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Bellis A, Pinède D, Moulier V, Martin-Bertsch I, Januel D. French national helpline "stop" for minor-attracted persons: First findings. L'ENCEPHALE 2024:S0013-7006(24)00187-8. [PMID: 39368927 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preventing minor-attracted persons from acting on their impulses is a significant public health concern. To address this, the STOP telephone helpline was established nationwide in France in January 2021. This service acts as a bridge, connecting callers with their nearest CRIAVS (resource centers for professionals working with sex offenders) where they can speak with a healthcare professional who can guide them toward appropriate care if needed. Our study is a detailed look at the STOP service's activity from January 1st, 2021, to December 31st, 2022, covering a span of 24 months. METHOD We developed a structured approach to collecting data for analysis. Data were extracted from the centralized database of the STOP service, allowing for the collection of quantitative variables and qualitative variables. RESULTS Over the study period, there were 5442 calls made to the service. After filtering out calls that were unsuccessful or too short (mostly under 5minutes), we analyzed 369 records. Among these, 79.1% were first-time callers, with 73.3% of them admitting to being attracted to children, a group which predominantly consisted of men. Notably, 46.7% of callers expressing an attraction to children were referred to further care. In total, 72.6% of callers learned about the service through media channels. CONCLUSION Analysis revealed that the STOP service was primarily utilized by the intended audience-minor-attracted persons. The gradual decline in call volume over time and the reliance on media for awareness highlight the importance of widespread publicity. The findings from our study, spanning twenty-four months of the STOP service's operation, highlight the value of having such a platform available to facilitate access to mental health support for minor-attracted persons. They emphasize the need for increased communication efforts to promote the STOP service and call for further data analysis to enhance its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avicenne Bellis
- Clinical Research Center, EPS Ville-Evrard, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France.
| | - Daniel Pinède
- Consultation and Resource Center for Professionals Working with Sexual Offenders Île-de-France East Pole, EPS Ville-Evrard, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
| | - Virginie Moulier
- Clinical Research Center, EPS Ville-Evrard, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
| | | | - Dominique Januel
- Clinical Research Center, EPS Ville-Evrard, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
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2
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Schipani-McLaughlin AM, Gilmore AK, Salazar LF, Potter SJ, Stapleton JG, Orchowski LM. Advancing a Comprehensive Multilevel Approach to Sexual Violence Prevention Using Existing Efficacious Programs. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2024; 20:20-29. [PMID: 38015061 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sexual violence (SV) is a serious and long-standing public health problem on college campuses. At institutions of higher education, campus administrators, activists, and practitioners have worked for decades to address campus SV. Despite federally mandated campus SV prevention programming, rates of campus SV remain unchanged. The purpose of this commentary is to outline a strategy for enhancing campus SV prevention efforts using a comprehensive multilevel approach utilizing existing efficacious programs. The following three strategies for implementing optimal campus SV prevention are proposed, which include (a) the need to prioritize efficacy, (b) targeting multiple levels of the social ecology, and (c) leveraging the benefits of in-person programming and technology-driven prevention. A call to action is included for both institutions of higher education administrators and practitioners to implement and invest in comprehensive multilevel interventions using existing, efficacious SV programs, ideally combining a technology-based program with an in-person component. Furthermore, a coordinated effort between prevention and response is needed to achieve successful prevention of campus SV and revictimization, including a connection with the community for postassault interventions. Thus, implementing multilevel interventions on college campuses using existing evidence-based programs in combination with a coordinated community response of postassault interventions can bring the campus community together and is optimal to moving the needle on rates of campus SV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jane G Stapleton
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, University of New Hampshire
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
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3
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McCray KL, Evans JO, Lower-Hoppe LM, Brgoch SM, Ryder A. Does Athlete Status Explain Sexual Violence Victimization and Perpetration on College Campuses? A Socio-Ecological Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:11067-11090. [PMID: 37358012 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231178356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, college students have been identified as a high-risk group for sexual violence (SV) victimization and perpetration, with one in three women and one in four men experiencing SV in their lifetimes. Therefore, studies investigating both perpetration and victimization across genders are pertinent. Additionally, in the context of higher education, athletics is often viewed as a high-risk environment for SV. Despite established relationships between SV and intercollegiate athletics, research on this topic is not conclusive due to the heterogeneous nature of college sports, as well as a dearth of research on recreational athletes. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the differences in SV victimization and perpetration among intercollegiate, recreational, and non-athlete populations. Additional context was provided by exploring variables at multiple levels of the socio-ecological model for violence prevention, as these factors can be important aspects of a person's development and may inform behavior. Utilizing a sample of 62,996 students from 199 institutions of higher education in the United States, multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess individual- (i.e., personal demographics), relationship- (i.e., athlete status), and community-level (i.e., institutional characteristics) predictors of SV victimization and perpetration. The results indicated that recreational athletes are the most at-risk group, experiencing and perpetrating SV at higher rates than non-athletes. Results on institutional status and individual characteristics, as well as implications for practitioners and future research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James O Evans
- University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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4
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Willmott TJ, Mathew A, Saleme P, Rundle-Thiele S. Participatory Design Application in Youth Sexual Violence and Abuse Prevention: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1797-1817. [PMID: 35293245 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221078891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Youth sexual violence and abuse (SVA) are leading public health and human rights issues around the world. Prevention is key to reducing SVA rates and minimising resultant harms. Despite advocacy for more collaborative approaches, knowledge of how to effectively engage young people and key stakeholders in the design, implementation, and evaluation of SVA prevention programs is limited. This mixed-methods systematic review aimed to synthesise available evidence on participatory design (PD) application in primary and secondary SVA prevention targeting young people. A systematic search was executed across seven electronic databases. Eligible studies were peer-reviewed, published in English, reported primary or secondary SVA prevention, described application of PD or a related approach, and targeted young people aged 12-25 years. Quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Overall, 20 articles reporting 15 studies were included. Most (55%; n = 11) employed a qualitative design. Descriptions, methods, and scope of PD application varied across included studies. A lack of empirical evaluations prevented conclusions regarding the utility of PD application in terms of measured outcomes. The methodology, agent of change, training, and engagement (MATE) taxonomy was subsequently developed to describe and classify PD application. As illustrated in the MATE taxonomy, PD methods promoting agency, encouraging input, and facilitating empowerment are likely to facilitate more meaningful engagement of participants. Integration of participant and expert views, community consultation, and appropriate socio-cultural adaption appear to be critical determinants of program acceptability and feasibility. Empirical evaluations are needed to assess the relative utility of PD methods in line with SVA prevention objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alieena Mathew
- Social Marketing @ Griffith, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Pamela Saleme
- Social Marketing @ Griffith, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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5
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Salazar LF, Schipani-McLaughlin AM, Sebeh Y, Nizam Z, Hayat M. A Web-Based Sexual Violence, Alcohol Misuse, and Bystander Intervention Program for College Women (RealConsent): Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e43740. [PMID: 37342080 DOI: 10.2196/43740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence (SV) incidence among college women has been invariant for the past 20 years. Innovative prevention strategies that are low resource and technology driven but demonstrate efficacy are greatly needed. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a novel theoretically driven internet-based intervention for first-year college students who identify as women (RealConsent) in reducing their risk of exposure to SV and alcohol misuse as well as increasing alcohol protective and bystander behaviors. METHODS This randomized controlled trial involved first-year college students who identified as women (n=881) attending 1 of 3 universities in the southeastern United States. Participants aged 18 to 20 years were randomized to RealConsent (444/881, 50.4%) or to an attention-matched placebo control (437/881, 49.6%). RealConsent is fully automated and consists of four 45-minute modules that incorporate entertainment-education media and proven behavior change techniques. The primary outcome was exposure to SV; the secondary outcomes were alcohol protective behaviors, dating risk behaviors, alcohol misuse, and bystander behavior. Study outcomes were assessed at baseline and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS Among participants with some exposure to SV, those in the RealConsent group experienced less exposure to SV than the placebo group (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.48, 95% CI 0.33-0.69; P=.002). Furthermore, participants in the RealConsent group engaged in more alcohol protective behaviors (adjusted odds ratio 1.17, 95% CI 0.12-2.22; P=.03) and were less likely to binge drink (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.81, 95% CI 0.67-0.97; P=.003). Finally, participants in the RealConsent group who had 100% dosage were more likely to engage in bystander behavior than those with <100% dosage plus placebo group (adjusted odds ratio 1.72, 95% CI 1.17-2.55; P=.006). CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive exposure to SV, alcohol use, and bystander educational program was successful in decreasing the occurrence of exposure to SV among those most at risk and in increasing alcohol protective behaviors. Because of its web-based and mobile technologies, RealConsent can be easily disseminated and holds potential for reducing campus SV. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03726437; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03726437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Francisca Salazar
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anne Marie Schipani-McLaughlin
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yesser Sebeh
- Department Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zainab Nizam
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Matt Hayat
- Department Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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6
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Díaz Olavarrieta C, Villa AR, Guerrero López B, Vargas Huicochea I, García-Medina S, Aburto Arciniega M, Alonso Catalán M, Fajardo Dolci GE, Medina-Mora Icaza ME. Dating Violence among Undergraduate Medical Students at a Public University in Mexico City: An Exploratory Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3104. [PMID: 36833800 PMCID: PMC9963753 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based violence (GBV) and cyber-aggression are growing problems in Mexico, but there is a dearth of information on their associated risks. We aimed to determine the prevalence of dating violence (DV) and cyber-aggression in a public campus and compared students' acceptability of abusive DV based on their sex and sexual orientation. We employed a cross-sectional design to survey 964 first-year medical students attending a public university. We analyzed who found "acceptable" abusive behaviors from a dating partner and carried out descriptive analyses of sample characteristics by sex. We included 633 women and 331 men. Homosexual and bisexual orientation was lower among women (1.5%, 4.8%) vs. men (16.9%, 7.2%). Of women and men, respectively, 64.2% and 35.8% reported having been in a dating relationship. Experiencing abusive behaviors in the year prior to the study was associated with students' level of "acceptability". A total of 43.5% of the students who experienced cyber-aggression did not report any mental health consequences, 32.6% did not seek professional help, and 17.4% reported feeling depressed. Students that accepted emotionally abusive DV behaviors displayed a fourfold risk of experiencing physical abuse. Women and sexual minorities are more at risk of experiencing GBV and DV. More male students reported being victims of cyber-aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Díaz Olavarrieta
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Antonio Rafael Villa
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Guerrero López
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ingrid Vargas Huicochea
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Prolongación de Carpio y, Plan de Ayala Street, Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Monica Aburto Arciniega
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - María Alonso Catalán
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Germán E. Fajardo Dolci
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ma. Elena Medina-Mora Icaza
- Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Circuito Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- National Institute of Psychiatry, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
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7
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Analysis of aborted fetal material using autosomal STR markers in forensic cases of sexual assault. J Forensic Leg Med 2023; 94:102468. [PMID: 36584611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2022.102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sexual violence represents a widespread social problem associated with serious lifelong consequences. In many cases, an outcome of sexual violence is the victim's unwanted pregnancy, usually ended in an abortion. The objective of this paper is to report five rape cases, including rapes of a minor and young woman, two incest cases and a case of human trafficking for sexual exploitation, where every case resulted in the victim's pregnancy. In each case, pregnancy was terminated in the first trimester or at the beginning of the second trimester in the relevant medical center or clinic. Fresh fetal blood or aborted tissue samples were delivered to our laboratory in order to perform paternity testing for the purpose of proving the crime. DNA extraction using Qiagen Dneasy™ Tissue Kit was optimized according to the sample type. Amplification of autosomal STR (Short Tandem Repeat) markers was performed using the PowerPlex®16 System. In two cases, mixtures of maternal and fetal DNA in the aborted fetal material were found. Using the LRmix Studio v.2.1.5 Software for interpreting DNA mixtures based on a probabilistic model, the likelihoods of maternal contribution and presence of fetal allelic variants inherited from the alleged father/suspect were calculated. Based on these results, we confirmed the presence of assumed fetal fractions (determined before software analysis) in the mixtures. In all cases, positive paternity proved the crime (probabilities of paternity >99.9999%). This cases report once again pointed out the importance of DNA analysis in the process of clarifying and solving forensic cases and demonstrated that the LRmix Studio v.2.1.5 Software can deal with complex cases such as sexual assaults.
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8
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Freitag SL, Lenzenweger MF, Crowson HM. Does Self-Silencing Behavior Mediate the Relation Between Rejection Sensitivity and Sexual Violence Victimization? Violence Against Women 2022:10778012221142918. [PMID: 36474445 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221142918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous research reveals that rejection sensitivity is associated with both sexual violence victimization and self-silencing behavior, yet the association among these variables has not been examined. As the foundation for this study, we propose a theoretical model that integrates these constructs. Using mediational analyses with bootstrapping, the results from a sample of 241 heterosexual college women revealed that consistent with the proposed model, self-silencing mediated the link between rejection sensitivity and reports of unwanted sexual contact and rape. The implications of the findings for the prevention of victimization/revictimization and interventions with victimized women are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark F Lenzenweger
- State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY, USA
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9
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Mensah F, Brown S. The impact of sexual violence in gendered adolescent mental health pathways. Lancet Psychiatry 2022; 9:847-848. [PMID: 36206777 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Mensah
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Stephanie Brown
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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10
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Prévenir la violence sexuelle durant la petite enfance : une évaluation des effets de la formation Lanterne auprès du personnel de milieux d’intervention et d’éducation. SEXOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sexol.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Williford A, Yoder J, Sharp J, Tunstall A, Espelage DL, Ortega L, Fulginiti A. Examining the Post-High School Effects of a Primary Prevention Program on Exposure to Bullying and Sexual Violence among Emerging Adults. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:5985-6008. [PMID: 35259311 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211067053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emerging adulthood (EA) is a time of self-exploration as new opportunities for independence and autonomy arise. Yet, for some youth, this may also contribute to instability, uncertainty, and anxiety. Consequently, evidence suggests that rates of exposure to various forms of violence increase in EA. This study examined changes in experiences of bullying and sexual violence (SV) victimization among a sample of post-high school emerging adults who were exposed to a primary prevention program, Sources of Strength (Sources). We also examined whether Sources skills (e.g., healthy coping and help-seeking) buffer against these experiences. Participants were 102 emerging adults (73.5% identifying as female, 36.3% as Latinx, and 22.6% as LGBQ), who completed surveys at three time points: 1 month prior to graduation and at 6- and 12-months post-graduation. Results suggest that as youth transition into emerging adulthood, experiences of bullying victimization were relatively low and slightly decreased whereas experiences of SV were also relatively low, but stable over time. Notably, bullying victimization was lower when female-identifying participants, relative to males, had higher levels of healthy coping. In addition, SV victimization for participants identifying as non-white was higher at lower levels of coping than those identifying as white; however, at higher levels of coping, non-white participants reported lower rates of SV victimization, while rates were relatively stable for white participants at high and low levels of coping. These findings provide some support for the Sources program model where engaging in healthy coping may protect young women from bullying exposure and buffer against SV victimization for racial and ethnic minoritized young adults. Implications for violence prevention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Williford
- School of Social Work, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jamie Yoder
- School of Social Work, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Julia Sharp
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ashley Tunstall
- School of Social Work, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dorothy L Espelage
- School of Education, 2331University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lilyana Ortega
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 3447Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Anthony Fulginiti
- Graduate School of Social Work, 2927Univesity of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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12
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Kiss L, Fotheringhame D, Kyegombe N, McAlpine A, Abilio L, Kyamulabi A, Walakira EJ, Devries K, Tanton C. Paper: violence, abuse and exploitation among trafficked women and girls: a mixed-methods study in Nigeria and Uganda. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:794. [PMID: 35448985 PMCID: PMC9022300 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Africa is the global region where modern-slavery is most prevalent, especially among women and girls. Despite the severe health consequences of human trafficking, evidence on the risks and experiences of trafficked adolescents and young women is scarce for the region. This paper addresses this gap by exploring the intersections between violence, migration and exploitation among girls and young women identified as trafficking survivors in Nigeria and Uganda. METHODS We conducted secondary analysis of the largest routine dataset on human trafficking survivors. We used descriptive statistics to report the experiences of female survivors younger than 25 years-old from Nigeria and Uganda. We also conducted 16 semi-structured interviews with adolescents identified as trafficked in both countries. We used thematic analysis to explore participants' perceptions and experiences before, during and after the trafficking situation. RESULTS Young female survivors of human trafficking in Nigeria and Uganda are exposed to a range of experiences of violence before migration, during transit and at destination. The qualitative data revealed that children and adolescents migrated to escape family poverty, violence and neglect. They had very low levels of education and most had their studies interrupted before migrating. Family members and close social contacts were the most common intermediaries for their migration. During transit, sexual violence and hunger were common, especially among Nigerians. Participants in both the quantitative and qualitative studies reported high levels of violence, deception, coercion, withheld wages and poor working conditions at destination. The adolescents interviewed in the qualitative study reported severe mental suffering, including suicide attempts. Only one reported the prosecution of perpetrators. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that interventions to prevent or mitigate the negative impact of adverse childhood experiences can contribute to preventing the trafficking of adolescents in Nigeria and Uganda. These interventions include social protection mechanisms, universal access to education, social service referrals and education of parents and carers. Importantly, effective prevention also needs to address the systemic conditions that makes trafficking of female adolescents invisible, profitable and inconsequential for perpetrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Kiss
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Nambusi Kyegombe
- Global Health Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alys McAlpine
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Karen Devries
- Global Health Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Clare Tanton
- Global Health Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Senn CY, Barata P, Eliasziw M, Hobden K, Radtke HL, Thurston WE, Newby-Clark IR. Sexual Assault Resistance Education’s Benefits for Survivors of Attempted and Completed Rape. WOMEN & THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/02703149.2021.1971425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Y. Senn
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
- Women’s and Gender Studies Program, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | - Paula Barata
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Misha Eliasziw
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen Hobden
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
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14
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Jordan J, Mossman E. "Don't Ever Give Up!" Resisting Victimhood Through Self-Defense. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP1233-1258NP. [PMID: 29295019 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517744760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Whether or not women should physically resist a male attacker has been a long-contested issue. This article enters this debate drawing on findings from an evaluation of a feminist self-defense course. It locates these data within a broader historical context to question dominant discourses around ideal femininity and explore the potential for empowerment such courses can offer, particularly for women deemed at high risk. It draws on qualitative data from interviews with course participants (n = 15), community stakeholders (n = 15), and self-defense instructors (n = 7), as well as quantitative data from pre-post course evaluations (n = 115). Findings are presented to demonstrate how participants and stakeholders from a diverse range of women's groups experienced the program. Evidence is presented that the participation not only resulted in increased self-defense skills but importantly also the confidence and attitude to put these skills into action, if required. Factors identified as critical to the success of these courses are explored, and the implications are assessed in relation to both prevention and empowerment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jordan
- Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
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15
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Lugova H, Samad N, Haque M. Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Among Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Post-Conflict Scenario. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:2937-2948. [PMID: 33328772 PMCID: PMC7734039 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s283698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing humanitarian crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has triggered sexual and gender-based violence, including rape, sexual slavery, trafficking, intimate partner violence, and sexual exploitation. Gender inequalities and abuse of power experienced by women and young girls at refugee settings further exacerbate their vulnerability to different forms of violence. This study aimed to offer an evidence-based approach to developing strategies in tackling the complex problem of sexual and gender-based violence among refugees and internally displaced persons in the Congo. We conducted a narrative review of all the relevant papers known to the authors to explore the origins of the problem, its implications on public health, and its impact on equity. The study revealed that sexual assault survivors face physical and psychological sufferings, excruciating emotions, and profound disruption of their social well-being since they are often stigmatized and ostracized by society. The analysis of current government policies revealed a lack of programs to address survivors' specific concerns and policy enforcement problems. This study suggested strategic objectives and policy implementation steps. The proposed strategies address women empowerment and gender stigma, provision of effective health services, and adequate response action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Lugova
- Unit of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nandeeta Samad
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mainul Haque
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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16
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Orchowski LM, Edwards KM, Hollander JA, Banyard VL, Senn CY, Gidycz CA. Integrating Sexual Assault Resistance, Bystander, and Men's Social Norms Strategies to Prevent Sexual Violence on College Campuses: A Call to Action. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:811-827. [PMID: 30205767 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018789153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault prevention on college campuses often includes programming directed at men, women, and all students as potential bystanders. Problematically, specific types of sexual assault prevention are often implemented on campuses in isolation, and sexual assault risk reduction and resistance education programs for women are rarely integrated with other approaches. With increasing focus on the problem of sexual assault on college campuses, it is timely to envision a comprehensive and interconnected prevention approach. Implementing comprehensive prevention packages that draw upon the strengths of existing approaches is necessary to move toward the common goal of making college campuses safer for all students. Toward this goal, this commentary unpacks the models and mechanisms on which current college sexual assault prevention strategies are based with the goal of examining the ways that they can better intersect. The authors conclude with suggestions for envisioning a more synthesized approach to campus sexual assault prevention, which includes integrated administration of programs for women, men, and all students as potential bystanders on college campuses.
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17
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Hughes RB, Robinson-Whelen S, Goe R, Schwartz M, Cesal L, Garner KB, Arnold K, Hunt T, McDonald KE. "I really want people to use our work to be safe"…Using participatory research to develop a safety intervention for adults with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2020; 24:309-325. [PMID: 30101664 DOI: 10.1177/1744629518793466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
People with intellectual disability experience disproportionately high rates of interpersonal violence (IPV) due, in part, to disability-related risks that often can be minimized through targeted intervention. In this article, we describe using an academic and community participatory research approach to develop and test the feasibility of an accessible IPV prevention program for people with intellectual disability. The Safety Class, which is an interactive, structured, eight-session, weekly face-to-face group program, was found feasible for implementation in an efficacy study. Working in partnership with the intellectual disability community through all phases of the project helps ensure the relevance, inclusion, and accessibility of The Safety Class.
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18
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Ceccato V, Wiebe DJ, Eshraghi B, Vrotsou K. Women's Mobility and the Situational Conditions of Rape: Cases Reported to Hospitals. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:2917-2946. [PMID: 29294735 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517699950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A third of all rapes in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, take place in public outdoor places. Yet, little is known about the events that precede this type of sexual offence and less about the situational context of rape. This study aims to improve the understanding of the nature of situational conditions that immediately precede events of rape. Using medical records of 147 rape victims during 2012 and 2013, we constructed time- and place-specific records of the places women traveled through or spent time at, the activities they engaged in, and the people they interacted with sequentially over the course of the day when they were raped. The analysis uses visualization tools (VISUAL-TimePAcTS), Geographical Information Systems, and conditional logistic regression to identify place-, context-, and social interaction-related factors associated with the onset of rape. Results for this sample of cases reported to hospitals show that being outdoors was not necessarily riskier for women when compared with indoor public settings; some outdoor environments were actually protective, such as streets. Being in a risky social context and engaging in a risky activity before the event was associated with an increased risk of rape, and the risk escalated over the day. Among those women who never drank alcohol, the results were similar to what was observed in the overall sample, which suggests that risky social interaction and risky activity made independent contributions to the risk of rape. The article finishes with suggestions for rape prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Ceccato
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Abstract
Child sexual abuse is a severely underreported crime in the United States. The consequences of child sexual abuse extend beyond physical injury, including an increased likelihood to develop chronic physical and mental diseases/disorders, including substance abuse and suicide. Care involves trauma-informed screening, assessment, and documentation, education of, and access to sexually transmitted infection prophylaxis and emergency contraception, safety interventions, and access to community resources. Medical providers should know the response process their facility, community, and state practices for victims of sexual abuse. Acknowledging and responding to victims of sexual abuse as a multidisciplinary team will ensure comprehensive care for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Banvard-Fox
- Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University, 6040 University Town Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26501, USA; Department of Adolescent Medicine, West Virginia University, 6040 University Town Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26501, USA.
| | - Meredith Linger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, WVU Medicine, 1 Medical Center Drive, PO Box 8220, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Debra J Paulson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9149, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Lesley Cottrell
- Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9214, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Danielle M Davidov
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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20
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Davidov DM, Hill K, Bush HM, Coker AL. The Green Light for Green Dot: A Qualitative Study of Factors Influencing Adoption of an Efficacious Violence Prevention Program in High School Settings. Violence Against Women 2019; 26:1701-1726. [PMID: 31779535 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219886377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate factors influencing the adoption of an effective bystander-based sexual violence prevention intervention. High schools participating in a cluster-randomized controlled trial that found significant declines in sexual violence over time and with full implementation were invited to adopt this program (Green Dot) at no cost. Three emergent themes arose from interviews with 10 intervention implementers. These findings have implications for researchers, practitioners, and high school administrators and may facilitate future program marketing efforts and the development and testing of strategies for targeted dissemination of this and other bystander programs for violence.
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21
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Hovick SR, Silver N. "Consent is sexy": A poster campaign using sex-positive images and messages to increase dyadic sexual communication. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2019; 67:817-824. [PMID: 30614766 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1515746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: "Consent is Sexy" (CIS) is a poster campaign incorporating sex-positive messages to promote consent and increase sexual communication among college students. We assess reactions to the campaign and associations between campaign recall and communication attitudes and behaviors. Participants: Male and female undergraduates at a Midwestern university were recruited (N = 284). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. t-Tests, logistic and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the data. Results: Over half (56%) of participants recalled the campaign and reactions were positive. Students who recalled CIS had more positive attitudes towards sexual communication (p = .04) and greater perceived behavioral control (PBC; p < .01). Conclusions: Results show many students paid attention and reacted positively to CIS posters and results offer dissemination insights. Consent campaigns should continue to cultivate positive attitudes and PBC in regards to sexual communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly R Hovick
- School of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nathan Silver
- School of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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22
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Basile KC, Rostad WL, Leemis RW, Espelage DL, Davis JP. Protective Factors for Sexual Violence: Understanding How Trajectories Relate to Perpetration in High School. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2019; 19:1123-1132. [PMID: 30151670 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-018-0940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent sexual violence (SV) perpetration is a significant public health problem. Many risk factors for perpetration are known, but less is known about what protects youth from perpetration, or how protective factors change over time. This longitudinal study reports trajectories of four potential protective factors for SV perpetration (empathy, parental monitoring, social support, and school belonging) across middle and high school and examines their relationship to SV perpetration in high school. Findings reveal that youth who identified as SV perpetrators had significantly lower mean empathy scores (d = - 0.18, 95 % CI [-0.26, -0.10]) and social support scores (d = - 0.05, 95 % CI [-0.14, -0.03]) at the beginning of middle school than non-perpetrators. We also found that youth who identified as SV perpetrators had a quicker deceleration in parental monitoring (slopes) and empathy from middle to high school, compared to non-perpetrators. Within-sex differences emerged; significant differences in slopes were detected for school belonging between male perpetrators and male non-perpetrators (Wald test = 3.76 (1), p = .05) and between female perpetrators and female non-perpetrators (Wald test = 3.95(1), p = .04). Significant differences in slopes for empathy between female perpetrators and female non-perpetrators (Wald test = 4.76(1), p = .03) were also detected. No differences were found between male and female SV perpetrators for either empathy or school belonging. These findings have implications for the content and timing of adolescent SV prevention efforts. Intervention in adolescence, involving parents and schools in a comprehensive, multi-level approach, may be effective in preventing SV perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F64, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Whitney L Rostad
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F64, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Ruth W Leemis
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F64, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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23
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Kato-Wallace J, Barker G, Garg A, Feliz N, Levack A, Ports K, Miller E. Adapting a Global Gender-Transformative Violence Prevention Program for the U.S. Community-Based Setting for Work with Young Men. GLOBAL SOCIAL WELFARE : RESEARCH, POLICY & PRACTICE 2019; 6:121-130. [PMID: 30956935 PMCID: PMC6444362 DOI: 10.1007/s40609-018-00135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extensive practice-based evidence from international settings, as well as in-depth evaluations of programs promoting gender equity, have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing perpetration of violence against women and girls. Such "gender-transfor-mative programs" encourage critical analysis of gender norms, challenge homophobia and gender-based harassment, build skills to question harmful masculine norms, interrupt harmful and disrespectful behaviors, and encourage more equitable behaviors. Here we describe the history of a gender-transformative program, "Program H," first developed in Brazil and Mexico, the rationale for and evaluation of this original program, and the processes of adaptation for the US urban community-based setting, and highlight the risks as well as opportunities on the work with young men and boys in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kato-Wallace
- Promundo-US, 1367 Connecticut Avenue, Washington D.C., NW 20036, USA
| | - Gary Barker
- Promundo-US, 1367 Connecticut Avenue, Washington D.C., NW 20036, USA
| | - Aapta Garg
- Promundo-US, 1367 Connecticut Avenue, Washington D.C., NW 20036, USA
| | - Nayck Feliz
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3420 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Andrew Levack
- Promundo-US, 1367 Connecticut Avenue, Washington D.C., NW 20036, USA
| | - Kathryn Ports
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3420 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Oesterle DW, Orchowski LM, Moreno O, Berkowitz A. A Qualitative Analysis of Bystander Intervention Among Heavy-Drinking College Men. Violence Against Women 2019; 24:1207-1231. [PMID: 30037315 DOI: 10.1177/1077801218781931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study qualitatively examines how heavy-drinking college men conceptualize bystander intervention. Twelve semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with college men reporting past-month heavy drinking and sexual activity within the past 2 months. NVivo software was used to conduct a thematic analysis. Following the stage model of bystander intervention, men in this sample described situations-predominantly in drinking contexts-when other men made sexual advances toward women who were not interested or who were intoxicated as opportunities for intervention. Men reported relying on women's expression of verbal and nonverbal cues as a sign that a situation was problematic, and warranting intervention. Men reported a desire to protect women from experiencing a sexual assault, or to protect a peer from being accused of rape. Men perceived themselves to be more likely to assume responsibility for intervening when the situation involved someone they knew, especially a female friend. A variety of intervention strategies were also reported. Preliminary support was offered for considering alcohol myopia as a barrier to intervention. The interviews also provided preliminary support for further investigation into the role of alcohol expectancies regarding "liquid courage" and "aggression" as factors that can influence bystander intervention when intoxicated. Implications for future research and the development of tailored sexual assault prevention efforts for heavy-drinking men are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- 1 Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,2 Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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25
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Tadros A, Sharon MJ, Hoffman SM, Davidov DM. Emergency Department Visits for Sexual Assault by Emerging Adults: Is Alcohol a Factor? West J Emerg Med 2018; 19:797-802. [PMID: 30202489 PMCID: PMC6123092 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2018.6.38219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging adults (18-25 years of age) are at increased risk for sexual assault. There is little Emergency Department (ED) data on sexual assaults that involve alcohol among this population. The purpose of this study was to analyze ED visits for sexual assault and determine if alcohol consumption by the patient was noted. METHODS This study was a retrospective chart review of patients aged 18-25 presenting to an ED in a college town over a four-year period. Extracted variables included age, gender, delay in seeking care, sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) evaluation, and alcohol consumption by the patient. For analysis of alcohol use, cases were categorized as ages < 21 and ≥ 21. RESULTS There were 118 patients who presented to the ED from 2012 to 2015. The mean age of the cohort was 20 years, and almost 70% of visits were among those < 21. Of those aged < 21, 74% reported alcohol consumption, in contrast to 48% of those ≥ 21 (p = 0.055). Of those reporting alcohol use, 36% were evaluated on the day of the assault compared to 61% of those not reporting alcohol (p=0.035). CONCLUSION This study found that ED visits for sexual assault in emerging adults were more common in younger patients. Alcohol use occurred more frequently with patients under the legal drinking age, and presentation was also more likely to be delayed. The relationship between sexual assault and alcohol use should underscore primary prevention efforts in emerging adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Tadros
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Melinda J. Sharon
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Shelley M. Hoffman
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Danielle M. Davidov
- West Virginia University School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Ullman SE, Lorenz K, O'Callaghan E. Risk Avoidance Strategies after Sexual Assault: A Dyadic Study of Survivors and Informal Support Providers. VICTIMS & OFFENDERS 2018; 13:814-833. [PMID: 31080377 PMCID: PMC6510513 DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2018.1479910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interview data from 45 matched pairs of survivors disclosing sexual assaults and their primary informal support provider (friend, family, significant other) were used to explore survivor-support provider perspectives on self-protective behaviors survivors and those close to them take to protect themselves from future assaults. Strategies for reducing risk taken by survivors included behavioral changes, security measures, self-defense strategies, avoiding alcohol/drugs, and protecting others. Support providers play critical roles by encouraging survivors to pursue risk avoidance strategies, and employing these strategies themselves. Counseling and prevention implications are drawn in the context of risks facing survivors trying to avoid further sexual victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Ullman
- Department of Criminology, Law, & Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Katherine Lorenz
- Department of Criminology, Law, & Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Erin O'Callaghan
- Department of Criminology, Law, & Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago
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Jordan J, Mossman E. "Get Out of My Home and Don't Come Back!" Empowering Women Through Self-Defense. Violence Against Women 2018; 25:313-336. [PMID: 29807497 DOI: 10.1177/1077801218768712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Can self-defense courses empower those already victimized? This article explores the potential for self-defense courses to have specific efficacy in the prevention of intimate partner violence (IPV). It draws on interview ( n = 36) and pre- and postevaluation ( n = 44) data from two studies: (a) evaluation of a pilot study of a feminist empowerment self-defense course designed specifically for women's refuge/shelter clients (Violence Prevention Project [VPP]) and (b) evaluation of women's self-defense courses collected as part of a larger evaluation study (Skills for Safety). The overwhelmingly positive findings from both studies suggest greater consideration be offered to providing further collaborative refuge/self-defense courses for women victimized by IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jordan
- 1 Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
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28
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Assessing reported cases of sexual and gender-based violence, causes and preventive strategies, in European asylum reception facilities. Global Health 2018; 14:48. [PMID: 29743084 PMCID: PMC5944050 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-018-0365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is a widespread public health problem and a violation of human rights rooted in gender and power inequities. Refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants living in European asylum reception facilities (EARF) are especially vulnerable to SGBV. To contribute to closing the gap on systematic and accurate evidence on SGBV, we aim to explore reported cases of SGBV, causes and preventable measures described by residents and professionals from EARF. Methods We developed a cross-sectional study using the Senperforto project database. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with residents (refugees, asylum-seekers and unaccompanied minors) and professionals (service and health care providers) at EARF, in 7 European countries. We used IBM® SPSS software to analyze our data. Further, statistical tests – Chi-square Test and Fisher’s exact test (5% significance level) were conducted. Results In total 562 respondents: 375 residents (R) and 187 professionals (P) participated in the study. The majority of respondents were male (56.9%), aged 19 to 39 years (67.3%). Respondents described 698 cases of SGBV (R 328, P 370), comprising 1110 acts of multi-types of violence. Respondents from Malta (160) and Belgium (143) reported the highest number of SGBV cases. The main reported causes were frustration and stress (R 23.6%, P 37.6%, p 0.008) and differences related with cultural background (R 19.3%, P 20.3%, p 0.884). Respondents assumed that these acts of violence could be prevented by SGBV prevention interventions (R 31.5%, P 24.7%, p 0.293); improving living conditions (R 21.7%, P 15.3%, p 0.232); and promoting communication (R 16.1%, P 28.2%, p 0.042). The majority of R were not aware of existing preventable measures in the asylum facility or host country. While the majority of P were aware of existing preventable measures in the asylum facility or country. Proposed SGBV prevention strategies in EARF included SGBV sensitization and awareness, improving living conditions and improving communication between R and P. Conclusion In the EARF context, SGBV is characterized by multi-types of violence acts, yet R and P believe that prevention is possible. Our results call for urgent integrative prevention strategies that are in line with country-level and international regulations.
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Abstract
Women’s self-defense training has been excluded from sexual violence prevention efforts for a variety of reasons, including concerns that it is ineffective, encourages victim blaming, neglects acquaintance assault, and does not target the underlying factors that facilitate sexual violence. In this article, I argue that these critiques are misguided, founded on (1) misunderstandings of self-defense training, (2) stereotypes about gender, and (3) individualistic assumptions about the impact of self-defense. Further, I assert that empowerment-based self-defense training helps to change the root conditions that allow violence against women to flourish. For all these reasons, and because recent research has built a case for its effectiveness, I argue that women’s empowerment-based self-defense training should be part of any sexual violence prevention effort.
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