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Solhaug MB, Schreurs O, Schenck K, Blix IJ, Baekkevold ES. Origin of langerin (CD207)‐expressing antigen presenting cells in the normal oral mucosa and in oral lichen planus lesions. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 130:e12835. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olav Schreurs
- Institute of Oral Biology University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Karl Schenck
- Institute of Oral Biology University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Inger Johanne Blix
- Institute of Oral Biology University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Periodontology Dental Faculty University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Espen S. Baekkevold
- Institute of Oral Biology University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Pathology Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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Dama A, Baggio C, Boscaro C, Albiero M, Cignarella A. Estrogen Receptor Functions and Pathways at the Vascular Immune Interface. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4254. [PMID: 33923905 PMCID: PMC8073008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) activity mediates multiple physiological processes in the cardiovascular system. ERα and ERβ are ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, while the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates estrogenic signals by modulating non-nuclear second messengers, including activation of the MAP kinase signaling cascade. Membrane localizations of ERs are generally associated with rapid, non-genomic effects while nuclear localizations are associated with nuclear activities/transcriptional modulation of target genes. Gender dependence of endothelial biology, either through the action of sex hormones or sex chromosome-related factors, is becoming increasingly evident. Accordingly, cardiometabolic risk increases as women transition to menopause. Estrogen pathways control angiogenesis progression through complex mechanisms. The classic ERs have been acknowledged to function in mediating estrogen effects on glucose metabolism, but 17β-estradiol also rapidly promotes endothelial glycolysis by increasing glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) levels through GPER-dependent mechanisms. Estrogens alter monocyte and macrophage phenotype(s), and induce effects on other estrogen-responsive cell lineages (e.g., secretion of cytokines/chemokines/growth factors) that impact macrophage function. The pharmacological modulation of ERs for therapeutic purposes, however, is particularly challenging due to the lack of ER subtype selectivity of currently used agents. Identifying the determinants of biological responses to estrogenic agents at the vascular immune interface and developing targeted pharmacological interventions may result in novel improved therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Dama
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Chiara Baggio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Carlotta Boscaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Mattia Albiero
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.D.); (M.A.)
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cignarella
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.D.); (M.A.)
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Bugelski PJ, Thiem PA, Solleveld HA, Morgan DG. Effects of Sensitization to Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on Clinical Pathology Parameters and Mitogen-Mediated Blastogenesis in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca, fascicularis). Toxicol Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/01926233900184p202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxicologic testing of drug candidates and environmental contaminants is of growing importance. Cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is a convenient way of testing immune function in vivo. However, DTH testing must not interfere with interpretation of other relevant parameters. We have evaluated the effects of sensitization and challenge with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on clinical parameters routinely evaluated in toxicity testing and on lectin-mediated blastogenesis. Female cynomolgus monkeys were sensitized to DNCB with 4 daily applications of DNCB in acetone to the skin of the axilla. Fifteen days later, the monkeys were challenged for DTH by applying DNCB to the antecubital skin. Skin fold thickness was measured and the macroscopic appearance of the challenge site was scored 24 and 48 hr after challenge. All 5 monkeys were successfully sensitized to DNCB. There was a significant increase in the mean skin fold thickness (compared to pre-challenge thickness) of 2 mm at 24 hr and 1 mm at 48 hr ( p < 0.001). The clinical score of the challenge site was also increased. Histologic examination of the sensitization and challenge sites from a second group of monkeys exposed to DNCB in an identical manner showed the perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrate typical of DTH. Evaluation of hematologic parameters at days 7, 14, and 21 revealed no change in the erythron at any interval and a mild decrease in total WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts on day 7 in 4/5 monkeys. The WBC parameters remained within the normal range and returned to pre-sensitization values at the later intervals. Clinical biochemical parameters related to liver and kidney function were evaluated at the same intervals and no changes were found. The blastogenic response of peripheral blood leukocytes to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen was mildly but not significantly decreased at day 7 but not on day 14 or 21. This study has shown that sensitization to DNCB in cynomolgus monkeys is a reliable means of evoking a DTH response which is quantifiable. It has also shown that sensitization and challenge with DNCB can be incorporated into toxicity studies without confounding interpretation of other toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Bugelski
- Department of Experimental Pathology,
Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
- Department of Pathobiology, School of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patricia A. Thiem
- Department of Experimental Pathology,
Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
- Current Address, Eli Lilly and
Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Henk A. Solleveld
- Department of Experimental Pathology,
Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
| | - D. Gwyn Morgan
- Department of Experimental Pathology,
Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
- Department of Pathobiology, School of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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4
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Radzun HJ. [History and perspectives of the monocyte-macrophage system]. DER PATHOLOGE 2015; 36:432-42. [PMID: 26310365 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-015-0050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The macrophage cell system was identified by Metchnikoff on the basis of its phagocytic ability. Later on, the reticulohistiocytic system was defined as being composed of antigen-presenting reticulum cells and macrophages. Van Furth proposed that the mononuclear phagocyte system includes all tissue macrophages as well as antigen-presenting cells and blood monocytes as their precursors. Recent findings have shown that blood monocytes are not just transient forms involved in the recruitment of macrophages but that different dendritic and monocytic subpopulations can be observed in blood. In tissue, self-renewing macrophages derived from the yolk sac as well as monocyte-derived dendritic cells and monocyte-derived macrophages can be distinguished. Due to their plasticity and polarization, under inflammatory conditions monocyte-derived macrophages may be beneficial for the reestablishment of homeostasis or may contribute to mostly chronic diseases. Because of their ubiquitous distribution, monocytes and macrophages are increasingly considered to be possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Radzun
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland,
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5
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Prince LR, Maxwell NC, Gill SK, Dockrell DH, Sabroe I, McGreal EP, Kotecha S, Whyte MK. Macrophage phenotype is associated with disease severity in preterm infants with chronic lung disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103059. [PMID: 25115925 PMCID: PMC4130498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of persistent lung inflammation in preterm infants with chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD) is poorly characterized, hampering efforts to stratify prognosis and treatment. Airway macrophages are important innate immune cells with roles in both the induction and resolution of tissue inflammation. OBJECTIVES To investigate airway innate immune cellular phenotypes in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or CLD. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was obtained from term and preterm infants requiring mechanical ventilation. BAL cells were phenotyped by flow cytometry. RESULTS Preterm birth was associated with an increase in the proportion of non-classical CD14(+)/CD16(+) monocytes on the day of delivery (58.9 ± 5.8% of total mononuclear cells in preterm vs 33.0 ± 6.1% in term infants, p = 0.02). Infants with RDS were born with significantly more CD36(+) macrophages compared with the CLD group (70.3 ± 5.3% in RDS vs 37.6 ± 8.9% in control, p = 0.02). At day 3, infants born at a low gestational age are more likely to have greater numbers of CD14(+) mononuclear phagocytes in the airway (p = 0.03), but fewer of these cells are functionally polarized as assessed by HLA-DR (p = 0.05) or CD36 (p = 0.05) positivity, suggesting increased recruitment of monocytes or a failure to mature these cells in the lung. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that macrophage polarization may be affected by gestational maturity, that more immature macrophage phenotypes may be associated with the progression of RDS to CLD and that phenotyping mononuclear cells in BAL could predict disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne R. Prince
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicola C. Maxwell
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sharonjit K. Gill
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Dockrell
- Academic Unit of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sabroe
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Eamon P. McGreal
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sailesh Kotecha
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Moira K. Whyte
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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6
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Okeke EB, Okwor I, Uzonna JE. Regulatory T cells restrain CD4+ T cells from causing unregulated immune activation and hypersensitivity to lipopolysaccharide challenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:655-62. [PMID: 24943218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintenance of peripheral tolerance, and defects in Treg function have been linked to several autoimmune diseases. We previously reported that depletion of Tregs resulted in mortality to an otherwise nonlethal dose of LPS or Escherichia coli challenge. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which Treg depletion leads to enhanced susceptibility to LPS. Using different murine lymphocyte gene knockout models, we show that the enhanced sensitivity to LPS following Treg depletion is mediated by T cells. SCID or RAG1-deficient mice, which lack T and B cells, do not show enhanced susceptibility to LPS. However, reconstitution of SCID mice with wild-type CD4(+) T cells restored Treg depletion-induced sensitivity to LPS. This CD4(+) T cell-mediated hypersensitivity to LPS challenge in the absence of Tregs was also observed upon reconstitution of SCID mice with CD4(+) T cells from CD25 knockout mice (which lack functional Tregs). Additionally, depletion of Tregs leads to increased CD4(+) T cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production in response to LPS challenge. Some CD4(+) T cells express TLR4, and pretreatment of CD4(+) T cells with LPS dramatically enhanced their ability to induce inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages. Collectively, our results indicate that in the absence of functional Tregs, CD4(+) T cells are pathologic and contribute to exaggerated immune activation that is detrimental for survival in LPS-induced acute inflammation. Our data also provide evidence for direct activation of CD4(+) T cells by LPS through TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeka B Okeke
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
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Abstract
Approximately 500 million years ago, two types of recombinatorial adaptive immune systems (AISs) arose in vertebrates. The jawed vertebrates diversify their repertoire of immunoglobulin domain-based T and B cell antigen receptors mainly through the rearrangement of V(D)J gene segments and somatic hypermutation, but none of the fundamental AIS recognition elements in jawed vertebrates have been found in jawless vertebrates. Instead, the AIS of jawless vertebrates is based on variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) that are generated through recombinatorial usage of a large panel of highly diverse leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) sequences. Whereas the appearance of transposon-like, recombination-activating genes contributed uniquely to the origin of the AIS in jawed vertebrates, the use of activation-induced cytidine deaminase for receptor diversification is common to both the jawed and jawless vertebrates. Despite these differences in anticipatory receptor construction, the basic AIS design featuring two interactive T and B lymphocyte arms apparently evolved in an ancestor of jawed and jawless vertebrates within the context of preexisting innate immunity and has been maintained since as a consequence of powerful and enduring selection, most probably for pathogen defense purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hirano
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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8
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Abstract
Vitamin E is the most important chain-breaking, lipid-soluble antioxidant present in body tissues of all cells and is considered the first line of defense against lipid peroxidation and it is important for normal function of the immune cells. However, vitamin E deficiency is rare in well-nourished healthy subjects and is not a problem, even among people living on relatively poor diets, both T- and B-cell functions are impaired by vitamin E deficiency. While immune cells are particularly enriched in vitamin E because of their high polyunsaturated fatty acid content, this point puts them at especially high risk for oxidative damage. Besides its immunomodulatory effects, vitamin E also plays an important role in carcinogenesis with its antioxidant properties against cancer, and ischemic heart disease with limiting the progression of atherosclerosis. Supplementation of vitamin E significantly enhances both cell mediated and humoral immune functions in humans, especially in the elderly and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Pekmezci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey
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9
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van Maarsseveen TCMT, Vos W, van Diest PJ. Giant cell formation in sarcoidosis: cell fusion or proliferation with non-division? Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 155:476-86. [PMID: 19077083 PMCID: PMC2669524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomas are inflammatory reactions featuring macrophages, epithelioid, T and multi-nucleated giant cells (MGC). Giant cells are present in a number of granulomatous reactions, but little is known about their formation and function, especially in man. We studied MGC in the granulomatous disorder sarcoidosis. In situ labelling of lymph nodes by means of [(3)H]-thymidine showed that proliferation and non-division of epithelioid cells leading towards giant cells was not observed in these granulomas. However, [(3)H]-uridine incorporation showed MGC with labelled as well as unlabelled nuclei in the same cell, pointing to a process of fusion of epithelioid cells to form giant cells. Apoptotic bodies were incidentally found in granulomas. A novel finding was that such bodies were statistically more often found in the close vicinity of MGC, but not within these cells. These apoptotic cells appeared to be CD4(+) lymphocytes or histiocytes. CD44 and CCR-5 involved in the process of fusion were expressed in MGC. In conclusion, MGC in sarcoidosis derive by cell fusion rather than by proliferation and non-division, and seem to play an active role in the induction of apoptosis in granulomas.
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10
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Abstract
The production and deployment of phagocytes are central functions of the hematopoietic system. In the 1950s, radioisotopic studies demonstrated the high production rate and short lifespan of neutrophils and allowed researchers to follow the monocytes as they moved from the marrow through the blood to become tissue macrophages, histiocytes, and dendritic cells. Subsequently, the discovery of the colony-stimulating factors greatly improved understanding the regulation of phagocyte production. The discovery of the microbicidal myeloperoxidase-H2O2-halide system and the importance of NADPH oxidase to the generation of H2O2 also stimulated intense interest in phagocyte disorders. More recent research has focused on membrane receptors and the dynamics of the responses of phagocytes to external factors including immunoglobulins, complement proteins, cytokines, chemokines, integrins, and selectins. Phagocytes express toll-like receptors that aid in the clearance of a wide range of microbial pathogens and their products. Phagocytes are also important sources of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus participating in host defenses through a variety of mechanisms. Over the last 50 years, many genetic and molecular disorders of phagocytes have been identified, leading to improved diagnosis and treatment of conditions which predispose patients to the risk of recurrent fevers and infectious diseases.
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11
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Grandics P. The cancer stem cell: evidence for its origin as an injured autoreactive T cell. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:6. [PMID: 16478542 PMCID: PMC1386699 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review explores similarities between lymphocytes and cancer cells, and proposes a new model for the genesis of human cancer. We suggest that the development of cancer requires infection(s) during which antigenic determinants from pathogens mimicking self-antigens are co-presented to the immune system, leading to breaking T cell tolerance. Some level of autoimmunity is normal and necessary for effective pathogen eradication. However, autoreactive T cells must be eliminated by apoptosis when the immune response is terminated. Apoptosis can be deficient in the event of a weakened immune system, the causes of which are multifactorial. Some autoreactive T cells suffer genomic damage in this process, but manage to survive. The resulting cancer stem cell still retains some functions of an inflammatory T cell, so it seeks out sites of inflammation inside the body. Due to its defective constitutive production of inflammatory cytokines and other growth factors, a stroma is built at the site of inflammation similar to the temporary stroma built during wound healing. The cancer cells grow inside this stroma, forming a tumor that provides their vascular supply and protects them from cellular immune response. As cancer stem cells have plasticity comparable to normal stem cells, interactions with surrounding normal tissues cause them to give rise to all the various types of cancers, resembling differentiated tissue types. Metastases form at an advanced stage of the disease, with the proliferation of sites of inflammation inside the body following a similar mechanism. Immunosuppressive cancer therapies inadvertently re-invigorate pathogenic microorganisms and parasitic infections common to cancer, leading to a vicious circle of infection, autoimmunity and malignancy that ultimately dooms cancer patients. Based on this new understanding, we recommend a systemic approach to the development of cancer therapies that supports rather than antagonizes the immune system.
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12
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Serafini M. Dietary vitamin E and T cell-mediated function in the elderly: effectiveness and mechanism of action. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000; 18:401-10. [PMID: 10817923 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(00)00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most dramatic and consequence-bearing age-related phenomena is the decline of the immune function with old age. Age-related T cell-mediated immunity dysfunction has been implicated in the etiology of many of the chronic degenerative diseases of the elderly, including arthritis, cancer, autoimmune diseases and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. T cells from aged individuals are impaired in their response to mitogens and in their cytokine production. In recent years, several studies have emphasized the importance of intracellular anti-oxidant levels for preserving the immune function. Recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of action of anti-oxidants on cellular metabolism, have shown that anti-oxidants may modulate signal transduction and gene expression in immune cells. Vitamin E is widely recognized as a major lipid-soluble chain-breaking anti-oxidant in the biological membrane, where it scavenges free radicals, inhibiting the initiation and chain propagation of lipid peroxidation and protecting cellular structures against oxidative stress damage. Experimental studies have provided evidences for a role of vitamin E in protecting the immune system of elderly subjects. This article reviews the studies concerning the effect of both vitamin E deficiency and supplementation on T cell-mediated immune function in aging. Following a chronological pathway, the present article will also discuss the knowledge regarding the underlying mechanism of action of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Serafini
- Unit of Human Nutrition, National Institute for Food and Nutrition Research (INRAN), Via Ardeatina 521, 00178, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Beharka AA, Wu D, Han SN, Meydani SN. Macrophage prostaglandin production contributes to the age-associated decrease in T cell function which is reversed by the dietary antioxidant vitamin E. Mech Ageing Dev 1997; 93:59-77. [PMID: 9089571 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(96)01819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aging process is associated with a decline in T cell-mediated immunity, including decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production and mitogen-induced T cell proliferation. Because macrophages (M phi) from old mice have higher production of prostaglandin (PG) E2 than young mice, and PGE2 has been shown to suppress T cell-mediated function, we hypothesized that increased production of PGE2 would contribute to decreased T cell function with aging and that decrease in PGE2 production by dietary antioxidants would enhance T cell-mediated function. Experiments were conducted in which combinations of purified M phi and T cells (> 95% pure) from young or old C57BL/6N1A mice were cultured together. Co-cultures containing T cells and M phi from old mice had reduced ConA-stimulated proliferation and IL-2 secretion than those consisting of T cells and M phi from young mice. Addition of M phi from old mice suppressed proliferation and IL-2 secretion by T cells from young mice. Likewise, T cells from old mice secreted more IL-2 when cultured with M phi from young mice compared to those cultured with M phi from old mice. Addition of PGE2, at concentrations produced by old M phi, decreased proliferation and IL-2 production by young but not old T cells. Neither addition of H2O2 at physiological levels, nor catalase changed the response of cultures from young or old mice. However, addition of indomethacin and the antioxidant nutrient vitamin E, both of which decreased PGE2 production, improved T cell proliferation and IL-2 production. These experiments demonstrate that increased production of PGE2 by M phi contributes to the age-associated decline in T cell function. Vitamin E improves T cell responsiveness in old mice mostly by reducing M phi PGE2 production, although a direct effect of vitamin E on T cells was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Beharka
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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14
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Rammensee HG, Bachmann J, Stevanović S. History and Overview. MHC LIGANDS AND PEPTIDE MOTIFS 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-22162-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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15
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Munno I, Damiani S, Lacedra G, Mastropasqua V, Megna GF. Impairment of non-specific immunity in patients in persistent vegetative state. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1996; 18:549-69. [PMID: 8933169 DOI: 10.3109/08923979609052753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In fourteen patients in persistent vegetative state (PVS) immune responsiveness was investigated. In particular, we studied the relationship between brain lesions following traumatic injury and immune system. In this respect, phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans by polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and monocytes were tested. In addition serum levels of Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were evaluated. The patients come out from PVS by 3-4 month were used as control group. Data shown a profound impairement of phagocytosis and killing of monocytes and low serum levels of IFN gamma when compared with normal values. Taken together, these findings suggest that brain lesions, may affect non-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Munno
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Bari, Italy
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16
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Qureshi MA, Garlich JD, Kidd MT. Dietary Spirulina platensis enhances humoral and cell-mediated immune functions in chickens. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1996; 18:465-76. [PMID: 8872497 DOI: 10.3109/08923979609052748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cornell K-strain White Leghorns and broiler chicks were raised to 7 wks and 3 wks of age respectively, with diets containing various levels (0, 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 ppm) of Spirulina platensis from day of hatch. Chicks in all treatment groups had comparable body weights. While bursal and splenic weights did not change, the K-strain chicks had larger thymuses (P < or = .05) over the controls (0 ppm group). No differences were observed in anti-sheep red blood cells antibodies during primary response. However, during secondary response, K-strain chicks in all Spirulina-dietary groups had higher total anti-SRBC titers with 10,000 ppm group being the highest (6.8 Log2) versus the 0 ppm (5.5 Log2) group. In broiler chicks, a one Log increase in IgG (P < or = .05) was observed in 10,000 ppm group over the controls. Similarly, chicks in 10,000 ppm Spirulina group had a higher PHA-P-mediated lymphoproliferative response over the 0 ppm controls. Macrophages isolated from both K-strain (10,000 ppm group) and broilers from all Spirulina groups had higher phagocytic potential than the 0 ppm groups. Spirulina supplementation at 10,000 ppm level also increased NK-cell activity by two fold over the controls. These studies show that Spirulina supplementation increases several immunological functions implying that a dietary inclusion of Spirulina at a level of 10,000 ppm may enhance disease resistance potential in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Qureshi
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7608, USA
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17
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Abstract
For centuries, scientists have been bombarded with pleas for plain language. Why have these pleas had no effect, when the problem of unreadable prose could be solved at a stroke?
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Gregory
- British Veterinary Project, Republic of Yemen
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18
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Abstract
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis or extrinsic allergic alveolitis is an immunologically mediated lung disease caused by repeated inhalations of organic antigens. The basic histologic lesion consists of a diffuse mononuclear cell infiltration of alveolar wall, alveoli, terminal bronchioles, and neighboring interstitium. The inflammation is often followed by granulomas, which then may progress to fibrosis. Although there is no single radiologic, physiologic, or immunologic test specific for hypersensitivity pneumonitis, the diagnosis can often be suspected on the basis of a compatible temporal relationship of pulmonary symptoms to the history of environmental or occupational exposure. Once the diagnosis is suspected, the presence of serum precipitating antibodies (IgG), suppressor cytotoxic lymphocytosis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and granulomatous alveolitis in lung biopsy specimens are extremely helpful in confirming the diagnosis. In patients where the diagnosis is confirmed, avoidance of the causative antigen is the best therapy, although corticosteroids are used to suppress inflammation. Once the fibrosis is set in, the patient may gradually slide into respiratory failure, cor pulmonale, and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Sharma
- University of Southern California School of Medicine
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van Maarseveen TC, Mullink H, Stam J, de Groot J. Macrophage-T suppressor cell interference in the lungs of steroid-treated sarcoidosis patients. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1991; 143:839-43. [PMID: 1826195 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/143.4_pt_1.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the bronchoalveolar lavage of sarcoidosis patients the mononuclear cell infiltrate was enumerated on T helper and suppressor lymphocytes as well as macrophages by means of a triple-staining assay on cytospin slides. As was seen on the slides, lymphocytes were often adhered very closely to macrophages. This phenomenon, many times described but not understood, was studied in a group of 13 sarcoidosis patients, of whom 7 received prednisolone treatment. It could be shown that treatment with the corticosteroid was followed by an increase in the percentage of suppressor lymphocytes adhered to macrophages. Second, the number of such alveolar T suppressor lymphocyte-macrophage aggregates was dramatically increased in the prednisolone-treated patients.
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Parwaresch MR, Kreipe H, Radzun HJ, Griesser H. Lineage-specific receptors in the diagnosis of malignant lymphomas and myelomonocytic neoplasms. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1991; 83:495-516. [PMID: 1826097 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75515-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Hamaguchi H, Takano N, Saito K, Enokihara H, Furusawa S, Shishido H. Interaction of monocytes and T cells in the regulation of normal human megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro: role of IL-1 and IL-2. Br J Haematol 1990; 76:12-20. [PMID: 2223630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1990.tb07830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autologous or allogeneic peripheral blood T cells can stimulate the human megakaryocyte progenitor cell (CFU-Meg)-derived colony formation in a dose-dependent fashion in agar cultures of nonadherent (NA), T cell-depleted (NT) bone marrow (BM) cells. Low concentrations of monocytes and T cells can collaborate in the stimulation of CFU-Meg colony formation or in the production of megakaryocyte colony stimulating factor (Meg-CSF) by T cells in the presence of mitogens or IL-2. Monocytes alone can produce only negligible Meg-CSF under any conditions. When monocyte conditioned medium (CM) was added to T cell-stimulated NA, NT BM cell cultures, CFU-Meg colony growth was appreciably increased compared with that stimulated by T cells alone. Dose-dependent increase in CFU-Meg colony growth was noted when varying concentrations of IL-1 were added to T cell-stimulated NA, NT cell cultures, although IL-1 itself could support no CFU-Meg colony growth in the absence of T cells. These data suggest that a synergistic interaction between T cells and monocytes during the production of Meg-CSF by T cells could be partly mediated by IL-1. IL-2 was found to stimulate Meg-CSF production by T cells in the presence or absence of mitogens. IL-2-stimulated Meg-CSF production by T cells was augmented by the addition of monocytes. Although IL-2 itself had no stimulatory effect on CFU-Meg colony growth, dramatic augmentation in the CFU-Meg colony number was noted when IL-2 was added to T cell-stimulated NA, NT cell cultures. High concentrations of monocytes and prostaglandin E (PGE) inhibited the CFU-Meg colony formation. These results suggest that IL-1 and IL-2 may play a stimulatory role on the normal human in vitro megakaryocytopoiesis, and may be involved in the development of reactive thrombocytosis and bone marrow megakaryocytic hyperplasia in various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hamaguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Bugelski PJ, Thiem PA, Solleveld HA, Morgan DG. Effects of sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on clinical pathology parameters and mitogen-mediated blastogenesis in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Toxicol Pathol 1990; 18:643-50. [PMID: 2093224 DOI: 10.1177/019262339001800423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxicologic testing of drug candidates and environmental contaminants is of growing importance. Cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is a convenient way of testing immune function in vivo. However, DTH testing must not interfere with interpretation of other relevant parameters. We have evaluated the effects of sensitization and challenge with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on clinical parameters routinely evaluated in toxicity testing and on lectin-mediated blastogenesis. Female cynomolgus monkeys were sensitized to DNCB with 4 daily applications of DNCB in acetone to the skin of the axilla. Fifteen days later, the monkeys were challenged for DTH by applying DNCB to the antecubital skin. Skin fold thickness was measured and the macroscopic appearance of the challenge site was scored 24 and 48 hr after challenge. All 5 monkeys were successfully sensitized to DNCB. There was a significant increase in the mean skin fold thickness (compared to pre-challenge thickness) of 2 mm at 24 hr and 1 mm at 48 hr (p less than 0.001). The clinical score of the challenge site was also increased. Histologic examination of the sensitization and challenge sites from a second group of monkeys exposed to DNCB in an identical manner showed the perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrate typical of DTH. Evaluation of hematologic parameters at days 7, 14, and 21 revealed no change in the erythron at any interval and a mild decrease in total WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts on day 7 in 4/5 monkeys. The WBC parameters remained within the normal range and returned to pre-sensitization values at the later intervals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Bugelski
- Department of Experimental Pathology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939
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Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB. Antioxidants and the aging immune response. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 262:57-67. [PMID: 2181824 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0553-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S N Meydani
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
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25
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Meydani SN, Meydani M, Barklund PM, Liu S, Miller RA, Cannon JG, Rocklin R, Blumberg JB. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on immune responsiveness of the aged. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570:283-90. [PMID: 2698108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb14927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S N Meydani
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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27
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Gentry WL, Buster JE, Schriock ED, Carson SA. Failure to demonstrate significant antisperm antibodies in peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1989; 52:949-52. [PMID: 2591573 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)53157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis, even in mild cases, decreases monthly fecundity. Immunologic disorders have been suggested as the mechanism. In light of possible increases in serum autoimmune antibodies, increased peritoneal macrophages, and increased sperm phagocytosis associated with this disease, we postulated that peritoneal fluid antisperm antibodies would be increased and might be the cause of increased sperm phagocytosis and its associated infertility. Peritoneal fluid, from 18 patients with endometriosis and 10 infertile controls, was tested with the antisperm antibody immunobead test validated for peritoneal fluid. One of 18 patients with endometriosis and none of 10 controls had antisperm antibodies present. Therefore, increased sperm phagocytosis is unlikely a result of peritoneal antisperm antibodies in endometriosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Gentry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee, Memphis
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28
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Abstract
This review article describes the cells and the humoral factors of the immune system. It also explains what tests are available to assess the immune functions of patients. Each test listed states the amount of blood needed and the time required to perform the assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Ogle
- Shriners Burns Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio
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29
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Panush RS. Human mononuclear cells and neutral proteinases. III. Neutral proteinases and rheumatoid arthritis: monocytes as a source of cathepsin G and proteinase potentiation of IgM rheumatoid factor elaboration. Inflammation 1989; 13:359-66. [PMID: 2753524 DOI: 10.1007/bf00914401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have been interested in contributions of certain cells and mediators to synovial inflammation rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The present studies were designed to determine (1) whether monocytes contained the neutral proteinase cathepsin G and (2) if neutral proteinase could induce or potentiate cellular IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) production. Monocyte-rich and monocyte-poor populations were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque density sedimentation followed by glass adherence, and cellular lysates were obtained by repetitive freezing and thawing as we have reported for neutrophil-derived neutral proteinase. Cathepsin G was quantified immunochemically by an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) we developed utilizing commercially available anti-cathepsin G antibodies. Mononuclear and B-cell-enriched cell cultures were prepared by standard methods and IgM RF measured by our ELISA. Cell-derived lysates from monocyte-enriched populations (84 +/- 3% monocytes, less than 1% neutrophils) contained considerably greater amounts of measurable cathepsin G (OD280 = 0.393 +/- 0.153) than lysates from equal numbers of monocyte (15 +/- 2% monocytes, less than 1% neutrophils)-depleted cells (OD280 = 0.071 +/- 0.038; P less than 0.05). Eighteen patients with RA and three normal individuals did not have consistently increased cellular elaboration of Ig or IgM RF in vitro in response to proteinase (trypsin) stimulation; however, patients manifested 80% potentiation by trypsin of pokeweed-stimulated cellular IgM RF production in vitro (pokeweed-stimulated IgM RF 137 +/- 53 ng/ml, pokeweed/trypsin-induced IgM RF 246 +/- 100 ng/ml; P less than 0.02), changes being most striking for those patients seropositive by latex fixation test (84% increase, P less than 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Panush
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville
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30
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Kaplan SS, Penchansky L, Stolc V, Contis L, Krause JR. Immunophenotyping in the classification of acute leukemia in adults. Interpretation of multiple lineage reactivity. Cancer 1989; 63:1520-7. [PMID: 2538217 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19890415)63:8<1520::aid-cncr2820630811>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-nine adult patients with acute leukemia were classified using a combination of the French-American-British (FAB) criteria and characterization by immunophenotyping using flow cytometric study. The authors identified 51 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia and eight with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This procedure permitted lineage assignment in leukemias that otherwise might have been unclassifiable. In addition, the authors demonstrated that the leukemic blasts of 29% of patients with myeloblastic disease exhibited one or more T-cell antigens on their surface. The use of immunophenotyping has greatly enhanced the authors' ability to correctly identify the lineage of acute leukemias. The data, however, must be interpreted with caution with respect to diagnosing acute mixed lineage leukemias and must be integrated with the morphologic and cytochemical evaluation of traditional classification schemes. The possible significance of T-cell markers in myeloblastic leukemia is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Kaplan
- Central Hematology Laboratory, Presbyterian University Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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31
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Topoll HH, Zwadlo G, Lange DE, Sorg C. Phenotypic dynamics of macrophage subpopulations during human experimental gingivitis. J Periodontal Res 1989; 24:106-12. [PMID: 2524575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1989.tb00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether functionally different macrophages are present in clinically healthy gingiva and during human experimental gingivitis. Eight male probands were introduced to an oral hygiene program until all reached mean Plaque and Gingival Index scores approaching zero. During the following 19 days all oral hygiene was abandoned. At d -14, 0, 2, 4, 7, 11 and 19 clinical indices and gingival biopsies were taken. Cryostat sections were incubated with monoclonal antibodies against mature macrophages (25F9), inflammatory macrophages (27E10) and anti-inflammatory macrophages (RM 3/1). Positive cells were counted in the inflammatory infiltrate (IF) and the connective tissue (CT). At d -14 elevated numbers of 27E10-positive cells were observed which decreased significantly at d 0 (p less than 0.018) and increased again at d 19 (p less than 0.026). Significant differences in the number of RM 3/1-positive cells were found between d 0 and d -14, 2, 4 and 7 (p less than 0.05) while no differences in the number of 25F9-positive cells were observed throughout this study. It was concluded that experimental gingival inflammation is characterized by the appearance and disappearance of functionally different macrophage subpopulations.
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32
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Herrmann F, Lindemann A, Cannistra SA, Brach M, Oster W, Griffin JD, Mertelsmann R. Monocyte interleukin-1 secretion is regulated by the sequential action of gamma-interferon and interleukin-2 involving monocyte surface expression of interleukin-2 receptors. HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION 1989; 32:299-315. [PMID: 2516496 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74621-5_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Herrmann
- Department of Hematology, University of Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
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33
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Pollock RE, Roth JA. Cancer-induced immunosuppression: implications for therapy? SEMINARS IN SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 1989; 5:414-9. [PMID: 2688031 DOI: 10.1002/ssu.2980050607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-induced immunosuppression can be caused by a variety of effects. These include factors produced by the host in response to the presence of tumor or factors elaborated by the tumor itself. Disseminated tumor can lead to host debility with associated anergy. Some immunosuppressive effects are due to the manner in which the host processes (or fails to process) the tumor as an antigenic stimulus. Lastly, antitumor treatments can have a detrimental impact on host antitumor immunity. Recent research findings from our laboratories implicate surgical stress effects and tumor-mediated production of growth factors such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) as being important causes of host immune impairment. An accurate understanding of the mechanisms underlying host antitumor immune impairment will be critical in the successful development of immunotherapy strategies for use in the surgical oncology patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Pollock
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, Houston 77030
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34
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Pitchenik AE, Fertel D, Bloch AB. Mycobacterial Disease: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Clin Chest Med 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0272-5231(21)00520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Bjerknes R, Odegaard S, Bjerkvig R, Børkje B, Laerum OD. Whipple's disease. Demonstration of a persisting monocyte and macrophage dysfunction. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23:611-9. [PMID: 2456603 DOI: 10.3109/00365528809093921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A patient with Whipple's disease has been followed up for 4 years. Primary involvement was limited to the small intestines, and accumulation of periodic acid-Schiff-positive material, containing typical more or less intact bacillary bodies, was demonstrated within macrophages of affected tissue. After initial oxytetracycline treatment and clinical remission, the patient relapsed, with multiorgan affections. The antibiotic regimen was changed to chloramphenicol, followed by continuous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Flow cytometric studies showed persisting impairment of monocyte and macrophage intracellular degradation of bacteria during all the 4 years tested. After relapse, reduced activity of several brush border enzymes was demonstrated in distal duodenal biopsy specimens. After 17 months of continuous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy complete clinical remission, regression of histopathologic abnormalities, and restoration of duodenal enzyme activities had occurred. The results demonstrate a persisting dysfunction of mononuclear phagocytes from a patient with Whipple's disease, suggesting a primary abnormality of cell-mediated immunity which may promote the susceptibility to the causative bacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bjerknes
- Gade Institute, Dept. of Pathology, Bergen, Norway
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36
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Herrmann F, Oster W, Meuer SC, Lindemann A, Mertelsmann RH. Interleukin 1 stimulates T lymphocytes to produce granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor. J Clin Invest 1988; 81:1415-8. [PMID: 2452833 PMCID: PMC442572 DOI: 10.1172/jci113471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are thought to cooperatively interact with monocytes to produce colony-stimulating factors (CSF). However, little is known about monocyte-mediated signals leading to CSF-secretion by T lymphocytes, although soluble monocyte products have been implicated. We have employed monoclonal antibody anti-T3B covalently coupled to CnBr-activated Sepharose 4B beads, to show that multimeric ligation of T cell antigen receptor leads to T cell receptiveness to interleukin 1 (IL-1), as indicated by T cell production of CSF, which induces growth of myeloid progenitor cells into neutrophil, eosinophil, and monocyte colonies. To investigate the molecular basis of these findings, total RNA was extracted from T3B Sepharose-primed and IL-1-stimulated T lymphocytes and probed for granulocyte-monocyte-CSF (GM-CSF), granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF), and monocyte-CSF (M-CSF) mRNA. GM-CSF, but not G-CSF or M-CSF, messages were detected. Nuclear "run on" assays revealed that IL-1 action is effective primarily at the level of GM-CSF gene transcription. These results suggest a previously unrecognized role of IL-1 in the regulation of GM-CSF secretion by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Herrmann
- Abteilung für Hämatologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
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37
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Tanaka T, Imamura S, Takigawa M. Relationship between macrophage infiltration and epidermopoiesis in delayed-type hypersensitivity. Arch Dermatol Res 1988; 280:18-22. [PMID: 3355224 DOI: 10.1007/bf00412683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between epidermopoiesis and macrophage infiltration was studied in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin lesions in guinea pigs that had been sensitized with heat-killed tubercle bacilli or bovine serum albumin (BSA). Macrophages were identified with acid-phosphatase and nonspecific esterase stains, and the epidermal proliferative response was studied at DTH challenge sites by autoradiography. The number of macrophages in the sensitized animals was higher than that in the nonsensitized animals 48-72 h following challenge injections, when labelling indices were also elevated in the former group. Soluble factor(s) from cultured macrophages transiently enhanced the DNA synthesis of epidermal cells in cultures and in the sites injected with the factor(s). These results suggest that macrophages retained in the DTH lesion may play a role in an acceleration of epidermal proliferation, thus leading to acanthosis and lichenification.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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38
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McNeil DJ, Kinsella TD, Crawford AM, Fritzler MJ. The AHA syndrome: arthritis, hives and angioedema. Rheumatol Int 1987; 7:277-9. [PMID: 3438666 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nine patients who have intermittently exhibited the concurrent triad of arthritis or arthralgia (A), hives or urticaria (H) and angioedema (A), in the absence of associated infection or connective-tissue disease, are reported. The ratio of women to men is 4:1, with no apparent age specificity. The duration of the disease has been up to 16 years, with an average of seven acute episodes per year, lasting up to 14 days. Upper-airway angioedema has been severe in four patients. Routine laboratory studies were normal, as were studies of complement levels, and both humoral and cellular immunity. Two samples of synovial fluid from one patient contained a marked preponderance of Ia-positive macrophages. The absence of associated infection and connective-tissue disease suggests this recurrent triad represents a distinct entity, which is designated the AHA syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J McNeil
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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39
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Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes may be important effector cells against Giardia lamblia. Human monocyte-derived macrophages were incubated with G. lamblia trophozoites in 13% heat-inactivated autologous serum. At a G. lamblia/macrophage ratio of 1:1, the number of trophozoites ingested per 100 macrophages ranged from 1 to 12 at 0.5 h and increased for all donors (n = 6) to 10 to 92 at 8 h. Ingestion was confirmed by electron microscopy. Increasing the parasite/phagocyte ratio to 5:1 increased the percentage of macrophages with adherent but not ingested trophozoites. Incubating Giardia cells and macrophages with 20% immune serum increased ingestion of parasites eightfold, indicating that anti-G. lamblia antibody can enhance ingestion. Both phase-contrast microscopy and electron microscopy documented trophozoite destruction within macrophages. Ingestion of parasites elicited an oxidative burst as measured by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. In vitro, Giardia trophozoites were killed by greater than or equal to 5 X 10(-5) M H2O2. Fusion of lysosomes with parasite-containing phagosomes was suggested by acridine orange-stained preparations. Human macrophages have the capacity to ingest Giardia trophozoites and to kill intracellular parasites, possibly by oxidative microbicidal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06032
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40
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Elfaki MG, Dawe DL, Murthy KK, Fletcher OJ, Ragland WL. Suppression of humoral immunity in chickens with carrageenans. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1987; 16:139-50. [PMID: 3672894 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(87)90180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carrageenans (CGN), sulphated polygalactans, have been reported to be cytotoxic for macrophages in vitro. On this basis, the effect of the 3 major CGN types on humoral immune responses in chickens was investigated. Carrageenan had no effect on body and lymphoid organ weights. Histologically, CGN produced a significant proliferation of reticuloendothelial cells in liver and spleen, but no changes were observed in lymphocyte populations of the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, or spleen. Intracoelomic pretreatment with high doses of CGN induced a marked suppression of primary responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) given by the same route. However, if SRBC were injected intravenously into chickens already treated intracoelomically with CGN, no evidence of suppression was demonstrated. Antibody responses to Brucella abortus (BA), a T-independent antigen, were not affected by intracoelomic treatment with CGN. Intravenous pretreatment with CGN did not alter antibody responses to SRBC and BA given by the same route.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Elfaki
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30605
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41
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Lepe-Zuniga JL, Mansell PW, Hersh EM. Idiopathic production of interleukin-1 in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:1695-700. [PMID: 3498739 PMCID: PMC269310 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.25.9.1695-1700.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the capacity of peripheral blood monocytes from 19 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or related conditions (1 with lymphadenopathy, 8 with AIDS-related complex, and 10 with AIDS) to produce intracellular and extracellular interleukin-1 (IL-1) spontaneously and upon stimulation with bacterial endotoxin. All patients were anti-human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III antibody positive. Results were compared with those obtained with 10 normal controls of similar age. A subset of patients who spontaneously produced high amounts of intracellular and extracellular IL-1 was identified. Total production of IL-1 in this subset was an average of 2.9 times that of controls. It is suggested that spontaneous production of IL-1 in this group represents an in vivo phenomenon since it was associated with more than 3 g of globulins per deciliter of serum, more than 2,300 mg of immunoglobulins per deciliter of serum, higher IgA values, higher titers of anti-Epstein-Barr virus antibodies, and lower neutrophil counts in peripheral blood. The role of Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus itself, or other infectious agents in spontaneous IL-1 production by these patients remains to be determined. Stimulation with endotoxin induced intracellular and extracellular IL-1 production to similar levels in patients and controls. These results show that AIDS patients are able to produce and release IL-1. High idiopathic production of IL-1 identified in some patients can help to explain the hypergammaglobulinemia seen in AIDS patients and might also be related to progression and severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Lepe-Zuniga
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Biological Therapy, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030
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42
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Remick DG, Larrick JW, Nguyen DT, Kunkel SL. Stimulation of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 production by human monocytes in response to interleukin-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 147:86-93. [PMID: 3498487 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(87)80090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a potent lymphokine involved in the regulation of immune responses and is classically regarded as a stimulus for the activation and growth of T-cells. Recent reports have demonstrated the IL-2 dependent activation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes into lymphokine activated killer cells capable of lysing tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. In this study we report data which clearly show IL-2 may also act to down-regulate the immune response by inducing the synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites with known immunosuppressive actions. Stimulation of peripheral human blood monocytes with IL-2 caused an increased production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane (TXB2) in a dose-dependent manner. Kinetic analysis showed no increase above controls after 6 hours and maximal levels by 10 hours; elevated levels were maintained after 45 hours of incubation. After 20 hours of stimulation with 2000 U/ml IL-2, the level of PGE2 and TXB2 were greater than three-fold above controls, 0.7 and 19 ng/10(6) cells, respectively. The stimulation was relatively specific in that neither prostacyclin nor leukotrienes were produced in response to IL-2. These data demonstrate that IL-2 acts on human monocytes to induce the secretion of PGE2 and TXB2.
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Hsieh KH, Lue KH. Defective monokine production and decreased responsiveness of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to recombinant interleukin-1 in asthmatic patients. J Clin Immunol 1987; 7:203-9. [PMID: 3496352 DOI: 10.1007/bf00915725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Augmented IgE production and increased infections are often seen in allergic patients. As monocytes (MN) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are involved in both immune regulation and inflammatory reaction, MN function in terms of monokine production stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (MN supernatant; MN-sup) and its biological activity and the response of PMN to MN-sup and recombinant interleukin-1 (rIL-1) regarding chemotactic activity and expression of IgG Fc receptor (FcR) were studied in 26 normal children and 28 new and 22 hyposensitized (HS) asthmatic children. The results showed the following. There was no difference in IL-1 production, as assayed by thymocyte proliferation, among the three groups. All MN-sup from the three groups could enhance IL-2 production, but that of new patients was less efficient. In the absence of PWM, MN-sup of new patients greatly augmented the production of IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE, but that of HS patients could enhance only IgE synthesis. MN-sup of patients enhanced less efficiently the chemotactic activity and FcR expression of PMN from healthy volunteers, and PMN from asthmatics responded much less vigorously to rIL-1 regarding the above-mentioned functions. The number of PMN with membrane IL-1 was much lower in allergic patients. Thus the abnormal MN and PMN functions may be used to explain partly the augmented IgE production and increased infections in allergic patients.
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Koldovsky P, Koldovsky U, Ebbers J, Vosteen KH. Stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with autologous tumor and serum-derived fractions from patients with laryngeal carcinomas. ARCHIVES OF OTO-RHINO-LARYNGOLOGY 1986; 243:309-12. [PMID: 3813967 DOI: 10.1007/bf00460207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with tumor extracts and serum-derived fractions from five patients with laryngeal carcinomas. Lymphocyte cultures were propagated by Interleukin-2 or phytohemagglutinin. Sera of the same patients were fractionated and the amount of circulating immune complexes present was measured by a Raji cell assay. A positive lymphocyte reaction was found in only two of the five cases after stimulation with autologous tumor extract. This response was determined by an increased 3H-thymidine incorporation. The reactive lymphocytes could be restimulated by autologous serum-derived fractions, which contained high or very low levels of circulating immune complexes. A characterization of different lymphocyte subsets revealed an elimination of natural killer cells and a relative enrichment of T-helper cells during in vitro stimulation and cultivation.
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Mastro AM, Hurley DJ, Winning RK, Filipowski R, Ogilvie ML, Gartner TK. Mitogenic activity of snake venom lectins. CELL AND TISSUE KINETICS 1986; 19:557-66. [PMID: 3791376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1986.tb00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Five lactose-inhibitable lectins have been isolated from snake venoms. These five share certain biochemical properties but are not identical (Gartner, Stocker & Williams, 1980; Gartner & Ogilvie, 1984). In this study the lectins were tested for their ability to stimulate lymphocytes to undergo DNA synthesis. We found that three of the lectins were comparable in mitogenic activity to the T cell lectin, concanavalin A (Con A). The mitogenic activity was blocked by lactose, a sugar which also blocks the haemagglutination activity of these lectins. Although mitogenic response appeared to be due to T cells, it depended on the presence of accessory cells in the culture. This requirement for macrophages could be replaced by the phorbol ester tumour promoter, 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA).
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Kreipe H, Radzun HJ, Parwaresch MR. Phenotypic differentiation patterns of the human monocyte/macrophage system. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1986; 18:441-50. [PMID: 3781874 DOI: 10.1007/bf01675337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study phenotypic properties of non-stimulated and stimulated blood monocytes and of their normal macrophage derivatives were studied applying enzyme cytochemistry, isoenzyme analysis of acid esterase (EC 3.1.1.6), and immunohistochemical staining using a panel of newly established monoclonal antibodies specific for the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Certain marker profiles could be established for the various normal subpopulations within the monocyte/macrophage system, which were also observable in epithelioid cells and U-937 cell line considered as reactive and neoplastic differentiation variants of monocytes, respectively. Alveolar macrophages, in contrast to the other analysed monocyte/macrophage populations, showed a highly activated phenotype comparable to lymphokine stimulated blood monocytes and epithelioid cells. The results underline the concept that the adaptation of monocytes/macrophages to their particular microenvironment is of decisive importance for their definitive differentiation.
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Hunninghake GW. Role of alveolar macrophage- and lung T cell-derived mediators in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 465:82-90. [PMID: 2425678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb18483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The process of granuloma formation in the lung is mediated by an intimate interaction between macrophages and T cells, and this interaction provides the appropriate environment for granuloma formation and the development of fibrosis. Much of this process of granuloma formation and fibrosis appears to be triggered by the release of immune mediators by alveolar macrophages and lung T cells.
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Costabel U, Bross KJ, Andreesen R, Matthys H. HLA-DR antigens on human macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Thorax 1986; 41:261-5. [PMID: 3461577 PMCID: PMC460307 DOI: 10.1136/thx.41.4.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The expression of HLA-DR (Ia-like) antigens on human macrophages was investigated by analyses of cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from 12 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, six patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis, nine patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, 11 normal non-smokers, and 12 normal smokers. The HLA-DR antigen was demonstrated by the mouse monoclonal antibody OKIa by a peroxidase-antiperoxidase method performed on glass slides. No differences were found in the percentage of alveolar macrophages that expressed DR antigens between the five study groups. OKIa positivity was observed on more than 90% of macrophages in all cases. These observations suggest that the previously reported enhanced antigen presentation by alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis is not linked with an increase in the percentage of DR+ macrophages in the lung.
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