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Pangan G, Woodard V. A Study Examining the Impact of County-Level Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Political Affiliation Characteristics on COVID-19 Vaccination Patterns in Indiana. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:892. [PMID: 39063468 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21070892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 vaccination campaign resulted in uneven vaccine uptake throughout the United States, particularly in rural areas, areas with socially and economically disadvantaged groups, and populations that exhibited vaccine hesitancy behaviors. This study examines how county-level sociodemographic and political affiliation characteristics differentially affected patterns of COVID-19 vaccinations in the state of Indiana every month in 2021. We linked county-level demographics from the 2016-2020 American Community Survey Five-Year Estimates and the Indiana Elections Results Database with county-level COVID-19 vaccination counts from the Indiana State Department of Health. We then created twelve monthly linear regression models to assess which variables were consistently being selected, based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and adjusted R-squared values. The vaccination models showed a positive association with proportions of Bachelor's degree-holding residents, of 40-59 year-old residents, proportions of Democratic-voting residents, and a negative association with uninsured and unemployed residents, persons living below the poverty line, residents without access to the Internet, and persons of Other Race. Overall, after April, the variables selected were consistent, with the model's high adjusted R2 values for COVID-19 cumulative vaccinations demonstrating that the county sociodemographic and political affiliation characteristics can explain most of the variation in vaccinations. Linking county-level sociodemographic and political affiliation characteristics with Indiana's COVID-19 vaccinations revealed inherent inequalities in vaccine coverage among different sociodemographic groups. Increased vaccine uptake could be improved in the future through targeted messaging, which provides culturally relevant advertising campaigns for groups less likely to receive a vaccine, and increasing access to vaccines for rural, under-resourced, and underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pangan
- Department of Applied & Computational Mathematics & Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Victoria Woodard
- Department of Applied & Computational Mathematics & Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Assaf AR, Sidhu GS, Soni A, Cappelleri JC, Draica F, Herbert C, Arham I, Bader M, Jimenez C, Bois M, Silvester E, Meservey J, Eng V, Nelson M, Cai Y, Nangarlia A, Tian Z, Liu Y, Watt S. Cross-Sectional Survey of Factors Contributing to COVID-19 Testing Hesitancy Among US Adults at Risk of Severe Outcomes from COVID-19. Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:1683-1701. [PMID: 38869840 PMCID: PMC11219613 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-01001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises testing individuals for COVID-19 after exposure or if they display symptoms. However, a deeper understanding of demographic factors associated with testing hesitancy is necessary. METHODS A US nationwide cross-sectional survey of adults with risk factors for developing severe COVID-19 ("high-risk" individuals) was conducted from August 18-September 5, 2023. Objectives included characterizing demographics and attitudes associated with COVID-19 testing. Inverse propensity weighting was used to weight the data to accurately reflect the high-risk adult US population as reflected in IQVIA medical claims data. We describe here the weighted results modeled to characterize demographic factors driving hesitancy. RESULTS In the weighted sample of 5019 respondents at high risk for severe COVID-19, 58.2% were female, 37.8% were ≥ 65 years old, 77.1% were White, and 13.9% had a postgraduate degree. Overall, 67% were Non-testers (who indicated that they were unlikely or unsure of their likelihood of being tested within the next 6 months); these respondents were significantly more likely than Testers (who indicated a higher probability of testing within 6 months) to be female (60.2 vs. 54.1%; odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval (CI)], 1.3 [1.1‒1.4]), aged ≥ 65 years old (41.5 vs. 30.3%; OR [95% CI] compared with ages 18‒34 years, 0.6 [0.5‒0.7]), White (82.1 vs. 66.8%; OR [95% CI], 1.4 [1.1‒1.8]), and to identify as politically conservative (40.9 vs. 18.1%; OR [95% CI], 2.6 [2.3‒2.9]). In contrast, Testers were significantly more likely than Non-testers to have previous experience with COVID-19 testing, infection, or vaccination; greater knowledge regarding COVID-19 and testing; greater healthcare engagement; and concerns about COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Older, female, White, rural-dwelling, and politically conservative high-risk adults are the most likely individuals to experience COVID-19 testing hesitancy. Understanding these demographic factors will help guide strategies to improve US testing rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annlouise R Assaf
- Global Medical Patient Impact Assessment, Worldwide Medical and Safety, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gurinder S Sidhu
- US Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, 537 Alandele Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA.
| | - Apurv Soni
- Program in Digital Medicine, University of Massachusetts, North Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Carly Herbert
- Program in Digital Medicine, University of Massachusetts, North Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Iqra Arham
- US Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mehnaz Bader
- Global Medical Patient Impact Assessment, Worldwide Medical and Safety, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | - Camille Jimenez
- Global Medical Grants/Institute of Translational Equitable Medicine, Worldwide Medical and Safety, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Bois
- US Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Valerie Eng
- Strategy Consulting, IQVIA, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Yong Cai
- Advanced Analytics, IQVIA, Wayne, PA, USA
| | | | - Zhiyi Tian
- Advanced Analytics, IQVIA, Wayne, PA, USA
| | | | - Stephen Watt
- Global Medical Patient Impact Assessment, Worldwide Medical and Safety, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
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Gishe J, Edmondson D, Kanu M, Barredo R, Raynes EA, Parker D, Cosby B. Mandatory COVID Vaccination: Perspectives from Graduate Allied Health Students at a Mid-size University in the United States. J Community Health 2024; 49:355-365. [PMID: 37991628 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-023-01297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Because many students enrolled in Allied Health programs are on track to becoming health practitioners or clinicians and frontline workers who would become critical sources of information for patients it is critical to understand their perspectives about mandatory COVID-19 vaccination. Results: COVID-19 Risk Perception. A significant majority of the respondents had high or strongly high-risk perception of COVID-19, 82(56.6%) strongly agreed and 29(20%) agreed with the statement, COVID-19 is a public health issue (P-value < 0.0001), Comparing by demographic characteristics: African American/Black compared with other races (P-Value = 0.0462), Master of Public Health program, compared with all other graduate programs (P-Value = 0.0140) and fully vaccinated and fully vaccinated and boosted compared with incomplete or not-vaccinated for COVID-19 (P-value = 0.0059) had higher COVID-19 risk perceptions. strongly high-risk perception of COVID-19, 82(56.6%) strongly agreed and 29(20%) agreed with the statement, COVID-19 is a public health issue (P-value < 0.0001), Comparing by demographic characteristics: African American/Black compared with other races (P-Value = 0.0462), Master of Public Health program, compared with all other graduate programs (P-Value = 0.0140) and fully vaccinated and fully vaccinated and boosted compared with incomplete or not-vaccinated for COVID-19 (P-value = 0.0059) had higher COVID-19 risk perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemal Gishe
- Department of Public Health, Health Administration, and Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Tennessee State University, 330 10th Avenue North, D-405, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Deborah Edmondson
- Physical Therapy Department, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd., Nashville, Tenn, 37209-1561, USA
| | - Mohamed Kanu
- College of Health Sciences, Tennessee State University, Health Sciences Bld., 1108 37th Avenue North, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA.
| | - Ronald Barredo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Tennessee State University, Room 447 Health Sciences, Building, 1108 37th Avenue North, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA
| | - Edilberto A Raynes
- Department of Professional and Medical Education, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Dalin Parker
- College of Health Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, USA
| | - Brittany Cosby
- Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA
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Xue J, Guo Y, Zhang M. Assessing the impact of isolation policies on epidemic dynamics through swarm entropy. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1338052. [PMID: 38389948 PMCID: PMC10881796 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1338052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Isolation policies are an effective measure in epidemiological models for the prediction and prevention of infectious diseases. In this paper, we use a multi-agent modeling approach to construct an infectious disease model that considers the influence of isolation policies. The model analyzes the impact of isolation policies on various stages of epidemic from two perspectives: the external environment and agents behavior. It utilizes multiple variables to simulate the extent to which isolation policies influence the spread of the pandemic. Empirical evidence indicates that the progression of the epidemic is primarily driven by factors such as public willingness and regulatory intensity. The improved model, in comparison to traditional infectious disease models, offers greater flexibility and accuracy, addressing the need for frequent modifications in fundamental models within complex environments. Meanwhile, we introduce "swarm entropy" to evaluate infection intensity under various policies. By linking isolation policies with swarm entropy, considering population structure, we quantify the effectiveness of these isolation measures. It provides a novel approach for complex population simulations. These findings have facilitated the enhancement of control strategies and provided decision-makers with guidance in combating the transmission of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiao Xue
- School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhejiang Lab, Research Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hangzhou, China
- College of Computer Science and Technology (CCST), Zhejiang University (ZJU), Hangzhou, China
- School of Intelligent Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihang Guo
- School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingchuang Zhang
- National Digital Switching System Engineering and Technological R&D Center, People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China
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Hoi AG, N’Tcha LK, Duguay C, Accrombessi M, Akinro B, Feng C, Labonté R, Protopopoff N, Akogbeto M, Kulkarni MA. Health systems impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria control program implementation and malaria burden in Benin: A mixed-method qualitative and mathematical modelling and study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002197. [PMID: 38306342 PMCID: PMC10836704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has sent ripple effects across health systems and impacted the burden of many other diseases, such as malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. This study takes a mixed method approach to assess the impact of COVID-19 on malaria control programs in three rural communes in Benin. We conducted individual semi-structured interviews with key informants who play important roles in malaria control in Benin at three levels of the health system-national, health zone, and commune. Using a purposive sampling technique, informants were interviewed regarding their roles in malaria control, the impact of the pandemic on their activities, and the mitigation strategies adopted. Relevant themes were identified by content analysis. We then formulated an agent-based model of malaria epidemiology to assess the impacts of treatment disruption on malaria burden. The key informant interviews revealed that essential aspects of malaria control were upheld in Benin due to the close collaboration of public health practitioners and health care providers at all levels of the health system. There were some disruptions to case management services for malaria at the start of the pandemic due to the public avoiding health centers and a brief shortage of malaria treatment that may not be entirely attributable to the pandemic. Results from the agent-based model suggest that duration, severity, and timing of treatment disruption can impact malaria burden in a synergistic manner, though the effects are small given the relatively mild disruptions observed. This study highlights the importance of top-down leadership in health emergencies, as well as the critical role of community health workers in preventing negative health outcomes for their communities. We also showcased the integration of qualitative research and mathematical models-an underappreciated form of mixed methods research that offer immense value in the continued evaluation of rapidly evolving health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Gigi Hoi
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ludovic K. N’Tcha
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
- Laboratory of Applied Anthropology and Education for Sustainable Development, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Claudia Duguay
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Manfred Accrombessi
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Akinro
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Cindy Feng
- Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Ronald Labonté
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Martin Akogbeto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Manisha A. Kulkarni
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Karapetyan A, Niazyan L, Shushanyan R, Abgaryan T, Iritsyan S, Galechyan T, Sargsyan K, Grigoryan A. Morphological abnormalities of peripheral blood cells among patients with COVID-19 disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24527. [PMID: 38304781 PMCID: PMC10831726 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The hematological changes in COVID-19 patients continue to receive great attention, especially in the field of public health. To our knowledge, coronavirus disease may be identified based on the severity of illness, and the study of peripheral blood smears may offer important information to facilitate the identification. Thus, we evaluated the morphological abnormalities (atypical and immature lymphocytes, lymphocytes with micronuclei, various nuclear abnormalities among erythrocytes) and quantitative changes in peripheral blood cells among 48 individuals with COVID-19 disease. Methods The present study is a retrospective analysis of 48 individuals, including 24 hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 disease. The blood smears of all patients were subjected to a hematological examination to identify various morphological abnormalities in white and red blood cells. In addition, a micronucleus test was conducted to assess the incidence of chromosomal damage in lymphocytes. Furthermore, the complete blood count (CBC) was performed to evaluate changes in peripheral blood cells, particularly the differential total leukocyte count, which could indicate the immune response against viral infection in COVID-19 patients. Results The findings of the hematological study conducted on patients diagnosed with COVID-19 disease revealed neutrophilia, eosinophilia, mild monocytosis, decreased hematocrit level, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and immature leukocytes. It was observed that patients who were infected with coronavirus demonstrated mild thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, the micronucleus test indicated the presence of immature cells with micronuclei among lymphocytes and numerous nuclear abnormalities in red blood cells. These results help to shed light on the hematological changes that occur in COVID-19 patients, and could potentially contribute to the development of more effective treatments for the disease. Conclusions The examination of complete blood counts (CBCs) in conjunction with peripheral blood smears offers a potential means of identifying the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the hematopoietic and immune systems, thereby providing early indications of inflammation. Based on a study, it has been suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may affect red and white blood cells causing morphological alterations thereby establishing a corresponding relationship with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karapetyan
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian, RA, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia
| | - Lyudmila Niazyan
- National Centre of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Armenia
| | - Ruzanna Shushanyan
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian, RA, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia
| | - Tamara Abgaryan
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian, RA, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia
| | - Sevan Iritsyan
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian, RA, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia
| | | | - Knarik Sargsyan
- National Centre of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Armenia
| | - Anna Grigoryan
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian, RA, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia
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Zhou Z, Zheng H, Xiao G, Xie X, Rang J, Peng D. Effectiveness and safety of azvudine in older adults with mild and moderate COVID-19: a retrospective observational study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:47. [PMID: 38177982 PMCID: PMC10765789 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azvudine has clinical benefits and acceptable safety against COVID-19, including in patients with comorbidities, but there is a lack of available data for its use in older adult patients. This study explored the effectiveness and safety of azvudine in older adults with mild or moderate COVID-19. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included patients aged ≥80 diagnosed with COVID-19 at the Central Hospital of Shaoyang between October and November 2022. According to the therapies they received, the eligible patients were divided into the azvudine, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, and standard-of-care (SOC) groups. The outcomes were the proportion of patients progressing to severe COVID-19, time to nucleic acid negative conversion (NANC), and the 5-, 7-, 10-, and 14-day NANC rates from admission. RESULTS The study included 55 patients treated with azvudine (n = 14), nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (n = 18), and SOC (n = 23). The median time from symptom onset to NANC of the azvudine, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, and SOC groups was 14 (range, 6-25), 15 (range, 11-24), and 19 (range, 18-23) days, respectively. The median time from treatment initiation to NANC of the azvudine and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir groups was 8 (range, 4-20) and 9 (range, 5-16) days, respectively. The median length of hospital stay in the three groups was 10.5 (range, 5-23), 13.5 (range, 10-21), and 17 (range, 10-23) days, respectively. No treatment-related adverse events or serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION Azvudine showed satisfactory effectiveness and acceptable safety in older adults with mild or moderate COVID-19. Therefore, azvudine could be a treatment option for this special patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - He Zheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Gui'e Xiao
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangping Xie
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaxi Rang
- Department of Nursing, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Danhong Peng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan, China.
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Ulrichs T, Rolland M, Wu J, Nunes MC, El Guerche-Séblain C, Chit A. Changing epidemiology of COVID-19: potential future impact on vaccines and vaccination strategies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:510-522. [PMID: 38656834 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2346589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 was an unprecedented challenge worldwide; however, disease epidemiology has evolved, and COVID-19 no longer constitutes a public health emergency of international concern. Nonetheless, COVID-19 remains a global threat and uncertainties remain, including definition of the end of the pandemic and transition to endemicity, and understanding true rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection/transmission. AREAS COVERED Six international experts convened (April 2023) to interpret changing COVID-19 epidemiology and public health challenges. We report the panel's recommendations and knowledge gaps in COVID-19 epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2 evolution, and future vaccination strategies, informed by peer-reviewed publications, surveillance data, health authority assessments, and clinical experience. EXPERT OPINION High population SARS-CoV-2 immunity indicates the likely end to the pandemic's acute phase. Continued emergence of variants/sublineages that can evade the vaccine-induced antibody response are likely, but widespread immunity reduces the risk of disease severity. Continued surveillance is required to capture transition to endemicity, seasonality, and emergence of novel variants/sublineages, to inform future vaccination strategies. COVID-19 vaccination should be integrated into routine vaccination programs throughout life. Co-circulation with other respiratory viruses should be monitored to avoid a combined peak, which could overrun healthcare systems. Effective, combined vaccines and improved education may help overcome vaccine hesitancy/booster fatigue and increase vaccination uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Ulrichs
- Department of Global Health, Akkon University for Human Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Viral Genomics Section & Systems Serology Core Laboratory, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jianhong Wu
- York Emergency Mitigation, Engagement, Response, and Governance Institute, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marta C Nunes
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Liu F, Zhu T, Wu X, Yang B, You C, Wang C, Lu L, Liu Z, Zheng Y, Sun X, Yang Y, Clifton L, Clifton DA. A medical multimodal large language model for future pandemics. NPJ Digit Med 2023; 6:226. [PMID: 38042919 PMCID: PMC10693607 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep neural networks have been integrated into the whole clinical decision procedure which can improve the efficiency of diagnosis and alleviate the heavy workload of physicians. Since most neural networks are supervised, their performance heavily depends on the volume and quality of available labels. However, few such labels exist for rare diseases (e.g., new pandemics). Here we report a medical multimodal large language model (Med-MLLM) for radiograph representation learning, which can learn broad medical knowledge (e.g., image understanding, text semantics, and clinical phenotypes) from unlabelled data. As a result, when encountering a rare disease, our Med-MLLM can be rapidly deployed and easily adapted to them with limited labels. Furthermore, our model supports medical data across visual modality (e.g., chest X-ray and CT) and textual modality (e.g., medical report and free-text clinical note); therefore, it can be used for clinical tasks that involve both visual and textual data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our Med-MLLM by showing how it would perform using the COVID-19 pandemic "in replay". In the retrospective setting, we test the model on the early COVID-19 datasets; and in the prospective setting, we test the model on the new variant COVID-19-Omicron. The experiments are conducted on 1) three kinds of input data; 2) three kinds of downstream tasks, including disease reporting, diagnosis, and prognosis; 3) five COVID-19 datasets; and 4) three different languages, including English, Chinese, and Spanish. All experiments show that our model can make accurate and robust COVID-19 decision-support with little labelled data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xian Wu
- Jarvis Research Center, Tencent YouTu Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Bang Yang
- School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Chenyang Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lei Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhangdaihong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford-Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Suzhou, China
| | - Yefeng Zheng
- Jarvis Research Center, Tencent YouTu Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Sun
- School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Clifton
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David A Clifton
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford-Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Suzhou, China.
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10
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Gamez J, Carmona F, Gamez A, Santos M. Evidence of high compliance and fatigue in mask adherence in two mandates in Barcelona, Spain: a naturalistic observational study. Public Health 2023; 225:63-65. [PMID: 37922587 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated a possible pandemic fatigue effect, comparing adherence to compulsory mask use outdoors in Barcelona during the fourth and sixth waves of the pandemic. STUDY DESIGN We used naturalistic observation to determine the degree of pedestrians' compliance. METHODS We assessed mask use outdoors in a sample of pedestrians in Barcelona between 28 December 2021 and 9 February 2022 (during the sixth wave in Spain), and compared it with the fourth wave (which was between 5 April 2021 and 29 April 2021). Masks were compulsory in both periods. RESULTS The population studied amounted to 45,116 people (21,246 in the fourth wave and 23,870 in the sixth wave). In the sixth wave, only 67.3% wore a mask correctly, 18.6% did so incorrectly and 14.1% did not wear a mask, while the figures for the fourth wave were 78.2%, 16.3% and 5.5%, respectively (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that adherence was high in the population studied, but with an evident fatigue effect when the two waves were compared, as the proportion of individuals wearing a mask correctly declined compared to the fourth wave. These results suggest that policymakers need guidance on adopting clear and enforceable guidelines during future mask mandates, assessing advantages and drawbacks in terms of the population's behavior to prevent the fatigue effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gamez
- Department of Medicine, GMA Clinic, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - F Carmona
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Gamez
- Ophtalmology Department, Hospital San Rafael, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Santos
- Communication and Public Health Informatic Department, Hospital San Rafael, Barcelona, Spain
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Xing Y, Wang Z, Qi X, Xu Q, Pu R. Genetic liability between COVID-19 and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia: a Mendelian randomization study. Hypertens Pregnancy 2023; 42:2285757. [PMID: 38017693 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2023.2285757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the possible causal relationship between COVID-19 and the risk of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia using a Mendelian randomized (MR) design. METHODS We estimated their genetic correlations and then performed two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses using pooled statistics from the COVID-19 susceptibility/hospitalization genome-wide association study and the pre-eclampsia/eclampsia datasets. The main analyses were performed using the inverse variance weighting method, supplemented by the weighted median method and the MR-Egger method. RESULTS We identified a significant and positive genetic correlation between COVID-19 susceptibility and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia [OR = 1.23 (1.01-1.51), p = 0.043]. Meanwhile, hospitalization of COVID-19 was significantly associated with a higher risk of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia [OR = 1.15 (1.02-1.30), p = 0.024]. Consistently, hospitalization of COVID-19 were nominally associated with higher risk of pre-eclampsia [OR = 1.14, (1.01-1.30), p = 0.040]. The results were robust under all sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION These results suggest that COVID-19 may increase the risk of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. Future development of preventive or therapeutic interventions should emphasize this to mitigate the complications of COVID-19. [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Xing
- Department of Public Health Response, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Public Health Response, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Qi
- Department of Public Health Response, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qunli Xu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Pu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Hu Y, Hu Q, Li Y, Lu L, Xiang Z, Yin Z, Kabelitz D, Wu Y. γδ T cells: origin and fate, subsets, diseases and immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:434. [PMID: 37989744 PMCID: PMC10663641 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricacy of diseases, shaped by intrinsic processes like immune system exhaustion and hyperactivation, highlights the potential of immune renormalization as a promising strategy in disease treatment. In recent years, our primary focus has centered on γδ T cell-based immunotherapy, particularly pioneering the use of allogeneic Vδ2+ γδ T cells for treating late-stage solid tumors and tuberculosis patients. However, we recognize untapped potential and optimization opportunities to fully harness γδ T cell effector functions in immunotherapy. This review aims to thoroughly examine γδ T cell immunology and its role in diseases. Initially, we elucidate functional differences between γδ T cells and their αβ T cell counterparts. We also provide an overview of major milestones in γδ T cell research since their discovery in 1984. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate biological processes governing their origin, development, fate decisions, and T cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement within the thymus. By examining the mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor functions of distinct γδ T cell subtypes based on γδTCR structure or cytokine release, we emphasize the importance of accurate subtyping in understanding γδ T cell function. We also explore the microenvironment-dependent functions of γδ T cell subsets, particularly in infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, hematological malignancies, and solid tumors. Finally, we propose future strategies for utilizing allogeneic γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to provide readers with a holistic understanding of the molecular fundamentals and translational research frontiers of γδ T cells, ultimately contributing to further advancements in harnessing the therapeutic potential of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Qinglin Hu
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Ligong Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Yangzhe Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China.
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Luo Y, Zhou M, Wang L, Fan C, Xu T, Zhang X. Programmable-Modulated Ultrasonic Transducer Array for Contactless Detection of Viral RNAs. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300592. [PMID: 37401195 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The current polymerase chain reactions-based nucleic acid tests for large-scale infectious disease diagnosis are always lab-dependent and generate large amounts of highly infectious plastic waste. Direct non-linear acoustic driven of microdroplets provide an ideal platform for contactless spatial and temporal manipulation of liquid samples. Here, a strategy to programmable-manipulate microdroplets using potential pressure well for contactless trace detection is conceptualized and designed. On such contactless modulation platform, up to seventy-two piezoelectric transducers are precisely self-focusing single-axis arranged and controlled, which can generate dynamic pressure nodes for effectively contact-free manipulating microdroplets without vessel contamination. In addition, the patterned microdroplet array can act as contactless microreactor and allow multiple trace samples (1-5 µL) biochemical analysis, and the ultrasonic vortex can also accelerate non-equilibrium chemical reactions such as recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). The results of fluorescence detection indicated that such programmable modulated microdroplet achieved contactless trace nucleic acid detection with a sensitivity of 0.21 copy µL-1 in only 6-14 min, which is 30.3-43.3% shorter than the conventional RPA approach. Such a programmable containerless microdroplet platform can be used for toxic, hazardous, or infectious samples sensing, opening up new avenues for developing future fully automated detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Mengyun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Lirong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Tailin Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
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Kang JM, Kang M, Kim YE, Choi Y, An SJ, Seong J, Go MJ, Huh K, Jung J. Severe coronavirus disease 2019 in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients: Big data convergence study in Korea (K-COV-N cohort). Int J Infect Dis 2023; 134:220-227. [PMID: 37352913 PMCID: PMC10284429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The risk of severe COVID-19 in children with a solid organ transplant (SOT) is not well established. We compare the relative risk of severe COVID-19 infection between pediatric SOT and non-SOT children. METHODS The newly constructed K-COV-N cohort (Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency-COVID-19-National Health Insurance Service) was used. Children with COVID-19 (<18 years old) who underwent SOT between January 2008 to January 2022 were included. Non-SOT children with COVID-19 were selected in a ratio of 1:4 using propensity score matching. Three definitions of severe COVID-19 were established based on their requirement for respiratory support: severe I (requiring respiratory support above a high-flow nasal cannula or prolonged hospitalization ≥6 days), severe II (requiring any oxygen supplement), and severe III (requiring any oxygen supplement or prolonged hospitalization ≥6 days). RESULTS Among 2,957,323 children with COVID-19, 206 pediatric SOT recipients (SOTRs) were identified and included in the analysis along with 803 matched non-SOT children. Most infections (96.6%) occurred during the Omicron period; no cases of mortality were reported. Pediatric SOTR had a 3.6-fold (95% confidence interval = 1.1-11.7, P = 0.03) higher risk of severe I, and a 4.9-fold (95% confidence interval = 1.6-15.0, P = 0.006) higher risk of severe III than non-SOT children. No cases of severe II occurred in the non-SOT children. Although not statistically significant, no severe COVID-19 cases were reported in the vaccinated SOT group (0.0% vs 5.7%, P = 0.09 in severe III). CONCLUSION Pediatric SOTRs have a significantly higher risk of severe COVID-19 than non-SOT children. Our findings support the need for tailored strategies for these high-risk children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Man Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minsun Kang
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Convergence Center, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Big Data Strategy, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Yoonkyung Choi
- Department of Big Data Strategy, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Soo Jeong An
- Department of Big Data Management, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Jaehyun Seong
- Division of Clinical Research, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Osong, South Korea
| | - Min Jin Go
- Division of Clinical Research, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Osong, South Korea
| | - Kyungmin Huh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jaehun Jung
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Convergence Center, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea.
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15
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Xiang H, Li Y, Guo Y. Promoting COVID-19 booster vaccines in Macao: A psychological reactance perspective. Soc Sci Med 2023; 332:116128. [PMID: 37531909 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The booster vaccine plays a key role in ending COVID-19 crisis. However, promoting COVID-19 booster vaccination often interferes with individuals' freedom of choice and leads to psychological reactance. OBJECTIVE To promote the public's intention to receive COVID-19 booster dose, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different message designs from psychological reactance theory's perspective. METHOD A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted in Macao in January 2022 (N = 469). Partial least squares structural equation modeling and a complementary three-way ANOVA were performed to examine the effects of message frame (gain frame vs. loss frame), freedom restoration postscripts (present vs. absent), and other-referencing cues (present vs. absent) on reducing psychological reactance. RESULTS The present study has successfully broadened the scope of the psychological reactance theory by examining its applicability to the context of COVID-19 booster vaccination promotion. Our findings indicate that the gain-framed promotion messages tend to be the most effective in reducing perceived reactance. However, freedom restoration postscripts, other-referencing cues, and mixed message design were found to be ineffective in alleviating reactance. Besides, the insignificance of direct effect from message frame to intention suggests that the message design itself cannot influence people's vaccination intentions; rather, it must rely on reducing perceived threat, reactance, and further improving vaccination intentions. CONCLUSIONS Our study offered valuable insights from psychological reactance perspective, identifying message features that can be effective in health promotions. Furthermore, message design specifically aimed at reducing the threat to freedom may yield unexpected persuasive effects, an aspect currently overlooked in health promotion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Xiang
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, China.
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16
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Uchi Y, Yamashita E, Kami M, Takita M. Changes in the cause of death in Japan before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 111:104993. [PMID: 36931051 PMCID: PMC10008090 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Uchi
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan
| | - Erika Yamashita
- Research Division, Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kami
- Research Division, Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morihito Takita
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan; Research Division, Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Afroz S, Bartolo L, Su LF. Pre-existing T Cell Memory to Novel Pathogens. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:543-553. [PMID: 37436166 PMCID: PMC10587503 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological experiences lead to the development of specific T and B cell memory, which readies the host for a later pathogen rechallenge. Currently, immunological memory is best understood as a linear process whereby memory responses are generated by and directed against the same pathogen. However, numerous studies have identified memory cells that target pathogens in unexposed individuals. How "pre-existing memory" forms and impacts the outcome of infection remains unclear. In this review, we discuss differences in the composition of baseline T cell repertoire in mice and humans, factors that influence pre-existing immune states, and recent literature on their functional significance. We summarize current knowledge on the roles of pre-existing T cells in homeostasis and perturbation and their impacts on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Afroz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laurent Bartolo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura F. Su
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Pagliano P, Spera A, Sellitto C, Scarpati G, Folliero V, Piazza O, Franci G, Conti V, Ascione T. Preclinical discovery and development of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir combinational therapy for the treatment of COVID-19 and the lessons learned from SARS-COV-2 variants. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1301-1311. [PMID: 37614103 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2248879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid®) represent an oral antiviral therapy approved for the treatment of COVID-19. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have reported the promising activity of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir against numerous emerging viruses. This combination consists of nirmatrelvir, a protease reversible inhibitor of coronavirus 3CLpro mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4, and ritonavir, an inhibitor of the CYP3A isoforms that enhances the efficacy of nirmatrelvir by fixing its suboptimal pharmacokinetic properties. AREAS COVERED This review comprehensively examines the efficacy of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir through rigorous analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies. Moreover, it thoroughly assesses its safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral efficacy against SARS-COV-2 infection, based on the main pre-authorization randomized controlled trials. EXPERT OPINION Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir has a good tolerability profile. Its administration during the early stages of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 holds potential benefits, as it can help prevent the onset of an aberrant immune response that could lead to pulmonary and extra-pulmonary complications. However, its drug - drug interactions can be a factor limiting its use, at least in populations on some chronic therapies, along with the risk of infection relapse after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Pagliano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Annamaria Spera
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Carmine Sellitto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Unit of Pharmacology, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Giuliana Scarpati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Unit of Anesthesiology, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Unit of Microbiology, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Ornella Piazza
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Unit of Anesthesiology, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Unit of Microbiology, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Valeria Conti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Unit of Pharmacology, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Tiziana Ascione
- Department of Medicine, Service of Infectious Diseases, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
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de Broucker T. [COVID-19: Neurological manifestations and complications during the acute phase of the disease]. BULLETIN DE L'ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2023; 207:S0001-4079(23)00190-5. [PMID: 38620177 PMCID: PMC10293933 DOI: 10.1016/j.banm.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The neurological manifestations and complications of the acute phase of COVID-19 are numerous. They mainly concern the central nervous system in the frequent forms of encephalopathy, encephalitis and neurovascular pathologies. Peripheral neurological manifestations mainly include acute polyneuropathies such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and intensive care neuromyopathies. Most of these manifestations were described during the first wave of the pandemic. The epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects are addressed in this general review of the literature published from 2020 to early 2023.
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Smadi M, Kaburis M, Schnapper Y, Reina G, Molero P, Molendijk ML. SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 illness course and outcome in people with pre-existing neurodegenerative disorders: systematic review with frequentist and Bayesian meta-analyses. Br J Psychiatry 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37183681 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2023.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with neurodegenerative disease and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may have an elevated risk of acquiring severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and may be disproportionally affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) once infected. AIMS To review all eligible studies and quantify the strength of associations between various pre-existing neurodegenerative disorders and both SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 illness course and outcome. METHOD Pre-registered systematic review with frequentist and Bayesian meta-analyses. Systematic searches were executed in PubMed, Web of Science and preprint servers. The final search date was 9 January 2023. Odds ratios (ORs) were used as measures of effect. RESULTS In total, 136 primary studies (total sample size n = 97 643 494), reporting on 268 effect-size estimates, met the inclusion criteria. The odds for a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result were increased for people with pre-existing dementia (OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.16-2.87), Alzheimer's disease (OR = 2.86, 95% CI 1.44-5.66) and Parkinson's disease (OR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.34-2.04). People with pre-existing dementia were more likely to experience a relatively severe COVID-19 course, once infected (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.00-2.03). People with pre-existing dementia or Alzheimer's disease were at increased risk for COVID-19-related hospital admission (pooled OR range: 1.60-3.72). Intensive care unit admission rates were relatively low for people with dementia (OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.40-0.74). All neurodegenerative disorders, including MCI, were at higher risk for COVID-19-related mortality (pooled OR range: 1.56-2.27). CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm that, in general, people with neurodegenerative disease and MCI are at a disproportionally high risk of contracting COVID-19 and have a poor outcome once infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhannad Smadi
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Melina Kaburis
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Youval Schnapper
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Reina
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Department of Microbiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricio Molero
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marc L Molendijk
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Román-Montes CM, Flores-Soto Y, Guaracha-Basañez GA, Tamez-Torres KM, Sifuentes-Osornio J, González-Lara MF, de León AP. Post-COVID-19 syndrome and quality of life impairment in severe COVID-19 Mexican patients. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1155951. [PMID: 37255755 PMCID: PMC10225709 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1155951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) usually occurs 3 months after the onset of COVID-19 with a symptom duration of at least 2 months without an alternative diagnosis. Objective This study aimed to describe the prevalence, characteristics, and impact on the quality of life (QoL) of post-COVID-19 syndrome in patients with a history of hospitalization for COVID-19. Materials and methods We conducted a cross-sectional study. Patients who required hospitalization due to COVID-19 between March 2020 and October 2021 were invited to answer a PCS questionnaire and the EQ-5D instrument. A total of 246 patients were included: 187 (76%) met the definition of PCS and 54% were men, with a median age of 50 years (IQR 41-63). Results From 187 patients with PCS, the median time to symptom onset after hospital discharge was 1 day (IQR 1-20), and the median symptom duration was 150 days (IQR 90-225). A total of 27 different symptoms were reported; the most frequent were difficulty concentrating (81%), dyspnea (75%), arthralgia (71%), fatigue (68%), and hair loss (60%). Some symptoms, such as difficulty concentrating, arthralgia/myalgia, and hair loss, were more prevalent in women with PCS. Patients with PCS had a higher frequency of tobacco smoking (37 vs. 4%, p = 0.02) and increased severity of lung involvement in the initial chest tomography (75 vs. 58%, p = 0.01) than those without PCS. Patients with PCS were less likely to receive antivirals (15.5 vs. 27%, p = 0.04). No difference between ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and length of hospital stay was found. Patients with PCS had a lower visual analog scale result for EQ-5D vs. those without (80 [IQR 70-90] vs. 89.5 [IQR 75-90], p = 0.05). All five QoL dimensions were affected in PCS patients, showing increased pain/discomfort (67 vs. 39%, p = < 0.001), difficulties in performing usual activities (39.2 vs. 20.3%, p = 0.03), and anxiety/depression (57.5 vs. 37%, p = 0.02). Conclusion PCS occurred in 76% of hospitalized patients with prolonged duration and QoL impairment. Neurological symptoms such as difficulty concentrating were the most frequent symptoms. Timely diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Marina Román-Montes
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yesenia Flores-Soto
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Karla María Tamez-Torres
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Sifuentes-Osornio
- General Direction, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ma. Fernanda González-Lara
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ponce de León
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Coccia M. High potential of technology to face new respiratory viruses: mechanical ventilation devices for effective healthcare to next pandemic emergencies. TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY 2023; 73:102233. [PMID: 36993793 PMCID: PMC10028215 DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Some countries in the presence of unforeseen Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have experienced lower total deaths, though higher numbers of COVID-19 related infections. Results here suggest that one of the explanations is the critical role of ventilator technology in clinical health environment to cope with the initial stage of COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Statistical evidence shows that a large number of ventilators or breathing devices in countries (26.76 units per 100,000 inhabitants) is associated with a fatality rate of 1.44% (December 2020), whereas a higher fatality rate given by 2.46% is in nations with lower numbers of ventilator devices (10.38 average units per 100,000 people). These findings suggest that a large number of medical ventilators in clinical setting has a high potential for more efficient healthcare and improves the effective preparedness of crisis management to cope with new respiratory pandemic diseases in society. Hence, a forward-thinking and technology-oriented strategy in healthcare sector, based on investments in high-tech ventilator devices and other new medical technologies, can help clinicians deliver effective care and reduce negative effects of present and future respiratory infectious diseases, in particular when new drugs and appropriate treatments are missing in clinical environment to face unknown respiratory viral agents .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Coccia
- CNR -- National Research Council of Italy, Research Area of the National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce, 73-10135, Turin, Italy
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23
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Atari N, Erster O, Shteinberg YH, Asraf H, Giat E, Mandelboim M, Goldstein I. Proof-of-concept for effective antiviral activity of an in silico designed decoy synthetic mRNA against SARS-CoV-2 in the Vero E6 cell-based infection model. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113697. [PMID: 37152730 PMCID: PMC10157240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The positive-sense single-stranded (ss) RNA viruses of the Betacoronavirus (beta-CoV) genus can spillover from mammals to humans and are an ongoing threat to global health and commerce, as demonstrated by the current zoonotic pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current anti-viral strategies focus on vaccination or targeting key viral proteins with antibodies and drugs. However, the ongoing evolution of new variants that evade vaccination or may become drug-resistant is a major challenge. Thus, antiviral compounds that circumvent these obstacles are needed. Here we describe an innovative antiviral modality based on in silico designed fully synthetic mRNA that is replication incompetent in uninfected cells (termed herein PSCT: parasitic anti-SARS-CoV-2 transcript). The PSCT sequence was engineered to include key untranslated cis-acting regulatory RNA elements of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, so as to effectively compete for replication and packaging with the standard viral genome. Using the Vero E6 cell-culture based SARS-CoV-2 infection model, we determined that the intracellular delivery of liposome-encapsulated PSCT at 1 hour post infection significantly reduced intercellular SARS-CoV-2 replication and release into the extracellular milieu as compared to mock treatment. In summary, our findings are a proof-of-concept for the therapeutic feasibility of in silico designed mRNA compounds formulated to hinder the replication and packaging of ssRNA viruses sharing a comparable genomic-structure with beta-CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Atari
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oran Erster
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | | | - Hadar Asraf
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Eitan Giat
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Department of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
- The Department of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Itamar Goldstein
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Department of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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24
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Luo Y, Zhou M, Fan C, Song Y, Wang L, Xu T, Zhang X. Active Enrichment of Nanoparticles for Ultra-Trace Point-of-Care COVID-19 Detection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5316-5322. [PMID: 36917097 PMCID: PMC10022751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Active enrichment can detect nucleic acid at ultra-low concentrations without relatively time-consuming polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is an important development direction for future rapid nucleic acid detection. Here, we reported an integrated active enrichment platform for direct hand-held detection of nucleic acid of COVID-19 in nanoliter samples without PCR. The platform consists of a capillary-assisted liquid-carrying system for sampling, integrated circuit system for ultrasound output, and cell-phone-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) system. Considering the acoustic responsiveness and SERS-enhanced performance, gold nanorods were selected for biomedical applications. Functionalized gold nanorods can effectively capture and enrich biomarkers under ultrasonic aggregation. Such approaches can actively assemble gold nanorods in 1-2 s and achieved highly sensitive (6.15 × 10-13 M) SERS detection of COVID-19 biomarkers in nanoliter (10-7 L) samples within 5 min. We further demonstrated the high stability, repeatability, and selectivity of the platform, and validated its potential for the detection of throat swab samples. This simple, portable, and ultra-trace integrated active enrichment detection platform is a promising diagnostic tool for the direct and rapid detection of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen,
Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing
Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing,
Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Mengyun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen,
Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Fan
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen,
Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing
Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing,
Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yongchao Song
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology,
College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles,
Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P.R.
China
| | - Lirong Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen,
Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing
Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing,
Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Tailin Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen,
Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing
Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing,
Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen,
Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
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25
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Arrifano GDP, Augusto-Oliveira M, Lopes-Araújo A, Santos-Sacramento L, Macchi BM, do Nascimento JLM, Crespo-Lopez ME. Global Human Threat: The Potential Synergism between Mercury Intoxication and COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20054207. [PMID: 36901217 PMCID: PMC10001942 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic affected billions of people worldwide, and exposure to toxic metals has emerged as an important risk factor for COVID-19 severity. Mercury is currently ranked as the third toxic substance of global concern for human health, and its emissions to the atmosphere have increased globally. Both COVID-19 and mercury exposure present a high prevalence in similar regions: East and Southeast Asia, South America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Since both factors represent a multiorgan threat, a possible synergism could be exacerbating health injuries. Here, we discuss key aspects in mercury intoxication and SARS-CoV-2 infection, describing the similarities shared in clinical manifestations (especially neurological and cardiovascular outcomes), molecular mechanisms (with a hypothesis in the renin-angiotensin system) and genetic susceptibility (mainly by apolipoprotein E, paraoxonase 1 and glutathione family genes). Literature gaps on epidemiological data are also highlighted, considering the coincident prevalence. Furthermore, based on the most recent evidence, we justify and propose a case study of the vulnerable populations of the Brazilian Amazon. An understanding of the possible adverse synergism between these two factors is crucial and urgent for developing future strategies for reducing disparities between developed and underdeveloped/developing countries and the proper management of their vulnerable populations, particularly considering the long-term sequelae of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Paula Arrifano
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Correspondence: (G.d.P.A.); (M.E.C.-L.)
| | - Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lopes-Araújo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Letícia Santos-Sacramento
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Barbarella Matos Macchi
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Martins do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Correspondence: (G.d.P.A.); (M.E.C.-L.)
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26
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Hu G, Chen Z, Wang J, Huang S. Editorial: Risk communication and community engagement during public health emergencies. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1164973. [PMID: 37033021 PMCID: PMC10076827 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1164973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Hu
- Institute of Medical Information/Center for Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyu Hu
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- School of Economics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Suli Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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