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Basile KC, Chen J, Friar NW, Smith SG, Leemis RW. Association of Contact Sexual Violence Victimization and Health in the U.S. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:860-869. [PMID: 38331115 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2024.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual violence victimization is related to negative impacts, including chronic health conditions. Less is known about possible confounders of this relationship. This study examines the association between lifetime experience of contact sexual violence (CSV) and health conditions by sex, controlling for demographics and other victimization. METHODS Data are from the 2016/2017 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a nationally representative study of English- or Spanish-speaking adults. Ten health conditions (e.g., HIV/AIDS) and four activity limitations (e.g., difficulty dressing) were examined related to CSV victimization. Logistic regression models examined the association between CSV victimization and health controlling for demographics and other victimization experiences. Analyses were conducted in 2022 to 2023. RESULTS For women and men, many health conditions and activity limitations were significantly associated with CSV after controlling for demographics. Accounting for other victimization, female CSV victims had higher odds of experiencing difficulty sleeping (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=1.3); difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions (AOR=1.7); and difficulty doing errands alone (AOR=1.4) than nonvictims. Male victims had higher odds than nonvictims of having HIV/AIDS (AOR=5.2); frequent headaches (AOR=1.5); chronic pain (AOR=1.5); difficulty sleeping (AOR=1.4); serious difficulty hearing (AOR=1.3); and difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions (AOR=1.5). CONCLUSIONS CSV had a negative impact on health, although other types of victimization appear to also have an impact, especially for women. Demographic characteristics also aid the understanding of the relationship between CSV and health. Efforts to prevent CSV and other forms of violence can be coupled with healthcare- and population-level approaches to improve long-term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Jieru Chen
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Norah W Friar
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sharon G Smith
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ruth W Leemis
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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2
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D'Angelo DV, Liu Y, Basile KC, Smith SG, Chen J, Friar NW, Stevens M. Rape and Sexual Coercion Related Pregnancy in the United States. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:389-398. [PMID: 37935321 PMCID: PMC10951889 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual violence is a major public health problem in the U.S. that is associated with numerous health impacts, including pregnancy. U.S. population-based estimates (2010-2012) found that three million women experienced a rape-related pregnancy during their lifetimes. The current study presents more recent estimates of rape and sexual coercion-related pregnancy and examines prevalence by demographic characteristics. METHODS Data years 2016/2017 were pooled from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a random-digit-dial telephone survey of U.S. non-institutionalized adults 18 years and older. The analysis, conducted in 2023, examined lifetime experience of rape-related pregnancy, sexual coercion-related pregnancy, or both among U.S. women. Authors calculated prevalence estimates with 95% CIs and conducted pairwise chi-square tests (p-value<0.05) to describe experiences by current age, race/ethnicity, and region of residence among U.S. women overall and among victims. RESULTS One in 20 women in the U.S., or over 5.9 million women, experienced a pregnancy from either rape, sexual coercion, or both during their lifetimes. Non-Hispanic Multiracial women experienced a higher prevalence of all three outcomes compared with non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic women. Among victims who experienced pregnancy from rape, 28% experienced a sexually transmitted disease, 66% were injured, and over 80% were fearful or concerned for their safety. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy as a consequence of rape or sexual coercion is experienced by an estimated six million U.S. women. Prevention efforts may include healthcare screenings to identify violence exposure and use of evidence-based prevention approaches to reduce sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise V D'Angelo
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sharon G Smith
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jieru Chen
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Norah W Friar
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mark Stevens
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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3
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Waltzman D, Daugherty J, Haarbauer-Krupa J, Zheng X, Jorge C, Basile KC. Association Between Lifetime Sexual Violence and Recent Traumatic Brain Injury Among Adults: 2017 Connecticut Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:1351-1367. [PMID: 37804158 PMCID: PMC10962142 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231203962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) is a critical public health problem that is associated with numerous negative health consequences, including immediate- and long-term physical and mental health conditions and health-risk behaviors. Some of these health-risk behaviors (e.g., substance use, unsafe driving practices, poor mental health, lower impulse control, and abnormal brain circuitry) might increase the risk for sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI). A TBI causes neurological or neuropsychological changes and may also lead to various symptoms that affect a person's cognition, mobility, behavior, and mental health. Determining if those who have experienced SV are at increased risk of sustaining a TBI in their lifetime is critical given the high prevalence and health impacts of SV, the potential vulnerability to TBI after SV, and the known detrimental effects of TBI. This exploratory study examined data from the 2017 Connecticut behavioral risk factor surveillance system and found that lifetime SV victimization (controlling for age and sex) was associated with increased odds of reporting a recent TBI in the past 12 months (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.03, 4.21]). Further research is needed to better understand how SV history is related to the risk of sustaining a TBI. Healthcare professionals can support patients who experience SV by providing resources to help reduce associated physical and mental health conditions and health-risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Waltzman
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jill Daugherty
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juliet Haarbauer-Krupa
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xi Zheng
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Celeste Jorge
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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4
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Espelage DL, Harper CR, Ingram KM, Basile KC, Leemis RW, Nickodem KK. Hostile home environment predicting early adolescent sexual harassment perpetration and potential school-related moderators. J Res Adolesc 2023; 33:530-546. [PMID: 36564897 PMCID: PMC10880809 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using family systems theory, this longitudinal study of middle school youth examined the effects of abuse, family conflict, and sibling aggression on sexual harassment perpetration (N = 1563; Mage 11.2, 51% boys; 39% Hispanic, 29% Black, and 19% White). Boys reported more sexual harassment than girls; perpetration increased for both. The association between a hostile home environment and sexual harassment perpetration was moderated by school experiences. School belonging buffered effects of hostile home environment on baseline sexual harassment perpetration for boys who experienced abuse and White adolescents with high sibling aggression. Academic grades moderated change in perpetration over time, but effects differed by sex and race. It is important to understand how early violence exposures relate to sexual violence perpetration during early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy L. Espelage
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher R. Harper
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katherine M. Ingram
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruth W. Leemis
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kyle K. Nickodem
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Basile KC, Chen J, Smith SG, Clayton HB, Simon TR, Mercy JA. Violent Victimization During Childhood in the United States: Associations With Revictimization and Health. Violence Vict 2023; 38:375-395. [PMID: 37308183 PMCID: PMC10578136 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2022-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Childhood violence victimization is a serious adverse childhood experience with lasting health impacts. This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of five forms of childhood violence victimization and their association with revictimization and negative health conditions among adults. Data are from the 2010-2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. Age at first victimization and perpetrator sex were assessed; adjusted odds ratios assessed associations with revictimization and health. Ages 14-17 were the most common age at first victimization for most violence types; almost half of male (46.7%) and a quarter of female (27.0%) rape victims reported first victimization before age 10. Most victimization was associated with revictimization and negative health, controlling for adult victimization. Primary prevention of childhood violence may reduce later health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jieru Chen
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sharon G Smith
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Heather B Clayton
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas R Simon
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James A Mercy
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Nickodem KK, Basile KC, Espelage DL, Leemis RW, Ingram KM, Barbero C. Sports Participation, Social Networks, and Sexual Violence Perpetration. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:NP1690-NP1717. [PMID: 35469485 PMCID: PMC9596613 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221092067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent sexual violence (SV), which includes non-contact verbal sexual harassment (SH) and forced sexual contact (FSC), is a significant public health problem with long-term impacts on health and well-being. Understanding how sports participation is linked to SV can inform prevention efforts; however, the current literature is unclear about the nature of this association. Using data from 20 high schools, we investigate whether athletes in certain sports are at higher risk of SH and FSC perpetration than either other athletes or sports non-participants, and whether the risk is moderated by gender, dismissiveness of SV, or substance use intentions. We also utilize social network data to explore the role of relationships with peers and trusted adults to attenuate SH and FSC perpetration. Second, we incorporate characteristics of friends to further examine the role and composition of peer groups in the association between sports participation and perpetration of SH and FSC. Findings revealed a bivariate association between sport contact level and SH perpetration, but not FSC, and the association disappeared after adjusting for other covariates. Most prominently, dismissiveness of SV, intentions to use substances, and prior perpetration had the strongest association with perpetration regardless of sport contact level. Results also provided some support for the influence of peers and trusted adults in the sports context. Notably, the percentage of friends who perpetrated FSC and the percentage of friends who play a low-contact sport were positively associated with FSC perpetration, and the percentage of friends who play a high-contact sport was positively associated with SH perpetration. The paper concludes with a discussion of the sports context as an important venue for comprehensive prevention efforts, including a focus on changing norms around adolescent SV and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention,
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Ruth W. Leemis
- Division of Violence Prevention,
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Colleen Barbero
- Division of Violence Prevention,
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, GA, USA
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Gilbert LK, Zhang X, Basile KC, Breiding M, Kresnow MJ. Intimate Partner Violence and Health Conditions Among U.S. Adults-National Intimate Partner Violence Survey, 2010-2012. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:NP237-NP261. [PMID: 35337195 PMCID: PMC9509488 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221080147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies of intimate partner violence and health outcomes include multiple forms of intimate partner victimization, so this paper sought to examine health associations with intimate partner violence (IPV), including sexual, physical, stalking, and psychological forms, as well as polyvictimization. METHODS Data are from the 2010-2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, an on-going national random-digit-dial telephone survey of U.S. adults. There were 41,174 respondents. Logistic regression was used to compute prevalence ratios for any IPV, adjusted for demographics and non-IPV victimization. For individual forms of IPV, prevalence ratios were further adjusted for other forms of IPV. Tests for linear trend in poly-victimization were performed. RESULTS Any IPV was associated with all health conditions for both sexes with a few exceptions for males. Female penetrative sexual victimization and male stalking victimization were associated with the most health conditions. For each health condition, a significant linear trend indicated that as the number of forms of IPV experienced increased, prevalence of each health condition increased, with a few exceptions for males. CONCLUSIONS It is important for service providers to screen for multiple forms of IPV, including psychological aggression, because individual forms or polyvictimization may have unique and cumulative health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah K. Gilbert
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Xinjian Zhang
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Injury Prevention, Atlanta, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionD, Atlanta GA USA
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Matthew Breiding
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Injury Prevention, Atlanta, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionD, Atlanta GA USA
| | - Marcie-jo Kresnow
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Injury Prevention, Atlanta, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionD, Atlanta GA USA
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8
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Smith SG, Chen J, Lowe AN, Basile KC. Sexual Violence Victimization of U.S. Males: Negative Health Conditions Associated with Rape and Being Made to Penetrate. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP20953-NP20971. [PMID: 34851224 PMCID: PMC9156716 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211055151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence is a significant public health problem with long-term health implications. Previous investigations of male victimization have often relied on nongeneralizable samples to examine the health consequences of rape. Furthermore, made to penetrate (MTP) victimization has received very little attention as a specific form of sexual violence. Using data from the 2010 to 2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, we examined negative impacts (e.g., injury) and health conditions associated with experiences of rape and MTP among male victims in the United States. Results indicate that approximately 1 in 4 victims of rape-only and 1 in 12 victims of MTP-only reported physical injuries. An estimated 62.7% of rape-only victims and 59.8% of MTP-only victims reported at least one impact due to the perpetrator's violence. Rape victims were significantly more likely than non-rape victims to report 2 of 11 health conditions measured, while MTP victims had greater odds of reporting 6 of 11 health conditions measured compared to non-MTP victims. This article fills gaps in understanding the impacts of rape and MTP on male victims, and it is the only study to do so using a large, nationally representative sample. Sexual violence is linked to serious health effects but is also preventable. Screening for violence victimization and preventing male sexual violence before it happens are both important to reduce the risk for immediate and chronic health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon G. Smith
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jieru Chen
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ashley N. Lowe
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Basile KC, Smith SG, Wang J, Friar N. Characteristics and Impacts of Sexual Violence and Stalking Victimization by the Same Perpetrator Using a Nationally Representative Sample. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma 2022; 32:1271-1284. [PMID: 37736251 PMCID: PMC10512790 DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2022.2133660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Authors examine prevalence of sexual violence and stalking victimization by the same perpetrator, reporting perpetrator types, intimate partner context and impacts for this combination of victimization. Data are from the 2010-2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a nationally representative adult telephone survey. Analyses examined the characteristics of the victimization, presence of other intimate partner violence by the same perpetrator, and victim impacts (e.g., injury). An estimated 8.1% (9.8 million) of women and 1.6% (1.9 million) of men in the United States were stalked and sexually victimized by the same perpetrator, most often an intimate partner. Over 90% of female and male victims experienced sexual violence, stalking, psychological aggression, and physical violence by the same intimate partner perpetrator. Impacts of both intimate partner and non-intimate partner perpetrated victimization were most commonly fearfulness, concern for safety, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Sexual violence combined with stalking is common in the context of intimate partner violence. Early prevention efforts (i.e., in youth) addressing the context of intimate partner violence may be helpful in reducing these forms of violence and their impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Violence Prevention, ATL, United States
| | - Sharon G. Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Violence Prevention, ATL, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Injury Prevention, ATL, United States
| | - Norah Friar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Violence Prevention, ATL, United States
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10
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Espelage DL, Liu GS, Valido A, Kuehl T, Basile KC, Nickodem KK. Violence perpetration prevalence among Colorado (United States) high school students across gender, racial/ethnic, and sexual identities. Prev Med 2022; 161:107146. [PMID: 35810935 PMCID: PMC9733587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent violence, including sexual violence, homophobic name-calling, and teen dating violence, are public health problems that cause harm to many adolescents in the United States. Although research on the perpetration of these forms of adolescent violence has increased in recent years, little is known about perpetration rates across gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation. To address this gap, the current study descriptively examined perpetration rates between and across different identities, including self-identified race/ethnicity, sexual identity, and gender identity. In Fall 2017, 9th - 11th grade students (N = 4782) at 20 high schools in Colorado (United States) completed a survey that assessed demographics (e.g., race/ethnicity, sexual identity, and gender identity) and various forms of violence perpetration. Compared to female adolescents, male adolescents reported significantly higher perpetration rates for: any sexual violence (27% vs. 17%); sexual harassment (26% vs. 15%); unwanted sexual contact (8% vs. 4%); and homophobic name-calling (61% vs. 38%). Differences in perpetration rates were also observed among various racial/ethnic, sexual, and gender minority students compared to non-minority students. This emphasizes a need for more research on how minority stress that results from the dynamics of intersecting identities and societal systems of power-including racism, sexism, homophobia, and transphobia-contributes to violence perpetration. Evidence-based violence prevention approaches, particularly strategies targeted at changing social norms about violence, gender, and sexuality, need to be tailored and evaluated for students with diverse cultural and social identities to ensure safe school climates for all students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy L Espelage
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
| | - Grace S Liu
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Alberto Valido
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Tomei Kuehl
- Consulting Within Your Context, United States of America
| | - Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kyle K Nickodem
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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Ingram KM, Basile KC, Leemis R, Espelage DL, Valido A. A Latent Class Approach to Understanding Associations between Sports Participation, Substance Use, Dismissive Attitudes, and Sexual Violence Perpetration among High School Athletes. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP10512-NP10538. [PMID: 35259321 PMCID: PMC9251750 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211067005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) among adolescents continues to be a major public health concern with numerous consequences. Research, predominantly with male collegiate samples, has suggested an association between sports participation and SV perpetration, and has included other important risk factors such as substance use and attitudes. However, more research is needed in this area among adolescents. The current study uses latent class analysis (LCA) to examine data- driven classes of high school student athletes (N = 665) engaged in three risk factor areas for SV: sport contact level, likelihood of substance use, and attitudes dismissive of SV. Once classes were enumerated and fit separately for male and female samples, pairwise comparisons were conducted on scores on two forms of SV (perpetration of sexual harassment and unwanted sexual contact) as a function of class membership. A 5-class solution was retained for both males and females. In the female sample, regarding SV-harassment, those most likely to perpetrate sexual harassment were those characterized by high likelihood of use of cigarettes, marijuana, alcohol, vape products, and those who played any type of sport. Too few females endorsed perpetration of unwanted sexual contact for pairwise comparisons to be conducted. For males, the classes most likely to perpetrate both forms of SV were those who were likely to endorse high likelihood to use of cigarettes, marijuana, alcohol, vape products, endorse attitudes dismissive of SV, and play any type of sport but especially high contact sports. These findings implicate high school athletic spaces as important venues for sexual violence prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 1242Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruth Leemis
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 1242Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Alberto Valido
- 2331University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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12
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Basile KC. Effective Empowerment-Based Training Is One Approach Identified in CDC's STOP-SV Technical Package as Part of Comprehensive, Multi-Sector Prevention of Sexual Violence: A Response to Ullman(2020). J Aggress Maltreat Trauma 2022; 31:562-567. [PMID: 37179541 PMCID: PMC10174190 DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2022.2046224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this response to Sarah Ullman's 2020 Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma article, Rape Resistance: A Critical Piece of all Women's Empowerment and Holistic Rape Prevention, the author highlights the importance of a holistic and comprehensive strategy for sexual violence prevention that involves many approaches across the social ecological model, as outlined in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's STOP SV technical package, including effective empowerment-based training approaches. She describes that more work is needed to evaluate and identify evidence-based approaches, including those that address prevention within marginalized groups and those grassroots approaches that are already being implemented but have not been evaluated. She ends by stressing that the field has much to gain from this kind of collective, multi-sector effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Basile KC, Espelage DL, Ingram KM, Simon TR, Berrier FL. The Role of Middle School Sports Involvement in Understanding High School Sexual Violence Perpetration. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:1514-1539. [PMID: 32484375 PMCID: PMC8006807 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520922357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have examined the association between male involvement in sports and sexual violence (SV) perpetration, especially among college-age males. Less is known about the association between sports involvement and SV perpetration for adolescent males and females. To address this gap, the current study examined sports involvement in middle school (no sports, no/low contact, and high contact) among 1,561 students, who were then followed into high school and asked about the frequency of SV perpetration. Results from logistic regression models indicated that, even after controlling for mother's education, race/ethnicity, SV perpetration in middle school, and traditional beliefs about masculinity and substance use, middle school sports participation was significantly associated with risk of SV perpetration in high school. Compared with youth who reported no sports involvement in middle school, youth categorized as no/low contact sports involvement had greater odds of SV perpetration in high school. Sex differences emerged, revealing that no/low contact sports involvement was associated with SV perpetration for females and high contact sports involvement was associated with SV perpetration for males, compared with no sports involvement. These findings suggest potential opportunities to intervene in middle school to improve coaching practices, enhance respectful relationships, and modify athletes' norms, attitudes, and behaviors to reduce risk for SV perpetration in high school.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas R. Simon
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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14
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Stamatakis CE, Sumner SA, Massetti G, Kress H, Basile KC, Marcelin LH, Cela T, Wadonda-Kabondo N, Onotu D, Ogbanufe O, Chipimo PJ, Conkling M, Apondi R, Aluzimbi G. Sexual Violence Prevalence and Related Pregnancy Among Girls and Young Women: A Multicountry Analysis. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP2428-NP2441. [PMID: 32618217 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520936366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to quantify the prevalence of forced sex, pressured sex, and related pregnancy among adolescent girls and young women in five low- and middle-income countries. Nationally representative, cross-sectional household surveys were conducted in Haiti, Malawi, Nigeria, Zambia, and Uganda among girls and young women aged 13 to 24 years. A stratified three-stage cluster sample design was used. Respondents were interviewed to assess prevalence of sexual violence, pregnancy related to the first or most recent experience of forced or pressured sex, relationship to perpetrator, mean age at sexual debut, mean age at pregnancy related to forced or pressured sex, and prevalence of forced/coerced sexual debut. Frequencies, weighted percentages, and weighted means are presented. The lifetime prevalence of forced or pressured sex ranged from 10.4% to 18.0%. Among these adolescent girls and young women, the percentage who experienced pregnancy related to their first or most recent experience of forced or pressured sex ranged from 13.2% to 36.6%. In three countries, the most common perpetrator associated with the first pregnancy related to forced or pressured sex was a current or previous intimate partner. Mean age at pregnancy related to forced or pressured sex was similar to mean age at sexual debut in all countries. Preventing sexual violence against girls and young women will prevent a significant proportion of adverse effects on health, including unintended pregnancy. Implementation of strategies to prevent and respond to sexual violence against adolescent girls and young women is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven A Sumner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Greta Massetti
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Howard Kress
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Louis Herns Marcelin
- Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Toni Cela
- Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | | | - Dennis Onotu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Rose Apondi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
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15
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Basile KC, Smith SG, Chen J, Zwald M. Chronic Diseases, Health Conditions, and Other Impacts Associated With Rape Victimization of U.S. Women. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:NP12504-NP12520. [PMID: 31971055 PMCID: PMC7375935 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519900335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) is an urgent public health issue that is common and has lifelong effects on health. Previous scholarship has documented the association of SV victimization with numerous health conditions and impacts, but much of this past work has focused on negative health outcomes associated with child sexual abuse using non-nationally representative samples. This article used a nationally representative female sample to examine health conditions associated with any lifetime experience of rape. We also examined injury and health outcomes (e.g., fear, injury) resulting from any violence by a perpetrator of rape. About two in five rape victims (39.1%) reported injury (e.g., bruises, vaginal tears), and 12.3% reported a sexually transmitted disease as a result of the rape victimization. Approximately 71.3% of rape victims (an estimated 16.4 million women) experienced some form of impact as a result of violence by a rape perpetrator. Among U.S. women, the adjusted odds of experiencing asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, frequent headaches, chronic pain, difficulty sleeping, activity limitations, poor physical or mental health, and use of special equipment (e.g., wheelchair) were significantly higher for lifetime rape victims compared with non-victims. This article fills gaps in our understanding of health impacts associated with rape of women and is the only nationally representative source of this information to our knowledge. Primary prevention efforts in youth that seek to prevent the first occurrence of rape and other forms of SV may be most effective for reducing the long-term health effects of this violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon G. Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jieru Chen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marissa Zwald
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Basile KC, Smith SG, Liu Y, Miller E, Kresnow MJ. Prevalence of Intimate Partner Reproductive Coercion in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Differences. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:NP12324-NP12341. [PMID: 31808711 PMCID: PMC7274854 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519888205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive coercion (RC) is a specific type of intimate partner violence (IPV). Although clinical studies have highlighted women's experiences of RC, we know little about its national prevalence and differences in prevalence by sex category and race/ethnicity. Data are from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS), years 2010 to 2012. NISVS is an ongoing, nationally representative random-digit-dial telephone survey of the noninstitutionalized English- or Spanish-speaking U.S. adult population. This article reports the national lifetime and 12-month prevalence of two RC victimization measures, and proportions among IPV victims. T tests were used to examine differences in estimates across racial/ethnic groups. In the United States, 9.7% of men and 8.4% of women experienced any RC by an intimate partner during their lifetime. Men reported more commonly than women that a partner tried to get pregnant when the man did not want her to; women reported higher prevalence of partner condom refusal. Examination by race/ethnicity revealed that non-Hispanic (NH) Black women and men had significantly higher lifetime prevalence of both RC types than all other groups; in the last 12 months, NH Blacks had significantly higher prevalence across the board than NH Whites. Hispanics had significantly higher lifetime and 12-month prevalence of any RC and partner condom refusal than NH Whites. RC is at the intersection of two public health concerns-IPV and reproductive health. Documenting its prevalence and differences by sex and race/ethnicity may inform prevention efforts to reduce occurrence and negative health outcomes among specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon G. Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Basile KC, Smith SG, Liu Y, Lowe A, Gilmore AK, Khatiwada S, Kresnow MJ. Victim and perpetrator characteristics in alcohol/drug-involved sexual violence victimization in the U.S. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 226:108839. [PMID: 34216864 PMCID: PMC8355168 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The authors examine the prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence victimization - rape and being made to penetrate [MTP] (men only) - involving substances (alcohol or other drugs). Although it has been well-documented that perpetrators commit sexual violence against individuals who are using alcohol or drugs, more research is needed to describe the problem at a national level. Data are from the 2010-2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a nationally representative random-digit-dial telephone survey of English- and Spanish-speaking adults in the United States (n = 41,174). Findings reveal that among victims of physically forced rape, 26.2 % of female and 30.0 % of male victims reported substance use; 44.5 % of male MTP victims reported substance use. The majority of forced rape and MTP victims reported the perpetrator was using alcohol or drugs. Among victims of alcohol/drug-facilitated rape, 29.7 % of female and 32.4 % of male victims reported involuntary use of substances, mostly drugs; 84.0 % of female and 82.6 % of male victims reported voluntary use. Among male victims of alcohol/drug-facilitated MTP, 14.6 % reported involuntary and 85.4 % reported voluntary use of substances. Female and male victims reported that the majority of intimate partner, acquaintance, and stranger perpetrators were using substances during the victimization. These findings suggest the importance of prevention efforts at the individual and community levels to reduce substance-involved sexual violence perpetration and risk reduction programs to reduce the likelihood of voluntary substance-facilitated sexual violence victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States.
| | - Sharon G Smith
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | | | | | - Srijana Khatiwada
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Marcie-Jo Kresnow
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
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18
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Peterson C, Liu Y, Merrick M, Basile KC, Simon TR. Lifetime Number of Perpetrators and Victim-Offender Relationship Status Per U.S. Victim of Intimate Partner, Sexual Violence, or Stalking. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:NP7284-NP7297. [PMID: 30678604 PMCID: PMC6656628 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518824648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the U.S. population-level prevalence of multiple perpetrator types (intimate partner, acquaintance, stranger, person of authority, or family member) per victim and to describe the prevalence of victim-offender relationship status combinations. Authors analyzed U.S. nationally representative data from noninstitutionalized adult respondents with self-reported lifetime exposure to intimate partner violence, sexual violence, or stalking in the 2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS). An estimated 142 million U.S. adults had some lifetime exposure to intimate partner violence, sexual violence, or stalking. An estimated 55 million victims (39% of total victims) had more than one perpetrator type during their lifetimes. A significantly higher proportion of female victims reported more than one perpetrator type compared with male victims (49% vs. 27%). Among both female and male victims with >1 perpetrator type, the most prevalent victim-offender relationship status combinations all included an intimate partner perpetrator. Many victims of interpersonal violence are subject to multiple perpetrator types during their lifetimes. Prevention strategies that address polyvictimization and protect victims from additional perpetrators can have a substantial and beneficial societal impact. Research on victim experiences to inform prevention strategies is strengthened by comprehensively accounting for lifetime victimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Peterson
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa Merrick
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas R. Simon
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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19
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Rostad WL, Basile KC, Clayton HB. Association Among Television and Computer/Video Game Use, Victimization, and Suicide Risk Among U.S. High School Students. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:2282-2305. [PMID: 29502506 PMCID: PMC6119526 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518760020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing popularity of mobile Internet devices, the exposure of adolescents to media has significantly increased. There is limited information about associations between the types and frequency of media use and experiences of violence victimization and suicide risk. The current study sought to examine the association of bullying and teen dating violence (TDV) victimization, suicide risk with different types of media use (i.e., television and computer/video game use), and number of total media use hours per school day. Data from the nationally representative 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (n = 15,624) were used to examine the association between media use and violence victimization and suicide risk. Logistic regression models generated prevalence ratios adjusted for demographic characteristics and substance use behaviors to identify significant associations between media use and victimization and suicide risk, stratified by gender. Media use was associated with TDV victimization for male students only, while media use was related to experiences of bullying and suicide risk for both male and female students. In addition, limited (2 or fewer hours) and excessive (5 or more hours) media use emerged as significant correlates of suicide risk and bullying victimization, with limited media use associated with decreased risk and excessive media use with increased risk. Comprehensive, cross-cutting efforts to prevent different forms of victimization should take into account media use and its potential association with adolescent victimization and suicide risk. The current study results suggest limiting adolescent media use, as part of comprehensive prevention programming, might relate to reductions in risk for victimization and suicide.
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20
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Egen O, Mercer Kollar LM, Dills J, Basile KC, Besrat B, Palumbo L, Carlyle KE. Sexual Violence in the Media: An Exploration of Traditional Print Media Reporting in the United States, 2014-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:1757-1761. [PMID: 33237890 PMCID: PMC7727599 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6947a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Koontz JS, Mountjoy M, Abbott KE, Aron CM, Basile KC, Carlson CT, Chang CJ, Diamond AB, Dugan SA, Hainline B, Herring SA, Hopkins E, Joy EA, Judge JP, LaBotz M, Matuszak J, McDavis CJ, Myers RA, Nattiv A, Tanji JL, Wagner J, Roberts WO. Sexual Violence in Sport: American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement. Curr Sports Med Rep 2020; 19:232-234. [PMID: 32516194 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) convened a group of experts to develop a Position Statement addressing the problem of sexual violence in sport. The AMSSM Sexual Violence in Sport Task Force held a series of meetings over 7 months, beginning in July 2019. Following a literature review, the task force used an iterative process and expert consensus to finalize the position statement. The objective of this position statement is to raise awareness of this critical issue among sports medicine physicians and to declare a commitment to engage in collaborative, multidisciplinary solutions to reduce sexual violence in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- McMaster University Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Family Medicine, Waterloo, ON, CANADA
| | - Kristin E Abbott
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Northwestern University Health Service, Evanston, IL
| | - Cindy Miller Aron
- Department of Population Health, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific-Northwest, Lebanon, OR
| | - Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Cindy J Chang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Alex B Diamond
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sheila A Dugan
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rush University, Chicago, IL
| | - Brian Hainline
- Sport Science Institute, National Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Stanley A Herring
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine, Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine and Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Elliot Hopkins
- National Federation of State High School Associations, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | | | - Jason Matuszak
- Family Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | | | | | - Aurelia Nattiv
- Division of Sports Medicine, Departments of Family Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jeffrey L Tanji
- Orthopaedics, University of California Davis Sports Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Jessica Wagner
- Sport Science Institute, National Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis, IN
| | - William O Roberts
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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22
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Basile KC, Clayton HB, DeGue S, Gilford JW, Vagi KJ, Suarez NA, Zwald ML, Lowry R. Interpersonal Violence Victimization Among High School Students - Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019. MMWR Suppl 2020; 69:28-37. [PMID: 32817605 PMCID: PMC7440202 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.su6901a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent interpersonal violence victimization is an adverse childhood experience and a serious public health problem for youths, their families, and communities. Violence victimization includes dating violence, sexual violence, and bullying. Youth Risk Behavior Survey data for 2019 were used to examine physical and sexual dating violence; sexual violence by anyone; and bullying victimization, whether on school property or electronic, of U.S. high school students by sex, race/ethnicity, and sexual identity. In addition, this report explores frequency of dating violence and frequency of sexual violence among students who reported these forms of victimization and presents composites of dating violence and bullying. Findings reveal that 8.2% of students reported physical dating violence; 8.2% reported sexual dating violence; 10.8% reported sexual violence by anyone, of which 50% of cases were by a perpetrator other than a dating partner; 19.5% reported bullying on school property; and 15.7% reported electronic bullying victimization during the previous 12 months. Approximately one in eight students reported any dating violence, and one in four reported any bullying victimization. Female students; lesbian, gay, and bisexual students; and students not sure of their sexual identity reported the highest prevalence estimates across all five violence victimization types, any and both forms of dating violence, and any bullying victimization. Non-Hispanic white students reported the highest prevalence of bullying victimization. Among students experiencing physical or sexual dating violence or sexual violence by anyone, the most common frequency reported was one time during the previous year; higher frequency was more prevalent among male students compared with female students. These findings provide a contextual understanding of the prevalence of interpersonal violence of U.S. high school students, highlighting those with highest prevalence. Findings can be used by public health professionals to guide prevention efforts with youths in schools and communities.
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23
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Koontz JS, Mountjoy M, Abbott KE, Aron CM, Basile KC, Carlson CT, Chang CJ, Diamond AB, Dugan SA, Hainline B, Herring SA, Hopkins BE, Joy EA, Judge JP, LaBotz M, Matuszak J, McDavis CJ, Myers RA, Nattiv A, Tanji JL, Wagner J, Roberts WO. Sexual violence in sport: American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:132-134. [PMID: 32554408 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) convened a group of experts to develop a Position Statement addressing the problem of sexual violence in sport. The AMSSM Sexual Violence in Sport Task Force held a series of meetings over 7 months, beginning in July 2019. Following a literature review, the Task Force used an iterative process and expert consensus to finalise the Position Statement. The objective of this Position Statement is to raise awareness of this critical issue among sports medicine physicians and to declare a commitment to engage in collaborative, multidisciplinary solutions to reduce sexual violence in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Scott Koontz
- Newton Medical Center, Newton, Kansas, USA .,Family and Community Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine Wichita, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Family Medicine, McMaster University Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Bureau, FINA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristin E Abbott
- Health Service, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Cindy Miller Aron
- Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chad T Carlson
- Sports Medicine, Stadia Sports Medicine, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Alex B Diamond
- Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sheila A Dugan
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian Hainline
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stanley A Herring
- Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine, Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine and Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - B Elliot Hopkins
- National Federation of State High School Associations, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Joy
- Office of Research, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Michele LaBotz
- InterMed, Yarmouth, Maine, USA.,Sports Medicine, InterMed, South Portland, Maine, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aurelia Nattiv
- Division of Sports Medicine, Departments of Family Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Tanji
- Orthopedics, UC Davis Sports Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jessica Wagner
- National Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - William O Roberts
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
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McKool M, Freire K, Basile KC, Jones KM, Klevens J, DeGue S, Smith SG. A Process for Identifying Indicators With Public Data: An Example From Sexual Violence Prevention. Am J Eval 2020; 41:10.1177/1098214019891239. [PMID: 34733100 PMCID: PMC8563011 DOI: 10.1177/1098214019891239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the sexual violence (SV) prevention field, practitioners still face challenges with identifying indicators to measure the impact of their prevention strategies. Public data, such as existing administrative and surveillance system data, may be a good option for organizations to examine trends in indicators for the purpose of program evaluation. In this article, we describe a framework and a process for identifying indicators with public data. Specifically, we present the SV Indicator Framework and a five-step indicator review process, which we used to identify indicators for a national SV prevention program. We present the findings of the indicator review and explain how the process could be used by evaluators and program planners within other developing topic areas. Tracking indicators with public data, in conjunction with other evaluation methods, may be a viable option for state-level program evaluations. We discuss limitations and implications for practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa McKool
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kimberley Freire
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Jones
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joanne Klevens
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah DeGue
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sharon G. Smith
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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25
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Koontz JS, Mountjoy M, Abbott KE, Aron CM, Basile KC, Carlson CT, Chang CJ, Diamond AB, Dugan SA, Hainline B, Herring SA, Hopkins BE, Joy EA, Judge JP, LaBotz M, Matuszak J, McDavis CJ, Myers RA, Nattiv A, Tanji JL, Wagner J, Roberts WO. Sexual Violence in Sport: American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement. Sports Health 2020; 12:352-354. [PMID: 32510278 DOI: 10.1177/1941738120929946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) convened a group of experts to develop a position statement addressing the problem of sexual violence in sport. The AMSSM Sexual Violence in Sport Task Force held a series of meetings over 7 months, beginning in July 2019. Following a literature review, the task force used an iterative process and expert consensus to finalize the position statement. The objective of this position statement is to raise awareness of this critical issue among sports medicine physicians and to declare a commitment to engage in collaborative, multidisciplinary solutions to reduce sexual violence in sport.
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26
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Basile KC, Clayton HB, Rostad WL, Leemis RW. Sexual Violence Victimization of Youth and Health Risk Behaviors. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58:570-579. [PMID: 32033854 PMCID: PMC7266035 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assesses associations between past-12-month sexual violence victimization and recent health risk behaviors using a nationally representative sample of male and female high school students. It is hypothesized that sexual violence victimization will be associated with most of the negative health behaviors for both sexes. METHODS Data from the 2017 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a school-based cross-sectional survey of students in Grades 9-12, were used to assess associations between sexual violence victimization and 29 health risk behaviors in sex-stratified logistic regression models. Effect modification was also examined through sex X sexual violence victimization interactions within unstratified models. All models controlled for race/ethnicity, grade, and sexual identity. Data were analyzed in 2018. RESULTS Students who experienced sexual violence victimization were significantly more likely to report many health risk behaviors and experiences, such as substance use, injury, negative sexual health behaviors, feelings of sadness or hopelessness, suicidality, poor academic performance, and cognitive difficulties, and these associations were often stronger among male students (significant adjusted prevalence ratios ranged from 1.63 to 14.40 for male and 1.24 to 6.67 for female students). CONCLUSIONS Past-year sexual violence victimization was significantly related to various health risk behaviors, suggesting that efforts to prevent sexual violence may also be associated with decreases in poor health. Integrating violence, substance use, sexual, and other health risk prevention efforts is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Heather B Clayton
- National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Whitney L Rostad
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ruth W Leemis
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Espelage DL, Leemis RW, Niolon PH, Kearns M, Basile KC, Davis JP. Teen Dating Violence Perpetration: Protective Factor Trajectories from Middle to High School among Adolescents. J Res Adolesc 2020; 30:170-188. [PMID: 31169951 PMCID: PMC6895399 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Protecting adolescents from the risk of teen dating violence (TDV) perpetration is critical to enhancing prevention efforts. This study examined longitudinal trajectories of four protective factors (i.e., empathy, social support, parental monitoring, and school belonging) across adolescence in relation to four TDV types (i.e., verbal, relational, physical, and sexual). Adolescents (n = 1,668) who reported being in a relationship or dating during high school completed self-report measures from middle through high school. Results indicated that all protective factors differentiated between TDV perpetrators and nonperpetrators, although these trajectories varied for boys and for girls and across the different types of TDV. Overall, youth who did not perpetrate TDV in high school generally displayed higher protective factors across the TDV perpetration types.
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Basile KC, D'Inverno AS, Wang J. National Prevalence of Sexual Violence by a Workplace-Related Perpetrator. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58:216-223. [PMID: 31831292 PMCID: PMC7092813 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Workplace sexual violence is not a new phenomenon but has received increased attention recently with the re-emergence of the #metoo movement. Gaps exist in the understanding of the prevalence of this problem in the U.S., its perpetrators, and its impacts. METHODS Using 2010-2012 data from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (22,590 women and 18,584 men), this study examined the prevalence of several types of sexual violence by a workplace-related perpetrator (authority figure or nonauthority figure) and numerous impacts of the violence, including psychological impacts, safety concerns, and missing days of work or school. Data were analyzed in 2018. RESULTS In the U.S., 5.6% of women (almost 7 million) and 2.5% of men (nearly 3 million) reported some type of sexual violence by a workplace-related perpetrator. Almost 4% of women (3.9%) reported sexual violence by nonauthority figures and 2.1% reported authority figures; 2.0% of men reported sexual violence by nonauthority figures, and 0.6% reported authority figures. For women, the most commonly reported sexual violence type was unwanted sexual contact (3.5% of women); for men, it was noncontact unwanted sexual experiences (1.3% of men). An estimated 1 million women (0.8%) have been raped by a workplace-related perpetrator. For women and men, fear was the most commonly reported impact of workplace-related sexual violence. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that workplace prevention efforts that do not address different components of workplace harassment may not be adequate to address all forms of sexual violence occurring across the U.S. in the workplace context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Ashley S D'Inverno
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jing Wang
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Okasako-Schmucker DL, Cole KH, Finnie RKC, Basile KC, DeGue S, Niolon PH, Swider SM, Remington PL. Using a Community Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation to Prevent and Reduce Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2019; 28:1335-1337. [PMID: 31622189 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.8104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence (SV) are preventable public health problems affecting millions in the United States. The Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF), an independent panel of experts that develops evidence-based recommendations based on rigorous systematic reviews, recommends interventions that aim to prevent or reduce IPV and SV among youth aged 12-24 years. Decision makers can use these findings to select interventions appropriate for their populations, identify additional areas for research, and justify funding requests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon L Okasako-Schmucker
- Community Guide Office, Office of the Associate Director for Policy and Strategy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Ramona K C Finnie
- Community Guide Office, Office of the Associate Director for Policy and Strategy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sarah DeGue
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Phyllis Holditch Niolon
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan M Swider
- Department of Community, Systems and Mental Health Nursing, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Patrick L Remington
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Basile KC, Rostad WL, Leemis RW, Espelage DL, Davis JP. Protective Factors for Sexual Violence: Understanding How Trajectories Relate to Perpetration in High School. Prev Sci 2019; 19:1123-1132. [PMID: 30151670 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-018-0940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent sexual violence (SV) perpetration is a significant public health problem. Many risk factors for perpetration are known, but less is known about what protects youth from perpetration, or how protective factors change over time. This longitudinal study reports trajectories of four potential protective factors for SV perpetration (empathy, parental monitoring, social support, and school belonging) across middle and high school and examines their relationship to SV perpetration in high school. Findings reveal that youth who identified as SV perpetrators had significantly lower mean empathy scores (d = - 0.18, 95 % CI [-0.26, -0.10]) and social support scores (d = - 0.05, 95 % CI [-0.14, -0.03]) at the beginning of middle school than non-perpetrators. We also found that youth who identified as SV perpetrators had a quicker deceleration in parental monitoring (slopes) and empathy from middle to high school, compared to non-perpetrators. Within-sex differences emerged; significant differences in slopes were detected for school belonging between male perpetrators and male non-perpetrators (Wald test = 3.76 (1), p = .05) and between female perpetrators and female non-perpetrators (Wald test = 3.95(1), p = .04). Significant differences in slopes for empathy between female perpetrators and female non-perpetrators (Wald test = 4.76(1), p = .03) were also detected. No differences were found between male and female SV perpetrators for either empathy or school belonging. These findings have implications for the content and timing of adolescent SV prevention efforts. Intervention in adolescence, involving parents and schools in a comprehensive, multi-level approach, may be effective in preventing SV perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F64, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Whitney L Rostad
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F64, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Ruth W Leemis
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F64, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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Davis JP, Ports KA, Basile KC, Espelage DL, David-Ferdon CF. Understanding the Buffering Effects of Protective Factors on the Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Teen Dating Violence Perpetration. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:2343-2359. [PMID: 31041619 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prior research has demonstrated the scope and impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on health and wellbeing. Less is known about the trajectories from exposure to ACEs, such as witnessing family conflict and violence in the community, to teen dating violence perpetration, and the protective factors that buffer the association between early exposure to ACEs and later teen dating violence perpetration. Students (n = 1611) completed self-report surveys six times during middle and high school from 2008 to 2013. In early middle school, the sub-sample was 50.2% female and racially/ethnically diverse: 47.7% Black, 36.4% White, 3.4% Hispanic, 1.7% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 10.8% other. Youth were, on average, 12.7 years old. Latent transition analysis was used to assess how trajectories of exposure to parental conflict and community violence during middle school transition into classes of teen dating violence perpetration (e.g., sexual, physical, threatening, relational, and verbal) in high school. Protective factors were then analyzed as moderators of the transition probabilities. Three class trajectories of ACEs during middle school were identified: decreasing family conflict and increasing community violence (n = 103; 6.4%), stable low family conflict and stable low community violence (n = 1027; 63.7%), stable high family conflict and stable high community violence (n = 481; 29.9%). A three class solution for teen dating violence perpetration in high school was found: high all teen dating violence class (n = 113; 7.0%), physical and verbal only teen dating violence class (n = 335; 20.8%), and low all teen dating violence class (n = 1163; 72.2%). Social support, empathy, school belonging and parental monitoring buffered some transitions from ACEs exposure trajectory classes to teen dating violence perpetration classes. Comprehensive prevention strategies that address multiple forms of violence while bolstering protective factors across the social ecology may buffer negative effects of exposure to violence in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P Davis
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Department of Children, Youth, and Families, USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society; USC Center for Mindfulness Science; USC Institute for Addiction Science, 669W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Katie A Ports
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Buford, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Buford, GA, USA
| | | | - Corinne F David-Ferdon
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Buford, GA, USA
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Leemis RW, Espelage DL, Basile KC, Mercer Kollar LM, Davis JP. Traditional and cyber bullying and sexual harassment: A longitudinal assessment of risk and protective factors. Aggress Behav 2019; 45:181-192. [PMID: 30578554 PMCID: PMC6437684 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents engage in bullying and sexual harassment perpetration both in-person and online. Yet, little is known about the overlap of traditional (in-person) and cyber bullying and sexual harassment perpetration. The present study assessed the co-occurrence of these forms of aggression in high school and identified middle school predictors based on participants' perceptions of factors across the social ecology. Racially diverse middle and high school students (n = 3549) were surveyed over four time points from Spring 2008 to Spring 2013. A latent class analysis was used to identify classes of individuals according to endorsement of traditional and cyber bullying and sexual harassment items in high school. Four classes were identified: (1) high all, consisting of traditional and cyber bullying and sexual harassment perpetration (n = 227); (2) traditional bullying perpetration (n = 604); (3) traditional and cyber bullying perpetration (n = 450); and (4) low all (n = 1,261). Students who reported high levels of anger, self-esteem, empathy, pornographic exposure, and traditional masculinity (individual level), lower levels of social support and parental monitoring (relational level), and higher levels of school belonging (community level) had increased odds of being in the high all class when compared to the other classes. Given the co-occurrence of traditional and cyber bullying and sexual harassment, prevention programming that addresses both forms of aggression across traditional and online contexts may be beneficial. This study also suggests the importance of comprehensive prevention efforts that incorporate approaches at the different ecological levels, such as teaching adolescents healthy emotional and interpersonal skills, and engaging parents in prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth W. Leemis
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Kathleen C. Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laura M. Mercer Kollar
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jordan P. Davis
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Department of Children, Youth, and Families, USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, Los Angeles, California
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Basile KC, Smith SG, Liu Y, Kresnow MJ, Fasula AM, Gilbert L, Chen J. Rape-Related Pregnancy and Association With Reproductive Coercion in the U.S. Am J Prev Med 2018; 55:770-776. [PMID: 30361141 PMCID: PMC6357953 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rape-related pregnancy is a public health problem where sexual violence and reproductive health intersect; yet, there is a dearth of research to inform public health practice. The authors examined the prevalence and characteristics of rape-related pregnancy in U.S. women and its association with intimate partner reproductive coercion. METHODS Data years 2010-2012 are pooled from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a telephone survey of U.S. adults. Accounting for complex survey design, in 2017, authors estimated the prevalence of vaginal rape-related pregnancy for U.S. women overall and by race/ethnicity. The authors also examined the proportion of rape-related pregnancy among victims of vaginal rape overall, by perpetrator type and by presence of reproductive coercion in the context of intimate partner rape. RESULTS Almost 2.9 million U.S. women (2.4%) experienced rape-related pregnancy during their lifetime. Among rape victims, 77.3% reported a current/former intimate partner perpetrator, and 26.2% of intimate partner rape victims reported rape-related pregnancy compared with those raped by an acquaintance (5.2%) or stranger (6.9%). Women raped by an intimate partner and reporting rape-related pregnancy were significantly more likely to have experienced reproductive coercion compared with women who were raped by an intimate partner but did not become pregnant. CONCLUSIONS This paper reports the first national prevalence of rape-related pregnancy by any perpetrator in two decades. The high proportion of rape-related pregnancy committed by intimate partner perpetrators and its association with reproductive coercion suggest the need for primary prevention of intimate partner violence and access to trauma-informed reproductive health services for rape/intimate partner violence victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Sharon G Smith
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Analysis, Research, and Practice Integration, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marcie-Jo Kresnow
- Division of Analysis, Research, and Practice Integration, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amy M Fasula
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Leah Gilbert
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jieru Chen
- Division of Analysis, Research, and Practice Integration, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Espelage DL, Davis JP, Basile KC, Rostad WL, Leemis RW. Alcohol, Prescription Drug Misuse, Sexual Violence, and Dating Violence Among High School Youth. J Adolesc Health 2018; 63:601-607. [PMID: 30172675 PMCID: PMC6200598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sexual violence (SV), teen dating violence (TDV), and substance use are significant public health concerns among U.S. adolescents. This study examined whether latent classes of baseline alcohol and prescription drug misuse longitudinally predict SV and TDV victimization and perpetration (i.e., verbal,relational, physical/threatening, and sexual) 1 year later. METHODS Students from six Midwestern high schools (n = 1,875; grades 9-11) completed surveys across two consecutive spring semesters. Latent class analysis was used to identify classes of individuals according to four substance use variables. A latent class regression and a manual three-step auxiliary approach were used to assess concurrent and distal relationships between identified classes and SV and TDV victimization and perpetration. RESULTS Three classes of substance use were identified: low/no use (41% of sample), alcohol only use (45%), and alcohol and prescription drug misuse (APD) (14%). Youth in the APD class experienced greater SV and TDV victimization and perpetration than the alcohol only class at baseline. At Time 2 (one year later), youth in the baseline APD class experienced significantly higher SV and TDV victimization and perpetration outcomes than youth in the alcohol only class with the exception of sexual and physical TDV perpetration. CONCLUSIONS The misuse of both alcohol and prescription drugs emerged as a significant risk factor for later SV and TDV among adolescents. As such, it would be beneficial if future research continued to assess the nature of these associations and incorporate prescription drug use and misuse into heath education,substance use, and violence prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy L. Espelage
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida,Address correspondence to: Dorothy L. Espelage, Ph.D., University of Florida, 945 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611. (D.L. Espelage)
| | | | - Kathleen C. Basile
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Whitney L. Rostad
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ruth W. Leemis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
Exposure to violence can harm women's overall health and well-being. Data suggest that one in three women in the United States experience some form of violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime. In this commentary, we describe the implications of intimate partner violence (IPV) on women's health, specifically for women of reproductive age. We use a life-course perspective to describe the compounded impact of IPV on preconception health. Preconception health generally refers to the overall health and well-being of women (and men) before pregnancy. This report also discusses primary prevention of IPV and healthcare recommendations, and highlights surveillance systems that capture IPV indicators among women of reproductive age. Ongoing collection of state-level surveillance data may inform the implementation of intervention programs tailored to reproductive age women at risk for IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Morgan
- 1 Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
- 2 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Cheryl L Robbins
- 1 Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathleen C Basile
- 3 Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
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Vagi KJ, Stevens MR, Simon TR, Basile KC, Carter SP, Carter SL. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Characteristics Associated With Violence and Safety in Middle Schools. J Sch Health 2018; 88:296-305. [PMID: 29498060 PMCID: PMC5858554 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study used a new Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) assessment tool to test the associations between physical attributes of schools and violence-related behaviors and perceptions of students. METHODS Data were collected from 4717 students from 50 middle schools. Student perceptions of risk and safety, and violence were assessed. Evaluators used the CPTED School Assessment (CSA) to quantify how well the physical elements of each school correspond to ideal CPTED principles. Generalized linear mixed models were used to adjust for school- and student-level characteristics. RESULTS Higher CSA scores were generally associated with higher perceptions of safety and lower levels of violence perpetration and perceived risk in unadjusted models. Higher CSA scores were also associated with lower odds of missing school because of safety concerns in most adjusted models, with significant adjusted odds ratios (AORs) ranging from 0.32 to 0.63. CSA scores for parking and bus loading areas also remained associated with higher perceived safety (AORs = 1.28 and 1.32, respectively) and lower perceived risk (AORs = 0.73 and 0.66, respectively) in adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS The CSA is useful for assessing school environments that are associated with violence-related behaviors and perceptions. The CSA might help guide school environmental modifications to reduce violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Vagi
- Behavioral Scientist,Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy. NE, MS F-63, Atlanta, GA30341-3717
| | - Mark R. Stevens
- Mathematical Statistician, Statistics, Programming, and Economics Branch, Division of Analysis, Research, and Practice Integration, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, MS F-64, Atlanta, GA30341-3717
| | - Thomas R. Simon
- Associate Director for Science, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, MS F-64, Atlanta, GA30341-3717
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- Senior Scientist, Office of the Associate Director for Science, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, MS F-64, Atlanta, GA30341-3717
| | - Sherry P. Carter
- Partner and CPTED Specialist, Carter and Carter Associates, 37 Grouse Hollow, Murphy, NC28906
| | - Stanley L. Carter
- Partner and CPTED Specialist, Carter and Carter Associates, 37 Grouse Hollow, Murphy, NC28906
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Merrick MT, Basile KC, Zhang X, Smith SG, Kresnow MJ. Characterizing Sexual Violence Victimization in Youth: 2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. Am J Prev Med 2018; 54:596-599. [PMID: 29449134 PMCID: PMC6007810 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth sexual violence victimization is an urgent public health concern that can lead to a variety of health problems and increased risk for victimization during adulthood. Examining the characteristics of early victimization and their association with subsequent victimization during adulthood may help strengthen primary prevention efforts. METHODS Data are from the 2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. Prevalence estimates were computed in 2017 for rape and made to sexually penetrate, their subtypes, as well as proportions among victims by type of perpetrator. Chi-square tests of association were conducted between youth sexual violence victimization and the same experiences in adulthood. RESULTS Approximately 10 million U.S. females (8.4%) experienced completed or attempted rape and 1.9 million U.S. males (1.6%) were made to penetrate someone during youth. Most victims knew their perpetrators. Being raped or made to penetrate during youth was associated with increased likelihood of such victimization in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Females and males experience youth sexual violence victimization at alarming rates. Primary prevention efforts with youth are critical to prevent early victimization, subsequent victimization in adulthood, and the mental and physical health consequences associated with sexual violence victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Merrick
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xinjian Zhang
- Division of Analysis, Research, and Practice Integration, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sharon G Smith
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marcie-Jo Kresnow
- Division of Analysis, Research, and Practice Integration, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Clayton HB, Lowry R, Basile KC, Demissie Z, Bohm MK. Physical and Sexual Dating Violence and Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2017-2289. [PMID: 29158227 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information is available on the associations between nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) and dating violence victimization (DVV) among high school students and how associations vary by sex. METHODS We used data from the 2015 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of students in grades 9 to 12. The sample was restricted to students who dated during the 12 months before the survey, resulting in a sample of 5136 boys and 5307 girls. Sex-stratified logistic regression models estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between lifetime NMUPD and DVV. In our analyses, we examined a 4-level DVV measure: no DVV, physical only, sexual only, and both physical and sexual. RESULTS Male students had a significantly lower prevalence of DVV compared with female students. By using the 4-level measure of DVV, after adjusting for covariates, sexual DVV only (aPR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.21-2.12) and both physical and sexual DVV (aPR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.26-2.17) were positively associated with NUMPD among boys, whereas among girls, physical DVV only (aPR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.16-1.75) and both physical and sexual DVV (aPR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.03-1.99) were positively associated with NMUPD. CONCLUSIONS NMUPD was associated with experiences of DVV among both male and female students. Community- or school-based adolescent violence and substance use prevention efforts would be enhanced by considering the association between DVV and substance use, particularly NMUPD among both male and female adolescents, to address these public health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Clayton
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention and
| | - Richard Lowry
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention and
| | | | - Zewditu Demissie
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention and.,US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Michele K Bohm
- Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and
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Breiding MJ, Basile KC, Klevens J, Smith SG. Economic Insecurity and Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Victimization. Am J Prev Med 2017; 53:457-464. [PMID: 28501239 PMCID: PMC6426442 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research has consistently found that low SES is associated with higher levels of both intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence (SV) victimization. Though associated with poverty, two indicators of economic insecurity, food and housing insecurity, have been identified as conceptually distinct social determinants of health. This study examined the relationship between food and housing insecurity experienced in the preceding 12 months and IPV and SV victimization experienced in the preceding 12 months, after controlling for SES and other demographic variables. METHODS Data were from the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a nationally representative telephone survey of U.S. adults. In 2016, multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to examine the association between food and housing insecurity and multiple forms of IPV and SV victimization. RESULTS Robust associations were found between food and housing insecurity experienced in the preceding 12 months and IPV and SV experienced in the preceding 12 months, for women and men, even after controlling for age, family income, race/ethnicity, education, and marital status. CONCLUSIONS Food and housing insecurity may be important considerations for the prevention of SV and IPV or the reductions of their consequences, although future research is needed to disentangle the direction of the association. Strategies aimed at buffering economic insecurity may reduce vulnerability to IPV and SV victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Breiding
- Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joanne Klevens
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sharon G Smith
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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40
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Massetti GM, Townsend JS, Thomas CC, Basile KC, Richardson LC. Healthcare Access and Cancer Screening Among Victims of Intimate Partner Violence. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2017; 27:607-614. [PMID: 28880705 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2017.6402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) victims often experience substantial and persistent mental and physical health problems, including increased risk for chronic disease and barriers to healthcare access. This study investigated the association between IPV and cancer screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from the eight states and one U.S. territory that administered the optional IPV module in 2006 were analyzed to examine demographic characteristics, health behaviors, health status, healthcare coverage, use of health services, and cancer screening among men and women who reported IPV victimization compared with those among men and women who did not. IPV victimization included physical violence, threats, and sexual violence. RESULTS In the nine jurisdictions that administered the IPV module, 23.6% of women and 11.3% of men experienced IPV. Fewer women and men reporting IPV victimization had health insurance, a personal doctor or healthcare provider, or regular checkups within the past 2 years than nonvictims. More male and female IPV victims were current tobacco users and engaged in binge drinking in the past month. IPV victims of both sexes also had poorer health status, lower life satisfaction, less social and emotional support, and more days with poor physical and mental health in the past month than nonvictims. IPV victimization was associated with lower rates of mammography and colorectal cancer screening but not cervical cancer screening in women and was not associated with colorectal cancer screening in men. In multivariable logistic regression results presented as adjusted proportions controlling for demographics, health status, and healthcare access, only the association with mammography screening remained significant, and the magnitude of this association was modest. CONCLUSIONS There were consistent differences between IPV victims and nonvictims in nearly every measure of healthcare access, health status, and preventive service use. Much of this association seems explained by population characteristics associated with both IPV and lower use of preventive service use, including differences in demographic characteristics, health status, and healthcare access. Healthcare providers could take steps to identify populations at high risk for lack of access or use of preventive services and IPV victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta M Massetti
- 1 Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julie S Townsend
- 1 Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cheryll C Thomas
- 1 Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathleen C Basile
- 2 Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lisa C Richardson
- 1 Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
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41
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Foshee VA, McNaughton Reyes HL, Chen MS, Ennett ST, Basile KC, DeGue S, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Moracco KE, Bowling JM. Shared Risk Factors for the Perpetration of Physical Dating Violence, Bullying, and Sexual Harassment Among Adolescents Exposed to Domestic Violence. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:672-86. [PMID: 26746242 PMCID: PMC5859571 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The high risk of perpetrating physical dating violence, bullying, and sexual harassment by adolescents exposed to domestic violence points to the need for programs to prevent these types of aggression among this group. This study of adolescents exposed to domestic violence examined whether these forms of aggression share risk factors that could be targeted for change in single programs designed to prevent all three types of aggression. Analyses were conducted on 399 mother victims of domestic violence and their adolescents, recruited through community advertising. The adolescents ranged in age from 12 to 16 years; 64 % were female. Generalized estimating equations was used to control for the covariation among the aggression types when testing for shared risk factors. Approximately 70 % of the adolescents reported perpetrating at least one of the three forms of aggression. In models examining one risk factor at a time, but controlling for demographics, adolescent acceptance of sexual violence, mother-adolescent discord, family conflict, low maternal monitoring, low mother-adolescent closeness, low family cohesion, depressed affect, feelings of anger, and anger reactivity were shared across all three aggression types. In multivariable models, which included all of the risk factors examined and the demographic variables, low maternal monitoring, depressed affect and anger reactivity remained significant shared risk factors. Our findings suggest that programs targeting these risk factors for change have the potential to prevent all three forms of aggression. In multivariable models, poor conflict management skills was a risk for bullying and sexual harassment, but not dating violence; acceptance of dating violence was a risk for dating violence and bullying, but not sexual harassment; and none of the examined risk factors were unique to aggression type. The study's implications for the development of interventions and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vangie A Foshee
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 319B Rosenau Hall CB# 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7400, USA.
| | - H Luz McNaughton Reyes
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7440, 319G Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - May S Chen
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7400, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Susan T Ennett
- Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7440, Rosenau Hall 358A, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7440, USA.
| | - Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Mailstop F64, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Sarah DeGue
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-64, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Alana M Vivolo-Kantor
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway MS F-64, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kathryn E Moracco
- Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7440, 359 Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - J Michael Bowling
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7440, 309 Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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42
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McCree DH, Koenig LJ, Basile KC, Fowler D, Green Y. Addressing the Intersection of HIV and Intimate Partner Violence Among Women with or at Risk for HIV in the United States. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2016; 24:331-5. [PMID: 25973798 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2015.5301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, the White House established a working group in recognition of the need to understand and address the intersection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and violence against women and girls. This report describes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s efforts for addressing intimate partner violence and HIV among women and provides suggestions for future prevention efforts. CDC's current efforts are focused on understanding these often co-occurring public health problems, identifying effective interventions, and ensuring that states and communities have the capacity and resources to implement prevention approaches based on the best available evidence. Additional research is needed on effective strategies for integrating violence prevention and HIV programming into health services targeting adolescent girls and women who experience intimate partner violence or are at risk for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Hubbard McCree
- 1 Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relative prevalence of recent (past 12 months) penetrative and nonpenetrative sexual violence comparing men and women with and without a disability. METHODS Data are from the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a national telephone survey of US adults, and includes an expansive measure of sexual violence victimization. A total of 9086 women and 7421 men completed the telephone survey in 2010. RESULTS Compared with persons without a disability, persons with a disability were at increased risk for recent rape for women (adjusted odds ratio = 3.3; 95% confidence interval = 1.6, 6.7), and being made to penetrate a perpetrator for men (adjusted odds ratio = 4.2; 95% confidence interval = 1.6, 10.8). An estimated 39% of women raped in the 12 months preceding the survey had a disability at the time of the rape. For women and men, having a disability was associated with an increased risk of sexual coercion and noncontact unwanted sexual experiences. CONCLUSIONS In this nationally representative sample, men and women with a disability were at increased risk for recent sexual violence, compared to those without a disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- Kathleen C. Basile and Sharon G. Smith are with the Division of Violence Prevention at the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Matthew J. Breiding is with the Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention at the National Center for Injury Prevention and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Matthew J Breiding
- Kathleen C. Basile and Sharon G. Smith are with the Division of Violence Prevention at the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Matthew J. Breiding is with the Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention at the National Center for Injury Prevention and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Sharon G Smith
- Kathleen C. Basile and Sharon G. Smith are with the Division of Violence Prevention at the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Matthew J. Breiding is with the Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention at the National Center for Injury Prevention and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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44
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Basile KC, Smith SG, Fowler DN, Walters ML, Hamburger ME. Sexual Violence Victimization and Associations with Health in a Community Sample of African American Women. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma 2016; 25:231-253. [PMID: 29606850 PMCID: PMC5875442 DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2015.1079283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Limited information exists on the relationship between sexual violence victimization and health among African American women. Using data from a community sample of African American women, we examine the association between current health and lifetime experiences of sexual violence. Inperson interviews were completed in 2010. Among interviewees, 53.7% of women reported rape victimization and 44.8% reported sexual coercion in their lifetime. Victims of rape or sexual coercion were significantly more likely to report depression and posttraumatic stress disorder during their lifetime. Among victims whose first unwanted sexual experience was rape or sexual coercion, perpetrators were mostly acquaintances and intimate partners, and over one third were injured and needed services. More attention is needed on the health needs of African American women and their association to victimization status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sharon G Smith
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dawnovise N Fowler
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mikel L Walters
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Merle E Hamburger
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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45
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Foshee VA, Benefield TS, McNaughton Reyes HL, Eastman M, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Basile KC, Ennett ST, Faris R. Examining explanations for the link between bullying perpetration and physical dating violence perpetration: Do they vary by bullying victimization? Aggress Behav 2016; 42:66-81. [PMID: 26299840 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This short-term longitudinal study examined whether the association between bullying perpetration and later physical dating violence perpetration and mediators of that association (via anger, depression, anxiety, and social status), varied depending on level of bullying victimization. Differences have been noted between those who bully but are not victims of bullying, and those who are both bullies and victims. These differences may influence dating violence risk and the explanations for why bullying leads to dating violence. Data were from dating adolescents in three rural counties who completed self-administered questionnaires in the fall semester of grades 8-10 and again in the spring semester. The sample (N = 2,414) was 44.08% male and 61.31% white. Bullying perpetration in the fall semester predicted physical dating violence perpetration in the spring semester when there was no bullying victimization, but not when there was any bullying victimization. Bullying perpetration was positively associated with anger at all levels of bullying victimization and with social status when there was no or low amounts of victimization; it was negatively associated with social status at high levels of victimization. Bullying victimization was positively associated with anger, depression, and anxiety at all levels of bullying perpetration. Anger mediated the association between bullying perpetration and dating violence, regardless of level of victimization; depression, anxiety, and social status did not mediate the association at any level of bullying victimization. The findings have implications for dating violence prevention efforts and for future research on the link between bullying and dating violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vangie A. Foshee
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Thad S. Benefield
- Carolina Mammography Registry, Department of Radiology; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Heath Luz McNaughton Reyes
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Meridith Eastman
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Alana M. Vivolo-Kantor
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta Georgia
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta Georgia
| | - Susan T. Ennett
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Robert Faris
- Department of Sociology; University of California at Davis; Davis California
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Espelage DL, Basile KC, De La Rue L, Hamburger ME. Longitudinal Associations Among Bullying, Homophobic Teasing, and Sexual Violence Perpetration Among Middle School Students. J Interpers Violence 2015; 30:2541-61. [PMID: 25315484 PMCID: PMC4699677 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514553113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Bullying perpetration and sexual harassment perpetration among adolescents are major public health issues. However, few studies have addressed the empirical link between being a perpetrator of bullying and subsequent sexual harassment perpetration among early adolescents in the literature. Homophobic teasing has been shown to be common among middle school youth and was tested as a moderator of the link between bullying and sexual harassment perpetration in this 2-year longitudinal study. More specifically, the present study tests the Bully-Sexual Violence Pathway theory, which posits that adolescent bullies who also participate in homophobic name-calling toward peers are more likely to perpetrate sexual harassment over time. Findings from logistical regression analyses (n = 979, 5th-7th graders) reveal an association between bullying in early middle school and sexual harassment in later middle school, and results support the Bully-Sexual Violence Pathway model, with homophobic teasing as a moderator, for boys only. Results suggest that to prevent bully perpetration and its later association with sexual harassment perpetration, prevention programs should address the use of homophobic epithets.
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- From the Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
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48
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Vagi KJ, O’Malley Olsen E, Basile KC, Vivolo-Kantor AM. Teen Dating Violence (Physical and Sexual) Among US High School Students: Findings From the 2013 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. JAMA Pediatr 2015; 169:474-82. [PMID: 25730143 PMCID: PMC5858695 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE National estimates of teen dating violence (TDV) reveal high rates of victimization among high school populations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's national Youth Risk Behavior Survey has provided often-cited estimates of physical TDV since 1999. In 2013, revisions were made to the physical TDV question to capture more serious forms of physical TDV and to screen out students who did not date. An additional question was added to assess sexual TDV. OBJECTIVES To describe the content of new physical and sexual TDV victimization questions first administered in the 2013 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey, to share data on the prevalence and frequency of TDV (including the first-ever published overall "both physical and sexual TDV" and "any TDV" national estimates using these new questions), and to assess associations of TDV experience with health-risk behaviors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional survey of 9900 students who dated, from a nationally representative sample of US high school students, using the 2013 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Two survey questions separately assessed physical and sexual TDV; this analysis combined them to create a 4-level TDV measure and a 2-level TDV measure. The 4-level TDV measure includes "physical TDV only," "sexual TDV only," "both physical and sexual TDV," and "none." The 2-level TDV measure includes "any TDV" (either or both physical and sexual TDV) and "none." Sex-stratified bivariate and multivariable analyses assessed associations between TDV and health-risk behaviors. RESULTS In 2013, among students who dated, 20.9% of female students (95% CI, 19.0%-23.0%) and 10.4% of male students (95% CI, 9.0%-11.7%) experienced some form of TDV during the 12 months before the survey. Female students had a higher prevalence than male students of physical TDV only, sexual TDV only, both physical and sexual TDV, and any TDV. All health-risk behaviors were most prevalent among students who experienced both forms of TDV and were least prevalent among students who experienced none (all P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The 2013 TDV questions allowed for new prevalence estimates of TDV to be established that represent a more complete measure of TDV and are useful in determining associations with health-risk behaviors among youth exposed to these different forms of TDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Vagi
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emily O’Malley Olsen
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alana M. Vivolo-Kantor
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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49
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Basile KC, Smith SG, Walters ML, Fowler DN, Hawk K, Hamburger ME. Sexual Violence Victimization and Associations with Health in a Community Sample of Hispanic Women. J Ethn Cult Divers Soc Work 2015; 24:1-17. [PMID: 26752978 PMCID: PMC4701051 DOI: 10.1080/15313204.2014.964441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to add to the limited information currently available on circumstances of sexual violence victimization and associated negative health experiences among Hispanic women. Data come from a community sample of mostly Mexican women in an urban southwestern city. Household interviews were completed with a sample of 142 women during 3 months in 2010. Findings indicate that 31.2% of women reported rape victimization and 22.7% reported being sexually coerced in their lifetime. Victims of rape and/or sexual coercion were significantly more likely to report symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during their lifetime. Among victims whose first unwanted sexual experience resulted in rape and/or sexual coercion, perpetrators were almost always someone known to the victims, and were mostly family members or intimate partners, depending on the victim's age. About one-fifth of victims were injured and 17.1% needed medical services. These findings suggest the need for more attention to the physical and mental health needs of sexually victimized Hispanic women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon G Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mikel L Walters
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Kathryn Hawk
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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50
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Foshee VA, Reyes HLM, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Basile KC, Chang LY, Faris R, Ennett ST. Bullying as a longitudinal predictor of adolescent dating violence. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55:439-44. [PMID: 24768162 PMCID: PMC4702490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE One suggested approach to preventing adolescent dating violence is to prevent behavioral precursors to dating violence, such as bullying. However, no longitudinal study has examined bullying as a behavioral precursor to dating violence. In this study, longitudinal data were used to examine (1) whether direct and indirect bullying perpetration in the sixth grade predicted the onset of physical dating violence perpetration by the eighth grade and (2) whether the associations varied by sex and race/ethnicity of the adolescent. METHODS Data were collected in school from sixth graders in three primarily rural counties and then again when students were in the eighth grade. Analyses were conducted with 1,154 adolescents who had not perpetrated dating violence at the sixth-grade assessment. The sample was 47% male, 29% black, and 10% of another race/ethnicity than black or white. RESULTS Direct bullying, defined as hitting, slapping, or picking on another kid in the sixth grade, predicted the onset of physical dating violence perpetration by the eighth grade, controlling for indirect bullying and potential confounders. Although indirect bullying, defined as spreading false rumors and excluding students from friendship groups, was associated with the onset of physical dating violence perpetration in bivariate analyses, it did not predict the onset of physical dating violence when controlling for direct bullying. None of the associations examined varied by sex or race/ethnicity of the adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that efforts targeted at preventing direct bullying may also prevent the onset of physical dating violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vangie A. Foshee
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Address correspondence to: Vangie A. Foshee, Ph.D., Department of Health Behavior, 319B Rosenau Hall CB# 7440, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400. (V.A. Foshee)
| | - Heath Luz McNaughton Reyes
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alana M. Vivolo-Kantor
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ling-Yin Chang
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert Faris
- Department of Sociology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Susan T. Ennett
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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