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Ke W, Ao C, Wei R, Zhu X, Shui J, Zhao J, Zhang X, Wang L, Huang L, Leng X, Zhu R, Wu J, Huang L, Huang N, Wang H, Weng W, Yang L, Tang S. Evaluating the clinical utility of semi-quantitative luciferase immunosorbent assay using Treponema pallidum antigens in syphilis diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2348525. [PMID: 38661428 PMCID: PMC11100446 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2348525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
To assess the clinical applicability of a semi-quantitative luciferase immunosorbent assay (LISA) for detecting antibodies against Treponema pallidum antigens TP0171 (TP15), TP0435 (TP17), and TP0574 (TP47) in diagnosing and monitoring syphilis. LISA for detection of anti-TP15, TP17, and TP47 antibodies were developed and evaluated for syphilis diagnosis using 261 serum samples (161 syphilis, 100 non-syphilis). Ninety serial serum samples from 6 syphilis rabbit models (3 treated, 3 untreated) and 110 paired serum samples from 55 syphilis patients were used to assess treatment effects by utilizing TRUST as a reference. Compared to TPPA, LISA-TP15, LISA-TP17, and LISA-TP47 showed a sensitivity of 91.9%, 96.9%, and 98.8%, specificity of 99%, 99%, and 98%, and AUC of 0.971, 0.992, and 0.995, respectively, in diagnosing syphilis. Strong correlations (rs = 0.89-0.93) with TPPA were observed. In serial serum samples from rabbit models, significant differences in the relative light unit (RLU) were observed between the treatment and control group for LISA-TP17 (days 31-51) and LISA-TP47 (day 41). In paired serum samples from syphilis patients, TRUST titres and the RLU of LISA-TP15, LISA-TP17, and LISA-TP47 decreased post-treatment (P < .001). When TRUST titres decreased by 0, 2, 4, or ≥8-folds, the RLU decreased by 17.53%, 31.34%, 48.62%, and 72.79% for LISA-TP15; 8.84%, 17.00%, 28.37%, and 50.57% for LISA-TP17; 22.25%, 29.79%, 51.75%, and 70.28% for LISA-TP47, respectively. Semi-quantitative LISA performs well for syphilis diagnosis while LISA-TP17 is more effective for monitoring syphilis treatment in rabbit models and clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujian Ke
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cailing Ao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Baiyun District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Shui
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuyuan Wang
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinying Leng
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixia Huang
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nanxuan Huang
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjia Weng
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Yang
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shixing Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
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Shughoury A, Carr EW, Moorthy RS. Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in Syphilitic Uveitis: A Case Series and Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024; 32:1302-1313. [PMID: 37549228 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2238810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Uveitis is the most common ocular manifestation of syphilis. However, an association between syphilitic uveitis and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is not widely recognized. We report a consecutive series of six new cases of syphilitic uveitis complicated by RRD and describe the typical characteristics, clinical course, and surgical management of such cases. METHODS Consecutive case series and comprehensive review of the literature. RESULTS We identified a total of 19 cases (23 eyes) with syphilitic uveitis subsequently complicated by RRD, including six new cases (seven eyes) reported here and 13 cases (16 eyes) previously reported in the literature. Fifteen patients (79%) were positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and not on combination antiretroviral therapy. Most retinal detachments developed within two months of uveitis presentation; retinal breaks were often found in areas of previous retinitis. Sixteen eyes (70%) were complicated by early proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Twenty-one eyes underwent surgical repair, of which six (26%) suffered re-detachment. Surgical management commonly involved pars-plana vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade, with or without scleral buckling. Visual outcomes were generally poor: only six eyes (26%) attained visual acuity of 20/40 or better and 11 eyes (48%) remained 20/200 or worse. CONCLUSIONS Patients with syphilitic uveitis, as with viral retinitis, should be monitored closely for the development of retinal tears and RRD. A combination of pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade and/or scleral buckle placement is a prudent surgical approach to most cases of syphilitic RRD, although visual prognosis remains guarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aumer Shughoury
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Evan W Carr
- Department of Medicine, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ramana S Moorthy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Associated Vitreoretinal and Uveitis Consultants, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Tuan J, Goheen MM, Trebelcock W, Dunne D. Sexually Transmitted Infections in People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2024; 38:559-579. [PMID: 38871569 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are more commonly seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). Routine sexual history taking and appropriate multisite screening practices support prompt identification and treatment of patients, which in turn reduces morbidity and spread of STIs including HIV. Nucleic acid amplification testing has high accuracy for diagnosing many of the major STIs. Diagnosis of syphilis remains complex, requiring 2 stage serologic testing, along with provider awareness of the myriad symptoms that can be attributable to this disease. Prevention through mechanisms such as vaccines and postexposure prophylaxis hold promise to reduce the burden of STIs in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tuan
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Morgan M Goheen
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Dana Dunne
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Seña AC, Matoga MM, Yang L, Lopez-Medina E, Aghakhanian F, Chen JS, Bettin EB, Caimano MJ, Chen W, Garcia-Luna JA, Hennelly CM, Jere E, Jiang Y, Juliano JJ, Pospíšilová P, Ramirez L, Šmajs D, Tucker JD, Vargas Cely F, Zheng H, Hoffman IF, Yang B, Moody MA, Hawley KL, Salazar JC, Radolf JD, Parr JB. Clinical and genomic diversity of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum to inform vaccine research: an international, molecular epidemiology study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024:100871. [PMID: 39181152 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(24)00087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in syphilis rates worldwide necessitates development of a vaccine with global efficacy. We aimed to explore Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (TPA) molecular epidemiology essential for vaccine research by analysing clinical data and specimens from early syphilis patients using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and publicly available WGS data. METHODS In this multicentre, cross-sectional, molecular epidemiology study, we enrolled patients with primary, secondary, or early latent syphilis from clinics in China, Colombia, Malawi, and the USA between Nov 28, 2019, and May 27, 2022. Participants aged 18 years or older with laboratory confirmation of syphilis by direct detection methods or serological testing, or both, were included. Patients were excluded from enrolment if they were unwilling or unable to give informed consent, did not understand the study purpose or nature of their participation, or received antibiotics active against syphilis in the past 30 days. TPA detection and WGS were conducted on lesion swabs, skin biopsies, skin scrapings, whole blood, or rabbit-passaged isolates. We compared our WGS data to publicly available genomes and analysed TPA populations to identify mutations associated with lineage and geography. FINDINGS We screened 2802 patients and enrolled 233 participants, of whom 77 (33%) had primary syphilis, 154 (66%) had secondary syphilis, and two (1%) had early latent syphilis. The median age of participants was 28 years (IQR 22-35); 154 (66%) participants were cisgender men, 77 (33%) were cisgender women, and two (1%) were transgender women. Of the cisgender men, 66 (43%) identified as gay, bisexual, or other sexuality. Among all participants, 56 (24%) had HIV co-infection. WGS data from 113 participants showed a predominance of SS14-lineage strains with geographical clustering. Phylogenomic analyses confirmed that Nichols-lineage strains were more genetically diverse than SS14-lineage strains and clustered into more distinct subclades. Differences in single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were evident by TPA lineage and geography. Mapping of highly differentiated SNVs to three-dimensional protein models showed population-specific substitutions, some in outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of interest. INTERPRETATION Our study substantiates the global diversity of TPA strains. Additional analyses to explore TPA OMP variability within strains is vital for vaccine development and understanding syphilis pathogenesis on a population level. FUNDING US National Institutes of Health National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Connecticut Children's, and the Czech Republic National Institute of Virology and Bacteriology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene C Seña
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | - Ligang Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STD Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eduardo Lopez-Medina
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas, Campus de la Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Farhang Aghakhanian
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Ecology Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jane S Chen
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Melissa J Caimano
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Wentao Chen
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STD Control, Guangzhou, China; BSL-3 Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jonny A Garcia-Luna
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas, Campus de la Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia; Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia; Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Christopher M Hennelly
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Ecology Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Edward Jere
- UNC Project Malawi, Tidziwe Centre, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Yinbo Jiang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STD Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Ecology Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Petra Pospíšilová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lady Ramirez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas, Campus de la Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia; Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - David Šmajs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph D Tucker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fabio Vargas Cely
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas, Campus de la Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Heping Zheng
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STD Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Irving F Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STD Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Integrative Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Juan C Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Justin D Radolf
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan B Parr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Ecology Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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da Rocha ABM, Sperandei S, Benzaken A, Bacuri R, Bassichetto KC, de Oliveira EL, da Silveira EPR, Dourado MIC, Veras MADSM. Prevalence of syphilis in transgender women and travestis in Brazil: results from a national cross-sectional study. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2024; 27Suppl 1:e240003.supl.1. [PMID: 39166575 PMCID: PMC11338538 DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720240003.supl.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of acquired syphilis and associated factors in a national survey. METHODS TransOdara was a cross-sectional study comprising transgender women and travestis (TGW) in five major cities in Brazil during December of 2019 and July of 2021. The sample was recruited using the respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method. The outcome "active syphilis" was defined as a positive treponemal test and Venereal-Disease-Research-Laboratory (VDRL) title greater than∕ equal to ⅛. Sociodemographic variables were described. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression were performed, and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. All analyses were performed in R, 4.3.1. RESULTS A total of 1,317 TGW were recruited, with 1,291 being tested for syphilis, and 294 (22.8%) meeting the criteria for active syphilis. In bivariate analysis, black/mixed race (OR=1.41, 95%CI 1.01-1.97), basic level of education (OR=2.44, 95%CI 1.17-5.06), no name change in documents (OR=1.39, 95%CI 1.00-1.91) and sex work (past only OR= 2.22, 95%CI 1.47-3.32; partial OR=2.75, 95%CI 1.78-4.25; full time OR=3.62, 95%CI 2.36-5.53) were associated with active syphilis. In the multivariate analysis, sex work was the only associated factor, 2.07 (95%CI 1.37-3.13) past sex work, 2.59 (95%CI 1.66-4.05) part-time sex work and 3.16 (95%CI 2.04-4.92) sex work as the main source of income. CONCLUSION The prevalence of active syphilis in this study was elevated compared with other countries in Latin America. Sex work was an important associated factor with active syphilis, highlighting the impact that this condition of vulnerability may have in the health of TGW, as members of a key, marginalized population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandro Sperandei
- Western Sydney University, Translational Health Research Institute – Sydney (NSW), Australia
| | - Adele Benzaken
- Fiocruz Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane – Manaus (AM), Brazil
- Aids Healthcare Foundation – Los Angeles (CA), EUA
| | - Rita Bacuri
- Fiocruz Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane – Manaus (AM), Brazil
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Reid GA, Halmagyi GM, Whyte C, McCluskey PJ. Ocular vs neurosyphilis. are they the same? A guide to investigation and management. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:2337-2349. [PMID: 38914721 PMCID: PMC11306553 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-03150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This article reviews key concepts in the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and management of ocular syphilis. It is not a systematic review or meta-analysis, but highlights the critical clinical features and investigations in patients with ocular syphilis. It reviews the overlap and interplay between ocular and neuro syphilis and provides practical guidance to diagnose and manage patients with ocular syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Reid
- Ophthalmology Department, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Specialty of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Gabor Michael Halmagyi
- Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Specialty of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claudia Whyte
- Department of Infectious Diseases Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter J McCluskey
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Specialty of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Honda D, Okunaga I, Omote D, Inoue H, Yamasaki K, Wakabayashi H, Suzuki M, Aizawa M, Tomita S, Ikeda JI, Asanuma K. Anti-Neuron-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Antibodies in Secondary Membranous Nephropathy Caused by Syphilis: A Case Report. Am J Kidney Dis 2024; 84:250-254. [PMID: 38522728 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
We present the case of a 61-year-old man who developed nephrotic syndrome as a result of syphilis-associated secondary membranous nephropathy (MN). The patient showed nephrotic syndrome remission following antibiotic treatment for syphilis alone. Pathologically, the target antigen of immune complexes accumulated on glomerular basement membranes (GBM) in secondary MN caused by syphilis has been reported to be neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NDNF). His renal histopathology was consistent with secondary MN caused by syphilis, with a full-house pattern on immunofluorescence microscopy, in addition to NDNF deposits that colocalized with IgG deposits granularly on the GBM. However, to date, there is no serological evidence for the involvement of NDNF in the GBM. In the present study, we found that anti-NDNF autoantibodies in the acute-phase serum disappeared in the convalescent-phase serum of a patient who recovered from syphilis and nephrotic syndrome after antibiotic therapy alone. This result supports the hypothesis that treatment of syphilis with antibiotics suppresses NDNF's antigenicity. In summary, we found new serological evidence emphasizing that NDNF is an etiological antigen in secondary MN caused by syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Honda
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Issei Okunaga
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daichi Omote
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaho Yamasaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hanae Wakabayashi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michiko Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masashi Aizawa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeki Tomita
- Department of Pathology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Ikeda
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Asanuma
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Delgado KN, Caimano MJ, Orbe IC, Vicente CF, La Vake CJ, Grassmann AA, Moody MA, Radolf JD, Hawley KL. Immunodominant extracellular loops of Treponema pallidum FadL outer membrane proteins elicit antibodies with opsonic and growth-inhibitory activities. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.30.605823. [PMID: 39131275 PMCID: PMC11312542 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.30.605823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The global resurgence of syphilis has created a potent stimulus for vaccine development. To identify potentially protective antibodies (Abs) against Treponema pallidum (TPA), we used Pyrococcus furiosus thioredoxin (PfTrx) to display extracellular loops (ECLs) from three TPA outer membrane protein families (outer membrane factors for efflux pumps, eight-stranded β-barrels, and FadLs) to assess their reactivity with immune rabbit serum (IRS). Five ECLs from the FadL orthologs TP0856, TP0858 and TP0865 were immunodominant. Rabbits and mice immunized with these five PfTrx constructs produced ECL-specific Abs that promoted opsonophagocytosis of TPA by rabbit peritoneal and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages at levels comparable to IRS and mouse syphilitic serum. ECL-specific rabbit and mouse Abs also impaired viability, motility, and cellular attachment of spirochetes during in vitro cultivation. The results support the use of ECL-based vaccines and suggest that ECL-specific Abs promote spirochete clearance via Fc receptor-independent as well as Fc receptor-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina N Delgado
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, United States
| | - Melissa J Caimano
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Research, Connecticut Children's Research Institute, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Isabel C Orbe
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Crystal F Vicente
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Carson J La Vake
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - André A Grassmann
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, United States
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Justin D Radolf
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Research, Connecticut Children's Research Institute, Hartford, CT, United States
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Research, Connecticut Children's Research Institute, Hartford, CT, United States
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, United States
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Lopes Almeida Gomes L, Stone CJ, Shaw KS. Two-Stage Syphilis Testing. JAMA 2024; 332:331-332. [PMID: 38874952 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.10505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
A 54-year-old woman presented with erythematous annular and indurated plaques on her face, trunk, and extremities and had false-positive syphilis test results during 2 pregnancies 25 and 22 years prior. What would you do next?
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Lopes Almeida Gomes
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Caroline J Stone
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Katharina S Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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10
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Anand Raman A, Auerbach J, Wang GP. Condyloma lata in an HIV patient with secondary syphilis masquerading as anal condyloma-a case report. Int J Colorectal Dis 2024; 39:114. [PMID: 39039332 PMCID: PMC11263231 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-024-04678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan Anand Raman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jena Auerbach
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gary P Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Medical Service, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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11
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Guo Y, Chen F, Gong H, Wu Z, Zhang X, Ning T, Liu Z, Bai J, Li L, Yang J, Zhao F, Hou J, Yu M, Tang H. Trends in Incidence of HIV and Syphilis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men - Tianjin Municipality, China, 2013-2022. China CDC Wkly 2024; 6:651-657. [PMID: 39027633 PMCID: PMC11252054 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2024.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
What is already known about this topic? Given the common modes of transmission, outbreaks of both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis are primarily observed in men who have sex with men (MSM). However, minimal research has been conducted to concurrently evaluate the rates and trends of HIV and syphilis incidence within this community in China. What is added by this report? This manuscript presents the incidence rates and associated factors of HIV and syphilis in MSM in Tianjin based on data derived from a decade-long cohort study. Intriguingly, it depicts a decreasing trend in HIV incidence juxtaposed with an increasing incidence of syphilis among this population in Tianjin. What are the implications for public health practice? The interconnected risk factors for HIV and syphilis pose significant hindrances to disease control. Our study underscores the urgent need for improved intervention strategies specifically aimed at MSM to mitigate the propagation of both infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- STD & AIDS Control and Prevention Section, Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Gong
- STD & AIDS Control and Prevention Section, Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziming Wu
- STD & AIDS Control and Prevention Section, Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- STD & AIDS Control and Prevention department, Tianjin Hongqiao District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Tielin Ning
- STD & AIDS Control and Prevention Section, Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongquan Liu
- STD & AIDS Control and Prevention Section, Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianyun Bai
- STD & AIDS Control and Prevention Section, Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Li
- STD & AIDS Control and Prevention Section, Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Tianjin Shenlan Public Health Counseling Service Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangning Zhao
- STD & AIDS Control and Prevention Section, Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinyu Hou
- STD & AIDS Control and Prevention Section, Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Maohe Yu
- STD & AIDS Control and Prevention Section, Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Houlin Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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12
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Pedrosa NL, Pinheiro PM, Filho FWBH, de Araujo WN. Incidence and risk factors associated with acquired syphilis in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis users. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303320. [PMID: 38968238 PMCID: PMC11226132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired syphilis continues to affect millions of people around the world. It is crucial to study it in the context of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to achieve the goals set out in the 2030 Agenda since the literature suggests increased risk behaviors for sexually transmitted infections. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and factors associated with acquired syphilis among PrEP users. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective cohort included data on PrEP users from all over Brazil from 2018 to 2020, retrieved from the national antiretroviral logistics system. We calculated the proportion of syphilis before PrEP, the incidence during the user's follow-up, reinfections, and their possible associated factors. We conducted descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analysis, estimating the crude Relative Risk, adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR), and their respective confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS Most of the 34,000 individuals who started PrEP were male (89.0%), white (53.7%), self-identified as male (85.2%), homosexual, gay, or lesbian (72.2%), and had 12 schooling years or more (67.8%). Of these, 8.3% had syphilis in the six months before starting PrEP, and 4% had it in the first 30 days of using the prophylaxis. We identified a loss-to-follow-up rate of 41.7%, although the loss and the cohort shared similar characteristics. The proportion of missed syphilis tests was high: 33.4% in the 30 days and 38.8% in the follow-up period. In the 19,820 individuals effectively monitored, the incidence of acquired syphilis was 19.1 cases per 100 person-years, and 1.9% of users had reinfection. The rate of missed syphilis tests at the 30-day follow-up was 33.4%, and the total follow-up test period was 38.8%. The multivariate analysis identified female gender (aOR 0.3; 95%CI 0.2-0.5), being white or Black (aOR 0.9; 95%CI 0.7-0.9 and aOR 0.7; 95%CI 0.7-0.99, respectively) as protective factors for syphilis. Being homosexual, gay, lesbian (aOR 2.7; 95%CI 2.0-3.7), or having a history of syphilis in the six months before PrEP (aOR 2.2; 95%CI 1.9-2.5) were risk factors for syphilis during PrEP use. Behaviors related to the risk of syphilis included accepting something in exchange for sex (aOR 1.6; 95%CI 1.3-1.9), irregular condom use (use in less than half of sexual intercourse sessions; aOR 1.7; 95%CI 1.53-2.1) and recreational drug use (poppers; aOR 1.5; 95%CI 1.53-2.1). CONCLUSION Syphilis in the context of PrEP has high rates and is associated with sociodemographic and behavioral factors. We recommend additional studies targeting prevention in this population to curb these figures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wildo Navegantes de Araujo
- Tropical Medicine Center, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- UnB Faculty Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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13
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Queiroz JHFDS, Ferreira TDS, Lima BF, Perez EVDO, Mello CDDO, Simionatto S. Molecular characterization of Treponema pallidum isolates from Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116333. [PMID: 38703532 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Syphilis remains a public health concern in Brazil, and the data on the characterization and resistance of Treponema pallidum in Brazil is limited. The present study aimed to detect Treponema DNA in the lesions and blood samples obtained from individuals diagnosed with syphilis. The Brazilian isolates were submitted to the Enhanced Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC) scheme and also analyzed for resistance gene. Treponemal DNA from 18 lesions and 18 blood specimens were submitted for amplification using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Polymerase Chain Reaction in Real Time (RT-PCR). Eight samples from lesions and eight from blood were positive in the RT-PCR analysis. Eight lesions and three blood samples were positive using PCR. Two samples exhibited azithromycin resistance. The Brazilian isolate types 14d/g, 14 d/c, 15d/c, and 15d/e were identified using the ECDC scheme. The three subtypes 14d/c, 15d/c, and 15d/e have been identified in Brazil for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago da Silva Ferreira
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruno Fernandes Lima
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Emily Vitória de Oliveira Perez
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Simionatto
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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14
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Datta SS, Nagappan R, Biswas D, Basu D, Gupta K, Mondal PK, Tuzikov A, Bovin NV, Henry SM. A novel syphilis Treponema pallidum lipoprotein peptide antigen diagnostic assay using red cell kodecytes in routine blood centre column agglutination testing platforms. Vox Sang 2024. [PMID: 38946160 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The detection of treponemal antibodies, which are used to make a diagnosis of syphilis, is important both for diagnostic purposes and as a mandatory blood donor test in most countries. We evaluated the feasibility of using Kode Technology to make syphilis peptide red cell kodecytes for use in column agglutination serologic platforms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Candidate Kode Technology function-spacer-lipid (FSL) constructs were made for the Treponema pallidum lipoprotein (TmpA) of T. pallidum, using the peptide and FSL selection algorithms, and then used to make kodecytes. Developmental kodecytes were evaluated against a large range of syphilis antibody reactive and non-reactive samples in column agglutination platforms and compared against established methodologies. Overall, 150 reactive and 2072 non-reactive Syphicheck assay (a modified T. pallidum particle agglutination) blood donor samples were used to evaluate the agreement rate of the developed kodecyte assay. RESULTS From three FSL-peptide candidate constructs, one was found to be the most suitable for diagnostics. Of 150 Syphicheck assay reactive samples, 146 were TmpA-kodecyte reactive (97.3% agreement), compared with 58.0% with the rapid plasmin reagin (RPR) assay for the same samples. Against the 2072 expected syphilis non-reactive samples the agreement rate for TmpA-kodecytes was 98.8%. CONCLUSION TmpA-kodecytes are viable for use as cost-effective serologic reagent red cells for the detection of treponemal antibodies to diagnose syphilis with a high level of specificity in blood centres. This kodecyte methodology also potentially allows for introduction of the reverse-algorithm testing into low-volume laboratories, by utilizing existing transfusion laboratory infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radhika Nagappan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Kode Technology Laboratory, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Design and Creative Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Durba Biswas
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Debapriya Basu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Kaushik Gupta
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | - Stephen M Henry
- Kode Technology Laboratory, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Design and Creative Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Kode Biotech Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Costa IB, Pimenta IDSF, Aiquoc KM, Oliveira ÂGRDC. Congenital syphilis, syphilis in pregnancy and prenatal care in Brazil: An ecological study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306120. [PMID: 38917233 PMCID: PMC11198837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the incidence of congenital syphilis and the ratio between congenital syphilis and syphilis in pregnant women in Brazil according to socioeconomic indicators (inadequate water supply and sanitation; illiteracy at 15 years of age or older; household income per capita; proportion of poor people; Gini index; human development index; and average health expenditure per inhabitant by the health system) and prenatal quality-of-care indicators. We conducted an ecological study using a sample composed of 257 municipalities, each with ≥ 100,000 inhabitants. Data was collected from four public databases: the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, comprising socioeconomical data from the 2010 census; and the data of 2019 available in the databases of the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Health System, Information and Management of Primary Care, and the Electronic Citizen Information System. Descriptive analysis of dependent and independent variables and bivariate analysis by Negative Binomial regression were carried out. The mean incidence of congenital syphilis was 38% higher in municipalities with a Human Development Index up to 0.785 (ratio of means [RM] = 1.38; p = 0.049) and 57% higher among populations where less than 50% of primary healthcare services provided a rapid test for syphilis (RM = 1.57; p < 0.001). The ratio between congenital syphilis and syphilis in pregnant women was 29% higher in municipalities with a low household income per capita (RM = 1.29; p < 0.001) and 28% higher in locations where less than 50% of the primary healthcare services provided a rapid test for syphilis (RM = 1.28; p < 0.001). There was no statistical significance of the quality of prenatal care compared to the outcomes. This result underscores the challenges in detecting syphilis infections among pregnant women during prenatal care, consequently increasing the risk of vertical transmission of the disease to the fetus. Traits of inequality in the occurrence of congenital syphilis also draw attention to strategies to reduce health inequities and improve prenatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabelle Bezerra Costa
- Post-Graduation Program in Public Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Kezauyn Miranda Aiquoc
- Post-Graduation Program in Public Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ângelo Giuseppe Roncalli da Costa Oliveira
- Post-Graduation Program in Public Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Odontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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16
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Ke W, Ao C, Wang L, Zhang X, Shui J, Zhao J, Huang L, Leng X, Zhu R, Wang H, Weng W, Zheng L, Ligang Yang, Tang S. Refining a non-invasive prediction model for neurosyphilis diagnosis by using immunoassay to detect serum anti-TP0435 (TP17) and TP0574 (TP47) IgG antibodies: two-centre cross-sectional retrospective study in China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024:S1198-743X(24)00293-3. [PMID: 38909686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Invasive lumbar puncture is the conventional method for diagnosing neurosyphilis (NS). We investigated a non-invasive alternative method to detect serum Treponema pallidum-specific antibodies against highly immunogenic antigens TP0171 (TP15), TP0435 (TP17), and TP0574 (TP47) by using luciferase immunosorbent assay. METHODS A total of 816 HIV-negative patients suspected of NS from the Beijing and Guangzhou cohorts were retrospectively selected and tested for serum anti-TP15, TP17, and TP47 IgG antibodies. Two diagnostic prediction models were developed using stepwise logistic regression in the Beijing cohort, and evaluated in the Guangzhou cohort for external validation. RESULTS Serum antibodies against TP15, TP17, and TP47 showed moderate capability for NS diagnosis in the Beijing cohort and the corresponding area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were 0.722 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.680-0.762)], 0.780 (95% CI: 0.741-0.817), and 0.774 (95% CI: 0.734-0.811), respectively. An expanded NS prediction model integrated with anti-TP17 and anti-TP47 antibodies showed better performance than the base NS diagnostic model without anti-TP17 and anti-TP47 antibodies with the AUC of 0.874 (95% CI: 0.841-0.906) vs. 0.845 (95% CI: 0.809-0.881) (p = 0.007) in the development cohort, and 0.934 (95% CI: 0.909-0.960) vs. 0.877 (95% CI: 0.840-0.914) (p < 0.001) in validation cohort, respectively. Decision curve analysis revealed that the net benefit of the expanded model exceeded that of the base model when the threshold probability was between 0.10 and 0.95 in both the development and external validation cohorts. DISCUSSION Serum antibodies against TP17 and TP47 exhibited promising diagnostic capability for NS and significantly enhanced the predictive accuracy of model for NS diagnosis. Our study highlights the potential of serum treponemal antibody detection as a non-invasive method for NS diagnosis to substitute invasive lumbar puncture in NS diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujian Ke
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cailing Ao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Baiyun District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liuyuan Wang
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingwei Shui
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhui Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liping Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinying Leng
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjia Weng
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lianhong Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Ligang Yang
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shixing Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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17
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Zhu Z, Gong H, Liu M, Zhang H, Yang L, Zhang X, Zheng H, Li Y, Li M, Li J. Diagnosing Tabes Dorsalis in HIV-Negative Patients: Clinical Features, Neuroimaging, and Laboratory Insights in the Modern Antibiotic Era. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:2567-2577. [PMID: 38919834 PMCID: PMC11197998 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s464581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tabes dorsalis is a late manifestation of neurosyphilis, characterized by progressive ataxia, lightning pains, loss of proprioception, and urinary incontinence. The absence of a definitive diagnostic standard and the non-specific clinical manifestations have led to a significant rate of misdiagnoses. Methods Hospitalized patients with tabes dorsalis at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 2010 and December 2023 were reviewed. Results A total of 13 patients were included, with 10 males and 3 females. The median age was 50 years (range, 34-64). The most frequent initial symptoms were limb numbness (30.8%) and lightning pains (30.8%). Eleven patients (84.6%) received misdiagnoses prior to the final diagnosis. The most frequently observed physical sign was positive Romberg's sign (84.6%). Notably, Argyll Robertson pupil was presented in 7 subjects (53.8%). Serological tests revealed positive rapid plasma regain (RPR) and Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) for all patients. All CSF samples were TPPA-reactive. Intramedullary hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging of spinal MRI was found in 5 patients (38.5%). All patients received anti-syphilitic treatment, with effective treatment recorded in five cases. Conclusion This study underscores the importance of neurological symptoms and signs in diagnosing tabes dorsalis. Individuals with progressive ataxia and positive Romberg's sign should be closely monitored for potential neurosyphilis. Integrating clinical features, laboratory tests, and neuroimaging could reduce misdiagnosis and expedite the initiation of anti-syphilitic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- 4+4 Medical Doctor Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huizi Gong
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingjuan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- 4+4 Medical Doctor Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leyan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Heyi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingli Li
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Homans J, Blieden C. Maternal Syphilis Leading to High Efficiency In Utero Transmission of Antiretroviral Resistant HIV: Intersection of Two Pandemics. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024:00006454-990000000-00892. [PMID: 38865503 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing for syphilis and HIV is indicated in prenatal care in the United States. Effective antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy reduces mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) to less than 1%. Syphilis infection in pregnant women with unsuppressed HIV increases the risk of MTCT, usually in utero. The incidences of syphilis in women of childbearing age and corresponding congenital syphilis are increasing in the United States. METHODS We report 3 cases of in utero HIV transmission associated with maternal syphilis that occurred during the ongoing syphilis epidemic. RESULTS All 3 women had untreated HIV infection and active syphilis with placentitis during late pregnancy. Their newborns were found to have symptomatic congenital syphilis and HIV infection from in utero transmission. The babies' antiretroviral resistance patterns were nearly identical to their mothers'. CONCLUSIONS When untreated syphilis and uncontrolled HIV coincide in pregnancy, there is a high likelihood of in utero mother-to-child HIV transmission. The current syphilis epidemic in the United States may lead to an increase in MTCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Homans
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles General Medical Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Carla Blieden
- Maternal Child Adolescent Adult Center, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics
- Los Angeles General Medical Center
- University of Southern California Mann School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA
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19
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Salomè S, Cambriglia MD, Montesano G, Capasso L, Raimondi F. Congenital Syphilis: A Re-Emerging but Preventable Infection. Pathogens 2024; 13:481. [PMID: 38921779 PMCID: PMC11206692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital syphilis presents a significant global burden, contributing to fetal loss, stillbirth, neonatal mortality, and congenital infection. Despite the target established in 2007 by the World Health Organization (WHO) of fewer than 50 cases per 100,000 live births, the global incidence is on the rise, particularly in low- and middle-income regions. Recent data indicate a rate of 473 cases per 100,000 live births, resulting in 661,000 total cases of congenital syphilis, including 355,000 adverse birth outcomes such as early fetal deaths, stillbirths, neonatal deaths, preterm or low-birth-weight births, and infants with clinical congenital syphilis. Alarmingly, only 6% of these adverse outcomes occurred in mothers who were enrolled, screened, and treated. Unlike many neonatal infections, congenital syphilis is preventable through effective antenatal screening and treatment of infected pregnant women. However, despite available screening tools, affordable treatment options, and the integration of prevention programs into antenatal care in various countries, congenital syphilis remains a pressing public health concern worldwide. This review aims to summarize the current epidemiology, transmission, and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy, as well as to explore global efforts to reduce vertical transmission and address the reasons for falling short of the WHO elimination target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Salomè
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.D.C.); (G.M.); (L.C.); (F.R.)
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Gutierrez-Lanz E, Smith LB, Perry AM. Syphilis in Hematopathology Practice: A Diagnostic Challenge. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2024; 148:633-641. [PMID: 37535664 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2023-0078-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Syphilis, a reemerging disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum, is becoming more frequent in surgical pathology and hematopathology practices. Hematopathologists typically receive lymph node biopsies from patients with syphilis who have localized or diffuse lymphadenopathy. Occasionally, syphilis infection in the aerodigestive tract can show a prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and mimic lymphoma. Besides the varying and occasional atypical morphology, the fact that clinical suspicion tends to be low or absent when histologic evaluation is requested adds to the importance of making this diagnosis. OBJECTIVE.— To summarize histologic features of syphilitic lymphadenitis and syphilis lesions in the aerodigestive tract, and to review differential diagnosis and potential diagnostic pitfalls. DATA SOURCES.— Literature review via PubMed search. CONCLUSIONS.— Characteristic histologic findings in syphilitic lymphadenitis include thickened capsule with plasma cell-rich inflammatory infiltrate, reactive follicular and paracortical hyperplasia with prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, and vasculitis. Lymph nodes, however, can show a number of other nonspecific histologic features, which frequently makes the diagnosis quite challenging. In the aerodigestive tract, syphilis is characterized by plasma cell-rich infiltrates. Immunohistochemistry for T pallidum is the preferred method for detecting spirochetes; however, this immunohistochemical stain shows cross-reactivity with other treponemal and commensal spirochetes. Differential diagnosis of syphilis in lymph nodes and the aerodigestive tract is broad and includes reactive, infectious, and neoplastic entities. Pathologists should be aware of the histologic features of syphilis and keep this challenging entity in the differential diagnosis.
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Peng RR, Wu J, Zhao W, Zhu L, Guan Z, Gu X, Shi M, Yu J, Cheng Y, Zhou P. An observational prospective study based on a large cohort of HIV-negative neurosyphilis patients with particular reference to the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:1073-1080. [PMID: 38557924 PMCID: PMC11178573 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to outline a complete picture of Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR) in the central nervous system among HIV-negative neurosyphilis patients. METHODS A prospective study cohort of 772 cases with almost all stages of neurosyphilis depicted the features of JHR including occurrence rate, risk profiles, clinical manifestations, medical management and prognosis. RESULTS The total occurrence rate of JHR was 9.3% (95% CI, 7.3-11.4%), including 4.1% (95% CI, 2.7-5.6%) with severe JHR. The reaction started 5 h after treatment initiation, peaked after 8 h, and subsided after 18 h. Patients with severe JHR experienced a longer recovery time (26 h). Patients with general paresis (OR = 6.825), ocular syphilis (OR = 3.974), pleocytosis (OR = 2.426), or a high CSF-VDRL titre (per log2 titre increase, OR = 2.235) were more likely to experience JHR. Patients with general paresis had an 11.759-fold increased risk of severe JHR. Worsening symptoms included cognitive impairment, mania, nonsense speech, and dysphoria, while symptoms of hallucination, urination disorder, seizures, myoclonus, or aphasia appeared as new-onset symptoms. Neurosyphilis treatment did not need to be interrupted in most patients with JHR and could be reinstated in patients with seizures under supportive medication when JHR subsided. CONCLUSION Severe JHR displayed a 4.1% occurrence rate and clinicians should pay particular attention to patients at a higher risk of JHR. The neurosyphilis treatment regime can be restarted under intensive observation for patients with severe JHR and, if necessary, supportive medication should be initiated and continued until the end of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rui Peng
- Sexually Transmitted Disease Institute, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Sexually Transmitted Disease Institute, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Sexually Transmitted Disease Institute, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Sexually Transmitted Disease Institute, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Zhifang Guan
- Sexually Transmitted Disease Institute, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Sexually Transmitted Disease Institute, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Mei Shi
- Sexually Transmitted Disease Institute, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Junjun Yu
- Sexually Transmitted Disease Institute, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Yanchun Cheng
- Sexually Transmitted Disease Institute, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Pingyu Zhou
- Sexually Transmitted Disease Institute, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China.
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Yi DY, Xu QY, He Y, Zheng XQ, Yang TC, Lin Y. Treponema pallidum protein Tp47 induced prostaglandin E2 to inhibit the phagocytosis in human macrophages. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:1166-1178. [PMID: 38258964 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) infection, the host's immune system actively engages in pursuit and elimination of T. pallidum, while T. pallidum skillfully employs various mechanisms to evade immune recognition. Macrophages exhibit incomplete clearance of T. pallidum in vitro and the underlying mechanism of how T. pallidum resists the attack of macrophage remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of T. pallidum membrane protein Tp47 on the phagocytosis of macrophages. METHODS THP-1-derived macrophages were used to investigate the role of Tp47 in the secretion of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in macrophages and the mechanism by which Tp47 induced the production of PGE2, as well as the impact of PGE2 on the macrophage's phagocytosis. RESULTS Tp47 (1-10 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the phagocytosis of latex beads and T. pallidum in macrophages (p ≤ 0.05). PGE2 production by macrophages could be induced by Tp47, and the phagocytic function of macrophages could be restored using PGE2 antibody. Tp47 produced PGE2 by activating the PERK/NF-κB/COX-2 pathway in macrophages. Inhibitors targeting PERK, NF-κB and COX-2, respectively, reduced the level of PGE2 and restored the phagocytic function of macrophages. CONCLUSION Tp47-induced PGE2 production via the PERK/NF-κB/COX-2 pathway contributed to macrophage phagocytosis inhibition, which potentially contributes to immune evasion during the T. pallidum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-Y Yi
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Q-Y Xu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Y He
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - X-Q Zheng
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - T-C Yang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Y Lin
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Menean M, Scandale P, Apuzzo A, Barresi C, Checchin L, L'Abbate G, Fantaguzzi F, Rissotto F, Servillo A, Cucuccio E, Modorati G, Marchese A, Bandello F, Cicinelli MV, Miserocchi E. Unraveling the Spectrum of Uveitis: Insights from an Epidemiological Study in a National Referral Center in Northern Italy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38776460 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2024.2348117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Uveitis embraces a heterogeneous group of vision-threatening inflammatory conditions. Understanding uveitis epidemiology, etiology, and clinical findings is fundamental for a prompt diagnosis and optimal patient management. The aim of the study is to report the epidemiology of uveitis in a national referral center in Northern Italy and investigate the visual prognosis. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at Uveitis Service (Ospedale San Raffaele) between June 2016 and May 2023. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and etiological diagnoses of uveitis patients were collected, and visual prognosis was longitudinally explored. RESULTS 1105 patients with uveitis were included in the study, while 47 patients presented neoplastic masquerade syndrome and have been excluded. The population had a slight majority of females (M/F ratio = 0.76), mean age was 47 years. 25% presented infectious uveitis, primarily due to herpetic etiology, toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis. Non-infectious uveitis was the most prevalent diagnosis (38%), with sarcoidosis, HLA-B27-associated uveitis, and Fuch's uveitis as prominent causes. Anatomically, anterior segment was most frequently involved (41%). Significant improvement in visual acuity was observed at follow-up, particularly in patients with infectious uveitis. CONCLUSIONS Our study sheds light into the epidemiological landscape of uveitis in Northern Italy, reflecting changing patterns due to factors such as migration and changing sexual habits. In particular, higher percentages of syphilis have been observed, compared to other European reports. The distribution of non-infectious uveitis reflects other epidemiological European series. Higher percentages of neoplastic masquerade syndromes support the need of early recognition. Our findings offer precious insights for uveitis epidemiology and daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Menean
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Scandale
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurelio Apuzzo
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Costanza Barresi
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Checchin
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia L'Abbate
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Fantaguzzi
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Rissotto
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Servillo
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Cucuccio
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Modorati
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marchese
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Miserocchi
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Hamill MM, Ghanem KG, Tuddenham S. State-of-the-Art Review: Neurosyphilis. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:e57-e68. [PMID: 37593890 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We review key concepts in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of individuals with neurosyphilis. We describe the epidemiology of syphilis in the United States, highlight populations that are markedly affected by this infection, and attempt to estimate the burden of neurosyphilis. We describe the cardinal clinical features of early and late (tertiary) neurosyphilis and characterize the clinical significance of asymptomatic neurosyphilis in the antibiotic era. We review the indications for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination and the performance characteristics of different CSF assays including treponemal and lipoidal antibodies, white cell count, and protein concentration. Future biomarkers and the role of imaging are briefly considered. We review preferred and alternative treatments for neurosyphilis and evidence for their use, including evidence for the use of enhanced intramuscular benzathine penicillin G to supplement intravenous penicillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Hamill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Khalil G Ghanem
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Tuddenham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Arnold N, Koenig W. Infection, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk: are we underestimating an old disease? Eur Heart J 2024; 45:1521-1523. [PMID: 38591639 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Arnold
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Population Health Innovation (POINT), University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- German Heart Center, Munich, Technical University of Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, D-80636 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Disease Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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26
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Wu VCC, Yeh JK, Chen SW, Wu CL, Lin YS, Wu M, Wei KC, Chu PH, Chang SH, Huang YT. Syphilis and cardiovascular risk: a Taiwanese registry. Eur Heart J 2024; 45:1512-1520. [PMID: 38568209 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies on the impact of syphilis on the cardiovascular system in large populations are limited. This study investigated the effects of syphilis on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS Medical records from 2010 to 2015 were retrieved from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, linked to the Notifiable Infectious Diseases database from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. Patients with syphilis were identified, excluding those with missing information, under 20 years of age, or with a history of human immunodeficiency virus infection, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, aortic regurgitation, replacement of the aortic valve, aneurysm and/or dissection of the aorta, atrial fibrillation, ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, and venous thromboembolism. Primary outcomes included new-onset acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, aortic regurgitation, aneurysm and dissection of the aorta, atrial fibrillation, ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, venous thromboembolism, cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS A total of 28 796 patients with syphilis were identified from 2010 to 2015. After exclusions and frequency matching, 20 601 syphilis patients and 20 601 non-syphilis patients were analysed. The relative rate (RR) was utilized in the analysis, as the competing risk of death was not considered. Compared with patients without syphilis, patients with syphilis had increased risks of acute myocardial infarction (RR 38%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19-1.60, P < .001), heart failure (RR 88%, 95% CI 1.64-2.14, P < .001), aortic regurgitation (RR 81%, 95% CI 1.18-2.75, P = .006), atrial fibrillation (RR 45%, 95% CI 1.20-1.76, P < .001), ischaemic stroke (RR 68%, 95% CI 1.52-1.87, P < .001), haemorrhagic stroke (RR 114%, 95% CI 1.74-2.64, P < .001), venous thromboembolism (RR 67%, 95% CI 1.23-2.26, P = .001), cardiovascular death (RR 155%, 95% CI 2.11-3.08, P < .001), and all-cause death (RR 196%, 95% CI 2.74-3.19, P < .001) but not for aneurysm and dissection of the aorta. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that patients with syphilis have a higher risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality compared with those without syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Chien-Chia Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Kai Yeh
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
- Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Wu
- Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 6, Sec. West, Jiapu Road, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
| | - Michael Wu
- Divison of Cardiovascular Medicine, Arrhythmia Services Section, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Kai-Che Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Dazhong 1st Road, Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City 813414, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Nong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hung Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
- Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No. 261, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Huang
- Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
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Gu X, Lu H, Yang Y, Zhu L, Shi M, Guan Z, Ni L, Peng R, Zhao W, Wu J, Qi T, Zhou P. Could ceftriaxone be a viable alternative to penicillin for the treatment of ocular syphilis? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024:e0008024. [PMID: 38709007 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00080-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of ceftriaxone with that of aqueous crystalline penicillin G in treating ocular syphilis. We conducted a retrospective study from 2010 to 2021. Syphilis patients were administered either ceftriaxone (2 g intravenously daily for 14 days) or aqueous crystalline penicillin G [4 million units (MU) intravenously every 4 h for 14 days] as therapeutic interventions. Subsequently, we utilized these two groups to assess the serological results, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and visual acuity at time intervals spanning 3 to 6 months post-treatment. A total of 205 patients were included, with 34 assigned to the ceftriaxone group and 171 to the penicillin group. The median age of patients was 56 years, with an interquartile range of 49-62 years, and 137 of them (66.8%) were male. Between 3 and 6 months after treatment, 13 patients (38.2%) in the ceftriaxone group and 82 patients (48.0%) in the penicillin group demonstrated effective treatment based on the clinical and laboratory parameters. The crude odds ratio (OR) was 0.672 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.316-1.428, P = 0.301), indicating no significant difference in effectiveness between the two groups. Thirty patients (17.5%) in the penicillin group and six patients (17.6%) in the ceftriaxone group did not experience successful outcomes. Notably, no serious adverse effects were reported in both the groups. There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of ceftriaxone and aqueous crystalline penicillin G in treating ocular syphilis. The administration of ceftriaxone without requiring hospitalization presents a convenient and safe alternative treatment option for ocular syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gu
- Institute of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haikong Lu
- Institute of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilan Yang
- Institute of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Shi
- Institute of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifang Guan
- Institute of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Ni
- Institute of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruirui Peng
- Institute of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Institute of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Institute of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengfei Qi
- Institute of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingyu Zhou
- Institute of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Yang J, Tacker DH, Wen S, LaSala PR. Retrospective comparison of false-positive result frequencies of 3 syphilis serology screening tests in pregnant and nonpregnant patients at an academic medical center in Appalachia. Lab Med 2024; 55:293-298. [PMID: 37639565 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study retrospectively compared false-positive result frequencies of 3 syphilis serology screening tests and assessed whether false positivity was associated with pregnancy and age. METHODS Results for 3 screening tests were retrieved from the laboratory database, including rapid plasma reagin (RPR) assay between October 2016 and September 2019, BioPlex 2200 Syphilis Total immunoassay between May 2020 and January 2022, and Alinity i Syphilis TP assay between February 2022 and April 2023. The false-positive result frequencies were calculated based on testing algorithm criteria. RESULTS False-positive result frequency for BioPlex was 0.61% (90/14,707), significantly higher than 0.29% (50/17,447) for RPR and 0.38% (55/14,631) for Alinity (both P < .01). Patients with false-positive results were significantly older than patients with nonreactive results for RPR (median age: 36 vs 28, P < .001), but not for BioPlex or Alinity. For all 3 tests, the positive predictive values in pregnant women were lower than those in nonpregnant women or men. However, pregnant women did not exhibit a higher false-positive result frequency. CONCLUSION Although false-positive result frequencies were low overall for all 3 syphilis serology tests, there is a significant difference between different tests. Pregnancy was not associated with more false-positive results for all 3 tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Yang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, US
| | - Danyel H Tacker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, US
| | - Sijin Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, US
| | - P Rocco LaSala
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, US
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Rodríguez-Martín M, Cantón-Benito E, Méndez-Legaza JM, Veiga-Alonso A, González-Aguado R, Morales-Angulo C. Sudden hearing loss secondary to syphilis. Am J Otolaryngol 2024; 45:104234. [PMID: 38430842 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2024.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum, whose incidence has increased significantly in recent years. Some patients may develop sudden hearing loss (SHL) against the background of otosyphilis. OBJECTIVES The objective of our study was to determine whether routine lues serology is useful in patients presenting with sudden hearing loss. METHODS For this purpose, all cases of SHL treated in our hospital during a period of 6 years were propectively collected. The frequency of positivity for syphilis in these patients, the treatment received, and their evolution were determined. RESULTS Of the total number of patients evaluated during that period, 71 underwent serological screening for syphilis, of whom 2 (2.8 %) presented positive screening antibodies. In one of them, the RPR was normal and had been treated with lues a few years before. After treatment there was no improvement. The other patient, diagnosed with otosyphilis with unconfirmed suspected neurological disease, showed normalization of hearing after specific treatment. CONCLUSIONS Since it is a potentially curable disease, despite the low overall frequency of syphilis in patients with SHL it is advisable to perform serological screening for syphilis in high risk patients (e.g., incarceration, multiple recent sexual partners, men who have sex with men) or atypical clinical presentation (e.g., concurrent neuropathies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Rodríguez-Martín
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Elena Cantón-Benito
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - José Manuel Méndez-Legaza
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Aida Veiga-Alonso
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Rocío González-Aguado
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Carmelo Morales-Angulo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Spain; IDIVAL, Santander, Cantabria, Spain.
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de Lima Medeiros Y, Guimarães IC, de Melo FA, de Souza Chandretti PC, Leite ICG, Vilela EM. Oral manifestations of syphilis: Knowledge and skills of senior dental students and newly graduated dentists. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR DENTAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE 2024; 28:497-503. [PMID: 37950520 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the knowledge of senior dental students and newly graduated dentists about the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of oral manifestations of syphilis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 32-question questionnaire was designed with three domains: (I) demographic, academic and professional data of the participants, (II) attitudes, practices and self-perception regarding training about syphilis and (III) knowledge about syphilis. All knowledge responses were classified as correct or incorrect. Scores ranging from 1 to 14 were calculated, and grades were assigned to each participant according to their level of knowledge. RESULTS The sample comprised 408 dental students and 339 newly graduated dentists. The mean score was 7.70 ± 3.35 for undergraduates and 9.09 ± 3265 for dentists. The highest frequency of correct answers (>70%) was attributed to questions about the aetiology, transmission and treatment of syphilis. The questions with the lowest frequency of correct answers (<50%) were about the identification of oral manifestations and stages of syphilis. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge of dental practitioners and academics about the oral manifestations of syphilis was unsatisfactory. The lack of understanding of these aspects can delay the diagnosis and treatment of patients with this disease, which is concerning given the steady increase in cases in recent years.
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Kaufman R, Sanchez JM, Amer R. The Great Imitator Masquerading as Autoimmune Hepatitis and Demystifying as Fulminant Syphilitic Retinitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024:1-5. [PMID: 38669600 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2024.2345290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Syphilis is a "Great Masquerader" because of its versatile clinical manifestations. We aim to report a patient whose first presentation was with presumed autoimmune hepatitis. Fulminant retinitis subsequently ensued, thus enabling correct diagnosis and treatment. METHODS Case description. RESULTS A 62-year-old male presented with bilateral drop in vision. One month earlier, right eye (RE) arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy was suspected because of severe headache, sudden drop in vision, relative afferent pupillary defect, and elevated inflammatory markers. Systemic steroids were instituted. Brain imaging and temporal artery biopsy were unyielding. Four months earlier, liver biopsy performed because of elevated cholestatic liver enzymes, revealed granulomatous hepatitis. After ruling out viral hepatitis, autoimmune etiology was presumed, and prednisone was started. On presentation, visual acuity (VA) was counting fingers in RE and 6/20 in the left eye (LE). Bilateral panuveitis with punctate inner retinitis, placoid chorioretinitis was diagnosed. Serological tests were strongly positive for syphilis. Lumbar puncture confirmed the existence of neurosyphilis. Systemic penicillin was initiated. One month later, VA improved to RE 6/10, LE 6/7.5, with marked resolution of posterior uveitis. No recurrence was observed over 27-month-period. CONCLUSION Acquired syphilitic hepatitis is rarely reported. Administering steroids potentially aggravated the infection. The characteristic features of placoid chorioretinitis and punctate inner retinitis connected the pieces of the puzzle together to the diagnosis of ocular and neurosyphilis. Intrahepatic cholestasis with negative serological panel of hepatotropic pathogens should raise the suspicion of non-hepatotropic pathogens especially syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Juan Martin Sanchez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Radgonde Amer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Li J, Ma J, Liu M, Li M, Zhang M, Yin W, Wu M, Li X, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Zheng H, Mao C, Sun J, Wang W, Lyu W, Yue X, Weng W, Li J, Chen F, Zhu Y, Leng L. Large-Scale Proteome Profiling Identifies Biomarkers Associated with Suspected Neurosyphilis Diagnosis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307744. [PMID: 38380496 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurosyphilis (NS) is a central nervous system (CNS) infection caused by Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum). NS can occur at any stage of syphilis and manifests as a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms. Often referred to as "the great imitator," NS can be easily overlooked or misdiagnosed due to the absence of standard diagnostic tests, potentially leading to severe and irreversible organ dysfunction. In this study, proteomic and machine learning model techniques are used to characterize 223 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples to identify diagnostic markers of NS and provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of the associated inflammatory responses. Three biomarkers (SEMA7A, SERPINA3, and ITIH4) are validated as contributors to NS diagnosis through multicenter verification of an additional 115 CSF samples. We anticipate that the identified biomarkers will become effective tools for assisting in diagnosis of NS. Our insights into NS pathogenesis in brain tissue may inform therapeutic strategies and drug discoveries for NS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Department of Medical Science Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - MingJuan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mansheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wenhao Yin
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Zhejiang, 314001, China
| | - Mengyin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Department of Medical Science Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Heyi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Chenhui Mao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wenze Wang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wei Lyu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xueping Yue
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wenjia Weng
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Fengxin Chen
- Infections Disease Center, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Yunping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
- Basic Medical School, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Ling Leng
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Department of Medical Science Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
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Alhumaid NK, Alajmi AM, Alosaimi NF, Alotaibi M, Almangour TA, Nassar MS, Memish ZA, Binjomah AZ, Al-Jedai A, Almutairi AS, Algarni S, Alshiban NM, Aleyiydi MS, Tawfik AF, Shibl A, Tawfik EA. Epidemiology of Reportable Bacterial Infectious Diseases in Saudi Arabia. Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:667-684. [PMID: 38461481 PMCID: PMC11058165 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-00942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial infections have a significant impact on human health; they can cause severe morbidity and mortality, particularly in susceptible populations. Epidemiological surveillance is a critical tool for monitoring the population's health and facilitate the prevention and control of infectious disease outbreaks. Knowing the burden of bacterial communicable diseases is an initial core step toward public health goals. METHODS Saudi epidemiology surveillance data were utilized to depict the changing epidemiology of bacterial infectious diseases in Saudi Arabia from 2018 to 2021. The cumulative numbers of cases, demographics, and incidence rates were analyzed and visualized. Parametric tests were used to compare the difference in the mean values between categorical variables. Regression analysis was employed to estimate trends in disease rates over time. Statistical significance was set at p value ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The results revealed that brucellosis, tuberculosis, and salmonellosis were the most frequently reported bacterial infectious diseases in Saudi Arabia. Males were more significantly affected by brucellosis and tuberculosis infections than females. Salmonellosis infections were more significant among Saudi citizens, while pulmonary tuberculosis was more significant in non-Saudis. Interestingly, there was a decline in the incidence rates of numerous bacterial infectious diseases during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and COVID-19 restrictions. Some bacterial infectious diseases were rarely reported in Saudi Arabia, including syphilis and diphtheria. CONCLUSIONS The future perspective of this research is to enhance disease surveillance reporting by including different variables, such as the source of infection, travel history, hospitalization, and mortality rates. The aim is to improve the sensitivity and specificity of surveillance data and focus on the mortality associated with bacterial pathogens to identify the most significant threats and set a public health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada K Alhumaid
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej M Alajmi
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada F Alosaimi
- Wellness and Preventive Medicine Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alotaibi
- Healthy Aging Research Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer A Almangour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Nassar
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Hubert Department School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Abdulwahab Z Binjomah
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al-Jedai
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Therapeutic Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 12631, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz S Almutairi
- Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP), Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 12631, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Algarni
- Public Health Authority, Jeddah, 22444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura M Alshiban
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munirah S Aleyiydi
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Atef Shibl
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A Tawfik
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia.
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Zhang M, Zhang H, Hui X, Qu H, Xia J, Xu F, Shi C, He J, Cao Y, Hu M. The cost-effectiveness of syphilis screening in pregnant women: a systematic literature review. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1268653. [PMID: 38577277 PMCID: PMC10993388 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1268653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cost-effectiveness study of syphilis screening in pregnant women has not been synthesized. This study aimed to synthesize the economic evidence on the cost-effectiveness of syphilis screening in pregnant women that might contribute to making recommendations on the future direction of syphilis screening approaches. Methods We systematically searched MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases for relevant studies published before 19 January 2023 and identified the cost-effectiveness analyses for syphilis screening in pregnant women. The methodological design quality was appraised by the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) 2022 checklist. Results In total, 17 literature met the eligibility criteria for a full review. Of the 17 studies, four evaluated interventions using different screening methods, seven assessed a combination of syphilis testing and treatment interventions, three focused on repeat screening intervention, and four evaluated the interventions that integrated syphilis and HIV testing. The most cost-effective strategy appeared to be rapid syphilis testing with high treatment rates in pregnant women who were positive. Discussion The cost-effectiveness of syphilis screening for pregnancy has been widely demonstrated. It is very essential to improve the compliance with maternal screening and the treatment rates for positive pregnant women while implementing screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mengcai Hu
- Department of Health Care, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Ciccarese G, Facciorusso A, Mastrolonardo M, Herzum A, Parodi A, Drago F. Atypical Manifestations of Syphilis: A 10-Year Retrospective Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1603. [PMID: 38541829 PMCID: PMC10971508 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13061603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence of syphilis has increased in high-income countries in the past few decades, especially among men who have sex with men. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the correlations between atypical syphilis manifestations and the demographic, clinical, and laboratory features of patients and to review unusual presentations of syphilis reported in the literature. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 307 patients with syphilis diagnosed between 1 January 2013 and 31 October 2023 at the sexually transmitted infection (STI) centers of the University of Genoa and University of Foggia with both typical and atypical manifestations of disease. Results: In our series, atypical manifestations were detected in 25.8% of the patients, especially in the secondary stage of the disease. Lesions with annular morphology and lesions presenting as itchy erythematous scaly plaques with a psoriasiform appearance were the most common atypical presentations of secondary syphilis. A statistical analysis revealed that homosexual orientation, syphilis reinfection, and venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) titers > 1:32 were correlated with atypical manifestations. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that the spectrum of syphilis manifestations, in all the stages of the disease, is wide; atypical manifestations often pose diagnostic challenges, may delay the provision of appropriate treatment, and facilitate the spread of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ciccarese
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 00161 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Mario Mastrolonardo
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Astrid Herzum
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, IRCCS—Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.)
| | - Francesco Drago
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, IRCCS—Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.)
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Gilliams EA, Lorenz Z, Hamill MM. Syphilis Serologies: A Practical Approach for the Primary Care Clinician. Med Clin North Am 2024; 108:325-337. [PMID: 38331483 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Syphilis serology interpretation can be challenging even for experienced providers. This article reviews the staging of syphilis and the principles of syphilis serology testing, the algorithms used in diagnosis, and guidance for their use in monitoring the response to treatment. The authors illustrate these principles through a series of clinical scenarios and describe the rationale behind the management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Gilliams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 5200 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Zachary Lorenz
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Matthew M Hamill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 5200 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Close RM, Weigle A, Thompson T, McAuley J. Integrated Response to Address a Resurgent Syphilis Epidemic in a Rural American Indian Community, Whiteriver, Arizona, January 2022 to June 2023. Sex Transm Dis 2024; 51:156-161. [PMID: 38100793 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The United States has seen a significant rise in syphilis over the past 20 years with a disparate impact on American Indian communities. We conducted a thorough review of the local epidemiology that guided an innovative response to curb the epidemic. METHODS We analyzed syphilis data from a hospital in rural Arizona that serves an American Indian population of more than 18,000. Testing data were extracted from 2017 to 2023 with detailed chart reviews of all reactive results since January 2022. Descriptive and comparative statistics were computed using parametric and nonparametric methods where appropriate. RESULTS Among 5888 tested persons, 555 (9.4%) had reactive results and 277 (4.7%) represented new infections. Among new cases, 151 (54.5%) were female and 55 (19.9%) were reinfections. The annualized incidence rate was 10.0 cases per 1000 persons with peak annualized incidence among women aged 30 to 34 years of 22.6 infections per 1000 persons. During the observation period and after the implementation of programmatic changes in June 2022, there were statistically significant reductions in median time to treatment (-80%), test positivity (-70%), infections (-60%), and no congenital syphilis cases during the observation period. CONCLUSIONS We observed significantly elevated syphilis rates in American Indian/Alaska Native persons compared with the general population. Strategic implementation of new policies and practices led to a measurable and meaningful improvement in several epidemic variables, and our experience may serve as a model to other communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Close
- From the Whiteriver Service Unit, Indian Health Service
| | | | | | - James McAuley
- From the Whiteriver Service Unit, Indian Health Service
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Abstract
Dermatologists are familiar with the classic aspects of syphilis. Our objective in this update is to display novel features of sexually acquired syphilis, its pathophysiology, natural history, atypical clinical variants, skin of color, clinical pearls, and prospects. Textbook knowledge, congenital syphilis, epidemiology, and historical data are excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Navarrete
- Department of Dermatology, Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Department of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Stephanie Saavedra-Portales
- Department of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Santiago, Chile
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Choi J, Choi JB, Bae S, Lee CH, Shin YS, You D, Lee JY, Lee SJ, Lee KW. 2023 Korean sexually transmitted infections guidelines for non-gonococcal bacterial infection (chlamydia, syphilis, etc.) by the Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation. Investig Clin Urol 2024; 65:115-123. [PMID: 38454820 PMCID: PMC10925736 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20230322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-gonococcal sexually transmitted infections (STIs) include chlamydia, syphilis, and chancroids. Chlamydia is the most common STI caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and is mainly transmitted through sexual intercourse or vertical transmission at birth. Although symptoms are mostly absent or mild, untreated chlamydial infections in females can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility due to the narrowing of fallopian tubes. Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum and is divided into phase I, phase II, latent syphilis, and phase III. The incidence of syphilis, including congenital syphilis, has significantly increased in the United States in recent years. The chronic status of this disease can significantly increase morbidity and potentially affect almost all body organs, which, in rare cases, can lead to death. Additionally, untreated maternal syphilis can lead to fetal death and fatal congenital infections in newborns. Chancroid is an STI caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, and its prevalence is gradually decreasing in Korea and worldwide. The symptoms include shallow genital ulcers with suppurative granulomatous inflammation and tender inguinal lymphadenopathy. Chancroids can be differentiated from syphilitic chancres based on their appearance. In contrast to painless chancres, chancroids are painful. Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, and Mycoplasma hominis are considered symbiotic bacteria. Infections caused by these bacteria are usually not considered STIs and do not require treatment unless they are suspected of being associated with infertility. This article presents the 2023 Korean STI guidelines for non-gonococcal bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joongwon Choi
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Gwangmyeong, Korea
| | - Jin Bong Choi
- Department of Urology, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangrak Bae
- Department of Urology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Ho Lee
- Department of Urology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yu Seob Shin
- Department of Urology, Jeonbuk National University and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute and Medical Device Clinical Trial Center of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dalsan You
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Yong Lee
- Department of Urology, Severance Hospital, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ju Lee
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Won Lee
- Department of Urology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Abstract
At the end of the 15th century, an epidemic outbreak occurred in Europe for which the cause was previously unknown. Clinical findings included numerous ulcerations and condylomas as well as disorders of the cardiovascular and neurologic systems. The disease, which had many names at the time and killed about 5 million people, is referred to as syphilis in today's medical terminology. The epidemiology of syphilis is complex and represents an important issue, not only historically but also scientifically, in the development of medicine. Several theories emerged about the origin of this disease, including pre-Columbian and Columbian ones. This contribution aims to present the history of the origin of syphilis, with particular emphasis on the first reports of the disease in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Grzybowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland; Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Poznań, Poland.
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Lehnert T, Gijs MAM. Microfluidic systems for infectious disease diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1441-1493. [PMID: 38372324 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms, encompassing both uni- and multicellular entities, exhibit remarkable diversity as omnipresent life forms in nature. They play a pivotal role by supplying essential components for sustaining biological processes across diverse ecosystems, including higher host organisms. The complex interactions within the human gut microbiota are crucial for metabolic functions, immune responses, and biochemical signalling, particularly through the gut-brain axis. Viruses also play important roles in biological processes, for example by increasing genetic diversity through horizontal gene transfer when replicating inside living cells. On the other hand, infection of the human body by microbiological agents may lead to severe physiological disorders and diseases. Infectious diseases pose a significant burden on global healthcare systems, characterized by substantial variations in the epidemiological landscape. Fast spreading antibiotic resistance or uncontrolled outbreaks of communicable diseases are major challenges at present. Furthermore, delivering field-proven point-of-care diagnostic tools to the most severely affected populations in low-resource settings is particularly important and challenging. New paradigms and technological approaches enabling rapid and informed disease management need to be implemented. In this respect, infectious disease diagnostics taking advantage of microfluidic systems combined with integrated biosensor-based pathogen detection offers a host of innovative and promising solutions. In this review, we aim to outline recent activities and progress in the development of microfluidic diagnostic tools. Our literature research mainly covers the last 5 years. We will follow a classification scheme based on the human body systems primarily involved at the clinical level or on specific pathogen transmission modes. Important diseases, such as tuberculosis and malaria, will be addressed more extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lehnert
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Martin A M Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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Taniguchi T, Yamamoto M, Miyoshi S, Shimizu S. Unilateral tonsillitis due to primary syphilis with gram-negative corkscrew-like spirochaetes confirmed by Gram stain of pus. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e258549. [PMID: 38367986 PMCID: PMC10875486 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-258549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A man in his 40s presented with pharyngeal pain and right cervical lymphadenopathy that persisted for 1 month. His right tonsil was swollen and covered with exudate; however, a rapid streptococcal antigen test was negative. Rapid plasma reagin and Treponema pallidum antibody were positive. Gram staining of the pus confirmed the presence of gram-negative corkscrew-like spirochaetes. The patient had unprotected oral intercourse. He did not have any skin lesions. He was diagnosed with primary syphilis and treated with benzathine penicillin G. In adults, the differential diagnosis of tonsillitis should include sexually transmitted diseases. A rapid streptococcal antigen test is not sufficient for such a case; a syphilis test is necessary, and Gram staining, which is rapid and does not need any special equipment, can support the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Taniguchi
- General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamamoto
- General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sonoko Miyoshi
- General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satomi Shimizu
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
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Cardoso WM, Motta-Castro ARC, Weis-Torres SMDS, Bandeira LM, Higa MG, Puga MAM, Barbieri AR, Fitts SMF. High prevalence of syphilis among recyclable waste collectors in Central Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2024; 57:e007022024. [PMID: 38359311 PMCID: PMC10911280 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0283-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syphilis is associated with social and behavioral factors. METHODS This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of syphilis and its associated risk factors among recyclable waste collectors in Central Brazil. RESULTS A lifetime syphilis prevalence rate of 7.91% (95% confidence interval: 5.25-11.75) was found among 278 participants. Low educational level, history of sexually transmitted infection, and age ≥ 36 years were associated with a high prevalence of lifetime syphilis. CONCLUSIONS These findings emphasize the need for syphilis prevention, screening, and treatment among recyclable waste collectors, highlighting the potential for the spread of infection in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Fiocruz Mato Grosso do Sul, Ministério da Saúde, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Rita Barbieri
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
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Papp JR, Park IU, Fakile Y, Pereira L, Pillay A, Bolan GA. CDC Laboratory Recommendations for Syphilis Testing, United States, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep 2024; 73:1-32. [PMID: 38319847 PMCID: PMC10849099 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7301a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
This report provides new CDC recommendations for tests that can support a diagnosis of syphilis, including serologic testing and methods for the identification of the causative agent Treponema pallidum. These comprehensive recommendations are the first published by CDC on laboratory testing for syphilis, which has traditionally been based on serologic algorithms to detect a humoral immune response to T. pallidum. These tests can be divided into nontreponemal and treponemal tests depending on whether they detect antibodies that are broadly reactive to lipoidal antigens shared by both host and T. pallidum or antibodies specific to T. pallidum, respectively. Both types of tests must be used in conjunction to help distinguish between an untreated infection or a past infection that has been successfully treated. Newer serologic tests allow for laboratory automation but must be used in an algorithm, which also can involve older manual serologic tests. Direct detection of T. pallidum continues to evolve from microscopic examination of material from lesions for visualization of T. pallidum to molecular detection of the organism. Limited point-of-care tests for syphilis are available in the United States; increased availability of point-of-care tests that are sensitive and specific could facilitate expansion of screening programs and reduce the time from test result to treatment. These recommendations are intended for use by clinical laboratory directors, laboratory staff, clinicians, and disease control personnel who must choose among the multiple available testing methods, establish standard operating procedures for collecting and processing specimens, interpret test results for laboratory reporting, and counsel and treat patients. Future revisions to these recommendations will be based on new research or technologic advancements for syphilis clinical laboratory science.
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Zheng Y, Xu M. Biett's sign in secondary syphilis. QJM 2024; 117:55-56. [PMID: 37632786 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcad197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - M Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
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Erlij Opazo D. Secondary syphilis mimicking systemic rheumatic disease: Report of 2 cases. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2024; 42:112-113. [PMID: 38262876 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erlij Opazo
- Sección de Reumatología, Servicio de Medicina Hospital del Salvador, Sede Oriente, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Lakhey K, Kumar A, Manoj R, Puttur NB, Malik N. Response to Ceftriaxone in Asymptomatic Neurosyphilis Refractory to Doxycycline and Benzathine Penicillin. Cureus 2024; 16:e55196. [PMID: 38558728 PMCID: PMC10980906 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
An asymptomatic male in his mid-30s presented with a positive Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test report. He was investigated and detected to be reactive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 antibodies. A lumbar puncture revealed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) VDRL to be reactive at a titer of 1:160 which led to a diagnosis of asymptomatic neurosyphilis. The unavailability of first-line antibiotics necessitated the search for alternative regimens. The patient was administered oral doxycycline 200 mg twice daily for 28 days along with intramuscular benzathine penicillin 2.4 million units once weekly for three weeks. A repeat CSF-VDRL performed six months later with raised titers of 1:320 indicated treatment failure. The patient was then administered ceftriaxone 1 g intramuscularly for 14 consecutive days. A final CSF-VDRL examination performed six months later showed non-reactive titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitiz Lakhey
- Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, IND
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, IND
| | - Rohan Manoj
- Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, IND
| | - Namratha B Puttur
- Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, IND
| | - Nishtha Malik
- Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, IND
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Stafford IA, Workowski KA, Bachmann LH. Syphilis Complicating Pregnancy and Congenital Syphilis. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:242-253. [PMID: 38231625 DOI: 10.1056/nejmra2202762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene A Stafford
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston (I.A.S.); and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University (K.A.W.), and the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - both in Atlanta (K.A.W., L.H.B.)
| | - Kimberly A Workowski
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston (I.A.S.); and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University (K.A.W.), and the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - both in Atlanta (K.A.W., L.H.B.)
| | - Laura H Bachmann
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at UT Health, Houston (I.A.S.); and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University (K.A.W.), and the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - both in Atlanta (K.A.W., L.H.B.)
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Dewart G, Muller J, Phillips JC, Banaszak D, Caine V. Interventions in maternal syphilis care globally: A scoping review. Health Care Women Int 2024; 45:1061-1080. [PMID: 38180353 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2023.2294815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Infectious and Congenital Syphilis rates continue to rise globally. Current recommendations for syphilis screening and treatment may be insufficient, and there is a pressing need for improved programs and services to address the increase in cases. A scoping review was conducted to examine approaches to maternal syphilis screening and treatment. Theoretical underpinnings and the key characteristics of these interventions were studied to identify gaps in the existing literature to guide future research. Developing a modified version of the socio-ecological model to guide data analysis, we included 33 academic studies spanning 31 years, covering a range of interventions, programs, and policies globally. We highlight key facets of interventions aligning with the five levels of the modified model that include: individual, interpersonal, institutional, community and policy. In this review, we provide valuable insights into the characteristics and principles of maternal syphilis screening and treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Dewart
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jessica Muller
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Craig Phillips
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Université d'Ottawa | University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Banaszak
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vera Caine
- School of Nursing, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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50
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Londoño-Echeverri MA, Vargas-Cely FS, García-Luna JA, Romero-Rosas NA, Muñoz Garcia LE, Valderrama N, Salazar JC. Syphilis and leprosy coinfection: A diagnostic conundrum. JAAD Case Rep 2024; 43:98-101. [PMID: 38179039 PMCID: PMC10765237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonny Alejandro García-Luna
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Nelson Alberto Romero-Rosas
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Natalia Valderrama
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Centro de Salud Panamericano, Programa Atención Enfermedad de Hansen, Cali, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Salazar
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children’s, Hartford, Connecticut
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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