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Shah S, Yadav R, Bhattarai A, Dahal K, Tharu S, Gautam S, Rawal L, Thapa S, Sah SK, Sharma S, Gundabolu K. Safety and efficacy of danazol in immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic review. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102444. [PMID: 38988949 PMCID: PMC11234045 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment landscape for relapsed or refractory immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) after corticosteroids is complex. Objectives We aimed to assess the efficacy of danazol in treating ITP and evaluate the safety and adverse events following its administration. Methods We searched the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov for all published studies assessing danazol's efficacy and safety in treating ITP. The retrieved studies were screened by title and abstract, followed by full-text screening based on the eligibility requirements. The quality assessment was performed using a set of questionnaires. The data were extracted on the descriptive characteristics of the studies and participants, drug dosage, efficacy measures, and adverse effects, and the data were synthesized. Results A total of 17 studies consisting of 901 participants were included. The overall response rate is around 61% in this analysis. Among the participants, 315 (34.9%) were men. The age of participants ranged from 16 to 86 years. Danazol combined with other pharmacologic interventions, including all-trans-retinoic acid or glucocorticoids, generated better results. The most common side effects appear to be liver injury and elevation of liver enzymes, weight gain, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, and myalgia. Conclusion Danazol at low-to-medium doses was well tolerated and succeeded in improving ITP. Danazol therapy may be helpful in the treatment of chronic ITP that is corticosteroid refractory and when corticosteroids or splenectomy (or both) is contraindicated. Danazol can be considered for further research and development in treating primary immune thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangam Shah
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Rukesh Yadav
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | | | - Krishna Dahal
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Sunraj Tharu
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Sandesh Gautam
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Laba Rawal
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Sangharsha Thapa
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | | | - Sumit Sharma
- B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Krishna Gundabolu
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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2
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Thrombocytopenia in Patients With Myelofibrosis: A Practical Management Guide. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2022; 22:e1067-e1074. [PMID: 36117043 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Patients with myelofibrosis (MF) frequently develop thrombocytopenia as a consequence of bone marrow fibrosis, splenic sequestration, and myelosuppression from an inflammatory microenvironmental milieu. Thrombocytopenia occurs frequently at diagnosis, worsens with disease progression, is an independent adverse prognostic factor, and limits effective dosing of JAK2 inhibitors. Recently, pacritinib was approved for patients with MF and extreme thrombocytopenia. However, this JAK2/IRAK1 inhibitor is not primarily used to attain improvement in platelet count. In this narrative review, we discuss strategies to specifically address thrombocytopenia in MF patients including immunomodulatory drugs, synthetic androgens, hypomethylating agents and splenectomy, all of which have only modest efficacy in alleviating thrombocytopenia. We also detail transfusion approaches, including diagnostic and therapeutic consideration for platelet transfusion refractoriness. We end by discussing novel therapies, including TGFβ traps and recombinant pentraxin-2, which may increase platelet counts in MF patients. Despite recent therapeutic advancements in MF, there remains a near paucity of agents that can effectively alleviate thrombocytopenia.
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3
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Provan D, Semple JW. Recent advances in the mechanisms and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia. EBioMedicine 2022; 76:103820. [PMID: 35074629 PMCID: PMC8792416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary immune thrombocytopenia is an autoimmune disease associated with a reduced peripheral blood platelet count. The phenotype is variable with some patients suffering no bleeding whilst others have severe bleeding which may be fatal. Variability in clinical behaviour and treatment responses reflects its complex underlying pathophysiology. Historically the management has relied heavily on immune suppression. Recent studies have shown that the older empirical immune suppressants fail to alter the natural history of the disease and are associated with a poor quality of life for patients. Newer treatments, such as the thrombopoietin receptor agonists, have transformed ITP care. They have high efficacy, are well tolerated and improve patients’ quality of life. A greater understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of this disorder has helped develop a number of new targeted therapies. These include inhibitors of the neonatal Fc receptor inhibitors, Bruton tyrosine kinase and complement pathway. Here we discuss the mechanisms underlying ITP and the new approach to ITP care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Provan
- Centre for Immunology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London UK.
| | - John W Semple
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Office of Medical Services, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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4
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Nam CH, Byun JM, Shin DY, Hong J, Kim I, Yoon SS, Koh Y. Romiplostim plus danazol as salvage treatment for eltrombopag refractory immune thrombocytopenia: a retrospective pilot study. Blood Res 2021; 56:202-204. [PMID: 34462405 PMCID: PMC8478612 DOI: 10.5045/br.2021.2021067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Min Byun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junshik Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngil Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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5
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Reference guide for management of adult immune thrombocytopenia in Japan: 2019 Revision. Int J Hematol 2020; 111:329-351. [PMID: 31897887 PMCID: PMC7223085 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-019-02790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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6
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Deshayes S, Godeau B. Second-line and beyond: treatment options for primary persistent and chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Platelets 2019; 31:291-299. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1636018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Deshayes
- Service de Médecine Interne, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence des Cytopénies Auto-Immunes de l’Adulte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Bertrand Godeau
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence des Cytopénies Auto-Immunes de l’Adulte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
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7
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Lucchini E, Fanin R, Cooper N, Zaja F. Management of immune thrombocytopenia in elderly patients. Eur J Intern Med 2018; 58:70-76. [PMID: 30274902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the improvement in understanding its pathogenesis and the introduction of novel treatment options, the management of primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) still remains challenging. Considering its increased incidence with aging and prolonged life-expectancy, ITP is often diagnosed in elderly patients, a subset that deserves some special precautions. Ensure the diagnosis is a crucial step, and carefully attention must be given in excluding other causes of thrombocytopenia, especially among older people that frequently suffer from many comorbidities. When it comes to treatment decision, it is worth keeping into account that the elderly have an increased risk of bleeding, thrombosis and infections, that they often require many concomitant therapies, including antiplatelet or anticoagulant agents, and that treatment-related toxicities are often increased and sometimes more dangerous that the disease itself. There are not dedicated guidelines, and only few specific studies. Steroids with or without IVIG remain the first-line treatment. Splenectomy is less effective than in youngers and burdened by an increased thrombotic and infectious risk. Rituximab is a good option in non-immunocompromised patients, but long-term remissions are few. Eltrombopag and romiplostim have a good safety and efficacy profile, and have become a prominent drug in this subset, even if they are associated with a possible increased risk of thrombosis, and long-term toxicity is unknown. Other drugs, such as dapsone and danazol, have a well-known efficacy and safety profile, and still represent a valid option among elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lucchini
- Clinica Ematologica, Centro Trapianti e Terapie Cellulari "C. Melzi", DAME, Università degli Studi, Udine, Italy.
| | - Renato Fanin
- Clinica Ematologica, Centro Trapianti e Terapie Cellulari "C. Melzi", DAME, Università degli Studi, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Zaja
- S.C. Ematologia, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata, Trieste, Italy
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8
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Ozelo MC, Colella MP, de Paula EV, do Nascimento ACKV, Villaça PR, Bernardo WM. Guideline on immune thrombocytopenia in adults: Associação Brasileira de Hematologia, Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular. Project guidelines: Associação Médica Brasileira - 2018. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2018; 40:50-74. [PMID: 30057974 PMCID: PMC6001928 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paula Ribeiro Villaça
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wanderley Marques Bernardo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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9
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Panzer S, Pabinger I. Is oral all-trans retinoic acid plus danazol a refinement of second-line therapy for primary immune thrombocytopenia in adults? LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2017; 4:e457-e458. [PMID: 28917656 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(17)30167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Panzer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Ingrid Pabinger
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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10
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Feng FE, Feng R, Wang M, Zhang JM, Jiang H, Jiang Q, Lu J, Liu H, Peng J, Hou M, Shen JL, Wang JW, Xu LP, Liu KY, Huang XJ, Zhang XH. Oral all-trans retinoic acid plus danazol versus danazol as second-line treatment in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2017; 4:e487-e496. [PMID: 28917657 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(17)30170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary immune thrombocytopenia is a severe bleeding disorder. About 50-85% of patients achieve initial remission from first-line therapies, but optimal second-line treatment remains a challenge. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has an immunomodulatory effect on haemopoiesis, making it a possible treatment option. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ATRA plus danazol versus danazol in non-splenectomised patients with corticosteroid-resistant or relapsed primary immune thrombocytopenia. METHODS We did a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 2 study of adult patients (≥18 years) with primary immune thrombocytopenia from five different tertiary medical centres in China. Those eligible were non-splenectomised, resistant to corticosteroid treatment or relapsed, and had a platelet count less than 30 × 109 per L. Masked statisticians used simple randomisation to assign patients (1:1) to receive oral ATRA (10 mg twice daily) plus oral danazol (200 mg twice daily) or oral danazol monotherapy (200 mg twice daily) for 16 weeks. Neither clinicians nor patients were masked to group assignments. All patients were assessed every week during the first 8 weeks of treatment, and at 2-week intervals thereafter. The primary endpoint was 12-month sustained response defined as platelet count of 30 × 109 per L or more and at least a doubling of baseline platelet count (partial response), or a platelet count of 100 × 109 per L or more (complete response) and the absence of bleeding without rescue medication at the 12-month follow-up. All randomly allocated patients, except for those who withdrew consent, were included in the modified intention-to-treat population and efficacy assessment, and all patients who received at least one dose of the study agents were included in the safety analysis. Study enrolment was stopped early because the trial results crossed the interim analysis efficacy boundary for sustained response. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01667263. FINDINGS From June 1, 2012, to July 1, 2016, we screened 130 patients for eligibility; 34 were excluded and 96 were randomly assigned. 93 patients were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis: 45 in the ATRA plus danazol group and 48 in the danazol group. At the 12-month follow-up, sustained response was achieved more frequently in patients receiving ATRA plus danazol than in those receiving danazol monotherapy (28 [62%] of 45 vs 12 [25%] of 48; odds ratio 4·94, 95% CI 2·03-12·02, p=0·00037). Only two grade 3 adverse events were reported: one (2%) patient receiving ATRA plus danazol with dry skin, and one (2%) patient receiving danazol monotherapy with liver injury. There was no grade 4 or worse adverse event or treatment-related death in either group. INTERPRETATION Patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia given ATRA plus danazol had a rapid and sustained response compared with danazol monotherapy. This finding suggests that ATRA represents a promising candidate for patients with corticosteroid-resistant or relapsed primary immune thrombocytopenia. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing Natural Science Foundation, Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, and the National Key Research and Development Program of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Er Feng
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Haematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Haematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Feng
- Department of Haematology, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Haematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Haematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Min Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Haematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Haematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Haematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Haematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Haematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Haematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Haematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Haematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Haematology, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Haematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Hou
- Department of Haematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jian-Liang Shen
- Department of Haematology, PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Wen Wang
- Department of Haematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Ping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Haematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Haematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Yan Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Haematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Haematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Haematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Haematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Haematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Haematology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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11
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Weber E, Reynaud Q, Fort R, Durupt S, Cathébras P, Durieu I, Lega JC. Immunomodulatory treatments for persistent and chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of 28 studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7534. [PMID: 28906353 PMCID: PMC5604622 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticosteroid sparing is required in 15% to 40% of adults with persistent or chronic primary immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Herein, the efficacy of immunomodulatory drugs (dapsone, interferon alpha, danazol, and hydroxychloroquine as second-third-line therapies in ITP is investigated. METHODS MEDLINE was searched for studies that included patients with persistent or chronic primary ITP and published before the end of December 2014. Two investigators independently extracted data regarding study design, patient characteristics, dosage schedule, time to response, and occurrence of adverse events. The pooled overall response rate (ORR; platelet count >30 × 10 L) and the complete response rate (CRR; platelet count >100 × 10 L) were evaluated to determine drug efficacy by calculating weighted mean proportion using a fixed or random-effects model according to heterogeneity (I > 50%). The study was performed following the MOOSE and PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS A total of 28 studies (415 patients) were included (dapsone: k = 7 studies, n = 80; danazol: k = 12, n = 224; interferon alpha: k = 8, n = 83; hydroxychloroquine: k = 1, n = 28). The mean patient age was 50 years (female sex 70%, splenectomy 47%). The ORR and CRR were 55% (95% CI: 44%-66%, I = 0%) and 21% (95% CI: 13%-31%, I = 0%), respectively, for dapsone; 42% (95% CI: 22%-65%, I = 63%) and 18% (95% CI: 10%-29%, I = 9%), respectively, for interferon alpha; and 58% (95% CI: 42%-72%, I = 67%) and 29% (95% CI: 19%-42%, I = 63%), respectively, for danazol. The ORR was 50% (95% CI: 32%-67%) for hydroxychloroquine (data not available for CRR). Meta-regression analysis found a correlation between the ORR for interferon alpha and the splenectomized status of the patient (P = .02) and between the CRR for danazol and disease duration (P < .001). In total, 73%, 51%, 30%, and 0% of patients who received danazol, dapsone, interferon alpha, and hydroxychloroquine experienced side effects, respectively. CONCLUSION The ORR was equivalent for hydroxychloroquine, danazol, and dapsone in ITP. Regarding their low CRR, patients at high risk of infection or at low risk of bleeding should benefit from these treatments. Thanks to their best efficacy and safety profiles, dapsone and hydroxychloroquine in patients with antinuclear antibodies should be preferred over danazol and interferon alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Weber
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite
| | - Quitterie Reynaud
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite
- Equipe d’Accueil HESPER 7425, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne
| | - Romain Fort
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite
| | - Stéphane Durupt
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite
| | - Pascal Cathébras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Nord, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez
| | - Isabelle Durieu
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite
- Equipe d’Accueil HESPER 7425, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne
| | - Jean-Christophe Lega
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite
- UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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12
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How I treat refractory immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2016; 128:1547-54. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-603365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This article summarizes our approach to the management of children and adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) who do not respond to, cannot tolerate, or are unwilling to undergo splenectomy. We begin with a critical reassessment of the diagnosis and a deliberate attempt to exclude nonautoimmune causes of thrombocytopenia and secondary ITP. For patients in whom the diagnosis is affirmed, we consider observation without treatment. Observation is appropriate for most asymptomatic patients with a platelet count of 20 to 30 × 109/L or higher. We use a tiered approach to treat patients who require therapy to increase the platelet count. Tier 1 options (rituximab, thrombopoietin receptor agonists, low-dose corticosteroids) have a relatively favorable therapeutic index. We exhaust all Tier 1 options before proceeding to Tier 2, which comprises a host of immunosuppressive agents with relatively lower response rates and/or greater toxicity. We often prescribe Tier 2 drugs not alone but in combination with a Tier 1 or a second Tier 2 drug with a different mechanism of action. We reserve Tier 3 strategies, which are of uncertain benefit and/or high toxicity with little supporting evidence, for the rare patient with serious bleeding who does not respond to Tier 1 and Tier 2 therapies.
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Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is a commonly encountered labora tory abnormality in the intensive care unit setting. Al though moderate degrees of thrombocytopenia may be dismissed as clinically trivial, severe thrombocytopenia can have catastrophic consequences. This review di vides the potential pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia into three pathophysiological categories: (1) produc tive, (2) consumptive, and (3) distributional. The im portant etiologies and appropriate therapies for throm bocytopenia in each of these categories are discussed. We have attempted to emphasize the underlying patho genic mechanisms as well as highlight the diagnostic dilemmas likely to be faced by intensive care unit physi cians. Although this review stresses those thrombocyto penic disorders most likely to be encountered in the intensive care unit, chronic etiologies of thrombocy topenia are also discussed because preexistent throm bocytopenia will further complicate the care of any acutely ill intensive care unit patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward G. Wittels
- Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, and Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Robert D. Siegel
- Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, and Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Eric M. Mazur
- Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, and Brown University, Providence, RI
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14
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Kim SW, Rice L, McCarthy JJ. Efficacy of Danazol with Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107602969700300406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy-nine cases of autoimmune thrombocytopenia seen by the Baylor Hematology section of The Methodist Hospital between 1991 and 1996 were retrospectively reviewed to assess the effectiveness of danazol in the treatment of autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Among the 42 patients who received danazol, the mean initial platelet count prior to treatment was 24.3 ± 17.4 (SD) × 109/L with a mean duration of disease of 53 months. Most cases were idiopathic, but some patients had underlying secondary disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, HIV, and/or Evans' syndrome). Overall 57% of the patients treated with danazol had an excellent or a good response with three patients who had unmaintained remission for >11 months. Minimal side effects were noted. Fifty percent of the patients with associated secondary disorders achieved an excellent or good response. The hemolytic component of all three Evans' syndrome cases was well controlled with danazol. In two cases, danazol was effective where a variety of other treatment regimens were not. An excellent or a good response was found in 58%, 62%, and 53% in patients >65 years old, between 45 and 65 years old, and <45 years old, respectively. Response rates were similar in males and females, Seventy percent of the nonsplenectomized patients had an excellent or a good response compared to 33% in postsplenectomy patients. Overall in view of its favorable side-effect profile, it is rational early on to attempt to abrogate the need for splenectomy, it may salvage splenectomy failures, and there is a reasonable response rate in those refractory to multiple prior therapies. Key Words: Autoimmune thrombocytopenia—Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura—Danazol— Systemic lupus erythematosus—HIV—Evans' syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section of Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Lawrence Rice
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section of Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | - John J. McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Section of Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
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Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Misdiagnosed as Hereditary Angioedema. Case Rep Dermatol Med 2016; 2015:934247. [PMID: 26819784 PMCID: PMC4706890 DOI: 10.1155/2015/934247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary angioedema is a rare, but potentially life-threatening genetic disorder that results from an autosomal dominant trait. It is characterized by acute, recurrent attacks of severe local edema, most commonly affecting the skin and mucosa. Swelling in hereditary angioedema patients does however not always have to be caused by angioedema but can relate to other concomitant disorders. In this report we are focusing on misdiagnosis in a patient with known hereditary angioedema, whose bleeding episode caused by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was mistaken for an acute attack of hereditary angioedema. The case illustrates how clinicians can have difficulties in handling patients with rare diseases, especially in the emergency care setting.
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16
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Rumore MM. Medication Repurposing in Pediatric Patients: Teaching Old Drugs New Tricks. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2016; 21:36-53. [PMID: 26997928 PMCID: PMC4778695 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-21.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gaps in pediatric therapeutics often result in off-label use and specifically, novel uses for existing medications, termed "drug repurposing." Drug Information (DI) queries to a Pediatric Medication Resource Center of a large metropolitan pediatric hospital in New York and inherent difficulties in retrieving evidence-based information prompted a review of current medication repurposing for pediatric patients. The objective included characterization of innovative off-label use of medications Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for 1 or more indications to treat a totally different disorder or indication in pediatric patients. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted to retrieve publications describing repurposed medications in pediatric patients. Excluded was FDA-approved indications used off-label in pediatric patients (e.g., different dose), preclinical data, adult use only, and experimental use. Evidence quality was classified using a modified American Academy of Neurology Level of Evidence. Results were analyzed using χ(2) at p < 0.05. RESULTS Over 2000 references were retrieved and reviewed. A total of 101 medications repurposed for novel off-label uses for pediatric patients were identified: 38 for neonates, 74 for children, and 52 for adolescents. Neonates and infants were least likely to receive a medication for a repurposed use. Strong or intermediate evidence existed in 80.2% of cases. The evidence was weak in 19.8%. No significant relationship was observed between the pediatric age group and strength of the literature. Most repurposed uses pertained to generic or widely used medications. Less than 5% of medications were first marketed after 2011. CONCLUSIONS While not exhaustive, the present study represents the most comprehensive listing of novel uses exclusive to pediatric patients. Further research is needed to identify the frequency of repurposed uses. The valuable DI role of pharmacists in assessing repurposed uses is of expanding and increasing importance to ensure such uses are evidence-based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Rumore
- Department of Social, Behavioral and Administrative Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, New York; Of Counsel, Sorell, Lenna, & Schmidt, LLP, Hauppauge, New York
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Podhorecka M, Macheta A, Chocholska S, Bojarska-Junak A, Szymczyk A, Goracy A, Dmoszynska A, Hus M. Danazol induces apoptosis and cytotoxicity of leukemic cells alone and in combination with purine nucleoside analogs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Hematol 2015; 95:425-35. [PMID: 26692089 PMCID: PMC4742499 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-015-2579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, great progress has been achieved in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, some patients, particularly older patients with comorbidities or with relapsed/refractory leukemia, still have limited therapeutic options. There is an urgent need to discover less toxic and more effective drugs for CLL patients. Applying new modalities or substances that are widely used for the treatment of other diseases has been reported to improve results in CLL treatment. This study aimed to assess the non-chemotherapeutic drug danazol for its potential to destroy leukemic cells. Leukemic cells, obtained from the peripheral blood and bone marrow of 23 CLL patients, were cultured in the presence of danazol and its combination with the purine nucleoside analogs fludarabine and cladribine and bendamustine. After 24 h of incubation, the rate of apoptosis indicated by active caspase-3 expression, and cytotoxicity indicated by forward light scatter and light scatter analysis, was assessed by flow cytometry. We also measured expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins of BCL family and active caspase 9 and active caspase 8 expressions in leukemic cells. Danazol had a caspase-dependent pro-apoptotic and cytotoxic effect on leukemic cells in a tumor-specific manner. The mechanisms of its action appear to be complex and should be precisely established; however, induction of apoptosis involving both mitochondrial and receptor cascades appears to be most probable. Danazol showed a synergic effect with cladribine, an additive effect with fludarabine, and an infra-additive effect with bendamustine. The rate of danazol-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity did not differ between patients with better and worse prognostic markers. Our results indicate that danazol may be a potential therapeutic agent for CLL patients alone and in combination with purine analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Podhorecka
- Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Macheta
- Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Chocholska
- Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Szymczyk
- Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Goracy
- Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Dmoszynska
- Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Hus
- Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
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18
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Liu W, Gu X, Fu R, Li Y, Lv M, Sun T, Lv C, Liu X, Xue F, Zhang L, Yang R. The Effect of Danazol in Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia: An Analysis of a Large Cohort From a Single Center in China. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2015; 22:727-733. [PMID: 26681745 DOI: 10.1177/1076029615622002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study assessed the long-term benefits and side effects of low-to-medium dose of danazol therapy in primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). METHODS The retrospective analysis included 319 patients with ITP who accepted danazol therapy. Patients accepted danazol alone or in combination with glucocorticoids. Clinical outcome and tolerance were assessed in all patients. RESULTS Among patients with persistent or chronic ITP, the overall response rate of danazol therapy was 65.0%. Sixty-five (63.1%) of the 103 patients reached remission with danazol alone, and 93 (48.7%) of the 191 patients who accepted combination therapies acquired remission and discontinued glucocorticoids successfully. Age and previous treatments were 2 risk factors for response rate. In newly diagnosed patients with ITP, the response rate and median response time did not differ significantly with or without danazol. However, the relapse rate was significantly lower in patients administered danazol combined with glucocorticoids than those accepted glucocorticoids alone. Totally, 21.1% of the patients experienced mild or moderate side effects, and 1.2% of the patients discontinued treatment due to intolerable side effects. CONCLUSION Low-to-medium dosage of danazol is better tolerated and effective in patients with ITP, even in those refractory to other treatments. Combination of danazol and glucocorticoids for initial treatment may decrease relapse rates to achieve well-tolerated long-term remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueping Gu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Rongfeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingen Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuicui Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Renchi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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Audia S, Godeau B, Bonnotte B. Is there still a place for "old therapies" in the management of immune thrombocytopenia? Rev Med Interne 2015; 37:43-9. [PMID: 26422785 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
New molecules such as rituximab or thrombopoietin receptor agonists (romiplostim and eltrombopag) have changed the management of immune thrombocytopenia. Therefore, old drugs which are less expensive and with a well-known benefit/risk ratio are being underused. We aim to define the place of dapsone, danazol, hydroxychloroquine and vinca-alkaloids at the era of targeted therapy in immune thrombocytopenia. With a response rate around 30% to 50%, dapsone is an interesting second-line therapy to be used just after corticosteroids. Patients with positive antinuclear antibodies can benefit from hydroxychloroquine with a 50% response rate. Because of its side effects, mostly virilization, danazol will be preferentially used in the elderly. Vinca-alkaloids could be temporarily used in patients that do not respond to intravenous immunoglobulins or to limit their use to avoid shortage periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Audia
- Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Compétences des cytopénies auto-immunes de l'adulte, Hôpital Bocage Central, 14, rue Paul-Gaffarel, 21000 Dijon, France; CR INSERM 1098, Bâtiment B3, rue Angélique-Ducoudray, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - B Godeau
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence des cytopénies auto-immunes, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, AP-HP, UPEC, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - B Bonnotte
- Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Compétences des cytopénies auto-immunes de l'adulte, Hôpital Bocage Central, 14, rue Paul-Gaffarel, 21000 Dijon, France; CR INSERM 1098, Bâtiment B3, rue Angélique-Ducoudray, 21000 Dijon, France
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20
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Kater L, Gmelig-Meyling FHJ, Derksen RHWM, Faille HB. Immunopathogenesis and Therapy of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03259309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Blatt J, Corey SJ. Drug repurposing in pediatrics and pediatric hematology oncology. Drug Discov Today 2012; 18:4-10. [PMID: 22835502 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug 'repurposing', that is, using old drugs for new indications, has been proposed as a more efficient strategy for drug development than the current standard of beginning with novel agents. In this review, we explore the scope of drug repurposing in pediatric hematology oncology and in pediatrics in general. Drugs commonly used in children were identified using the Harriet Lane Handbook (HLH) and searched in PubMed for different uses. Additional drugs were identified by searching PubMed and Google.com for 'drug repurposing' or 'drug repositioning'. Almost 10% of drugs with primary uses in pediatrics have been repurposed in pediatric hematology oncology or pediatrics. The observant clinician, pharmacologist and translational bioinformatician, as well as structural targeting, will have a role in discovering new repurposing opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Blatt
- Department of Pediatrics and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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22
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Uchiyama M, Jin X, Zhang Q, Hirai T, Bashuda H, Watanabe T, Amano A, Niimi M. Danazol induces prolonged survival of fully allogeneic cardiac grafts and maintains the generation of regulatory CD4(+) cells in mice. Transpl Int 2012; 25:357-65. [PMID: 22239184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Danazol, a derivative of testosterone, is useful for treatment of endometriosis as well as pretreatment for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, although its mechanisms of action are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of danazol on alloimmune responses in murine heart transplantation. CBA male mice (H2(k) ) underwent transplantation of C57BL/6 male (H2(b) ) hearts and received a single dose of danazol (0.4, 1.2 or 4mg/kg/day) by intraperitoneal injection on the day of transplantation and for 6days thereafter. An adoptive transfer study was performed to determine whether regulatory cells were generated. The median survival time (MST) of allografts in danazol-treated (1.2 and 4mg/kg/day) mice was 28 and 63days, respectively, compared with 7days in untreated mice. Moreover, secondary CBA recipients given whole splenocytes or CD4(+) cells from primary danazol-treated (4mg/kg/day) CBA recipients 30days after transplantation had prolonged allograft survival (MSTs, 29 and 60days, respectively). Cell proliferation, interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-γ were suppressed in danazol-treated mice, whereas IL-4 and IL-10 were up-regulated. Moreover, danazol directly suppressed allo-proliferation in a mixed leukocyte culture. Flow cytometry showed an increased CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) cell population in splenocytes from danazol-treated mice. Danazol prolongs cardiac allograft survival and generates regulatory CD4(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masateru Uchiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Fontana V, Dudkiewicz P, Ahn ER, Horstman L, Ahn YS. Danazol therapy combined with intermittent application of chemotherapy induces lasting remission in myeloproliferative disorder (MPD): an alternative for the elderly with advanced MPD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:90-4. [PMID: 21418739 DOI: 10.1179/102453311x12902908412075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
There is no good alternative therapy available for elderly patients with advanced myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) who failed on conventional therapies and are not candidates for bone marrow transplant. We report here an effective therapy that induced exceptionally long-lasting remissions and improved quality of life. Eighteen elderly patients (mean age: 70·6 years) (16 myelofibrosis and 2 thrombocythemia) who had failed on conventional therapies were treated. Danazol was administered daily at 200-800 mg throughout the study. Chemotherapy was applied intermittently as needed to reduce spleen size and blood counts. Busulfan (2-4 mg/day) was used most often and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) (50-100 mg/day) and/or cytarabine (100-200 mg/m(2)) if the white blood cell (WBC) count rose rapidly. When MPD stabilized, chemotherapy was discontinued and dosage of danazol was reduced. Therapy was well tolerated. Overall, 61% of patients responded with unexpectedly long-lasting remissions and improved quality of life. Three (17%) had excellent (E) response, defined by normalization of blood counts and non-palpable spleen, while eight (44%) had good (G) response, defined by rise of Hct by ≥7% and ≥50% reduction of spleen. Mean duration of remission was 45 months (10-78 months) in E responders and 11 months in G responders (2-22 months). This regimen offers a safe and effective alternative for advanced MPD in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Fontana
- Wallace H Coulter Platelet Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, USA
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24
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Chuhjo T, Yamazaki H, Omine M, Nakao S. Danazol therapy for aplastic anemia refractory to immunosuppressive therapy. Am J Hematol 2008; 83:387-9. [PMID: 18161784 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although there are anecdotal reports of the efficacy of danazol in the treatment of aplastic anemia (AA), there has been no systematic study to clarify its efficacy and toxicity. Therefore, we assessed the efficacy of danazol for treatment of patients with AA refractory to immunosuppressive therapy (IST) and those who relapsed after IST, in a prospective clinical trial. Sixteen patients (12 males and four females; six severe cases and 10 moderate cases) were treated with 300 mg of danazol daily for 12 weeks. All patients completed the treatment period without occurrence of severe toxicity. Three female patients achieved partial remission, whereas only two of the 12 male patients did so. None of the responders had shown a response to previous IST or an increase in the percentage of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)-type cells which are known to be a marker for a good response to IST. These findings indicate that danazol is effective for a subset of AA patients, and particularly for female patients with AA refractory to IST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Chuhjo
- Department of Internal Medicine, NTT Kanazawa Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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25
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Metjian A, Abrams CS. New insights and therapeutics for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2008; 6:71-84. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Lee JB, Mun YC, Park HS, Choi MY, Chang HJ, Lee KE, Nam EM, Lee SN, Sung CM. The Results of Danazol Therapy in Patients with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura Who Failed with Corticosteroid Therapy. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2007.42.4.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Beom Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeung-Chul Mun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hea Sung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Nam Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chu-Myong Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Cervantes F, Alvarez-Larrán A, Domingo A, Arellano-Rodrigo E, Montserrat E. Efficacy and tolerability of danazol as a treatment for the anaemia of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: long-term results in 30 patients. Br J Haematol 2005; 129:771-5. [PMID: 15953003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are considered the treatment of choice for the anaemia of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM). Good results have been reported in a few patients treated with danazol, a synthetic attenuated androgen. The long-term efficacy and tolerability of danazol as treatment for the anaemia of MMM was evaluated in 30 patients, who received 600 mg/d, with progressive tapering to the minimum effective dose in the responders after 6 months. Complete response (CR) was defined as transfusion cessation with normal Hb and partial response (PR) as an Hb increase >/=1.5 g/dl with transfusion-independent Hb values >10 g/dl maintained for at least 8 weeks. Median follow-up was 20.5 months (range: 3.5-58 months). Response was achieved in 11 patients (37%), including eight CRs and three PRs. Median time to response was 5 months (range: 1-9 months). Four patients stopped responding at 6-24 months, two responders discontinued treatment because of toxicity, and five maintained response at 3.5-42 months. Pretreatment variables associated with response were lack of transfusion requirement (P= 0.001) and higher Hb at treatment start (P= 0.02). Toxicity was usually moderate, leading to treatment withdrawal in only two cases. Danazol is effective and well tolerated in a substantial proportion of MMM patients with anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cervantes
- Haematology Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Park SY, Kim JS, Kim Y, Park IH, Cheong JW, Lee ST, Hahn JS, Min YH. Two Cases of Acquired Hemophilia A Successfully Treated with Oral Steroid or Danazol. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2005.40.1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Hae Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - June-Won Cheong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Tae Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Sook Hahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Hong Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Tarantino MD, Buchanan GR. The pros and cons of drug therapy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2004; 18:1301-14, viii. [PMID: 15511617 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses the pros and cons of drug therapy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Tarantino
- Comprehensive Bleeding Disorders Center, University of Illinois College of Medicine-Peoria, 5019 North Executive Drive, Peoria, IL 61614, USA.
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30
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Maloisel F, Andrès E, Zimmer J, Noel E, Zamfir A, Koumarianou A, Dufour P. Danazol therapy in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: long-term results. Am J Med 2004; 116:590-4. [PMID: 15093754 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2002] [Revised: 09/29/2003] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in whom standard-dose corticosteroids and splenectomy have failed or who have contraindications to these therapies often require further treatment for life-threatening thrombocytopenia or bleeding. We studied whether danazol, an attenuated androgen, is useful in this setting. METHODS To assess both clinical outcome and tolerance issues, 57 patients who had refractory chronic ITP (n = 27) or who had contraindications to splenectomy or corticosteroids or who refused these therapeutic options (n = 30) were studied. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients experienced a partial or complete response to therapy (67%), among whom 27 (46%) remained in remission at a median (+/- SD) of 119 +/- 45 months. Treatment tolerance was acceptable, although severe adverse events were reported in 9 patients (16%). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that danazol therapy may be beneficial in the management of refractory chronic ITP or when there are contraindications to splenectomy or corticosteroids (or both).
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31
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Andrès E, Zimmer J, Noel E, Kaltenbach G, Koumarianou A, Maloisel F. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a retrospective analysis in 139 patients of the influence of age on the response to corticosteroids, splenectomy and danazol. Drugs Aging 2004; 20:841-6. [PMID: 12964890 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200320110-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the influence of age on the response of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) to corticosteroids, splenectomy and danazol. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed a cohort of 139 consecutively treated patients with ITP diagnosed between 1985 and 1994. In particular, we analysed the therapies used, their response rates, prognostic indicators of response and adverse effects. Furthermore, we compared the efficacy and tolerability of the various therapies between younger and older patients (<60 and > or =60 years old). RESULTS Corticosteroids were used as first-line treatment in 118 patients with an initial response rate of 83%. Age did not affect the outcome of corticosteroid therapy, but all the patients aged > or =60 years reported adverse effects. A splenectomy was performed in 55 patients with an initial response rate of 87%. Older patients had significantly poorer outcomes from splenectomy with higher postoperative morbidity. Finally, danazol was given in 33 patients with a favourable response in 72% of cases. Compared with younger patients, older patients had a significantly better outcome with danazol. CONCLUSIONS Age may have significant effects on the response to and adverse effects of therapy in ITP, and this should be considered when choosing the treatment modality for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Andrès
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Bourgeois E, Caulier MT, Delarozee C, Brouillard M, Bauters F, Fenaux P. Long-term follow-up of chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura refractory to splenectomy: a prospective analysis. Br J Haematol 2003; 120:1079-88. [PMID: 12648082 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Splenectomy remains the most effective treatment of chronic autoimmune idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) (i.e. of > 6 months duration). Treatment of patients refractory to splenectomy (with absence of response or relapse after initial response) is difficult, and their long-term outcome is not well known. Over a 10-year period, 183 patients with chronic ITP were splenectomized including 158 adults and 25 children (</= 15 years). Forty-seven of them, who were refractory to this treatment, were prospectively followed up for 5-15 years (median 7.5 years). Twelve of them, with moderate thrombocytopenia, remained untreated, and 35 were treated by a median of two regimens (range 1--6), to which 27 responded. Thirty-six (77%) of the refractory cases reached platelet counts durably > 100 x 10(9)/l, nine of them without treatment and 27 of them with low-dose steroids or azathioprine; six (13%) remained moderately thrombocytopenic (35 x 10(9)/l to 100 x 10(9)/l platelets); the last five patients, without response to any treatment (up to six regimens), remained severely thrombocytopenic (platelets < 20 x 10(9)/l), and three of them died from bleeding. Twenty-seven (57%) of the 47 refractory cases required at least one hospitalization, in the majority of cases for intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) infusions. Seven of the refractory cases occurred in children. Six of them subsequently reached platelet counts > 100 x 10(9)/l, but one died from bleeding. Our findings confirm the overall favourable long-term prognosis of chronic ITP refractory to splenectomy.
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Tei C, Maruyama T, Kuji N, Miyazaki T, Mikami M, Yoshimura Y. Reduced expression of alphavbeta3 integrin in the endometrium of unexplained infertility patients with recurrent IVF-ET failures: improvement by danazol treatment. J Assist Reprod Genet 2003; 20:13-20. [PMID: 12645863 PMCID: PMC3455802 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021254620888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether there is any association between the expression of endometrial integrin alphavbeta3 and repeated IVF-ET failure and to examine the effect of danazol treatment on alphavbeta3 expression. METHODS This prospective study was performed using a semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis on the staining intensity of alphavbeta3 in the mid-secretory endometria derived from 10 fertile women and 57 infertile patients with a history of repeated IVF-ET failures. Nine patients randomly selected from these 22 patients with unexplained infertility were then treated with oral danazol administration for 12 weeks and reexamined at the first mid-secretory phase after the danazol treatment. RESULT(S) The levels of endometrial alphavbeta3 expression were lower in 22 patients with unexplained infertility than in the fertile control and 35 patients with explained infertility. The 9 patients treated with danazol showed a significant increase in the alphavbeta3 staining. CONCLUSION(S) The significantly decreased expression of endometrial integrin alphavbeta3 suggested that functional, but not morphological, endometrial defect may be one of the causes for the patients with unexplained infertility. Danazol may have a therapeutic potential in improving endometrial function together with up-regulation of alphavbeta3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisei Tei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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Chan G, DiVenuti G, Miller K. Danazol for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Am J Hematol 2002; 71:166-71. [PMID: 12410570 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.10209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is a poor prognostic indicator in the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Treatment options for patients with symptomatic thrombocytopenia are limited. Danazol, an attenuated androgen, may have some efficacy in increasing the platelet count of patients with MDS. We retrospectively reviewed 33 patients with primary MDS who were treated with danazol for 6 or more weeks. After 6 weeks on danazol, the mean platelet count increased from 42 x 10(9)/L to 60 x 10(9)/L (P < 0.015), and 25 out of 33 patients (76%) had an increase in their platelet counts. Following 12 weeks of treatment, the mean platelet count increased to 67 x 10(9)/L (P < 0.005), and 21 out of 29 patients (72%) had an increase in their platelet counts. Seven out of nine patients no longer required platelet transfusions because bleeding stopped after 6 weeks on danazol. Mean duration of response was 10 months (range 2-68 months). Responses were seen in all French-American-British (FAB) subtypes and in all International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) scores. Therapy was well tolerated. Danazol may be effective in MDS patients who are thrombocytopenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Chan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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35
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Ahn YS, Horstman LL. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: pathophysiology and management. Int J Hematol 2002; 76 Suppl 2:123-31. [PMID: 12430912 DOI: 10.1007/bf03165102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the pathophysiology of ITP owes to pioneering work of W J Harrington in 1951, delineating the immunologic nature of platelet destruction. In ITP, antibody-coated platelets are destroyed by macrophages of RES. However, other mechanisms are also implicated: C-mediated platelet lysis and newly described C-independent peroxide injury. Both induce platelet fragmentation and lysis, generating procoagulant platelet microparticles (PMP). A third mechanism of platelet consumption in the microvasculature is proposed, based on overlapping syndromes of ITP and TTP in some patients. In assessing hemostasis in ITP, platelet counts alone is not sufficient. Evaluation of platelet clumping, giant platelets, and platelet activation, marked by increased PMP is useful. Patients with platelet activation or giant platelets bleed less and detection of clumping prevents unwarranted therapy. Thrombotic complications may develop in ITP. A syndrome, characterized by recurrent TIA-like symptoms, progressive memory loss due to ischemic small vessel disease is described. The management of ITP should include the search for and elimination of underlying causes and careful evaluation of hemostasis. Therapy is divided into definitive vs symptomatic measures. The former including splenectomy, danazol, chemotherapy offers lasting remission after therapy was stopped, while the later including glucocorticoids, gammaglobuin, antiD antibodies and others increases platelet counts but seldom sustains remission upon withdrawal. Danazol therapy is up-dated since it is an effective and safe definite measure in ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon S Ahn
- University of Miami, Dept. of Medicine, USA
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36
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Abstract
Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an organ-specific autoimmune bleeding disorder in which autoantibodies are directed against the individual's own platelets, resulting in increased Fc-mediated platelet destruction by macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system. Although ITP is primarily mediated by IgG autoantibodies, the production of these autoantibodies is regulated by the influence of T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APC). There is evidence that enhanced T-helper cell/APC interactions in patients with ITP may play an integral role in IgG antiplatelet autoantibody production. New therapies may improve platelet production, decrease platelet antibody production, and decrease monocyte function and/or B-cell and T-cell activities. Understanding these cellular immune responses in ITP may lead to the development of more specific immunoregulatory therapies for the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Bussel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Abstract
Treatment of chronic immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura with corticosteroids and/or splenectomy results in safe platelet counts in over 70% of patients without additional treatment. Therapy of patients who are refractory to these two treatments may be difficult. The treatment approach to refractory ITP patients, described in this report, is arbitrarily divided into four levels: levels 1 through 3 represent treatments with increasing side effects; level 4 therapy may be tried when the others have failed. Patients undergoing these treatments may require concomitant intravenous gammaglobulin, high-dose corticosteroids or platelets, to maintain the platelet count in the setting of mucosal bleeding or severe thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R McMillan
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Rocha A, Miguel OF, Barbosa HMR, Candelori I, Silva AMD, Lopes ER. O plexo pampiniforme na fase crônica da doença de Chagas humana: avaliação histológica. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822000000500001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesquisou-se a ocorrência, na parede das veias do plexo pampiniforme de chagásicos crônicos, de acúmulos intracelulares de Trypanosoma cruzi e sinais inflamatórios (flebite). Para tal fim, colheram-se, à necropsia, 23 pares de funículos espermáticos, epidídimos e testículos, sendo 17 de chagásicos crônicos e 6 de controles (não chagásicos). Em cada caso, foram feitos múltiplos cortes das gônadas e dos vasos; fez-se pesquisa de T. cruzi por imuno-histoquímica nos funículos espermáticos de todos os casos. Não se observaram parasitos nas paredes vasculares. Notou-se flebite crônica inespecífica, focal e discreta, em cinco chagásicos (bilateral em três pacientes) e dois controles; havia infiltração mononuclear discreta do interstício funicular em treze chagásicos e cinco controles. A análise estatística dos resultados (chi2) não revelou diferenças significativas. Conclui-se que o ambiente hormonal devido à testosterona não parece favorecer a infecção da parede dos vasos gonadais por Trypanosoma cruzi, embora, segundo a literatura, o referido hormônio pareça ter ações imunodepressoras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademir Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
| | | | | | - Ignez Candelori
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
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39
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George JN, Kojouri K, Perdue JJ, Vesely SK. Management of patients with chronic, refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Semin Hematol 2000; 37:290-8. [PMID: 10942223 DOI: 10.1016/s0037-1963(00)90107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is defined as ITP with persistent thrombocytopenia despite conventional initial management with prednisone and splenectomy. Rare in children, It may occur in as many as one third of adults with ITP. The goal of treatment is not cure of the ITP, but only to achieve a safe platelet count, which is arbitrarily assumed to be greater than 30,000 to 50,000/microL. The risk for major bleeding seems great only when the platelet count is less than 10,000/microL. Treatment of patients with moderate thrombocytopenia and no clinically important bleeding symptoms should be avoided. There is no accepted algorithm for management of patients with chronic refractory ITP. Observation without specific treatment must be considered a cornerstone of management. Combination regimens of Immunosuppressive agents may be required for patients with severe and symptomatic thrombocytopenia. Additional supportive care measures are also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N George
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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Rotura espontánea de bazo por peliosis esplénica en una paciente con púrpura trombocitopénica autoinmune tratada con danazol. Med Clin (Barc) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(00)71428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in children is usually acute and self-limiting, but may become chronic in 10% to 30% of patients. Salient issues in the treatment of childhood chronic ITP (cITP) include the following: the choice of immunomodulatory agent; the child's desire for unrestricted physical activity; interventions to avoid or defer splenectomy; and, finally, choosing when (and how) to perform splenectomy. Treatment for children with cITP during childhood usually is extrapolated from that for acute ITP. Treatment with pooled intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and anti-D immunoglobulin often gives an acute response followed by a predictable decay of platelet count. Corticosteroids usually lead to a platelet increase; however, the associated adverse effects of chronic usage are generally unsatisfactory for most children and adolescents. With pulsed, high-dose corticosteroids, a durable platelet response is the exception, not the rule. More aggressive immunosuppression is usually reserved for patients who are symptomatic and refractory to the above treatments, Including splenectomy. Although the estimated success rate ranges from 70% to 90%, the long-term outcome of splenectomy in children with cITP in not well described. In addition, the risk of fatal postsplenectomy infections is significant. A familiar initial strategy among pediatric hematologists thus involves deferral of splenectomy with the reasonable possibility of spontaneous recovery. Corticosteroids, anti-D, and IVIg are effective, temporizing medical alternatives to splenectomy in treating cITP in children. Quality-of-life measurements in children with cITP may help to stimulate the development of new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Tarantino
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY 40202, USA
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Nomura S, Matsuzaki T, Yamaoka M, Ozaki Y, Nagahama M, Yoshimura C, Kagawa H, Nakayama S, Fukuhara S. Genetic analysis of HLA- and HPA-typing in idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura patients treated with cepharanthin. Autoimmunity 1999; 30:99-105. [PMID: 10435723 DOI: 10.3109/08916939908994767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We performed genetic analysis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and human platelet antigen (HPA) in 45 patients with cepharanthin-treated idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. HLA-typing was performed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, and HPA-typing by a polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primer method. There were 14 responders and 31 nonresponders. Responders included many patients who had already been treated with prednisolone. HLA-DRB1*0901 was significantly more common in responders than in nonresponders. In contrast, HLA-DRB1*0410 and DQB1*0401 were significantly more common in nonresponders. The a/b genotype of HPA-2a/2a (Ko(b)/Ko(b)) was significantly increased in responders. In contrast, HPA-2a/2b (Ko(b)/Ko(a)) and HPA-3a/3b (Bak(a)/Bak(b)) were significantly more common in nonresponders. These findings suggest that genetic studies of HLA and HPA can predict the response of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura to cepharanthin.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Alkaloids/pharmacology
- Alkaloids/therapeutic use
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Human Platelet/analysis
- Antigens, Human Platelet/genetics
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Benzylisoquinolines
- Blood Platelets/immunology
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Drug Resistance/genetics
- Endocytosis/drug effects
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genotype
- HLA Antigens/analysis
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DQ Antigens/analysis
- HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DQ beta-Chains
- HLA-DR Antigens/analysis
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DRB1 Chains
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Prednisolone/therapeutic use
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/drug therapy
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/genetics
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/immunology
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/therapy
- Splenectomy
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nomura
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan.
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Kiefel V, Santoso S. Idiopathische thrombozytopenische Purpura und weitere immunologisch bedingte Thrombozytopenien. Hamostaseologie 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-07673-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Böcher A, Hagmann FG, Kreiter H. [Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Current therapy concept and introduction to pathophysiologic, clinical and diagnostic aspects]. MEDIZINISCHE KLINIK (MUNICH, GERMANY : 1983) 1998; 93:707-18. [PMID: 10024838 DOI: 10.1007/bf03044807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by platelet destruction due to an antiplatelet autoantibody, usually of the IgG class, which coats autologue platelets and leads to their elimination by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). While in childhood ITP is more usually an acute and self-limiting problem which needs no drug treatment, adult ITP is a relatively common chronic hematological disease. TREATMENT Treatment aimes at inhibition of antibody-production and binding on thrombocytes and thrombocyte phagocytosis by the RES. Therapy should result in a platelet count of > 100,000/microliter or at least in stabilization of the platelet count without bleeding. Therapeutic approaches were divided into emergency and long-term treatment. In patients who require non-emergency treatment conventional-dose corticoids (1 to 2 mg/kg/d prednisone) are recommended as initial treatment, whereas pulsed high-dose dexamethason is recently reported to be effective in refractory ITP. After unsuccessful splenectomy or if treatment with gammaglobulins fails alternative and partly experimental therapies may have to be used. CONCLUSION Treatment of adult ITP includes established medical, immunological and surgical measurements. Their application depends on diseases progression as well as imminent or manifest complications. Remission is achieved in up to 75% of all patients. Alternative treatments remain for refractory cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Böcher
- Medizinische Klinik I, Westpfalz-Klinikum GmbH, Kaiserslautern
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46
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Matsuzaki T, Nomura S, Yamaoka M, Ozaki Y, Yoshimura C, Xie GL, Katsura K, Kagawa H, Ishida T, Fukuhara S. HLA and HPA typing in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura patients treated with Kami-kihi-to. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 1998; 26:191-8. [PMID: 9799971 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x98000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We performed human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and human platelet antigen (HPA) in patients with Kami-kihi-to-responsive idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The HLA-A2, A61 and Cw1 were significantly increased in responders compared with nonresponders, as were HLA DRB1 *0901, DRB1 *1502, and DPB1 *0501. In contrast, HLA DPB1 *0201 and DPB1 *0901 were significantly decreased in responders. The a/b genotype of HPA-2 and a/a genotype of HPA-3 were markedly increased in nonresponders, and anti-GPIb antibody was also increased. These results suggest that HLA, HPA, and anti-GP antibody studies may predict the response of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura to Kami-kihi-to.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsuzaki
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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47
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Garvey B. Management of chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in adults. TRANSFUSION SCIENCE 1998; 19:269-77. [PMID: 10351139 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-3886(98)00041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The management of thrombocytopenia in adults is a therapeutic challenge requiring not only the science but the art of medicine. The disease is usually chronic and a third of those affected will have significant thrombocytopenia despite attempts at presently accepted forms of management. Adults tolerate moderate degrees of thrombocytopenia and treatment of asymptomatic patients with platelet counts greater than 30 x 10(9)/L is usually not required. Steroids, splenectomy, and the use of steroid-sparing immunosuppressive drugs remain the mainstay of treatment, although short-term responses to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and anti-D may be beneficial. The multitude of therapies with anecdotal reports of responses attests to the frustration felt by hematologists in the management of this disease when conventional treatments fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Garvey
- St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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48
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Gillis S, Eldor A. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in adults: clinical aspects. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1998; 11:361-72. [PMID: 10097813 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(98)80054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a relatively common immune-mediated disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia due to clearance of opsonized platelets by the reticuloendothelial system. The acute form, more common in children, is a self-limiting, often post-viral disease. In contrast, the adult form is typically a chronic disorder, which initially responds to corticosteroids. Splenectomy offers a 70% chance of cure. Major progress has been achieved in the elucidation of the immune pathology in ITP, and we review contemporary advances in the treatment of chronic ITP. Practical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of various aspects of ITP were established in 1996 by the American Society of Hematology. Since these recommendations will most probably substantially influence patient care, they are discussed in detail. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated ITP is a common problem in countries with a high prevalence of HIV infection. The pathogenesis of this subtype probably differs from that of classic ITP, and is considered separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gillis
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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49
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Abstract
We performed HLA-A, -B, and -C antigen and -DR DNA typing in 111 Japanese patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). DRB1*0410 was significantly increased in ITP patients compared with healthy controls (relative risk = 9.52, P < .05), but the other DRB1*04 alleles showed no significant differences. On HLA-DR serotyping, patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH) had a high frequency of DR4, so we compared the frequencies of DRB1*04 suballeles between ITP and VKH. The high frequency of DRB1*04 was dependent on DRB1*0405 in VKH, but on DRB1*0410 in ITP. Plasma autoantibodies were studied in 111 patients using a microtiter well assay. Thirty-six patients had anti-GPIIb/IIIa autoantibodies, and antibody positivity was associated with HLA-DR4 (29 of 36, 80.6% v 28 of 75, 37.3%) but not with DRB1*0410. When HLA-DR4 and DRB1*0410 were compared between patients with a good or poor response to prednisolone, HLA-DR4 was decreased and DRB1*0410 was significantly decreased (χ2 = 11.455, P < .01) in patients with a good response. In conclusion, this study showed that genetically determined factors influence the course of ITP. However, our findings should be considered preliminary because of possible racial differences in HLA status between Japanese and other ITP patients.
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50
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Clinical Significance of HLA-DRB1*0410 in Japanese Patients With Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.10.3616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We performed HLA-A, -B, and -C antigen and -DR DNA typing in 111 Japanese patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). DRB1*0410 was significantly increased in ITP patients compared with healthy controls (relative risk = 9.52, P < .05), but the other DRB1*04 alleles showed no significant differences. On HLA-DR serotyping, patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH) had a high frequency of DR4, so we compared the frequencies of DRB1*04 suballeles between ITP and VKH. The high frequency of DRB1*04 was dependent on DRB1*0405 in VKH, but on DRB1*0410 in ITP. Plasma autoantibodies were studied in 111 patients using a microtiter well assay. Thirty-six patients had anti-GPIIb/IIIa autoantibodies, and antibody positivity was associated with HLA-DR4 (29 of 36, 80.6% v 28 of 75, 37.3%) but not with DRB1*0410. When HLA-DR4 and DRB1*0410 were compared between patients with a good or poor response to prednisolone, HLA-DR4 was decreased and DRB1*0410 was significantly decreased (χ2 = 11.455, P < .01) in patients with a good response. In conclusion, this study showed that genetically determined factors influence the course of ITP. However, our findings should be considered preliminary because of possible racial differences in HLA status between Japanese and other ITP patients.
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