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Medina CM, Ingram KM, Espelage DL. Proxies of Emotion Dysregulation and Teen Dating Violence Perpetration: A Latent Profile Analysis. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:88-94. [PMID: 37031093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Teen dating violence (TDV) must be addressed as a public health issue due to its prevalence and association with negative health outcomes among victims. To prevent TDV, it is essential to examine the risk factors of dating violence perpetration's applicability to younger samples. Using a population health approach, this study explored the associations among variables that affect emotion regulation and TDV perpetration of multiple types among a diverse sample of high school students. METHODS Latent profile analysis of four self-reported variables related to emotion regulation (anger regulation, depressive symptoms, impulsivity, and alcohol use) was conducted among a sample of 1,508 students. Next, regression analyses were used to test the relation between latent profile membership and self-reported TDV perpetration across two time points. RESULTS A three-profile solution was found to be the solution of best fit (profile 1: n = 1,023, profile 2: n = 43, and profile 3: n = 442). Profile one had low means across all indicators; profile two had a high mean of recent alcohol use; and profile three had low to moderate means across all indicators. Profile two was associated with the most frequent lifetime perpetration and perpetration one year later. However, all three profiles were only associated with infrequent perpetration. DISCUSSION This study found that an emotional regulatory framework was applicable to assess some risks of TDV. These findings justify further research on the relation between emotion regulation and TDV perpetration; however, risk factors at other socio-ecological levels should be incorporated to strengthen existing theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Medina
- Peabody School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Katherine M Ingram
- Peabody School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dorothy L Espelage
- Peabody School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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2
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Espelage DL, Harper CR, Ingram KM, Basile KC, Leemis RW, Nickodem KK. Hostile home environment predicting early adolescent sexual harassment perpetration and potential school-related moderators. J Res Adolesc 2023; 33:530-546. [PMID: 36564897 PMCID: PMC10880809 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using family systems theory, this longitudinal study of middle school youth examined the effects of abuse, family conflict, and sibling aggression on sexual harassment perpetration (N = 1563; Mage 11.2, 51% boys; 39% Hispanic, 29% Black, and 19% White). Boys reported more sexual harassment than girls; perpetration increased for both. The association between a hostile home environment and sexual harassment perpetration was moderated by school experiences. School belonging buffered effects of hostile home environment on baseline sexual harassment perpetration for boys who experienced abuse and White adolescents with high sibling aggression. Academic grades moderated change in perpetration over time, but effects differed by sex and race. It is important to understand how early violence exposures relate to sexual violence perpetration during early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy L. Espelage
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher R. Harper
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katherine M. Ingram
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruth W. Leemis
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kyle K. Nickodem
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Ingram KM, Collado A, Felton JW, Yi R. A Preliminary Experimental Study of Self-Objectification and Risky Sex Behavior Among a University Sample of Cisgender Women in the U.S. Arch Sex Behav 2023; 52:1643-1651. [PMID: 36757517 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-objectification is associated with a number of negative mental and behavioral outcomes. Though previous research has established associations between self-objectification and risky sex, no study to date has examined whether self-objectification affects propensity to engage in risky sex. The current research employed an experimental design to examine the effect of heightened self-objectification on a laboratory analog of risky sex (n = 181). We observed that when college-attending women experienced a heightened state of self-objectification, they were more likely to engage in sex without a condom and less likely to wait to use a condom with a highly desirable partner. Given the frequency of intended and unintended objectifying messages that young women face, this increase in willingness to engage in risky sex behavior represents a consequential health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Ingram
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100 E Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
| | - Anahi Collado
- Renée Crown Wellness Institute- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Julia W Felton
- Division of Public Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Richard Yi
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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4
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Espelage DL, Kuehl T, Wyman PA, Nickodem K, Mintz S, Valido A, Robinson LE, Merrin GJ, Hoagland K, Schmelk-Cone K, LoMurray S, Woolweaver AB, Ingram KM, Rulison K. An RCT of Sources of Strength High School Primary Prevention Program on Sexual Violence Perpetration and Victimization and Dismissiveness of Sexual Harassment. School Psychology Review 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/2372966x.2022.2164460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sasha Mintz
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
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5
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Nickodem KK, Basile KC, Espelage DL, Leemis RW, Ingram KM, Barbero C. Sports Participation, Social Networks, and Sexual Violence Perpetration. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:NP1690-NP1717. [PMID: 35469485 PMCID: PMC9596613 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221092067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent sexual violence (SV), which includes non-contact verbal sexual harassment (SH) and forced sexual contact (FSC), is a significant public health problem with long-term impacts on health and well-being. Understanding how sports participation is linked to SV can inform prevention efforts; however, the current literature is unclear about the nature of this association. Using data from 20 high schools, we investigate whether athletes in certain sports are at higher risk of SH and FSC perpetration than either other athletes or sports non-participants, and whether the risk is moderated by gender, dismissiveness of SV, or substance use intentions. We also utilize social network data to explore the role of relationships with peers and trusted adults to attenuate SH and FSC perpetration. Second, we incorporate characteristics of friends to further examine the role and composition of peer groups in the association between sports participation and perpetration of SH and FSC. Findings revealed a bivariate association between sport contact level and SH perpetration, but not FSC, and the association disappeared after adjusting for other covariates. Most prominently, dismissiveness of SV, intentions to use substances, and prior perpetration had the strongest association with perpetration regardless of sport contact level. Results also provided some support for the influence of peers and trusted adults in the sports context. Notably, the percentage of friends who perpetrated FSC and the percentage of friends who play a low-contact sport were positively associated with FSC perpetration, and the percentage of friends who play a high-contact sport was positively associated with SH perpetration. The paper concludes with a discussion of the sports context as an important venue for comprehensive prevention efforts, including a focus on changing norms around adolescent SV and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen C. Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention,
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Ruth W. Leemis
- Division of Violence Prevention,
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Colleen Barbero
- Division of Violence Prevention,
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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Valido A, Merrin GJ, Espelage DL, Robinson LE, Nickodem K, Ingram KM, El Sheikh AJ, Torgal C, Fairclough J. Social-Ecological Predictors of Homophobic Name-Calling Perpetration and Victimization Among Early Adolescents. J Early Adolesc 2022; 42:1115-1151. [PMID: 36340294 PMCID: PMC9623402 DOI: 10.1177/02724316211002271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bias-based aggression at school in the form of homophobic name-calling is quite prevalent among early adolescents. Homophobic name-calling is associated with low academic performance, higher risky sexual behaviors, and substance abuse, among other adverse outcomes. This longitudinal study examined risk and protective factors across multiple domains of the social ecology (individual, peer, family, school and community) and levels of analysis (within- and between-person) associated with homophobic name-calling perpetration and victimization. Students from four middle schools in the U.S. Midwest (N = 1,655; X ¯ age = 12.75; range = 10-16 years) were surveyed four times (Spring/Fall 2008, Spring/Fall 2009). For homophobic name-calling perpetration, significant risk factors included impulsivity, social dominance, traditional masculinity, family violence, and neighborhood violence; while empathy, peer support, school belonging, and adult support were significant protective factors. For homophobic name-calling victimization, significant risk factors included empathy (between-person), impulsivity, traditional masculinity, family violence, and neighborhood violence, while empathy (within-person), parental monitoring, peer support, school belonging, and adult support were significant protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kyle Nickodem
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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7
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Espelage DL, Ingram KM, Hong JS, Merrin GJ. Bullying as a Developmental Precursor to Sexual and Dating Violence Across Adolescence: Decade in Review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2022; 23:1358-1370. [PMID: 34519239 PMCID: PMC9425722 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211043811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent bullying continues to be a major focus of scholarship across the globe. This article reviews research from 2010 to 2021 with a particular focus on longitudinal studies of the bully-sexual violence pathway (BSVP), where bullying serves as a precursor for sexual violence (SV) (e.g., sexual harassment, sexual coercion, and sexual assault) and teen dating violence via individual and socio-contextual mediators. Articles reviewed consisted of a total of 505, which included 17 meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Databases used for the search were Academic Search Complete, Education Full Text (H. W. Wilson), ERIC, National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts, PsycINFO, PubMed (Medline), and Social Sciences Abstracts (H. W. Wilson). In total, 107 peer-reviewed articles were included in this review. Potential mechanisms underlying the BSVP include social dominance orientation, exposure to sexual education, and alcohol use. Several school-based intervention approaches have evidenced marginal success in reducing rates of bullying and SV by targeting factors undergirding both behaviors. The efficacy of international prevention approaches is summarized. Gaps in the literature are identified and future research is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy L. Espelage
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Dorothy L. Espelage, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 103 Cameron Ave, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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8
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Espelage DL, Valido A, Robinson LE, Ingram KM, El Sheikh A, Woolweaver AM, Koritz L, Vincent CG, Marquez B, Walker HM, Svanks R, Marmolejos RR, Medina C, Meltsner Z, Yalamanchi K, Pennefather J. Snitching versus reporting: A qualitative analysis of barriers and facilitators to addressing safety concerns among high school students. Soc Psychol Educ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-022-09703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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9
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Ingram KM, Basile KC, Leemis R, Espelage DL, Valido A. A Latent Class Approach to Understanding Associations between Sports Participation, Substance Use, Dismissive Attitudes, and Sexual Violence Perpetration among High School Athletes. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP10512-NP10538. [PMID: 35259321 PMCID: PMC9251750 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211067005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) among adolescents continues to be a major public health concern with numerous consequences. Research, predominantly with male collegiate samples, has suggested an association between sports participation and SV perpetration, and has included other important risk factors such as substance use and attitudes. However, more research is needed in this area among adolescents. The current study uses latent class analysis (LCA) to examine data- driven classes of high school student athletes (N = 665) engaged in three risk factor areas for SV: sport contact level, likelihood of substance use, and attitudes dismissive of SV. Once classes were enumerated and fit separately for male and female samples, pairwise comparisons were conducted on scores on two forms of SV (perpetration of sexual harassment and unwanted sexual contact) as a function of class membership. A 5-class solution was retained for both males and females. In the female sample, regarding SV-harassment, those most likely to perpetrate sexual harassment were those characterized by high likelihood of use of cigarettes, marijuana, alcohol, vape products, and those who played any type of sport. Too few females endorsed perpetration of unwanted sexual contact for pairwise comparisons to be conducted. For males, the classes most likely to perpetrate both forms of SV were those who were likely to endorse high likelihood to use of cigarettes, marijuana, alcohol, vape products, endorse attitudes dismissive of SV, and play any type of sport but especially high contact sports. These findings implicate high school athletic spaces as important venues for sexual violence prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen C Basile
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 1242Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruth Leemis
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 1242Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Alberto Valido
- 2331University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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10
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Mintz S, Ingram KM, Milliken A, Kuehl T, Espelage DL. Longitudinal Associations Between Sexual Victimization and Substance Misuse Among High School Youth in Colorado. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP4415-NP4438. [PMID: 32954914 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520959628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are consistently high rates of sexual victimization and substance misuse among youth in the United States. Although there is a known relation between sexual victimization and substance use, there is a gap in the research regarding the magnitude and temporality of these associations. This study examined whether latent classes of sexual victimization and help-seeking attitudes longitudinally predict intentions of future substance misuse 7-10 months later. Students from nine Colorado high schools (N = 533; M = age 16 years) completed surveys across two consecutive school semesters. Latent class analysis was used to identify classes of students who experienced at least one form of sexual victimization (e.g., sexual harassment, unwanted sexual contact) according to 13 sexual victimization items, and level of positive attitudes regarding help-seeking for sexual victimization. Classes were compared on demographic characteristics and for distal outcomes of likelihood of future substance misuse (cigarettes, alcohol, cannabis, prescription drugs, and electronic vaping products) using latent class regression, controlling for previous intentions to use. At Time 1, four classes of sexual victimization were identified with two main classes for comparison: low odds of experiencing sexual victimization (60.1% of sample) and high odds of endorsing all forms of sexual victimization (7.7% of sample). The high sexual victimization class had higher proportions of male and transgender students, compared to other classes. At Time 2 (7-10 months later), students in the high sexual victimization class reported a significantly greater likelihood of future cigarette (p = .017) and prescription drug misuse (p = .007) when compared to the low sexual victimization class. There was no evidence that having higher positive attitudes towards help-seeking resulted in lower intentions to use substances in the future. These findings highlight that addressing sexual violence in prevention programming may have crossover effects of reducing substance misuse and other forms of violence among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Mintz
- Violence and Injury Prevention, Mental Health Promotion Branch, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, United States
| | | | - Anne Milliken
- Violence and Injury Prevention, Mental Health Promotion Branch, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Tomei Kuehl
- Violence and Injury Prevention, Mental Health Promotion Branch, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, United States
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11
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Marraccini ME, Ingram KM, Naser SC, Grapin SL, Toole EN, O'Neill JC, Chin AJ, Martinez RR, Griffin D. The roles of school in supporting LGBTQ+ youth: A systematic review and ecological framework for understanding risk for suicide-related thoughts and behaviors. J Sch Psychol 2022; 91:27-49. [PMID: 35190078 PMCID: PMC8906061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The extant literature on suicide-related thoughts and behaviors (STB) has highlighted increased patterns of risk among specific minoritized populations, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, intersex, two spirit, and queer (LGBTQ+) youth. Compared to their heterosexual and cisgender peers, LGBTQ+ youth are at increased risk for having STB. Identity-specific stressors such as homonegativity and anti-queerness are among the unique factors posited to contribute to this risk and inhibit factors that protect against suicide. The school setting has been a focal point for suicide prevention and intervention and may also play a key role in linking students to care; however, schools also hold the potential to provide supports and experiences that may buffer against risk factors for STB in LGBTQ+ students. This systematic literature review presents findings from 44 studies examining school-related correlates of STB in LGBTQ+ students, informing an ecological approach to suicide prevention for school settings. Findings underscore the importance of school context for preventing STB in LGBTQ+ youth. Approaches that prioritize safety and acceptance of LGBTQ+ youth should span multiple layers of a student's ecology, including district and state level policies and school programs and interventions, such as Gender and Sexuality Alliances and universal bullying prevention programs. Beyond their role as a primary access point for behavioral health services, schools offer a unique opportunity to support suicide prevention by combating minority stressors through promoting positive social relationships and a safe community for LGBTQ+ students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa E Marraccini
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America.
| | - Katherine M Ingram
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Shereen C Naser
- College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, United States of America
| | - Sally L Grapin
- Psychology Department, Montclair State University, United States of America
| | - Emily N Toole
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - J Conor O'Neill
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Chin
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Robert R Martinez
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Dana Griffin
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
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12
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Basile KC, Espelage DL, Ingram KM, Simon TR, Berrier FL. The Role of Middle School Sports Involvement in Understanding High School Sexual Violence Perpetration. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:1514-1539. [PMID: 32484375 PMCID: PMC8006807 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520922357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have examined the association between male involvement in sports and sexual violence (SV) perpetration, especially among college-age males. Less is known about the association between sports involvement and SV perpetration for adolescent males and females. To address this gap, the current study examined sports involvement in middle school (no sports, no/low contact, and high contact) among 1,561 students, who were then followed into high school and asked about the frequency of SV perpetration. Results from logistic regression models indicated that, even after controlling for mother's education, race/ethnicity, SV perpetration in middle school, and traditional beliefs about masculinity and substance use, middle school sports participation was significantly associated with risk of SV perpetration in high school. Compared with youth who reported no sports involvement in middle school, youth categorized as no/low contact sports involvement had greater odds of SV perpetration in high school. Sex differences emerged, revealing that no/low contact sports involvement was associated with SV perpetration for females and high contact sports involvement was associated with SV perpetration for males, compared with no sports involvement. These findings suggest potential opportunities to intervene in middle school to improve coaching practices, enhance respectful relationships, and modify athletes' norms, attitudes, and behaviors to reduce risk for SV perpetration in high school.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas R. Simon
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Marraccini ME, Lindsay CA, Griffin D, Greene MJ, Simmons KT, Ingram KM. A Trauma- and Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (JEDI)-Informed Approach to Suicide Prevention in School: Black Boys' Lives Matter. School Psych Rev 2022; 52:292-315. [PMID: 37484214 PMCID: PMC10358449 DOI: 10.1080/2372966x.2021.2010502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Black boys have been dying by suicide at an increasing rate. Although the reasons for this increase are unknown, suicide in Black boys is likely influenced by multiple, intersecting risk factors, including historical and ongoing trauma. Schools can serve as an important mechanism of support for Black boys; however, without intentional anti-racist frameworks that acknowledge how intersecting identities can exacerbate risk for suicide, schools can overlook opportunities for care and perpetuate a cycle of racism that compromises the mental health of Black youth. By recognizing their own implicit biases, modeling anti-racist practices, listening to and recognizing the strengths and diversity of Black youth, and fostering school-family-community partnerships, school psychologists can help transform the school environment to be a safe and culturally affirming place for Black youth. This paper outlines how school psychologists can apply a trauma- and Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (JEDI)-informed approach to suicide prevention in order to more holistically support Black boys, disrupt patterns of aggressive disciplinary procedures, and improve school-based suicide prevention programs. By applying this lens across a multitiered systems of support (MTSS) framework, school psychologists can help to prevent the deaths of Black boys and begin to prioritize the lives of Black boys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dana Griffin
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Meghan J Greene
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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14
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Mintz S, Valido A, Rivas-Koehl M, Kuehl T, Espelage DL, Woolweaver A, Ingram KM. Supporting Sexual Minority Youth: Protective Factors of Adverse Health Outcomes and Implications for Public Health. J Adolesc Health 2021; 69:983-990. [PMID: 34301468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth (e.g., gay, lesbian, bisexual, questioning, transgender) are systemically impacted by victimization and poor mental health because of discrimination in society. To prevent adverse outcomes, we must understand factors that help communities support and protect SGM youth. This study examined to what extent protective factors longitudinally predict outcomes 2 years later in an effort to inform more sensitive prevention efforts. METHODS Students from nine Colorado high schools (N = 2,744) completed surveys across four consecutive school semesters (T1 to T4). Structural equation modeling was conducted to determine the longitudinal associations between baseline protective factors (access to medical and counseling services, help-seeking beliefs, trusted adults, family support, peer support, spirituality) and distal adverse outcomes (substance use, depression, suicidal ideation, peer victimization, bullying perpetration, sexual violence victimization and perpetration, homophobic name-calling victimization, and perpetration), by sexual orientation. RESULTS All protective factors examined, except for access to medical services, were associated with lower likelihood of adverse outcomes. Associations differed across sexual orientations. For students identified as questioning or something other than heterosexual, lesbian, gay, or bisexual, family support is a notable protective factor of depression, peer victimization, bullying perpetration, and sexual violence perpetration. Family support was not significantly protective for these outcomes among heterosexual, lesbian, gay, and bisexual students. CONCLUSIONS There is no singular protective factor or universally impactful intervention for public health. Public health initiatives should recognize intersectional identities of young people and build strategies that are relevant to specific identities to create more comprehensive and effective programing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Mintz
- Violence and Injury Prevention - Mental Health Promotion Branch, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado.
| | - Alberto Valido
- Peabody School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Tomei Kuehl
- Violence and Injury Prevention - Mental Health Promotion Branch, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado
| | - Dorothy L Espelage
- Peabody School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ashley Woolweaver
- Peabody School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Katherine M Ingram
- Peabody School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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15
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Espelage DL, Rulison KL, Ingram KM, Valido A, Schmeelk-Cone K, Wyman PA. Social Networks of Adolescent Sexual Violence Perpetrators: Peer Friendship and Trusted Adult Characteristics. Prev Sci 2021; 23:154-166. [PMID: 34480329 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study tested differences in social network characteristics of high school students who report perpetrating sexual violence (SV) versus those who do not. N = 4554 students (49% male, 49% female, 2% another gender identity; 45% Hispanic, 43% white, 12% another racial identity) from 20 high schools reported how often they had perpetrated 13 sexually violent behaviors. Using their responses, students were classified as follows: non-perpetrators, sexual harassment perpetrators, low contact perpetrators, or high contact perpetrators. Students named up to 7 close friends and up to 7 trusted adults at their school and answered questions about other behaviors and attitudes. This information was used to assess (1) students' connections with peers, (2) students' connections with trusted adults, and (3) friends' characteristics. Multilevel models indicated that compared to their peers, high contact perpetrators were less involved in the peer networks, less connected to trusted adults, and more likely to have friends who were involved in risky behaviors (e.g., sexual violence, homophobic name-calling, substance use). Low contact perpetrators were as connected to peers and trusted adults as non-perpetrators but were more likely to have friends engaged in sexual violence and homophobic naming-calling perpetration. By contrast, sexual harassment perpetrators were more involved and held higher status in the peer network (e.g., received more friendship nominations) but otherwise had similar friendship characteristics and similar connections to trusted adults as non-perpetrators. Building on these results, social network-informed SV prevention should use opinion leaders to change SV norms throughout the network and encourage new relationships between low- and high-risk students so as to disseminate norms that do not tolerate SV. Promoting connections to trusted adults also may be a useful avenue, especially for isolated adolescents.Trial Registration This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01672541. Syntax code is available from the authors upon request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy L Espelage
- School of Education, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | | | | | - Alberto Valido
- University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | - Peter A Wyman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
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16
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Torgal C, Espelage DL, Polanin JR, Ingram KM, Robinson LE, El Sheikh AJ, Valido A. A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Cyberbullying Prevention Programs’ Impact on Cyber-Bystander Behavior. School Psychology Review 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/2372966x.2021.1913037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Minotti BJ, Ingram KM, Forber-Pratt AJ, Espelage DL. Disability community and mental health among college students with physical disabilities. Rehabil Psychol 2021; 66:192-201. [PMID: 33539137 DOI: 10.1037/rep0000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE College students with physical disabilities are often at a higher risk for mental health problems. In addition, some universities have created disability community spaces, but it is not known whether these spaces are associated with social support or increased mental health and well-being among students who use them. This study investigated differences in feelings of perceived social support, depressive symptomatology, and well-being between students with physical disabilities who live in general student housing and students with physical disabilities who live in a disability community. Research Methods/Design: A mixed-methods online survey was used to collect data from students with physical disabilities who lived in a disability community and from those who did not. Of the participants, 27 college students self-identified as having a physical disability (n = 27), 11 participants lived in the disability community (n = 11), and 16 did not (n = 16). RESULTS The quantitative results indicated statistically significant differences between the two groups on all three measures. The open-ended responses revealed that those who lived in the disability community setting felt more connected to other students with physical disabilities. However, the results also showed that many students with physical disabilities felt socially disconnected for a myriad of reasons. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that living in a disability community may be associated with feeling socially supported and improved mental health outcomes among college students with physical disabilities. Universities and other stakeholders should consider implementing programs to foster disability community among students with physical disabilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Minotti
- College of Education, School of Special Education, School Psychology, and Early Childhood Studies, University of Florida
| | | | - Anjali J Forber-Pratt
- Peabody College of Education, Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University
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18
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Forber-Pratt AJ, El Sheikh AJ, Robinson LE, Espelage DL, Ingram KM, Valido A, Torgal C. Trauma-Informed Care in Schools: Perspectives From School Resource Officers and School Security Professionals During Professional Development Training. School Psychology Review 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/2372966x.2020.1832863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Polanin JR, Espelage DL, Grotpeter JK, Spinney E, Ingram KM, Valido A, El Sheikh A, Torgal C, Robinson L. A meta-analysis of longitudinal partial correlations between school violence and mental health, school performance, and criminal or delinquent acts. Psychol Bull 2020; 147:115-133. [PMID: 33271024 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The daily challenges resulting from all types of school violence-such as physical aggression, bullying, peer victimization, and general threats-have the potential to affect, longitudinally, students' mental health, school performance, and involvement in criminal or delinquent acts. Across primary and secondary studies, however, variation in how and how much school violence relates to these outcomes, has persisted. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis, therefore, was to clarify this uncertainty by synthesizing the longitudinal relations. We conducted exhaustive searching procedures, implemented rigorous screening and coding processes, and estimated an underused effect size, the partial correlation from multiple regression models, before estimating a random-effects meta-analysis using robust variance estimation. We meta-analyzed 114 independent studies, totaling 765 effect sizes across 95,618 individual participants. The results of the overall analyses found a statistically significant longitudinal relation between school violence, in any role, and the aggregated outcome variables (rp = .06). Given that this effect size inherently controls for multiple potential confounding covariates, we consider the relation's magnitude clinically meaningful. We end by discussing ways practitioners and researchers may use these analyses when implementing prevention programming and how the field of meta-analysis should more frequently utilize the partial correlation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Valido
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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20
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Espelage DL, Valido A, El Sheikh AJ, Robinson LE, Ingram KM, Torgal C, Atria CG, Chalfant PK, Nicholson AM, Salama CD, Poekert PE. Pilot Evaluation of K-12 School Security Professionals Online Training: Understanding Trauma and Social–Emotional Learning. School Mental Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-020-09399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Martin AK, Petersen AJ, Sesma HW, Koolmo MB, Ingram KM, Slifko KB, Nguyen VN, Doss RC, Linabery AM. Concussion symptomology and recovery in children and adolescents with pre-existing anxiety. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:1060-1066. [PMID: 32788258 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine pre-existing anxiety disorders as a risk factor for increased concussion symptomology and prolonged recovery in children and adolescents. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we abstracted medical record data for 637 children/adolescents (5-17 years) presenting to three tertiary concussion clinics between April 2018 and March 2019. Primary outcomes were mean concussion symptom and vision symptom severity scores measured at clinic visits. Linear mixed-effects regression models were employed to investigate differences in average symptom load, vision symptom score and symptom recovery trajectories across anxiety strata, adjusted for random effects (time), age and sex. Secondary outcomes, time to concussion symptom recovery and time to return to academics and sports, respectively, were examined via log-rank tests and multivariable Cox regression. RESULTS Among 637 eligible concussion patients, 155 (24%) reported pre-existing anxiety. On average, patients with anxiety reported an additional 2.64 (95% CI 1.84 to 3.44) concussion symptoms and 7.45 (95% CI 5.22 to 9.68) higher vision symptom severity scores throughout recovery versus those without, after adjusting for age and sex. There was no evidence that concussion or vision symptom trajectories varied over time between those with/without anxiety after accounting for baseline dissimilarities in symptom scores (all pinteraction >0.05). Anxiety was significantly associated with delayed symptom recovery (adjusted HR 3.34, 95% CI 2.18 to 5.12), return to school (adjusted HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.59 to 2.53) and return to physical activity (adjusted HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.49 to 2.37). CONCLUSIONS Pre-existing anxiety disorders were associated with more severe symptomology and prolonged recovery after concussion in children and adolescents. These results can be referenced by providers to manage patients' recovery expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia K Martin
- Neuroscience Institute, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ashley J Petersen
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Heather W Sesma
- Neuroscience Institute, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mary B Koolmo
- Neuroscience Institute, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katherine M Ingram
- Neuroscience Institute, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katie B Slifko
- Neuroscience Institute, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Victoria N Nguyen
- Neuroscience Institute, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert C Doss
- Neuroscience Institute, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Minnesota Epilepsy Group PA, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amy M Linabery
- Neuroscience Institute, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA .,Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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22
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Felton JW, Collado A, Ingram KM, Doran K, Yi R. Improvement of Working Memory is a Mechanism for Reductions in Delay Discounting Among Mid-Age Individuals in an Urban Medically Underserved Area. Ann Behav Med 2020; 53:988-998. [PMID: 30955043 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay discounting, or the tendency to devalue rewards as a function of their delayed receipt, is associated with myriad negative health behaviors. Individuals from medically underserved areas are disproportionately at risk for chronic health problems. The higher rates of delay discounting and consequent adverse outcomes evidenced among low-resource and unstable environments suggest this may be an important pathway to explain health disparities among this population. PURPOSE The current study examined the effectiveness of a computerized working memory training program to decrease rates of delay discounting among residents of a traditionally underserved region. METHODS Participants (N = 123) were recruited from a community center serving low income and homeless individuals. Subjects completed measures of delay discounting and working memory and then took part in either an active or control working memory training. RESULTS Analyses indicated that participants in the active condition demonstrated significant improvement in working memory and that this improvement mediated the relation between treatment condition and reductions in delay discounting. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that a computerized intervention targeting working memory may be effective in decreasing rates of delay discounting in adults from medically underserved areas (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03501706).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia W Felton
- Division of Public Health, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Anahi Collado
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Kelly Doran
- School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard Yi
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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23
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Hatchel T, Ingram KM, Huang Y, Espelage DL. Homophobic bullying victimization trajectories: The roles of perpetration, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality. Aggress Behav 2020; 46:370-379. [PMID: 32510701 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of research on developmental trajectories of bias-based aggression. We examined homophobic bullying victimization trajectories among high school students (N = 3,064; M age = 13.67; Girls = 50.2%) and how these developmental pathways vary as a function of factors like homophobic bullying perpetration, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality. Using data from a 3-wave longitudinal investigation over a 2-year period, we utilized latent growth mixture modeling to explore the aforementioned trajectories. Findings suggested that there were three distinct classes characterized by high initial rates and declines over time, low initial rates, and increases over time, and low, stable, rate across time. Furthermore, results indicated that homophobic bullying perpetration, sex assigned at birth, and sexuality all predicted class membership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Hatchel
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida
| | - Katherine M. Ingram
- Department of Applied Developmental Science, School of EducationUniversity of North CarolinaChapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Yuanhong Huang
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida
| | - Dorothy L. Espelage
- Department of Applied Developmental Science, School of EducationUniversity of North CarolinaChapel Hill North Carolina
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24
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Bendelsmith CR, Linabery AM, Nickel AJ, Laquere RM, Ingram KM, Hansen MB, Pape-Blabolil JA, Skrypek MM, Bendel AE. Effects of proactive and rescue enteral tube feedings on weight change in children undergoing treatment for high-grade CNS tumors. Neurooncol Pract 2020; 7:428-438. [PMID: 32765893 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children with high-grade CNS cancers frequently experience malnutrition during treatment. We assessed the effects of proactive enteral tube (ET) placement/enteral tube feedings (ETF) on weight in infants/children with high-grade CNS tumors treated with aggressive chemotherapy. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients age 0 to 19 years treated for new high-grade CNS tumors between 2002 and 2017 at a tertiary pediatric hospital system. Patients underwent placement of proactive ET (≤ 31 days postdiagnosis; n = 45), rescue ET (> 31 days, due to weight loss; n = 9), or no ET (n = 18). Most received surgically placed ET (98%), with percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy or gastrojejunostomy tubes favored to allow jejunal feeding. The majority of patients with ET used ETF (91%). Using mixed-effects regression models, we examined differences in mean weights between ET/ETF groups across the first year of treatment. We also evaluated observed weight changes. Results All infants (n = 22, median age, 1.5 years) had proactive ET placed and 21 of 22 used proactive ETF. Infants showed an initial increase in mean percentage weight change that eventually leveled off, for an estimated increase of 10.4% over the year. For the pediatric cohort (n = 50, median, 8.1 years), those receiving proactive ETF experienced weight increases (+9.9%), those with rescue ETF experienced an initial decline and eventually rebounded for no net change (0.0%), and those with no ETF demonstrated an initial decline that persisted (-11.9%; P interaction < .001). Analysis of observed weights revealed nearly identical patterns. Conclusions Proactive ETF was effective at maintaining weight and/or facilitating weight gain over the first year of treatment and was acceptable to patients/families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy M Linabery
- Children's Minnesota Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amanda J Nickel
- Children's Minnesota Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rachel M Laquere
- Nutrition Services, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Melissa B Hansen
- Hematology-Oncology, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Mary M Skrypek
- Hematology-Oncology, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anne E Bendel
- Hematology-Oncology, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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25
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Merrin GJ, Davis JP, Ingram KM, Espelage DL. Examining social-ecological correlates of youth gang entry among serious juvenile offenders: A survival analysis. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2020; 90:623-632. [PMID: 32567882 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research have categorized risk and protective factors for youth gang involvement in social contexts that include individual, family, peer, school, and community factors. However, most studies are cross-sectional and only examine 1 or 2 social-ecological contexts. This study, which used a time-to-event model with time-variant and time-invariant predictors, adds to this literature by using longitudinal social-ecological factors to examine increases in the hazard of gang entry among serious juvenile offenders followed for 7 years during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. Lower socioeconomic status (SES), higher rates of exposure to violence, self-reported offending, and time spent in jail were associated with higher hazards rates of gang entry. Temperance (suppression of aggression and impulse control) was associated with decreases in the hazard of gang entry. Among family characteristics, higher parental hostility and having a father who had been arrested were associated with increases in the hazard of gang entry. Resistance to peer influence was a protective factor for gang entry. In addition, individuals who reported associating with delinquent peers or who had a higher proportion of friends who had been arrested had significant increases in the hazard for gang entry. School orientation was a significant protective factor, and neighborhood disorganization was associated with increases in the hazard for gang entry. Strategies for early intervention and prevention efforts are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Merrin
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Texas Tech University
| | - Jordan P Davis
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
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26
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Ingram KM, Espelage DL, Davis JP, Merrin GJ. Family Violence, Sibling, and Peer Aggression During Adolescence: Associations With Behavioral Health Outcomes. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:26. [PMID: 32116843 PMCID: PMC7027165 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullying and sibling aggression can appear as similar behavior, though the latter is comparatively understudied. Aligned with the Theory of Intergenerational Transmission of Violence, research suggests that exposure to family violence increases an individual's risk for perpetrating violence in their own future relationships. Additionally, Problem Behavior Theory suggests that engaging in one problem behavior (e.g., bullying) increases the likelihood of engaging in other problem behavior (e.g., substance use). In Phase 1, this study of middle school students from the U.S. examined how exposure to family violence predicted membership in latent classes of bullying and sibling aggression perpetration (N = 894, sampled from four middle schools). In Phase 2, we used mixture modeling to understand how latent classes of family violence, sibling aggression, and bullying predict future substance use, mental health outcomes, and deviance behavior later in high school. Results yielded four profiles of peer and sibling aggression: high all, high sibling aggression, high peer aggression, and low all aggression. Youth who reported witnessing more family violence at home were significantly more likely to fall into the sibling aggression only and high all classes, compared to the low all class. Phase 2 results also yielded four classes: a high all class, a sibling aggression and family violence class, a peer aggression class, and a low all class. Individuals in the high all class were more likely to experience several unfavorable outcomes (substance use, depression, delinquency) compared to other classes. This study provides evidence for pathways from witnessing violence, to perpetrating aggression across multiple contexts, to developing other deleterious mental and behavioral health outcomes. These findings highlight the negative impact family violence can have on child development, providing support for a cross-contextual approach for programming aimed at developing relationships skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Ingram
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dorothy L Espelage
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jordan P Davis
- University of Southern California, Suzanne-Dworak Peck School of Social Work, USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, USC Center for Mindfulness Science, USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel J Merrin
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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27
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Ingram KM, Davis JP, Espelage DL, Hatchel T, Merrin GJ, Valido A, Torgal C. Longitudinal associations between features of toxic masculinity and bystander willingness to intervene in bullying among middle school boys. J Sch Psychol 2019; 77:139-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Davis JP, Ingram KM, Merrin GJ, Espelage DL. Exposure to parental and community violence and the relationship to bullying perpetration and victimization among early adolescents: A parallel process growth mixture latent transition analysis. Scand J Psychol 2018; 61:77-89. [PMID: 30278116 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study examined heterogeneity in parental and community violence exposure during middle school and its association with bullying perpetration and victimization in high school. Youth (N = 1,611) in four Midwestern middle schools participated. Parallel process growth mixture latent transition analysis was used to understand how trajectory profiles of middle school violence exposure was associated with high school bullying profiles. Impulsivity, depression, school belonging, and delinquency were assessed as moderators of the transition probabilities. A three class solution was found for violence exposure: decreasing parental violence/increasing community violence (n = 103; 6.4%), stable high parental violence and low community violence (n = 1,027; 63.7%), and increasing parental violence and stable high community violence (n = 481; 29.8%). Similarly, a three class solution was found for high school bullying: High Bullying Perpetration and High Victimization class (n = 259; 16%), Victimization only (n = 1145; 71%), and low all class (n = 207; 13%). The largest proportion of youth transitioning into the high bullying and high victimization class were from the decreasing parental violence/increasing community violence. Depression, impulsivity, school belonging, and delinquency all had various moderating effects on transition probabilities. Our findings make it apparent that early forms of parental and community violence are associated with aggressive behaviors and experiences with victimization during high school. Prevention and intervention efforts should target individuals who display early and chronic patterns of exposure to violence as these individuals have the greatest risk of later aggressive and victimization in high school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P Davis
- University of Southern California, Suzanne-Dworak Peck School of Social Work, Department of Children, Youth, and Families, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Katherine M Ingram
- University of Florida, Department of Psychology, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Gabriel J Merrin
- University of Victoria, Department of Psychology, Victoria, United States
| | - Dorothy L Espelage
- University of Florida, Department of Psychology, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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29
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Stefanidis D, Ingram KM, Williams KH, Bencken CL, Swiderski D. Are Nursing Students Appropriate Partners for the Interdisciplinary Training of Surgery Residents? J Surg Educ 2015; 72:823-828. [PMID: 26002533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interdisciplinary team training in a simulation center recreates clinical team interactions and holds promise in improving teamwork of clinicians by breaking down educational silos. The objective of our study was to assess the appropriateness of interdisciplinary training with general surgery residents and nursing students. METHODS Over 2 consecutive academic years (2012-2013 and 2013-2014), general surgery residents participated in interdisciplinary team-training simulation-based sessions with senior nursing students. Scenario objectives included demonstration of appropriate teamwork and communication, and clinical decision making; sessions incorporated interdisciplinary debriefing of the scenarios. Participants were asked to assess their team-training experience and the appropriateness of their team-training partner. Responses were compared. RESULTS A total of 16 team-training sessions were conducted during the study period. Overall, 12 surgery residents (67%) and 44 nursing students (63%) who had participated in at least 1 session responded to the survey. Although both residents and nursing students indicated that the knowledge and team skills acquired during these sessions were useful to them in clinical practice (73% vs 86%, respectively; p = not significant), residents rated their educational value lower (3.3 vs 4.3 on a 5-point scale, respectively; p < 0.01) and only 18% of the residents felt that these sessions should be continued compared with 90% of nursing students (p < 0.05). Most useful components of the sessions were participation in the scenario (73%) and debriefing (54%) for residents and for the nursing students, debriefing (91%), observation of others (68%), and interaction with resident physicians (66%) ranked highest; 48% of student nurses preferred residents as team-training partners whereas 100% residents preferred practicing nurses and 0% with nursing students owing to their limited clinical experience. CONCLUSIONS Interdisciplinary team training and debriefing of surgery residents with nursing students is feasible and highly valued by nursing students. Nevertheless, our experience indicates that residents do not prefer nursing students as team-training partners owing to their limited clinical experience and would rather train with experienced nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Stefanidis
- Carolinas Simulation Center, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Surgery, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, North Carolina.
| | - Katherine M Ingram
- Carolinas Simulation Center, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Kristy H Williams
- Department of Nursing, Carolinas College of Health Sciences, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Crystal L Bencken
- Carolinas Simulation Center, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Dawn Swiderski
- Carolinas Simulation Center, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
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Abstract
The remember-know procedure is widely used to investigate recollection and familiarity in recognition memory, but almost all of the results obtained with that procedure can be readily accommodated by a unidimensional model based on signal-detection theory. The unidimensional model holds that remember judgments reflect strong memories (associated with high confidence, high accuracy, and fast reaction times), whereas know judgments reflect weaker memories (associated with lower confidence, lower accuracy, and slower reaction times). Although this is invariably true on average, a new 2-dimensional account (the continuous dual-process model) suggests that remember judgments made with low confidence should be associated with lower old-new accuracy but higher source accuracy than know judgments made with high confidence. We tested this prediction--and found evidence to support it--using a modified remember-know procedure in which participants were first asked to indicate a degree of recollection-based or familiarity-based confidence for each word presented on a recognition test and were then asked to recollect the color (red or blue) and screen location (top or bottom) associated with the word at study. For familiarity-based decisions, old-new accuracy increased with old-new confidence, but source accuracy did not (suggesting that stronger old-new memory was supported by higher degrees of familiarity). For recollection-based decisions, both old-new accuracy and source accuracy increased with old-new confidence (suggesting that stronger old-new memory was supported by higher degrees of recollection). These findings suggest that recollection and familiarity are continuous processes and that participants can indicate which process mainly contributed to their recognition decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Ingram
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA
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Abstract
The renewed interest in home dialysis therapies makes it pertinent to address the essentials of establishing and running a successful home dialysis program. The success of a home program depends on a clear understanding of the structure of the home program team, the physical plant, educational tool requirements, reimbursement sources and a business plan. A good command of the technical and economic aspects is important, but the primary drivers for the creation and growth of a home dialysis program are the confidence and commitment of the nephrological team.
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Ingram KM, Jones DA, Fass RJ, Neidig JL, Song YS. Social support and unsupportive social interactions: their association with depression among people living with HIV. AIDS Care 1999; 11:313-29. [PMID: 10474630 DOI: 10.1080/09540129947947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies of people living with HIV have focused on positive social support, researchers have directed surprisingly little attention to the nature and effects of negative social interactions in this population. Based on data from a diverse sample of people with HIV (N = 271), we conducted a factor analysis to develop the HIV version of the Unsupportive Social Interactions Inventory (USII). Four types of unsupportive or upsetting responses that an HIV-positive person might receive from others were identified: insensitivity, disconnecting, forced optimism and blaming. In analysis with a sub-sample of 96 people with HIV, unsupportive social interactions were only moderately correlated with social support, suggesting that these constructs are relatively independent. Using hierarchical regression analysis, we found that unsupportive social interactions predicted a significant amount of the variance in depression, beyond the variance accounted for by physical functioning and positive social support. Partial correlations indicated that the relationship between unsupportive social interactions and depression was not an artifact of trait negative affectivity. Favourable evidence of the USII's reliability and validity suggests that the instrument provides a useful tool for assessing unsupportive social interactions experienced by people with HIV. Practical implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Ingram
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23284-2018, USA.
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Ingram KM, Mitchell LG. Pancreatic infections of Myxobolus osburni Herrick (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) in the pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus) in Iowa. J Wildl Dis 1982; 18:75-9. [PMID: 6808159 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-18.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cysts of Myxobolus osburni occurred throughout the pancreas in 119 of 150 (79.3%) pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) from West Lake Okoboji, northwest Iowa during the summer, 1980. None of 341 bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were infected. Lobate cysts (up to 3 mm diameters) adjacent to the gall bladder contained sporulating plasmodia and mature spore masses. Inflammatory responses in the infected pancreas included engorged blood vessels, endocrine cell nuclei pyknosis, leukocyte (mostly lymphocyte) infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, dark pigment deposition and fibrosis. Host reaction was most pronounced in pancreas containing unencapsulated spore aggregates. Spore variability and plasmodial structure are also described.
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