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Xu S, Carpenter MC, Spreng RL, Neidich SD, Sarkar S, Tenney D, Goodman D, Sawant S, Jha S, Dunn B, Juliana McElrath M, Bekker V, Mudrak SV, Flinko R, Lewis GK, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Shen X, Ackerman ME. Impact of adjuvants on the biophysical and functional characteristics of HIV vaccine-elicited antibodies in humans. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:90. [PMID: 35927399 PMCID: PMC9352797 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants can alter the magnitude, characteristics, and persistence of the humoral response to protein vaccination. HIV vaccination might benefit from tailored adjuvant choice as raising a durable and protective response to vaccination has been exceptionally challenging. Analysis of trials of partially effective HIV vaccines have identified features of the immune response that correlate with decreased risk, including high titers of V1V2-binding IgG and IgG3 responses with low titers of V1V2-binding IgA responses and enhanced Fc effector functions, notably antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). However, there has been limited opportunity to compare the effect of different adjuvants on these activities in humans. Here, samples from the AVEG015 study, a phase 1 trial in which participants (n = 112) were immunized with gp120SF-2 and one of six different adjuvants or combinations thereof were assessed for antibody titer, biophysical features, and diverse effector functions. Three adjuvants, MF59 + MTP-PE, SAF/2, and SAF/2 + MDP, increased the peak magnitude and durability of antigen-specific IgG3, IgA, FcγR-binding responses and ADCP activity, as compared to alum. While multiple adjuvants increased the titer of IgG, IgG3, and IgA responses, none consistently altered the balance of IgG to IgA or IgG3 to IgA. Linear regression analysis identified biophysical features including gp120-specific IgG and FcγR-binding responses that could predict functional activity, and network analysis identified coordinated aspects of the humoral response. These analyses reveal the ability of adjuvants to drive the character and function of the humoral response despite limitations of small sample size and immune variability in this human clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Science Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Rachel L Spreng
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott D Neidich
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sharanya Sarkar
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - DeAnna Tenney
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shalini Jha
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brooke Dunn
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Valerie Bekker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah V Mudrak
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robin Flinko
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Quantitative Biomedical Science Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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2
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Jing Z, McCarron MJ, Dustin ML, Fooksman DR. Germinal center expansion but not plasmablast differentiation is proportional to peptide-MHCII density via CD40-CD40L signaling strength. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110763. [PMID: 35508132 PMCID: PMC9178878 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells promote expansion of germinal center (GC) B cells and plasma cell differentiation. Whether cognate peptide-MHCII (pMHCII) density instructs selection and cell fate decisions in a quantitative manner remains unclear. Using αDEC205-OVA to differentially deliver OVA peptides to GC B cells on the basis of DEC205 allelic copy number, we find DEC205+/+ B cells take up 2-fold more antigen than DEC205+/- cells, leading to proportional TFH cell help and B cell expansion. To validate these results, we establish a caged OVA peptide, which is readily detected by OVA-specific TFH cells after photo-uncaging. In situ uncaging of peptides leads to multiple serial B-T contacts and cell activation. Differential CD40 signaling, is both necessary and sufficient to mediate 2-fold differences in B cell expansion. While plasmablast numbers are increased, pMHCII density does not directly control the output or quality of plasma cells. Thus, we distinguish the roles TFH cells play in expansion versus differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Jing
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mark J McCarron
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3-7FY, UK
| | - David R Fooksman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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3
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Silva M, Nguyen TH, Philbrook P, Chu M, Sears O, Hatfield S, Abbott RK, Kelsoe G, Sitkovsky MV. Targeted Elimination of Immunodominant B Cells Drives the Germinal Center Reaction toward Subdominant Epitopes. Cell Rep 2019; 21:3672-3680. [PMID: 29281817 PMCID: PMC5771444 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly evolving pathogens such as HIV or influenza can quickly mutate their antigenic profiles, reducing the efficacy of conventional vaccines. Despite this challenge, functionally required epitopes are highly conserved among heterologous viral strains and represent a key vulnerability that could be targeted during vaccine development. As the antigenicity of these conserved epitopes is frequently subdominant, there is a critical need for innovative vaccination strategies designed to target these neutralizing epitopes. Here, we immunized mice with antigens containing discrete immunodominant and subdominant moieties and show that treatment with soluble heterologous antigen bearing only the immunodominant epitope selectively suppresses these germinal center (GC) B cells. By exploiting this intrinsic tolerance mechanism, we promote the expansion of subdominant B cells in the GC and the subsequent long-lived components of the humoral response. We propose that this strategy may be applied to elicit preferential expansion of subdominant B cells that recognize weakly immunogenic epitopes on microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murillo Silva
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Thao H Nguyen
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Phaethon Philbrook
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Chu
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivia Sears
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen Hatfield
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert K Abbott
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology and Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michail V Sitkovsky
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Pan E, Feng F, Li P, Yang Q, Ma X, Wu C, Zhao J, Yan H, Chen R, Chen L, Sun C. Immune Protection of SIV Challenge by PD-1 Blockade During Vaccination in Rhesus Monkeys. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2415. [PMID: 30405615 PMCID: PMC6206945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Though immune correlates for protection are still under investigation, potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses are desirable for an ideal HIV-1 vaccine. PD-1 blockade enhances SIV-specific CD8+ T cells. However, little information has been reported about how it affects the immunogenicity and protection of prophylactic SIV vaccines in nonhuman primates. Here, we show that PD-1 blockade during vaccination substantially improved protective efficacy in SIV challenged macaques. The PD-1 pathway was blocked using a monoclonal antibody specific to human PD-1. Administration of this antibody effectively augmented and sustained vaccine-induced SIV-specific T cell responses for more than 42 weeks after first immunization in rhesus monkeys, as compared with SIV vaccination only. Importantly, after intrarectally repeated low-dosage challenge with highly pathogenic SIVmac239, monkeys with PD-1 blockade during vaccination achieved full protection against incremental viral doses of up to 50,000 TICD50. These findings highlight the importance of PD-1 blockade during vaccination for the development of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enxiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuchang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Rulei Chen
- Genor Biopharma Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Guangzhou 8th People's Hospital & The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
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5
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Russell T, Madsen T, Thomas F, Raven N, Hamede R, Ujvari B. Oncogenesis as a Selective Force: Adaptive Evolution in the Face of a Transmissible Cancer. Bioessays 2018; 40. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Russell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Thomas Madsen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin UniversityWaurn PondsVictoria3218Australia
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Nynke Raven
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin UniversityWaurn PondsVictoria3218Australia
| | - Rodrigo Hamede
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin UniversityWaurn PondsVictoria3218Australia
- School of Natural Sciences University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55HobartTasmania7001Australia
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin UniversityWaurn PondsVictoria3218Australia
- School of Natural Sciences University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55HobartTasmania7001Australia
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6
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Chimoyi L, Kamndaya M, Venables E, von Knorring N, Stadler J, MacPhail C, Chersich MF, Rees H, Delany-Moretlwe S. Using surrogate vaccines to assess feasibility and acceptability of future HIV vaccine trials in men: a randomised trial in inner-city Johannesburg, South Africa. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:524. [PMID: 28832280 PMCID: PMC5498868 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing an effective HIV vaccine is the overriding priority for HIV prevention research. Enrolling and maintaining cohorts of men into HIV vaccine efficacy trials is a necessary prerequisite for the development and licensure of a safe and efficacious vaccine. METHODS One hundred-fifty consenting HIV-negative men were enrolled into a pilot 1:1 randomised controlled trial of immediate vaccination with a three-dose hepatitis B vaccine compared to deferred vaccination (at 12 months) to investigate feasibility and acceptability of a future HIV vaccine trial in this population. Adverse events, changes in risk behaviour, acceptability of trial procedures and motivations for participation in future trials were assessed. RESULTS Men were a median 25 years old (inter-quartile range = 23-29), 53% were employed, 90% secondary school educated and 67% uncircumcised. Of the 900 scheduled study visits, 90% were completed in the immediate vaccination arm (405/450) and 88% (396/450) in the delayed arm (P = 0.338). Acceptability of trial procedures and services was very high overall. However, only 65% of the deferred group strongly liked being randomised compared to 90% in the immediate group (P = 0.001). Informed consent processes were viewed favourably by 92% of the delayed and 82% of the immediate group (P = 0.080). Good quality health services, especially if provided by a male nurse, were rated highly. Even though almost all participants had some concern about the safety of a future HIV vaccine (98%), the majority were willing to participate in a future trial. Future trial participation would be motivated mainly by the potential for accessing an effective vaccine (81%) and altruism (75%), rather than by reimbursement incentives (2%). CONCLUSIONS Recruitment and retention of men into vaccine trials is feasible and acceptable in our setting. Findings from this surrogate vaccine trial show a high willingness to participate in future HIV vaccine trials. While access to potentially effective vaccines is important, quality health services are an equally compelling incentive for enrolment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Chimoyi
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mphatso Kamndaya
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Emilie Venables
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nina von Knorring
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Stadler
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Catherine MacPhail
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew F Chersich
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Helen Rees
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sinead Delany-Moretlwe
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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7
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Abstract
An HIV-1 vaccine is needed to curtail the HIV epidemic. Only one (RV144) out of the 6 HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials performed showed efficacy. A potential mechanism of protection is the induction of functional antibodies to V1V2 region of HIV envelope. The 2 main current approaches to the generation of protective immunity are through broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAb) and induction of functional antibodies (non-neutralizing Abs with other potential anti-viral functions). Passive immunization using bnAb has advanced into phase II clinical trials. The induction of bnAb using mimics of the natural Env trimer or B-cell lineage vaccine design is still in pre-clinical phase. An attempt at optimization of protective functional antibodies will be assessed next with the efficacy trial (HVTN702) about to start. With on-going optimization of prime/boost strategies, the development of mosaic immunogens, replication competent vectors, and emergence of new strategies designed to induce bnAb, the prospects for a preventive HIV vaccine have never been more promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Hsu
- a Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok , Thailand.,b US Military HIV Research Program , Silver Spring , MD , USA.,c Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Robert J O'Connell
- a Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok , Thailand.,b US Military HIV Research Program , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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8
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An immunogen containing four tandem 10E8 epitope repeats with exposed key residues induces antibodies that neutralize HIV-1 and activates an ADCC reporter gene. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e65. [PMID: 27329850 PMCID: PMC4932654 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
After three decades of intensive research efforts, an effective vaccine against HIV-1 remains to be developed. Several broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1, such as 10E8, recognize the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 gp41 protein. Thus, the MPER is considered to be a very important target for vaccine design. However, the MPER segment has very weak immunogenicity and tends to insert its epitope residues into the cell membrane, thereby avoiding antibody binding. To address this complication in vaccine development, we herein designed a peptide, designated 10E8-4P, containing four copies of the 10E8 epitope as an immunogen. As predicted by structural simulation, 10E8-4P exhibits a well-arranged tandem helical conformation, with the key residues in the 10E8 epitope oriented at different angles, thus suggesting that some of these key residues may be exposed outside of the lipid membrane. Compared with a peptide containing a single 10E8 epitope (10E8-1P), 10E8-4P not only exhibited better antigenicity but also elicited neutralizing antibody response against HIV-1 pseudoviruses, whereas 10E8-1P could not induce detectable neutralizing antibody response. Importantly, antibodies elicited by 10E8-4P also possessed a strong ability to activate an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) reporter gene, thus suggesting that they may have ADCC activity. Therefore, this strategy shows promise for further optimization and application in future HIV-1 vaccine design.
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9
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Abstract
Vaccination is one of the cheapest health-care interventions that have saved more lives than any other drugs or therapies. Due to successful immunization programs we rarely hear about some of the common diseases of the early twentieth century including small pox and polio. Vaccination programs have also helped to increase food production notably poultry, cattle, and milk production due to lower incidence of infectious diseases in farm animals. Though vaccination programs have eradicated several diseases and increased the quality of life there are several diseases that have no effective vaccines. Currently there are no vaccines for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, as well as infectious diseases like tuberculosis, AIDS, and parasitic diseases including malaria. Abuse of antibiotics has resulted in the generation of several antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains; hence there is a need to develop novel vaccines for antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Changes in climate is another concern for vaccinologists. Climate change could lead to generation of new strains of infectious microorganisms that would require development of novel vaccines. Use of conventional vaccination strategies to develop vaccines has severe limitations; hence innovative strategies are essential in the development of novel and effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Thomas
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA.
| | - Rima Dilbarova
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA.,College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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10
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Murira A, Lapierre P, Lamarre A. Evolution of the Humoral Response during HCV Infection: Theories on the Origin of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Implications for Vaccine Design. Adv Immunol 2015; 129:55-107. [PMID: 26791858 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, vaccine-induced elicitation of broadly neutralizing (bNt) antibodies (Abs) is gaining traction as a key goal toward the eradication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) pandemic. Previously, the significance of the Ab response against HCV was underappreciated given the prevailing evidence advancing the role of the cellular immune response in clearance and overall control of the infection. However, recent findings have driven growing interest in the humoral arm of the immune response and in particular the role of bNt responses due to their ability to confer protective immunity upon passive transfer in animal models. Nevertheless, the origin and development of bNt Abs is poorly understood and their occurrence is rare as well as delayed with emergence only observed in the chronic phase of infection. In this review, we characterize the interplay between the host immune response and HCV as it progresses from the acute to chronic phase of infection. In addition, we place these events in the context of current hypotheses on the origin of bNt Abs against the HIV-1, whose humoral immune response is better characterized. Based on the increasing significance of the humoral immune response against HCV, characterization of these events may be critical in understanding the development of the bNt responses and, thus, provide strategies toward effective vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armstrong Murira
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Pascal Lapierre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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11
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Corey L, Gilbert PB, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, Pantaleo G, Fauci AS. Immune correlates of vaccine protection against HIV-1 acquisition. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:310rv7. [PMID: 26491081 PMCID: PMC4751141 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac7732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The partial efficacy reported in the RV144 HIV vaccine trial in 2009 has driven the HIV vaccine field to define correlates of risk associated with HIV-1 acquisition and connect these functionally to preventing HIV infection. Immunological correlates, mainly including CD4(+) T cell responses to the HIV envelope and Fc-mediated antibody effector function, have been connected to reduced acquisition. These immunological correlates place immunological and genetic pressure on the virus. Indeed, antibodies directed at conserved regions of the V1V2 loop and antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to HIV envelope in the absence of inhibiting serum immunoglobulin A antibodies correlated with decreased HIV risk. More recently, researchers have expanded their search with nonhuman primate studies using vaccine regimens that differ from that used in RV144; these studies indicate that non-neutralizing antibodies are associated with protection from experimental lentivirus challenge as well. These immunological correlates have provided the basis for the design of a next generation of vaccine regimens to improve upon the qualitative and quantitative degree of magnitude of these immune responses on HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Corey
- HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Lausanne University Hospital and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Thirty years ago, investigators isolated and later determined the structure of HIV-1 and its envelope proteins. Using techniques that were effective with other viruses, they prepared vaccines designed to generate antibody or T-cell responses, but they were ineffective in clinical trials. In this article, we consider the role of complement in host defense against enveloped viruses, the role it might play in the antibody response and why complement has not controlled HIV-1 infection. RECENT FINDINGS Complement consists of a large group of cell-bound and plasma proteins that are an integral part of the innate immune system. They provide a first line of defense against microbes and also play a role in the immune response. Here we review the studies of complement-mediated HIV destruction and the role of complement in the HIV antibody response. SUMMARY HIV-1 has evolved a complex defense to prevent complement-mediated killing reviewed here. As part of these studies, we have discovered that HIV-1 envelope, on administration into animals, is rapidly broken down into small peptides that may prove to be very inefficient at provident the type of antigenic stimulation that leads to an effective immune response. Improving complement binding and stabilizing envelope may improve the vaccine response.
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14
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Wang LX, Mellon M, Bowder D, Quinn M, Shea D, Wood C, Xiang SH. Escherichia coli surface display of single-chain antibody VRC01 against HIV-1 infection. Virology 2014; 475:179-86. [PMID: 25482819 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission and infection occur mainly via the mucosal surfaces. The commensal bacteria residing in these surfaces can potentially be employed as a vehicle for delivering inhibitors to prevent HIV-1 infection. In this study, we have employed a bacteria-based strategy to display a broadly neutralizing antibody VRC01, which could potentially be used to prevent HIV-1 infection. The VRC01 antibody mimics CD4-binding to gp120 and has broadly neutralization activities against HIV-1. We have designed a construct that can express the fusion peptide of the scFv-VRC01 antibody together with the autotransporter β-barrel domain of IgAP gene from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which enabled surface display of the antibody molecule. Our results indicate that the scFv-VRC01 antibody molecule was displayed on the surface of the bacteria as demonstrated by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. The engineered bacteria can capture HIV-1 particles via surface-binding and inhibit HIV-1 infection in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Xu Wang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Michael Mellon
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Dane Bowder
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Meghan Quinn
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Danielle Shea
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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15
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Kok T, Gaeguta A, Finnie J, Gorry PR, Churchill M, Li P. Designer antigens for elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV. Clin Transl Immunology 2014; 3:e24. [PMID: 25505973 PMCID: PMC4232059 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are a consistent protective immune correlate in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients as well as in passive immunotherapy studies. The inability to elicit bNAbs is the core reason underlining the repeated failures in traditional HIV vaccine research. Rare monoclonal bNAbs against HIV, however, have been produced. The significance of producing and studying more monoclonal bNAbs against HIV is underlined by its capability of defining critical epitopes for antigen designs aimed at the development of a serum-neutralizing HIV vaccine. In this regard, traditional antigen preparations have failed. There is a need to clearly advocate the concept, and systematic study, of more sophisticated 'designer antigens' (DAGs), which carry epitopes that can lead to the elicitation of bNAbs. Using an extremely efficient cell-to-cell HIV infection model for the preparation of HIV prefusion intermediates, we have investigated a novel and systematic approach to produce (not screen for) potential bNAbs against HIV. We have established the concept and the experimental system for producing formaldehyde-fixed HIV DAGs that carry temperature-arrested prefusion intermediates. These prefusion intermediates are structures on the cell surface after viral attachment and receptor engagement but before fully functional viral entry. Using defined HIV prefusion DAGs, we have produced monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to novel epitopes on HIV prefusion intermediates. These mAbs do not react with the static/native surface HIV or cellular antigens, but react with the DAGs. This is a paradigm shift from the current mainstream approach of screening elite patients' bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuckweng Kok
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia ; SA Pathology , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adriana Gaeguta
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Finnie
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia ; SA Pathology , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul R Gorry
- Burnet Institute , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Peng Li
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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16
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Lema D, Garcia A, De Sanctis JB. HIV vaccines: a brief overview. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:1-11. [PMID: 24813074 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The scope of the article is to review the different approaches that have been used for HIV vaccines. The review is based on articles retrieved by PubMed and clinical trials from 1990 up to date. The article discusses virus complexity, protective and non-protective immune responses against the virus, and the most important approaches for HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lema
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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17
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Esparza J, Van Regenmortel MHV. More Surprises in the Development of an HIV Vaccine. Front Immunol 2014; 5:329. [PMID: 25071786 PMCID: PMC4095567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José Esparza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Marc H V Van Regenmortel
- CNRS, UMR7242-Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), Université de Strasbourg , Illkirch-Graffenstaden , France
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18
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Sampathkumar R, Peters HO, Mendoza L, Bielawny T, Ngugi E, Kimani J, Wachihi C, Plummer FA, Luo M. Influence of HLA class I haplotypes on HIV-1 seroconversion and disease progression in Pumwani sex worker cohort. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101475. [PMID: 24992306 PMCID: PMC4081595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of HLA class I haplotypes on HIV-1 seroconversion and disease progression in the Pumwani sex worker cohort. This study included 595 HIV-1 positive patients and 176 HIV negative individuals. HLA-A, -B, and -C were typed to 4-digit resolution using sequence-based typing method. HLA class I haplotype frequencies were estimated using PyPop 32-0.6.0. The influence of haplotypes on time to seroconversion and CD4+ T cell decline to <200 cells/mm3 were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier analysis using SPSS 13.0. Before corrections for multiple comparisons, three 2-loci haplotypes were significantly associated with faster seroconversion, including A*23∶01-C*02∶02 (p = 0.014, log rank(LR) = 6.06, false-discovery rate (FDR) = 0.056), B*42∶01-C*17∶01 (p = 0.01, LR = 6.60, FDR = 0.08) and B*07∶02-C*07∶02 (p = 0.013, LR = 6.14, FDR = 0.069). Two A*74∶01 containing haplotypes, A*74∶01-B*15∶03 (p = 0.047, LR = 3.942, FDR = 0.068) and A*74∶01-B*15∶03-C*02∶02 (p = 0.045, LR = 4.01, FDR = 0.072) and B*14∶02-C*08∶02 (p = 0.021, LR = 5.36, FDR = 0.056) were associated with slower disease progression. Five haplotypes, including A*30∶02-B*45∶01 (p = 0.0008, LR = 11.183, FDR = 0.013), A*30∶02-C*16∶01 (p = 0.015, LR = 5.97, FDR = 0.048), B*53∶01-C*04∶01 (p = 0.010, LR = 6.61, FDR = 0.08), B*15∶10-C*03∶04 (p = 0.031, LR = 4.65, FDR = 0.062), and B*58∶01-C*03∶02 (p = 0.037, LR = 4.35, FDR = 0.066) were associated with faster progression to AIDS. After FDR corrections, only the associations of A*30∶02-B*45∶01 and A*30∶02-C*16∶01 with faster disease progression remained significant. Cox regression and deconstructed Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the associations of haplotypes of A*23∶01-C*02∶02, B*07∶02-C*07∶02, A*74∶01-B*15∶03, A*74∶01-B*15∶03-C*02∶02, B*14∶02-C*08∶02 and B*58∶01-C*03∶02 with differential seroconversion or disease progression are due to the dominant effect of a single allele within the haplotypes. The true haplotype effect was observed with A*30∶02-B*45∶01, A*30∶02-C*16∶02, B*53∶01-C*04∶01 B*15∶10-C*03∶04, and B*42∶01-C*17∶01. In these cases, the presence of both alleles accelerated the disease progression or seroconversion than any of the single allele within the haplotypes. Our study showed that the true effects of HLA class I haplotypes on HIV seroconversion and disease progression exist and the associations of HLA class I haplotype can also be due to the dominant effect of a single allele within the haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Sampathkumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harold O. Peters
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lillian Mendoza
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thomas Bielawny
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Ngugi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Wachihi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis A. Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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19
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Cohen YZ, Dolin R. Novel HIV vaccine strategies: overview and perspective. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 1:99-112. [PMID: 24757518 DOI: 10.1177/2051013613494535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine remains a central component in the quest to control the worldwide epidemic. To examine the status of the development of HIV vaccines, we review the results of the efficacy trials carried out to date and the immunologic principles that guided them. Four vaccine concepts have been evaluated in HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials, and the results of these trials have provided significant information for future vaccine development. While one of these trials demonstrated that a safe and effective HIV vaccine is possible, many questions remain regarding the basis for the observed protection and the most efficient way to stimulate it. Novel HIV vaccine strategies including induction of highly potent broadly neutralizing antibodies, use of novel homologous and heterologous vector systems, and vectored immunoprophylaxis seek to expand and build upon the knowledge gained from these trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Z Cohen
- Center for Virus and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, E/CLS-1003, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Raphael Dolin
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Yang L, Wang P. Passive immunization against HIV/AIDS by antibody gene transfer. Viruses 2014; 6:428-47. [PMID: 24473340 PMCID: PMC3939464 DOI: 10.3390/v6020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts over the course of many years, the quest for an effective HIV vaccine by the classical method of active immunization remains largely elusive. However, two recent studies in mice and macaques have now demonstrated a new strategy designated as Vectored ImmunoProphylaxis (VIP), which involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) for in vivo expression. Robust protection against virus infection was observed in preclinical settings when animals were given VIP to express monoclonal neutralizing antibodies. This unorthodox approach raises new promise for combating the ongoing global HIV pandemic. In this article, we survey the status of antibody gene transfer, review the revolutionary progress on isolation of extremely bnAbs, detail VIP experiments against HIV and its related virus conduced in humanized mice and macaque monkeys, and discuss the pros and cons of VIP and its opportunities and challenges towards clinical applications to control HIV/AIDS endemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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21
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Westergaard RP, Beach MC, Saha S, Jacobs EA. Racial/ethnic differences in trust in health care: HIV conspiracy beliefs and vaccine research participation. J Gen Intern Med 2014; 29:140-6. [PMID: 23979684 PMCID: PMC3889971 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-013-2554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research has documented a high prevalence of conspiracy beliefs about the origin of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the role of the government in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. Whether such beliefs are a barrier to participation in HIV prevention research is not known. OBJECTIVE To understand the prevalence of HIV conspiracy beliefs and their relationship to willingness to participate in HIV vaccine research among three racial/ethnic groups. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS Six hundred and one community-recruited volunteers (33.0 % White, 32.5 % Mexican American, and 34.5 % African American). MAIN MEASURES We evaluated the level of agreement with six previously described HIV conspiracy beliefs, trust in medical research, and willingness to participate in HIV vaccine research. Multivariate models were used to compare these parameters among the three racial/ethnic groups while controlling for the potential confounding effects of socioeconomic status, access to health care, and other demographic factors. RESULTS African Americans, Mexican Americans, and whites had similar levels of distrust in medical research. African and Mexican Americans were more likely to endorse one or more of six HIV conspiracy beliefs than whites (59.0 % and 58.6 % versus 38.9 %, respectively, P < 0.001), but were significantly more willing to participate in HIV vaccine research (ORs 1.58, CI 1.10-2.25 and 2.53, CI 1.75-3.66, respectively). Among respondents of all racial/ethnic groups, endorsing HIV conspiracy beliefs was not associated with willingness to participate in research. CONCLUSIONS HIV conspiracy beliefs, while common among all racial and ethnic groups in the United States, do not preclude willingness to participate in HIV prevention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Westergaard
- Departments of Medicine & Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave, MFCB 5220, Madison, WI, 53705, USA,
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22
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Abstract
As a result of decades of research-driven breakthroughs in basic and clinical science and recent advances in the broad-scale implementation of interventions for the prevention and treatment of infection with HIV, a turning point has been reached in the global HIV-AIDS pandemic. To end the pandemic and achieve the goal of an AIDS-free generation, researchers and clinicians must follow the dual pathway of optimizing the implementation of existing prevention and treatment interventions and discovering with basic and clinical research new and effective tools in both of these arenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Fauci
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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Schiffner T, Sattentau QJ, Dorrell L. Development of prophylactic vaccines against HIV-1. Retrovirology 2013; 10:72. [PMID: 23866844 PMCID: PMC3722125 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of most current HIV-1 vaccine development is on antibody-based approaches. This is because certain antibody responses correlated with protection from HIV-1 acquisition in the RV144 phase III trial, and because a series of potent and broad spectrum neutralizing antibodies have been isolated from infected individuals. Taken together, these two findings suggest ways forward to develop a neutralizing antibody-based vaccine. However, understanding of the correlates of protection from disease in HIV-1 and other infections strongly suggests that we should not ignore CTL-based research. Here we review recent progress in the field and highlight the challenges implicit in HIV-1 vaccine design and some potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Schiffner
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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24
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Abstract
HIV research has identified approaches that can be combined to be more effective in transmission reduction than any 1 modality alone: delayed adolescent sexual debut, mutual monogamy or sexual partner reduction, correct and consistent condom use, pre-exposure prophylaxis with oral antiretroviral drugs or vaginal microbicides, voluntary medical male circumcision, antiretroviral therapy (ART) for prevention (including prevention of mother to child HIV transmission [PMTCT]), treatment of sexually transmitted infections, use of clean needles for all injections, blood screening prior to donation, a future HIV prime/boost vaccine, and the female condom. The extent to which evidence-based modalities can be combined to prevent substantial HIV transmission is largely unknown, but combination approaches that are truly implementable in field conditions are likely to be far more effective than single interventions alone. Analogous to PMTCT, "treatment as prevention" for adult-to-adult transmission reduction includes expanded HIV testing, linkage to care, antiretroviral coverage, retention in care, adherence to therapy, and management of key co-morbidities such as depression and substance use. With successful viral suppression, persons with HIV are far less infectious to others, as we see in the fields of sexually transmitted infection control and mycobacterial disease control (tuberculosis and leprosy). Combination approaches are complex, may involve high program costs, and require substantial global commitments. We present a rationale for such investments and cite an ongoing research agenda that seeks to determine how feasible and cost-effective a combination prevention approach would be in a variety of epidemic contexts, notably that in a sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten H Vermund
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
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25
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Palucka K, Banchereau J. Human dendritic cell subsets in vaccination. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:396-402. [PMID: 23725656 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their properties, dendritic cells (DCs) are often called 'nature's adjuvants' and thus have become the natural targets for antigen delivery. DCs provide an essential link between the innate and the adaptive immune responses. DCs are at the center of the immune system owing to their ability to control both tolerance and immunity. DCs are thus key targets for both preventive and therapeutic vaccination. Herein, we will discuss recent progresses in our understanding of DC subsets physiology as it applies to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Palucka
- Ralph M. Steinmann Center for Cancer Vaccines, Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
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26
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HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Although many new prevention modalities that include the use of antiretroviral drugs show promise, there is no question that a global solution to the HIV epidemic will not be economically or logistically feasible without the development of vaccine that provides durable protection. In the best case scenario, the vaccine has to protect against acquisition of infection, likely mediated by Env-specific B-cell responses combined with CD4+ T-cell responses to evoke full maturation and maintenance of protective antibodies. But HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses are also likely to be a key element, particularly for those inevitable situations in which full vaccine-induced protection from acquisition is not achieved, in which case durable control of established infection will be required. Although there is reason to be optimistic that an effective HIV vaccine is possible, one of the major constraints moving forward will likely be constraint on funding to support a diversity of concepts at a time that the correlates of protection from acquisition and disease progression are still unknown. Given the scope of the epidemic and the economic climate, we must strive to do much more with less and seek to access additional resources, both scientific and monetary, from every possible source.
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28
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Abstract
There is renewed optimism that the goal of developing a highly effective AIDS vaccine is attainable. The HIV-1 vaccine field has seen its first trial of a vaccine candidate that prevents infection. Although modest in efficacy, this finding, along with the recent discovery that the human immune system can produce broadly neutralizing antibodies capable of inhibiting greater than 90% of circulating viruses, provides a guide for the rational design of vaccines and protection by passive immunization. Together, these findings will help shape the next generation of HIV vaccines.
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29
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Blot M, Piroth L. [HIV infection in France in 2012: reality, risks and challenges for a chronic multisystem disease]. Rev Mal Respir 2012; 29:785-92. [PMID: 22742465 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2011.10.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years after the discovery of HIV and 15 years since the advent of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), the features of HIV infection have evolved and need a new approach, which is both more comprehensive and specialized. Indeed, the burden of a chronic disease with multiple determining features has replaced the rapidly fatal infection of the past, which was almost exclusively related to the effects of immunosuppression. Physicians have to be concerned with "new risks" associated with treatment side effects; the consequences of ongoing inflammation and ageing of the HIV-infected population. These include metabolic, cardiovascular, neurocognitive and renal disease as well as lipodystrophy and malignancy. Antiretroviral treatment has been a major step forward, subject to accessibility, tolerance and adherence, but it has not solved all the problems associated with this infection, as it becomes a chronic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blot
- Département d'infectiologie, CHU de Dijon, 2, boulevard du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 21079 Dijon cedex, France
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30
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Design and characterization of a peptide mimotope of the HIV-1 gp120 bridging sheet. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:5674-5699. [PMID: 22754323 PMCID: PMC3382813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13055674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bridging Sheet domain of HIV-1 gp120 is highly conserved among the HIV-1 strains and allows HIV-1 binding to host cells via the HIV-1 coreceptors. Further, the bridging sheet domain is a major target to neutralize HIV-1 infection. We rationally designed four linear peptide epitopes that mimic the three-dimensional structure of bridging sheet by using molecular modeling. Chemically synthesized peptides BS3 and BS4 showed a fair degree of antigenicity when tested in ELISA with IgG purified from HIV(+) broadly neutralizing sera while the production of synthetic peptides BS1 and BS2 failed due to their high degree of hydrophobicity. To overcome this limitation, we linked all four BS peptides to the COOH-terminus of GST protein to test both their antigenicity and immunogenicity. Only the BS1 peptide showed good antigenicity; however, no envelope specific antibodies were elicited upon mice immunization. Therefore we performed further analyses by linking BS1 peptide to the NH2-terminus of the E2 scaffold from the Geobacillus Stearothermophylus PDH complex. The E2-BS1 fusion peptide showed good antigenic results, however only one immunized rabbit elicited good antibody titers towards both the monomeric and oligomeric viral envelope glycoprotein (Env). In addition, moderate neutralizing antibodies response was elicited against two HIV-1 clade B and one clade C primary isolates. These preliminary data validate the peptide mimotope approach as a promising tool to obtain an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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31
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Prime boost vaccination approaches with different conjugates of a new HIV-1 gp41 epitope encompassing the membrane proximal external region induce neutralizing antibodies in mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:1911-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Human adenoviral vectors are being developed for use in candidate vaccines for HIV-1 and other pathogens. However, this approach suffered a setback when an HIV-1 vaccine using an adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector failed to reduce, and might even have increased, the rate of HIV infection in men who were uncircumcised and who had preexisting antibodies specific for Ad5. This increased interest in the evaluation of serologically distinct adenoviral vectors. In this issue of the JCI, Frahm and coworkers report evidence that preexisting cellular immune responses directed toward Ad5 reduce the immunogenicity of antigens expressed in Ad5-vectored vaccines and have cross-reacting potential with non-Ad5 adenoviral vectors. The implications of this observation need to be carefully evaluated in future clinical trials of all serotypes of adenovirus-vectored vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, USA.
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33
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Moir S, Malaspina A, Fauci AS. Prospects for an HIV vaccine: leading B cells down the right path. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:1317-21. [PMID: 22139037 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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34
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Walker BD, Ahmed R, Plotkin S. Moving ahead an HIV vaccine: use both arms to beat HIV. Nat Med 2011; 17:1194-5. [PMID: 21988996 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Instiute of Technology and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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