anesthetic management of VP. Case presentation A 66-year-old woman with VP was scheduled to undergo distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer. Medical history was unremarkable except for sudden onset of abdominal pain that occurred every few months, possibly due to VP. There was no abnormality in laboratory data except for a mild increase in creatinine levels. General anesthesia was induced and maintained with total intravenous anesthesia using propofol, remifentanil, and rocuronium. Blood glucose levels were measured every hour and glucose administered to prevent hypoglycemia. Amino acids were also infused to treat hypothermia. Upon completion of distal pancreatectomy, sugammadex was administered to reverse neuromuscular blockade. She was neurologically intact and discharged on postoperative day 15 with no acute attack. Conclusions Sugammadex and amino acids can be used safely in patients with VP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Aoki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1 Kita-Ando, Aoi-Ku, Shizuoka, 420-8527, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Atsumi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1 Kita-Ando, Aoi-Ku, Shizuoka, 420-8527, Japan
| | - Makiko Kora
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1 Kita-Ando, Aoi-Ku, Shizuoka, 420-8527, Japan
| | - Naoko Koh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1 Kita-Ando, Aoi-Ku, Shizuoka, 420-8527, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yokoyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1 Kita-Ando, Aoi-Ku, Shizuoka, 420-8527, Japan
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Hao GF, Zuo Y, Yang SG, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Yin CY, Niu CW, Xi Z, Yang GF. Computational Discovery of Potent and Bioselective Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase Inhibitor via Fragment Deconstruction Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5581-5588. [PMID: 28654285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the binding selectivity through appropriate ways is a primary goal in the design and optimization of a lead toward agrochemical discovery. However, how to achieve rational design of selectivity is still a big challenge. Herein, we developed a novel computational fragment generation and coupling (CFGC) strategy that led to a series of highly potent and bioselective inhibitors targeting protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase. This enzyme plays a vital role in heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis, which has been proven to be associated with many drugs and agrochemicals. However, existing agrochemicals are nonbioselective, resulting in a great threat to nontargeted organisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first bioselective inhibitor targeting the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. In addition, the candidate showed excellent in vivo bioactivity and much better safety toward humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge-Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Gang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Wei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjing 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjing 300072, People's Republic of China
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Wang B, Wen X, Xi Z. Molecular Simulations Bring New Insights into Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase/Protoporphyrinogen IX Interaction Modes. Mol Inform 2016; 35:476-482. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, Nankai University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, Nankai University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, Nankai University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
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The assessment of noncoding variant of PPOX gene in variegate porphyria reveals post-transcriptional role of the 5' untranslated exon 1. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2016; 61:48-53. [PMID: 27667166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The PPOX gene encodes for the protoporphyrinogen oxidase, which is involved in heme production. The partial deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase causes variegate porphyria. The tissue-specific regulation of other heme biosynthetic enzymes is extensively studied, but the information concerning transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of PPOX gene expression is scarcely available. In this study, we characterized functions of three variants identified in the regulatory regions of the PPOX gene, which show a novel role for the 5' untranslated exon 1. Using luciferase assays and RNA analysis, we demonstrated that only c.1-883G>C promoter variant causes a significant loss in the transcriptional activity of PPOX gene whereas c.1-413G>T 5' UTR variant inhibits translation of PPOX mRNA and c.1-176G>A splicing variant causes 4bp deletion in 5' UTR of PPOX mRNA variant 2. These observations indicate that the regulation of PPOX gene expression can also occur through a post-transcriptional modulation of the amount of gene product and that this modulation can be mediated by 5' untranslated exon 1. Moreover this study confirms that these regulatory regions represent an important molecular target for the pathogenesis of variegate porphyria.
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Ramanujam VMS, Anderson KE. Porphyria Diagnostics-Part 1: A Brief Overview of the Porphyrias. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS 2015; 86:17.20.1-17.20.26. [PMID: 26132003 PMCID: PMC4640448 DOI: 10.1002/0471142905.hg1720s86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porphyria diseases are a group of metabolic disorders caused by abnormal functioning of heme biosynthesis enzymes and characterized by excessive accumulation and excretion of porphyrins and their precursors. Precisely which of these chemicals builds up depends on the type of porphyria. Porphyria is not a single disease but a group of nine disorders: acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), hereditary coproporphyria (HCP), variegate porphyria (VP), δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficiency porphyria (ADP), porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP), congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), and X-linked protoporphyria (XLP). Each porphyria results from overproduction of heme precursors secondary to partial deficiency or, in XLP, increased activity of one of the enzymes of heme biosynthesis. Taken together, all forms of porphyria afflict fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. Based on European studies, the most common porphyria, PCT, has a prevalence of 1 in 10,000, the most common acute porphyria, AlP, has a prevalence of ∼1 in 20,000, and the most common erythropoietic porphyria, EPP, is estimated at 1 in 50,000 to 75,000. CEP is extremely rare, with prevalence estimates of 1 in 1,000,000 or less. Only six cases of ADP are documented. The current porphyria literature is very exhaustive and a brief overview of porphyria diseases is essential in order for the reader to better appreciate the relevance of this area of research prior to undertaking biochemical diagnostics procedures. This unit summarizes the current knowledge on the classification, clinical features, etiology, pathogenesis, and genetics of porphyria diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Elmo Anderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1109
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Mechanistic insights into the substrate recognition of PPO: toward the rational design of effective inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2015; 6:597-9. [PMID: 24895889 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Wu QY, Jiang LL, Yang SG, Zuo Y, Wang ZF, Xi Z, Yang GF. Hexahydrophthalimide–benzothiazole hybrids as a new class of protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors: synthesis, structure–activity relationship, and DFT calculations. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00636d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Tzou WS, Chu Y, Lin TY, Hu CH, Pai TW, Liu HF, Lin HJ, Cases I, Rojas A, Sanchez M, You ZY, Hsu MW. Molecular evolution of multiple-level control of heme biosynthesis pathway in animal kingdom. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86718. [PMID: 24489775 PMCID: PMC3904948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of enzymes in a metabolic pathway can occur not only through changes in amino acid sequences but also through variations in transcriptional activation, mRNA splicing and mRNA translation. The heme biosynthesis pathway, a linear pathway comprised of eight consecutive enzymes in animals, provides researchers with ample information for multiple types of evolutionary analyses performed with respect to the position of each enzyme in the pathway. Through bioinformatics analysis, we found that the protein-coding sequences of all enzymes in this pathway are under strong purifying selection, from cnidarians to mammals. However, loose evolutionary constraints are observed for enzymes in which self-catalysis occurs. Through comparative genomics, we found that in animals, the first intron of the enzyme-encoding genes has been co-opted for transcriptional activation of the genes in this pathway. Organisms sense the cellular content of iron, and through iron-responsive elements in the 5′ untranslated regions of mRNAs and the intron-exon boundary regions of pathway genes, translational inhibition and exon choice in enzymes may be enabled, respectively. Pathway product (heme)-mediated negative feedback control can affect the transport of pathway enzymes into the mitochondria as well as the ubiquitin-mediated stability of enzymes. Remarkably, the positions of these controls on pathway activity are not ubiquitous but are biased towards the enzymes in the upstream portion of the pathway. We revealed that multiple-level controls on the activity of the heme biosynthesis pathway depend on the linear depth of the enzymes in the pathway, indicating a new strategy for discovering the molecular constraints that shape the evolution of a metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shyong Tzou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ying Chu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Yi Lin
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hwa Hu
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tun-Wen Pai
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Fu Liu
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Jia Lin
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ildeofonso Cases
- Computational Cell Biology Group, Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rojas
- Computational Cell Biology Group, Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mayka Sanchez
- Cancer and Iron Group, Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zong-Ye You
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Hsu
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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Pinder VAE, Holden ST, Deshpande C, Siddiqui A, Mellerio JE, Wraige E, Powell AM. Homozygous variegate porphyria presenting with developmental and language delay in childhood. Clin Exp Dermatol 2013; 38:737-40. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. A. E. Pinder
- St John's Institute of Dermatology; Evelina Children's Hospital; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - S. T. Holden
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Evelina Children's Hospital; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - C. Deshpande
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Evelina Children's Hospital; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - A. Siddiqui
- Department of Radiology; Evelina Children's Hospital; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - J. E. Mellerio
- St John's Institute of Dermatology; Evelina Children's Hospital; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - E. Wraige
- Department of Paediatric Neurology; Evelina Children's Hospital; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - A. M. Powell
- St John's Institute of Dermatology; Evelina Children's Hospital; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
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17
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Wang B, Wen X, Qin X, Wang Z, Tan Y, Shen Y, Xi Z. Quantitative structural insight into human variegate porphyria disease. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11731-40. [PMID: 23467411 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.459768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in the human protoporphyrinogen oxidase (hPPO) gene, resulting in ~50% decreased activity of hPPO, is responsible for the dominantly inherited disorder variegate porphyria (VP). To understand the molecular mechanism of VP, we employed the site-directed mutagenesis, biochemical assays, structural biology, and molecular dynamics simulation studies to investigate VP-causing hPPO mutants. We report here the crystal structures of R59Q and R59G mutants in complex with acifluorfen at a resolution of 2.6 and 2.8 Å. The r.m.s.d. of the Cα atoms of the active site structure of R59G and R59Q with respect to the wild-type was 0.20 and 0.15 Å, respectively. However, these highly similar static crystal structures of mutants with the wild-type could not quantitatively explain the observed large differences in their enzymatic activity. To understand how the hPPO mutations affect their catalytic activities, we combined molecular dynamics simulation and statistical analysis to quantitatively understand the molecular mechanism of VP-causing mutants. We have found that the probability of the privileged conformations of hPPO can be correlated very well with the k(cat)/K(m) of PPO (correlation coefficient, R(2) > 0.9), and the catalytic activity of 44 clinically reported VP-causing mutants can be accurately predicted. These results indicated that the VP-causing mutation affect the catalytic activity of hPPO by affecting the ability of hPPO to sample the privileged conformations. The current work, together with our previous crystal structure study on the wild-type hPPO, provided the quantitative structural insight into human variegate porphyria disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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18
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van Tuyll van Serooskerken AM, Drögemöller BI, Te Velde K, Bladergroen RS, Steijlen PM, Poblete-Gutiérrez P, van Geel M, van Heerden CJ, Warnich L, Frank J. Extended haplotype studies in South African and Dutch variegate porphyria families carrying the recurrent p.R59W mutation confirm a common ancestry. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166:261-5. [PMID: 21910705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variegate porphyria (VP) is due to a partial deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX), the seventh enzyme in the haem biosynthetic pathway. Clinically, VP is characterized by photosensitivity and acute neurovisceral attacks that can manifest separately or together in affected individuals. The disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion with incomplete penetrance and PPOX gene mutations associated with VP are usually unique to patients and their families. In South Africa, however, VP is highly prevalent as the result of a founder mutation, designated p.R59W. Previous genealogical and haplotype studies showed a link between South African and Dutch carriers of p.R59W and it was suggested that this mutation was introduced to South Africa by Dutch settlers at the end of the 17th century. OBJECTIVES To perform extended haplotype analysis in six South African and Dutch VP families with the p.R59W mutation. METHODS Haplotyping of 13 microsatellite markers flanking the PPOX gene on chromosome 1q22-23 and five informative single nucleotide polymorphisms within and around the gene. RESULTS A core haplotype cosegregated in all families studied. CONCLUSIONS Our data deliver further confirmation that the South African and Dutch VP families carrying mutation p.R59W shared a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M van Tuyll van Serooskerken
- Department of Dermatology Euregional Porphyria Center Maastricht GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands
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19
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Zuo Y, Yang SG, Jiang LL, Hao GF, Wang ZF, Wu QY, Xi Z, Yang GF. Quantitative structure–activity relationships of 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-ones and 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones as human protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:296-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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20
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Functional Characterization of Five Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Missense Mutations Found in Argentinean Variegate Porphyria Patients. JIMD Rep 2011. [PMID: 23430901 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2011_77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
Abstract
A partial deficiency in protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX) produces the acute/cutaneous (or mixed) variegate porphyria (VP), the third most frequent porphyria in Argentina. This autosomal dominant disorder is clinically characterized by skin lesions and/or acute neurovisceral attacks. The precise diagnosis of patients with a symptomatic VP is essential to provide accurate treatment. It is also critical to identify asymptomatic relatives to avoid precipitating factors and prevent acute attacks.Functional consequences of five PPOX missense mutations were evaluated in a prokaryotic expression system. Three mutations were found in families previously reported c.101A>T (p.E34V), c.670T>G (W224G), c.995G>C (G332A) and two were novel findings c.227C>T (p.S76F), c.1265A>G (p.Y422C). All mutations were identified in heterozygotes with reduced PPOX activity and variable clinical expression of the disease, including asymptomatic cases. Prokaryotic expression showed that all five missense mutations decreased the PPOX activity, demonstrating their detrimental effect on enzyme function, and thus, providing evidence for their causative role in VP. These results reinforce the importance of molecular genetic analysis for VP diagnosis and especially the usefulness of prokaryotic expression of missense mutations to assess their deleterious effect on PPOX activity.MM and BXG contributed equally to the publication. RES and MVR share senior authorship.
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21
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Qin X, Tan Y, Wang L, Wang Z, Wang B, Wen X, Yang G, Xi Z, Shen Y. Structural insight into human variegate porphyria disease. FASEB J 2010; 25:653-64. [PMID: 21048046 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-170811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (hPPO), a mitochondrial inner membrane protein, converts protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Mutations in the hPPO gene cause the inherited human disease variegate porphyria (VP). In this study, we report the crystal structure of hPPO in complex with the coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and the inhibitor acifluorfen at a resolution of 1.9 Å. The structural and biochemical analyses revealed the molecular details of FAD and acifluorfen binding to hPPO as well as the interactions of the substrate with hPPO. Structural analysis and gel chromatography indicated that hPPO is a monomer rather than a homodimer in vitro. The founder-effect mutation R59W in VP patients is most likely caused by a severe electrostatic hindrance in the hydrophilic binding pocket involving the bulky, hydrophobic indolyl ring of the tryptophan. Forty-seven VP-causing mutations were purified by chromatography and kinetically characterized in vitro. The effect of each mutation was demonstrated in the high-resolution crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Qin
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China 300071
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22
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Qin X, Sun L, Wen X, Yang X, Tan Y, Jin H, Cao Q, Zhou W, Xi Z, Shen Y. Structural insight into unique properties of protoporphyrinogen oxidase from Bacillus subtilis. J Struct Biol 2010; 170:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Bioactive conformation analysis of cyclic imides as protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor by combining DFT calculations, QSAR and molecular dynamic simulations. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4935-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Hao GF, Zhu XL, Ji FQ, Zhang L, Yang GF, Zhan CG. Understanding the mechanism of drug resistance due to a codon deletion in protoporphyrinogen oxidase through computational modeling. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:4865-75. [PMID: 19284797 DOI: 10.1021/jp807442n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO; EC 1.3.3.4) is the last common enzyme for the enzymatic transformation of protoporphyrinogen-IX to protoporphyrin-IX, which is the key common intermediate leading to heme and chlorophyll. Hence, PPO has been identified as one of the most importance action targets for the treatment of some important diseases including cancer and variegated porphyria (VP). In the agricultural field, PPO inhibitors have been used as herbicides for many years. Recently, a unique drug resistance was found to be associated with a nonactive site residue (Gly210) deletion rather than substitution in A. tuberculatus PPO. In the present study, extensive computational simulations, including homology modeling, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and molecular mechanics-Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) calculations, have been carried out to uncover the detailed molecular mechanism of drug resistance associated with Gly210 deletion. Although Gly210 in the wild-type A. tuberculatus PPO has no direct interaction with the inhibitors, all the computational models and energetic results indicated that Gly210 deletion has great effects on the hydrogen-bonding network and the conformational change of the binding pocket. An interchain hydrogen bond between Gly210 with Ser424, playing an important role in stabilizing the local conformation of the wild-type enzyme, disappeared after Gly210 deletion. As a result, the mutant-type PPO has a lower affinity than the wild-type enzyme, which accounts for the molecular mechanism of drug resistance. The structural and mechanistic insights obtained from the present study provide a new starting point for future rational design of novel PPO inhibitors to overcome drug resistance associated with Gly210 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge-Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
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25
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Masoumi A, Heinemann IU, Rohde M, Koch M, Jahn M, Jahn D. Complex formation between protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase and ferrochelatase during haem biosynthesis in Thermosynechococcus elongatus. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 154:3707-3714. [PMID: 19047738 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/018705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During haem and chlorophyll biosynthesis, flavin-dependent protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase catalyses the six-electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to form protoporphyrin IX. In the following step, iron is inserted into protoporphyrin IX by ferrochelatase. Based on the solved crystal structures of these enzymes, an in silico model for a complex between these two enzymes was proposed to protect the highly photoreactive intermediate protoporphyrin IX. The existence of this complex was verified by two independent techniques. First, co-immunoprecipitation experiments using antibodies directed against recombinantly produced and purified Thermosynechococcus elongatus protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase and ferrochelatase demonstrated their physical interaction. Secondly, protein complex formation was visualized by in vivo immunogold labelling and electron microscopy with T. elongatus cells. Finally, oxygen-dependent coproporphyrinogen III oxidase, which catalyses the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX, was not found to be part of this complex when analysed with the same methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Masoumi
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ilka Ursula Heinemann
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Division of Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, IGBMC, Parc d'Innovation, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Martina Jahn
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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26
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Tan Y, Sun L, Xi Z, Yang GF, Jiang DQ, Yan XP, Yang X, Li HY. A capillary electrophoresis assay for recombinant Bacillus subtilis protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Anal Biochem 2008; 383:200-4. [PMID: 18834852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing enzyme in the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway that leads to the formation of both heme and chlorophylls, which has been identified as one of the most important action targets of commercial herbicides. The literature reports gave different PPO-catalytic kinetic parameters for the substrate protoporphyrinogen IX (K(m) of 0.1 to 10.4 miocroM) with different sources of PPO using fluorescent or HPLC methods. Herein we assayed the enzymatic activity of recombinant Bacillus subtilis PPO by using capillary electrophoresis (CE), a method with high separation efficiency, easy automation, and low sample consumption. The Michaelis constant and maximum reaction velocity were determined as 7.0+/-0.6 miocroM and 0.38+/-0.02 miocromol min(-1)miocrog(-1), respectively. The interaction between PPO and acifluorfen, a commercial PPO-inhibiting herbicide, was measured as the inhibition constant 186.9+/-9.3 miocroM EM, Cyrillic. The relationship between cofactor FAD and PPO activity can also be quantitatively studied by this CE method. The CE method used here should also be a convenient, reliable method for PPO study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Element-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, Nankai University,Tianjin 300071, China
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27
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Rossetti MV, Granata BX, Giudice J, Parera VE, Batlle A. Genetic and biochemical studies in Argentinean patients with variegate porphyria. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:54. [PMID: 18570668 PMCID: PMC2467414 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A partial deficiency in Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX) produces the mixed disorder Variegate Porphyria (VP), the second acute porphyria more frequent in Argentina. Identification of patients with an overt VP is absolutely important because treatment depends on an accurate diagnosis but more critical is the identification of asymptomatic relatives to avoid acute attacks which may progress to death. METHODS We have studied at molecular level 18 new Argentinean patients biochemically diagnosed as VP. PPOX gene was amplified in one or in twelve PCR reactions. All coding exons, flanking intronic and promoter regions were manual or automatically sequenced. For RT-PCR studies RNA was retrotranscripted, amplified and sequenced. PPOX activity in those families carrying a new and uncharacterized mutation was performed. RESULTS All affected individuals harboured mutations in heterozygous state. Nine novel mutations and 3 already reported mutations were identified. Six of the novel mutations were single nucleotide substitutions, 2 were small deletions and one a small insertion. Three single nucleotide substitutions and the insertion were at exon-intron boundaries. Two of the single nucleotide substitutions, c.471G>A and c.807G>A and the insertion (c.388+3insT) were close to the splice donor sites in exons 5, 7 and intron 4 respectively. The other single nucleotide substitution was a transversion in the last base of intron 7, g.3912G>C (c.808-1G>C) so altering the consensus acceptor splice site. However, only in the first case the abnormal band showing the skipping of exon 5 was detected. The other single nucleotide substitutions were transversions: c.101A>T, c.995G>C and c.670 T>G that result in p.E34V, p.G332A and W224G aminoacid substitutions in exons 3, 10 and 7 respectively. Activity measurements indicate that these mutations reduced about 50% PPOX activity and also that they co-segregate with this reduced activity value. Two frameshift mutations, c.133delT and c.925delA, were detected in exons 3 and 9 respectively. The first leads to an early termination signal 22 codons downstream (p.S45fsX67) and the second leads to a stop codon 5 codons downstream (p.I309fsX314). One reported mutation was a missense mutation (p.G232R) and 2 were frameshift mutations: c.1082insC and 1043insT. The last mutation was detected in six new apparently unrelated Argentinean families. CONCLUSION Molecular analysis in available family members revealed 14 individuals who were silent carriers of VP. Molecular techniques represent the most accurate approach to identify unaffected carriers and to provide accurate genetic counselling for asymptomatic individuals. The initial screening includes the insertion search.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Rossetti
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias, Hospital de Clínicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bárbara X Granata
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias, Hospital de Clínicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Giudice
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria E Parera
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias, Hospital de Clínicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alcira Batlle
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias, Hospital de Clínicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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28
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Heinemann IU, Jahn M, Jahn D. The biochemistry of heme biosynthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 474:238-51. [PMID: 18314007 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Heme is an integral part of proteins involved in multiple electron transport chains for energy recovery found in almost all forms of life. Moreover, heme is a cofactor of enzymes including catalases, peroxidases, cytochromes of the P(450) class and part of sensor molecules. Here the step-by-step biosynthesis of heme including involved enzymes, their mechanisms and detrimental health consequences caused by their failure are described. Unusual and challenging biochemistry including tRNA-dependent reactions, radical SAM enzymes and substrate derived cofactors are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka U Heinemann
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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29
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Heinemann I, Diekmann N, Masoumi A, Koch M, Messerschmidt A, Jahn M, Jahn D. Functional definition of the tobacco protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase substrate-binding site. Biochem J 2007; 402:575-80. [PMID: 17134376 PMCID: PMC1863572 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PPO (protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase) catalyses the flavin-dependent six-electron oxidation of protogen (protoporphyrinogen IX) to form proto (protoporphyrin IX), a crucial step in haem and chlorophyll biosynthesis. The apparent K(m) value for wild-type tobacco PPO2 (mitochondrial PPO) was 1.17 muM, with a V(max) of 4.27 muM.min(-1).mg(-1) and a catalytic activity k(cat) of 6.0 s(-1). Amino acid residues that appear important for substrate binding in a crystal structure-based model of the substrate docked in the active site were interrogated by site-directed mutagenesis. PPO2 variant F392H did not reveal detectable enzyme activity indicating an important role of Phe(392) in substrate ring A stacking. Mutations of Leu(356), Leu(372) and Arg(98) increased k(cat) values up to 100-fold, indicating that the native residues are not essential for establishing an orientation of the substrate conductive to catalysis. Increased K(m) values of these PPO2 variants from 2- to 100-fold suggest that these residues are involved in, but not essential to, substrate binding via rings B and C. Moreover, one prominent structural constellation of human PPO causing the disease variegate porphyria (N67W/S374D) was successfully transferred into the tobacco PPO2 background. Therefore tobacco PPO2 represents a useful model system for the understanding of the structure-function relationship underlying detrimental human enzyme defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka U. Heinemann
- *Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nina Diekmann
- *Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ava Masoumi
- *Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- †Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K
| | - Albrecht Messerschmidt
- ‡Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martina Jahn
- *Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- *Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Lecha M, Badenas C, Puig S, Orfila J, Milà M, To-Figueras J, Muñoz C, Mercader P, Herrero C. Genetic studies in variegate porphyria in Spain. Identification of gene mutations and family study for carrier detection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20:974-9. [PMID: 16922948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First, to establish the mutations of the protoporphyrinogen-oxidase (PPOX) gene in four Spanish patients with variegate porphyria (VP). Second, study of carrier status detection in the families, including a four-generation Balearic family. Third, evaluation of the results of carrier detection screening methods. DESIGN Blood samples of four patients and of 139 members belonging to four families, including four generations of a Balearic family were processed for mutation analysis of the 13 exons of PPOX gene. Biochemical studies were performed together (blood and faecal porphyrin analysis) and plasma fluorescence scanning for 626 nm peak emission detection. A questionnaire regarding clinical manifestations was submitted to all family members studied. RESULTS Single strand conformational analysis (SSCP) of DNA allowed the detection of the following mutations: W224R, 746delT: exon 7, 1077-1082insC: exon 10, and IVS6+2T-->A. Mutation was present in 19 of the 139 members of the families studied. Clinical manifestations or biochemical alterations were checked in the carriers detected and found as not relevant or not present. Only 11 members of the 19 mutation-bearing individuals showed plasma fluorescence PV peak positivity. CONCLUSION Demonstration of gene mutation is the most reliable means of detecting carriers in studies of variegate porphyria families. DNA analysis is the most sensitive carrier detection method and also allows transmission behaviour of the genetic defect to be established in successive generations of the affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lecha
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
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Corradi HR, Corrigall AV, Boix E, Mohan CG, Sturrock ED, Meissner PN, Acharya KR. Crystal structure of protoporphyrinogen oxidase from Myxococcus xanthus and its complex with the inhibitor acifluorfen. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:38625-33. [PMID: 17046834 PMCID: PMC1892613 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606640200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase, a monotopic membrane protein, which catalyzes the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX in the heme/chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, is distributed widely throughout nature. Here we present the structure of protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase from Myxococcus xanthus, an enzyme with similar catalytic properties to human protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase that also binds the common plant herbicide, acifluorfen. In the native structure, the planar porphyrinogen substrate is mimicked by a Tween 20 molecule, tracing three sides of the macrocycle. In contrast, acifluorfen does not mimic the planarity of the substrate but is accommodated by the shape of the binding pocket and held in place by electrostatic and aromatic interactions. A hydrophobic patch surrounded by positively charged residues suggests the position of the membrane anchor, differing from the one proposed for the tobacco mitochondrial protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Interestingly, there is a discrepancy between the dimerization state of the protein in solution and in the crystal. Conserved structural features are discussed in relation to a number of South African variegate porphyria-causing mutations in the human enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel R. Corradi
- From the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Anne V. Corrigall
- From the Lennox Eales Porphyria Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Cape Town Liver Research Center, University of Cape Town Department of Medicine, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ester Boix
- From the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - C. Gopi Mohan
- From the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Edward D. Sturrock
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter N. Meissner
- From the Lennox Eales Porphyria Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Cape Town Liver Research Center, University of Cape Town Department of Medicine, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - K. Ravi Acharya
- From the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Abstract
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters have diverse roles in many cellular processes. These diverse roles require the presence of conserved membrane spanning domains and nucleotide binding domains. Bcrp (Abcg2) is a member of the ATP binding cassette family of plasma membrane transporters that was originally discovered for its ability to confer drug resistance in tumor cells. Subsequent studies showed Bcrp expression in normal tissues and high expression in primitive stem cells. Bcrp expression is induced under low oxygen conditions consistent with its high expression in tissues exposed to low oxygen environments. Moreover, Bcrp interacts with heme and other porphyrins. This finding and its regulation by hypoxia suggests it may play a role in protecting cells/tissue from protoporphyrin accumulation under hypoxia. These observations are strengthened by the fact that porphyrins accumulate in tissues of the Bcrp knockout mouse. It is possible that humans with loss of function Bcrp alleles may be more susceptible to porphyrin-induced phototoxicity. We propose that Bcrp plays a role in porphyrin homoeostasis and regulates survival under low oxygen conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale Ave., Memphis, TN 38105-2794 , USA
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Hift RJ, Davidson BP, van der Hooft C, Meissner DM, Meissner PN. Plasma Fluorescence Scanning and Fecal Porphyrin Analysis for the Diagnosis of Variegate Porphyria: Precise Determination of Sensitivity and Specificity with Detection of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Mutations as a Reference Standard. Clin Chem 2004; 50:915-23. [PMID: 14976149 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2003.025213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: Variegate porphyria (VP) is the autosomal dominant disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX). Plasma fluorescence scanning has been reported to be a more sensitive test for VP than traditional fecal chromatography. Previous comparisons of these techniques predated identification of the PPOX gene. We assessed these techniques in a large group of patients characterized for VP at the DNA level.Methods: We evaluated all patients for whom the genotype and a plasma scan or fecal porphyrin result were available. Mutations were detected by restriction digest analysis. Plasma fluorescence scanning was conducted according to published methods. Fecal porphyrins were identified and quantified by thin-layer chromatography.Results: Plasma fluorescence scanning was assessed in 679 patients (205 with VP who were carriers of a PPOX mutation, either with disease symptoms or asymptomatic) and fecal analysis in 473 (190 with VP). Sensitivity and specificity of both tests were higher in adults than in children and higher for adults with disease symptoms than for asymptomatic carriers. In a direct comparison in 168 adults (73 with VP), plasma scanning was significantly more sensitive than fecal porphyrin analysis [sensitivity, 0.96 (95% confidence interval, 0.89–0.99) vs 0.77 (0.66–0.85)]. Fecal coproporphyrin [area under the curve, 0.87 (0.83–0.90)] was a better predictor of VP than protoporphyrin [0.80 (0.76–0.84)].Conclusions: Plasma scanning is a more sensitive and specific test for VP than fecal porphyrin analysis. Neither test is sensitive in children, and both are less sensitive in asymptomatic carriers than in symptomatic cases. DNA analysis therefore remains the preferred method for the identification of carriers, particularly in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Hift
- Lennox Eales Porphyria Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Cape Town Liver Research Centre, Observatory, South Africa.
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Maneli MH, Corrigall AV, Klump HH, Davids LM, Kirsch RE, Meissner PN. Kinetic and physical characterisation of recombinant wild-type and mutant human protoporphyrinogen oxidases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1650:10-21. [PMID: 12922165 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of various protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX) mutations responsible for variegate porphyria (VP), the roles of the arginine-59 residue and the glycines in the conserved flavin binding site, in catalysis and/or cofactor binding, were examined. Wild-type recombinant human PPOX and a selection of mutants were generated, expressed, purified and partially characterised. All mutants had reduced PPOX activity to varying degrees. However, the activity data did not correlate with the ability/inability to bind flavin. The positive charge at arginine-59 appears to be directly involved in catalysis and not in flavin-cofactor binding alone. The K(m)s for the arginine-59 mutants suggested a substrate-binding problem. T(1/2) indicated that arginine-59 is required for the integrity of the active site. The dominant alpha-helical content was decreased in the mutants. The degree of alpha-helix did not correlate linearly with T(1/2) nor T(m) values, supporting the suggestion that arginine-59 is important for catalysis at the active site. Examination of the conserved dinucleotide-binding sequence showed that substitution of glycine in codon 14 was less disruptive than substitutions in codons 9 and 11. Ultraviolet melting curves generally showed a two-state transition suggesting formation of a multi-domain structure. All mutants studied were more resistant to thermal denaturation compared to wild type, except for R168C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbulelo H Maneli
- Lennox Eales Porphyria Laboratories, MRC/UCT Liver Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, K-floor, Old GSH Main Building, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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Wiman A, Harper P, Floderus Y. Nine novel mutations in the protoporphyrinogen oxidase gene in Swedish families with variegate porphyria. Clin Genet 2003; 64:122-30. [PMID: 12859407 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Variegate porphyria (VP) is an autosomal-dominant disorder that is caused by inheritance of a partial deficiency of the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4). It is characterized by cutaneous photosensitivity and/or various neurological manifestations. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase catalyses the penultimate step of haem biosynthesis, and mutations in the PPOX gene have been coupled to VP. In the present study, sequencing analysis revealed 10 different mutations in the PPOX gene in 14 out of 17 apparently unrelated Swedish VP families. Six of the identified mutations, 3G > A (exon 2), 454C > T (exon 5), 472G > C (exon 6), 614C > T (exon 6), 988G > C (exon 10) and IVS12 + 2T > G (intron 12), are single nucleotide substitutions, while 604delC (exon 6), 916-17delCT (exon 9) and 1330-31delCT (exon 13) are small deletions, and IVS12 + 2-3insT (intron 12) is a small insertion. Only one of these 10 mutations has been reported previously. Three of the mutations were each identified in two or more families, while the remaining mutations were specific for an individual family. In addition to the 10 mutations, one previously unreported single nucleotide polymorphism was identified. Mutation analysis of family members revealed two adults and four children who were silent carriers of the VP trait. Genetic analysis can now be added to the conventional biochemical analyses and used in investigation of putative carriers of a VP trait in these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wiman
- Porphyria Centre Sweden, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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von und zu Fraunberg M, Nyröen T, Kauppinen R. Mitochondrial targeting of normal and mutant protoporphyrinogen oxidase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:13376-81. [PMID: 12556518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300151200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the signal sequence for mitochondrial transport of mutants (I12T, 78insC, IVS2-2a-->c, 338G-->C, R152C, 470A-->C, and L401F) and the wild type protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX), which is the penultimate enzyme in the heme biosynthesis. We constructed the corresponding green fluorescent protein fusion proteins and studied their intracellular localization in COS-1 cells. We showed that 28 amino acids in the amino terminus of PPOX contain an independently functioning signal for mitochondrial targeting. The experiments with amino-terminally truncated green fluorescent protein fusion proteins revealed that amino acids 25-477 of PPOX contained an additional mitochondrial targeting signal(s). We constructed a structural model for the interaction between the amino-terminal end of PPOX and the putative mitochondrial receptor protein Tom20. The model suggests that leucine and isoleucine residues Leu-8, Ile-12, and Leu-15 forming an alpha-helical hydrophobic motif, LXXXIXXL, were crucial for the recognition of the targeting signal. The validity of the model was tested using mutants L8Q, I12T, and L15Q disrupting the hydrophobic surface of the LXXXIXXL helix. The results from in vitro expression studies and molecular modeling were in accordance supporting the hypothesis that the recognition of the mitochondrial targeting signal is dependent on hydrophobic interactions between the targeting signal and the mitochondrial receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael von und zu Fraunberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
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von und zu Fraunberg M, Timonen K, Mustajoki P, Kauppinen R. Clinical and biochemical characteristics and genotype-phenotype correlation in Finnish variegate porphyria patients. Eur J Hum Genet 2002; 10:649-57. [PMID: 12357337 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2001] [Revised: 06/18/2002] [Accepted: 06/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Variegate porphyria (VP) is an inherited metabolic disease resulting from the partial deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase, the penultimate enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. We have evaluated the clinical and biochemical outcome of 103 Finnish VP patients diagnosed between 1966 and 2001. Fifty-two per cent of patients had experienced clinical symptoms: 40% had photosensitivity, 27% acute attacks and 14% both manifestations. The proportion of patients with acute attacks has decreased dramatically from 38 to 14% in patients diagnosed before and after 1980, whereas the prevalence of skin symptoms had decreased only subtly from 45 to 34%. We have studied the correlation between PPOX genotype and clinical outcome of 90 patients with the three most common Finnish mutations I12T, R152C and 338G-->C. The patients with the I12T mutation experienced no photosensitivity and acute attacks were rare (8%). Therefore, the occurrence of photosensitivity was lower in the I12T group compared to the R152C group (P=0.001), whereas no significant differences between the R152C and 338G-->C groups could be observed. Biochemical abnormalities were significantly milder suggesting a milder form of the disease in patients with the I12T mutation. In all VP patients, normal excretion of protoporphyrin in faeces in adulthood predicted freedom from both skin symptoms and acute attacks. The most valuable test predicting an increased risk of symptoms was urinary coproporphyrin, but only a substantially increased excretion exceeding 1,000 nmol/day was associated with an increased risk of both skin symptoms and acute attacks. All patients with an excretion of more than 1,000 nmol/day experienced either skin symptoms, acute attacks, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael von und zu Fraunberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Central Hospital of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Rossi E, Chin CYB, Beilby JP, Waso HFJ, Warnich L. Variegate porphyria in Western Australian Aboriginal patients. Intern Med J 2002; 32:445-50. [PMID: 12380696 DOI: 10.1046/j.1445-5994.2002.00274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survivors of shipwrecks along the Western Australian coast may have introduced a mutation for variegate porphyria into the Aboriginal population prior to first settlement. AIMS To assess the mutations responsible for variegate porphyria in Western Australian Aboriginal patients, particularly the R59W mutation, which is the most common cause of variegate porphyria in South Africa. METHODS New cases of porphyria were diagnosed by biochemical separation of porphyrin subtypes. Single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase gene was performed on Aboriginal patients to define possible causative mutation sites. RESULTS Of the 296 new cases of porphyria diagnosed in Western Australia from 1978 to 1998, six had biochemically proven variegate porphyria. Three of those cases occurred in Aboriginal patients. Evidence for a possible fourth Aboriginal case of variegate porphyria is described. The R59W founder mutation responsible for over 90% of variegate porphyria in South Africa was excluded. Two new mutations that predicted amino acid substitutions with significant effects on enzyme function were detected in conserved regions of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase gene in one Aboriginal variegate porphyria patient and the possible fourth case. CONCLUSION Results suggest that the mutations causing variegate porphyria in the Western Australian Aboriginal population occur sporadically and were not inherited from shipwrecked sailors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rossi
- Biochemistry Section, Pathcentre, QE II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
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Kauppinen R, Timonen K, von und zu Fraunberg M, Laitinen E, Ahola H, Tenhunen R, Taketani S, Mustajoki P. Homozygous variegate porphyria: 20 y follow-up and characterization of molecular defect. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:610-3. [PMID: 11286631 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The long-term follow-up of a homozygous variegate porphyria patient revealed severe photosensitivity accompanied by mild sensory neuropathy and IgA nephropathy. A 35T to C transition in exon 2 (I12T) and a 767C to G transversion in exon 7 (P256R) of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase gene were identified from both alleles of the patient's cDNA and genomic DNA samples. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression studies showed that the first mutation in the evolutionary conserved region resulted in a decrease in the protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity in contrast to the polymorphic substitution in exon 7, which affected the function of the enzyme assayed in Escherichia coli but not COS-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kauppinen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Dermatology and Clinical Chemistry of the University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Varma S, Lanigan SW. Management difficulties due to concurrent dermatitis herpetiformis and variegate porphyria. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:654-5. [PMID: 10971353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2000.03734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Corrigall AV, Hift RJ, Hancock V, Meissner D, Davids L, Kirsch RE, Meissner PN. Identification and characterisation of a deletion (537delAT) in the protoporphyrinogen oxidase gene in a South African variegate porphyria family. Hum Mutat 2000; 12:403-7. [PMID: 9829909 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1998)12:6<403::aid-humu6>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Variegate porphyria is an autosomal dominant disorder of haem metabolism resulting from a partial decrease in protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity. Variegate porphyria is highly prevalent in South Africa, the result of a founder effect now confirmed genetically as a single point mutation (R59W) which has been described in nearly all South African variegate porphyria patients studied. Only two other mutations (H20P, R168C) have been reported in South Africa. We utilised simultaneous, single-stranded conformational polymorphism and heteroduplex analysis, and direct sequencing to identify a further mutation; a 2 bp deletion in exon 6 which results in a premature stop codon 11 codons downstream from the mutation and is the first reported deletion in the protoporphyrinogen oxidase gene in a South African family. The familial segregation of this mutation strongly suggests that it is the disease causing mutation for variegate porphyria in this family. This further evidence for allelic heterogeneity limits the utility of tests for the R59W mutation in the diagnosis of variegate porphyria in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Corrigall
- MRC/UCT Liver Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, South Africa.
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Whatley SD, Puy H, Morgan RR, Robreau AM, Roberts AG, Nordmann Y, Elder GH, Deybach JC. Variegate porphyria in Western Europe: identification of PPOX gene mutations in 104 families, extent of allelic heterogeneity, and absence of correlation between phenotype and type of mutation. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65:984-94. [PMID: 10486317 PMCID: PMC1288269 DOI: 10.1086/302586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Variegate porphyria (VP) is a low-penetrance, autosomal dominant disorder characterized clinically by skin lesions and acute neurovisceral attacks that occur separately or together. It results from partial deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase encoded by the PPOX gene. VP is relatively common in South Africa, where most patients have inherited the same mutation in the PPOX gene from a common ancestor, but few families from elsewhere have been studied. Here we describe the molecular basis and clinical features of 108 unrelated patients from France and the United Kingdom. Mutations in the PPOX gene were identified by a combination of screening (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, heteroduplex analysis, or denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography) and direct automated sequencing of amplified genomic DNA. A total of 60 novel and 6 previously reported mutations (25 missense, 24 frameshift, 10 splice site, and 7 nonsense) were identified in 104 (96%) of these unrelated patients, together with 3 previously unrecognized single-nucleotide polymorphisms. VP is less heterogeneous than other acute porphyrias; 5 mutations were present in 28 (26%) of the families, whereas 47 mutations were restricted to 1 family; only 2 mutations were found in both countries. The pattern of clinical presentation was identical to that reported from South Africa and was not influenced by type of mutation. Our results define the molecular genetics of VP in western Europe, demonstrate its allelic heterogeneity outside South Africa, and show that genotype is not a significant determinant of mode of presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Whatley
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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Jacobs NJ, Kruszyna HG, Hier JS, Dayan FE, Duke SO, Pont F, Montforts FP. Glutathione-dependent oxidative modification of protoporphyrin and other dicarboxylic porphyrins by mammalian and plant peroxidases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 259:195-200. [PMID: 10334939 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protoporphyrin, an intermediate in heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis, can accumulate in human and plant tissues under certain pathological conditions and is a photosensitizer used in cancer phototherapy. We previously showed that protoporphyrin and the related non-natural dicarboxylic porphyrin deuteroporphyrin are rapidly oxidized by horseradish peroxidase in the presence of some thiols, especially glutathione. This study reports that bovine lactoperoxidase, but not leucocyte myeloperoxidase, can also catalyze this reaction and that Tween and ascorbic acid are inhibitors. Exogenous hydrogen peroxide is not required and cannot replace glutathione. Deuteroporphyrin was oxidized to a unique green chlorin product with two oxygen functions added directly to the characteristic reduced pyrrole ring of the chlorin. Spectroscopic and chromatographic results suggest that protoporphyrin was oxidized not to a green chlorin, but to a much more polar red porphyrin modified by oxidative addition to the two vinyl side chains. Two related nonnatural dicarboxylic porphyrins, with ethyl or hydroxyethyl instead of vinyl side chains, are not substrates or products for this enzymatic conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, USA.
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Kotze MJ, De Villiers JN, Groenewald JZ, Rooney RN, Loubser O, Thiart R, Oosthuizen CJ, van Niekerk MM, Groenewald IM, Retief AE, Warnich L. Molecular analysis reveals a high mutation frequency in the first untranslated exon of the PPOX gene and largely excludes variegate porphyria in a subset of clinically affected Afrikaner families. Mol Cell Probes 1998; 12:293-300. [PMID: 9778454 DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.1998.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A subset of probands from 11 South African families with clinical and/or biochemical features of variegate porphyria (VP), but without the known protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX) gene defects identified previously in the South African population, were subjected to mutation analysis. Disease-related mutation(s) could not be identified after screening virtually the entire PPOX gene by heteroduplex single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (HEX-SSCP), although three new sequence variants were detected in exon 1 of the gene in three normal controls. The presence of these single base changes at nucleotide positions 22 (C/G), 27 (C/A) and 127 (C/A), in addition to the known exon 1 polymorphisms I-26 and I-150, indicates that this untranslated region of the PPOX gene is particularly mutation-prone. Furthermore, microsatellite markers flanking the PPOX and alpha-1 antitrypsin (PI) gene, on chromosomes 1 and 14, respectively, were used to assess the probability of involvement of these loci in disease presentation. Common alleles transmitted from affected parent to affected child were determined where possible in the mutation-negative index cases. Allelic frequencies of these <<disease-associated>> alleles were compared to findings in the normal population, but no predominant disease-associated allele could be identified. Co-segregation of a specific haplotype with the disease phenotype could also not be demonstrated in a large Afrikaner family. It is concluded that further studies are warranted to determine the genetic factor(s) underlying the autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance in molecularly uncharacterized cases showing clinical symptoms of an acute porphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kotze
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg
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Dailey TA, Dailey HA. Identification of an FAD superfamily containing protoporphyrinogen oxidases, monoamine oxidases, and phytoene desaturase. Expression and characterization of phytoene desaturase of Myxococcus xanthus. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:13658-62. [PMID: 9593705 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.22.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of FAD-containing proteins have previously been shown to contain a signature sequence that is referred to as the dinucleotide binding motif. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), the penultimate enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, is an FAD-containing protein that catalyzes the six electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX. Sequence analysis demonstrates the presence of the dinucleotide binding motif at the amino-terminal end of the protein. Analysis of the current data base reveals that PPO has significant sequence similarities to mammalian monoamine oxidases (MAO) A and B, as well as to bacterial and plant phytoene desaturases (PHD). Previously MAOs have been shown to contain FAD, but there are no publications demonstrating the presence of FAD in purified PHDs. We have carried out the expression and purification of PHD from the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus and demonstrate the presence of noncovalently bound FAD. Sequence analysis demonstrate that PPO is closely related to bacterial PHDs and more distantly to plant PHDs and animal MAOs. Interestingly bacterial MAOs are no more closely related to PPOs, PHDs, and animal MAO's than they are to the unrelated Pseudomonas phenyl hydroxylase. All of the related sequences contain not only the basic putative dinucleotide binding motif that is found frequently for FAD-binding proteins, but they also have high similarity in an approximately 60-residue long region that extends beyond the dinucleotide motif. This region is not found among any other proteins in the current data base and, therefore, we propose that this region is a signature motif for a superfamily of FAD-containing enzymes that is comprised of PPOs, animal MAOs, and PHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Dailey
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7229, USA.
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Frank J, Lam H, Zaider E, Poh-Fitzpatrick M, Christiano AM. Molecular basis of variegate porphyria: a missense mutation in the protoporphyrinogen oxidase gene. J Med Genet 1998; 35:244-7. [PMID: 9541112 PMCID: PMC1051251 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.3.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Variegate porphyria (VP) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by a partial defect in the activity of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), and has recently been genetically linked to the PPO gene on chromosome 1q22-23 (Z=6.62). In this study, we identified a mutation in the PPO gene in a patient with VP and two unaffected family members. The mutation consisted of a previously unreported T to C transition in exon 13 of the PPO gene, resulting in the substitution of a polar serine by a non-polar proline (S450P). This serine residue is evolutionarily highly conserved in man, mouse, and Bacillus subtilis, attesting to the importance of this residue. Interestingly, the gene for Gardner's syndrome (FAP) also segregates in this family, independently of the VP mutation. Gardner's syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is also an autosomal dominantly inherited genodermatosis, and typically presents with colorectal cancer in early adult life secondary to extensive adenomatous polyps of the colon. The specific gene on chromosome 5 that is the site of the mutation in this disorder is known as APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), and the gene has been genetically linked to the region of 5q22.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frank
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Poh-Fitzpatrick
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10019, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Hindmarsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
The porphyrias are metabolic disorders characterized by abnormal heme biosynthesis with excessive accumulation and excretion of porphyrias or porphyrin precursors. Defects in the enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway result in porphyria. Several of the disorders have been classified as hepatic because the major site of the biochemical defect has been localized to the liver. This article describes the enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway, the clinical features of the hepatic porphyrias and management of the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Scarlett
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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