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Ganguly G, Havlas Z, Michl J. Ab Initio Calculation of UV-vis Absorption of Parent Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn Metalloporphyrins. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10127-10142. [PMID: 38770816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Relativistic restricted active space (RAS) second-order multireference perturbation theory (MRPT2) methods, incorporating spin-orbit (SO) coupling perturbatively via state interaction (SO-MRPT2/RASSCF), were used to reproduce the absorption spectra of parent metalloporphyrins containing the Mg2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, or FeCl2+ ions in the 12,500-40,000 cm-1 region. Particular attention was paid to the interaction between the porphyrin ring and the metal 3d electrons in states of different multiplicities (we used metal 3d and double d-shell or 3d' orbitals). For this class of compounds, the N-electron valence state perturbation theory (NEVPT2) method is superior to the complete active space perturbation theory (CASPT2) and successfully reproduces the energies of all four characteristic transitions (Q, B, N, and L) of closed-shell metalloporphyrins. Inclusion of SO coupling was found to have very little effect on excitation energies and oscillator strengths. For FeCl2+ porphyrin, we treated ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT; π,d), metal ligand field (d,d), and metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT; d,π*) transitions within the same framework. The broad and intense spectral features associated with its B (Soret) band are attributed to multiconfigurational LMCT (d,π*) bands involving strong metal-ligand orbital mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurab Ganguly
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Havlas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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2
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Garcia-Orrit S, Vega-Mayoral V, Chen Q, Serra G, Paternò GM, Cánovas E, Narita A, Müllen K, Tommasini M, Cabanillas-González J. Nanographene-Based Decoration as a Panchromatic Antenna for Metalloporphyrin Conjugates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301596. [PMID: 37329205 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins, a type of heterocyclic aromatic compounds consisting of tetrapyrroles connected by four substituted methine groups, are appealing building blocks for solar energy applications. However, their photosensitization capability is limited by their large optical energy gap, which results in a mismatch in absorption toward efficient harvesting of the solar spectrum. Porphyrin π-extension by edge-fusing with nanographenes can be employed for narrowing their optical energy gap from 2.35 to 1.08 eV, enabling the development of porphyrin-based panchromatic dyes with an optimized energy onset for solar energy conversion in dye-sensitized solar fuel and solar cell configurations. By combining time-dependent density functional theory with fs transient absorption spectroscopy, it is found that the primary singlets, which are delocalized across the entire aromatic part, are transferred into metal centred triplets in only 1.2 ps; and subsequently, relax toward ligand-delocalized triplets. This observation implies that the decoration of the porphyrin moiety with nanographenes, while having a large impact on the absorption onset of the novel dye, promotes the formation of a ligand-centred lowest triplet state of large spatial extension, potentially interesting for boosting interactions with electron scavengers. These results reveal a design strategy for broadening the applicability of porphyrin-based dyes in optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saül Garcia-Orrit
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Victor Vega-Mayoral
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Qiang Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gianluca Serra
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Giuseppe M Paternò
- Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Enrique Cánovas
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Juan Cabanillas-González
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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Kurz H, Schötz K, Papadopoulos I, Heinemann FW, Maid H, Guldi DM, Köhler A, Hörner G, Weber B. A Fluorescence-Detected Coordination-Induced Spin State Switch. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3466-3480. [PMID: 33636077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The response of the spin state to in situ variation of the coordination number (CISSS) is a promising and viable approach to smart sensor materials, yet it suffers to date from insensitive detection. Herein, we present the synthetic access to a family of planar nickel(II) complexes, whose CISSS is sensitively followed by means of fluorescence detection. For this purpose, nickel(II) complexes with four phenazine-based Schiff base-like ligands were synthesized and characterized through solution-phase spectroscopy (NMR and UV-vis), solid-state structure analysis (single-crystal XRD), and extended theoretical modeling. All of them reveal CISSS in solution through axial ligating a range of N- and O-donors. CISSS correlates nicely with the basicity of the axial ligand and the substitution-dependent acidity of the nickel(II) coordination site. Remarkably, three out of the four nickel(II) complexes are fluorescent in noncoordinating solvents but are fluorescence-silent in the presence of axial ligands such as pyridine. As these complexes are rare examples of fluorescent nickel(II) complexes, the photophysical properties with a coordination number of 4 were studied in detail, including temperature-dependent lifetime and quantum yield determinations. Most importantly, fluorescence quenching upon adding axial ligands allows a "black or white", i.e. digital, sensoring of spin state alternation. Our studies of fluorescence-detected CISSS (FD-CISSS) revealed that absorption-based CISSS and FD-CISSS are super proportional with respect to the pyridine concentration: FD-CISSS features a higher sensitivity. Overall, our findings indicate a favored ligation of these nickel(II) complexes in the excited state in comparison to the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kurz
- Inorganic Chemistry IV, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schötz
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank W Heinemann
- Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Maid
- Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.,Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gerald Hörner
- Inorganic Chemistry IV, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Birgit Weber
- Inorganic Chemistry IV, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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4
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Szczepańska M, Lodowski P, Jaworska M. Electronic excited states and luminescence properties of palladium(II)corrin complex. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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A DFT and TD-DFT study on electronic structures and UV-spectra properties of octaethyl-porphyrin with different central metals(Ni, V, Cu, Co). Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Ryland ES, Zhang K, Vura-Weis J. Sub-100 fs Intersystem Crossing to a Metal-Centered Triplet in Ni(II)OEP Observed with M-Edge XANES. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5214-5222. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Ryland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Josh Vura-Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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7
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Hong J, Fauvell TJ, Helweh W, Zhang X, Chen LX. Investigation of the photoinduced axial ligation process in the excited state of nickel(II) phthalocyanine. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Hong J, Kelley MS, Shelby ML, Hayes DK, Hadt RG, Rimmerman D, Zhang X, Chen LX. The Nature of the Long-Lived Excited State in a Ni II Phthalocyanine Complex Investigated by X-Ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:2421-2428. [PMID: 29851241 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the photoexcited state of octabutoxy nickel(II) phthalocyanine (NiPcOBu8 ) with a 500 ps lifetime was investigated by X-ray transient absorption (XTA) spectroscopy. Previous optical, vibrational, and computational studies have suggested that this photoexcited state has a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) nature. By using XTA, which provides unambiguous information on the local electronic and nuclear configuration around the Ni center, the nature of the excited state of NiPcOBu8 was reassessed. Using X-ray probe pulses from a synchrotron source, the ground- and excited-state X-ray absorption spectra of NiPcOBu8 were measured. Based on the results, we identified that the excited state exhibits spectral features that are characteristic of a Ni1, 3 (3dz2 ,3dx2-y2 ) state rather than a LMCT state with a transiently reduced Ni center. This state resembles the (d,d) state of nickel(II) tetramesitylphorphyrin. The XTA features are rationalized based on the inherent cavity sizes of the macrocycles. These results may provide useful guidance for the design of photocatalysts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL, 60208, USA
| | - Matthew S Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL, 60208, USA
| | - Megan L Shelby
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL, 60208, USA
| | - Dugan K Hayes
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Ryan G Hadt
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Dolev Rimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL, 60208, USA
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
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9
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Zhang J. Origins of the enantioselectivity of a palladium catalyst with BINOL–phosphoric acid ligands. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8064-8071. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02271b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselectivity of the studied C–H activation is related to the Brønsted acidity and isopropyl groups of the effective catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
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10
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Chen LX, Shelby ML, Lestrange PJ, Jackson NE, Haldrup K, Mara MW, Stickrath AB, Zhu D, Lemke H, Chollet M, Hoffman BM, Li X. Imaging ultrafast excited state pathways in transition metal complexes by X-ray transient absorption and scattering using X-ray free electron laser source. Faraday Discuss 2016; 194:639-658. [PMID: 27711898 PMCID: PMC5177475 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00083e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This report will describe our recent studies of transition metal complex structural dynamics on the fs and ps time scales using an X-ray free electron laser source, Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Ultrafast XANES spectra at the Ni K-edge of nickel(ii) tetramesitylporphyrin (NiTMP) were measured for optically excited states at a timescale from 100 fs to 50 ps, providing insight into its sub-ps electronic and structural relaxation processes. Importantly, a transient reduced state Ni(i) (π, 3dx2-y2) electronic state is captured through the interpretation of a short-lived excited state absorption on the low-energy shoulder of the edge, which is aided by the computation of X-ray transitions for postulated excited electronic states. The observed and computed inner shell to valence orbital transition energies demonstrate and quantify the influence of the electronic configuration on specific metal orbital energies. A strong influence of the valence orbital occupation on the inner shell orbital energies indicates that one should not use the transition energy from 1s to other orbitals to draw conclusions about the d-orbital energies. For photocatalysis, a transient electronic configuration could influence d-orbital energies up to a few eV and any attempt to steer the reaction pathway should account for this to ensure that external energies can be used optimally in driving desirable processes. NiTMP structural evolution and the influence of the porphyrin macrocycle conformation on relaxation kinetics can be likewise inferred from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin X Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
| | - Megan L Shelby
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
| | | | - Nicholas E Jackson
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
| | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- Physics Department, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael W Mara
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
| | - Andrew B Stickrath
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA.
| | - Diling Zhu
- LCLS, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Henrik Lemke
- LCLS, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Brian M Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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11
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Shelby ML, Lestrange PJ, Jackson NE, Haldrup K, Mara MW, Stickrath AB, Zhu D, Lemke H, Chollet M, Hoffman BM, Li X, Chen LX. Ultrafast Excited State Relaxation of a Metalloporphyrin Revealed by Femtosecond X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8752-64. [PMID: 27286410 PMCID: PMC5074555 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoexcited Nickel(II) tetramesitylporphyrin (NiTMP), like many open-shell metalloporphyrins, relaxes rapidly through multiple electronic states following an initial porphyrin-based excitation, some involving metal centered electronic configuration changes that could be harnessed catalytically before excited state relaxation. While a NiTMP excited state present at 100 ps was previously identified by X-ray transient absorption (XTA) spectroscopy at a synchrotron source as a relaxed (d,d) state, the lowest energy excited state (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 9616 and Chem. Sci., 2010, 1, 642), structural dynamics before thermalization were not resolved due to the ∼100 ps duration of the available X-ray probe pulse. Using the femtosecond (fs) X-ray pulses of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), the Ni center electronic configuration from the initial excited state to the relaxed (d,d) state has been obtained via ultrafast Ni K-edge XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure) on a time scale from hundreds of femtoseconds to 100 ps. This enabled the identification of a short-lived Ni(I) species aided by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) methods. Computed electronic and nuclear structure for critical excited electronic states in the relaxation pathway characterize the dependence of the complex's geometry on the electron occupation of the 3d orbitals. Calculated XANES transitions for these excited states assign a short-lived transient signal to the spectroscopic signature of the Ni(I) species, resulting from intramolecular charge transfer on a time scale that has eluded previous synchrotron studies. These combined results enable us to examine the excited state structural dynamics of NiTMP prior to thermal relaxation and to capture intermediates of potential photocatalytic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Shelby
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Nicholas E. Jackson
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- Physics Department, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael W. Mara
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Andrew B. Stickrath
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Diling Zhu
- LCLS, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Henrik Lemke
- LCLS, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Matthieu Chollet
- LCLS, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Brian M. Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lin X. Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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12
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Theoretical investigation of polymer chain stability in the metal coordinated azorubine and cyclam complex. Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Borfecchia E, Garino C, Salassa L, Lamberti C. Synchrotron ultrafast techniques for photoactive transition metal complexes. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120132. [PMID: 23776294 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of time-resolved X-ray techniques has revealed the structure of light-generated transient species for a wide range of samples, from small organic molecules to proteins. Time resolutions of the order of 100 ps are typically reached, allowing one to monitor thermally equilibrated excited states and capture their structure as a function of time. This review aims at providing a general overview of the application of time-resolved X-ray solution scattering (TR-XSS) and time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-XAS), the two techniques prevalently employed in the investigation of light-triggered structural changes of transition metal complexes. In particular, we herein describe the fundamental physical principles for static XSS and XAS and illustrate the theory of time-resolved XSS and XAS together with data acquisition and analysis strategies. Selected pioneering examples of photoactive transition metal complexes studied by TR-XSS and TR-XAS are discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Borfecchia
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
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14
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Barbee J, Kuznetsov AE. Revealing substituent effects on the electronic structure and planarity of Ni-porphyrins. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012; 981:73-85. [PMID: 23560251 DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Using density functional theory, we have studied the effects on structural and electronic consequences (including HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, vertical ionization potentials (IPv), and vertical electron affinities (EAv)) of the following two factors: (a) meso- and β-substituents acting as inductive donors (CH3), inductive acceptors that are electron-donating through resonance (Br), inductive electron acceptors (CF3), and resonance enabled acceptors (NO2); and (b) complete replacement of pyrrole nitrogens with P-atoms. The principal results of the study are: (1) For the bare Ni-porphyrin, the solvents were found not to affect the HOMO-LUMO gaps but to change the IPv and EAv noticeably. (2) In the series CH3 → Br → CF3 → NO2 the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, IPv, and EAv increase for both meso- and β-substituents. The ruffling distortion of the porphyrin core is retained, and becomes stronger for the two acceptor groups. In general, effects of meso-substituents on the ruffling distortion of the porphyrin core is more pronounced. (3) Most significantly, complete replacement of pyrrole nitrogens in the NiP with phosphorus atoms produces the species, NiP(P)4, with the structural and electronic features drastically different from the original NiP. This implies that NiP(P)4 can possess interesting and unusual novel properties, including aromaticity and reactivity, leading to its various beneficial potential applications. Furthermore, NiP(P)4 high stability both in the gas phase and different solvents was shown, implying the feasibility of its synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Barbee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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15
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Prasad R, Kumar A. Synthesis, spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations of supramolecular nickel(II)tetraazaporphyrin complexes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424605000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ( bpy )2 Ru II and ( phen )2 Ru II moieties were linked to [ Ni ( OBTTAP )]1, periphery through coordinate bonds in order to synthesize cationic di- and pentanuclear complexes 2-5 that were obtained as PF 6− salts. They were characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, UV-vis, and mass spectral data. The electronic absorption, emission and redox data of these bichromophoric systems indicate the presence of a high degree of intercomponent electronic interaction. The position and relative intensities of the Soret and Q bands in these complexes is altered due to peripheral binding of the metal units. The compounds were non-emissive for the Q band excitation but, Soret excitation led to a strong S 2 emission, observed between 400-450 nm. In cyclic voltammetry, the compounds exhibited one Ru centered oxidation together with one or two OBTTAP centered oxidations. The Ru II/ Ru III oxidations were observed at significantly lower potentials as compared to the corresponding simple maleonitrile-benzylthioether complexes and has been interpretted in terms of weaker d π( S )– d π( Ru ) interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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16
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Girichev GV, Giricheva NI, Koifman OI, Minenkov YV, Pogonin AE, Semeikin AS, Shlykov SA. Molecular structure and bonding in octamethylporphyrin tin(ii), SnN4C28H28. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:7550-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12499h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Design of porphyrin-based photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385904-4.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Girichev GV, Giricheva NI, Golubchikov OA, Mimenkov YV, Semeikin AS, Shlykov SA. Octamethylporphyrin copper, C28H28N4Cu – A first experimental structure determination of porphyrins in gas phase. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ha-Thi MH, Shafizadeh N, Poisson L, Soep B. First observation in the gas phase of the ultrafast electronic relaxation pathways of the S2 states of heme and hemin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:14985-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00687d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Spänig F, Ruppert M, Dannhäuser J, Hirsch A, Guldi DM. trans-2 addition pattern to power charge transfer in dendronized metalloporphyrin C60 conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:9378-88. [PMID: 19566102 DOI: 10.1021/ja9029686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coordinating different transition metals--manganese(III), iron(III), nickel(II), and copper(II)--by a dendronized porphyrin afforded a new family of redox-active metalloporphyrins to which C(60) was attached as a ground-state electron acceptor. Such a strategy introduced an additional center of redoxactivity, that is, a change of the oxidation state of the metal. Cyclic voltammetry and absorption/fluorescence measurements provided support for mutual interactions between the redox-active constituents in the ground state. In particular, slightly anodic shifted reduction potentials/cathodic shifted oxidation potentials and the occurrence of new charge transfer features in the 700-900 nm range prompt to sizable electronic coupling in the range of 300 cm(-1). Photophysical means--steady-state/time-resolved fluorescence and transient absorption measurements--shed light on the excited-state interactions. To this end, we have added pulse radiolytic investigations to characterize the radical cation (i.e., metalloporphyrins) and radical anion (i.e., fullerene) characteristics. Pi-pi stacking of the excited state electron donor and the electron acceptor is key to overcome the intrinsically fast deactivation of the excited states in these metalloporphyrins and to power an exothermic charge transfer. The lifetimes of the rapidly and efficiently generated radical ion pair states, which range from 15 to >3000 ps, revealed several important trends. First, they were found to depend on the solvent polarity. Second, the nature of the transition metal plays a similarly decisive role. It is important that the product of charge recombination, namely tripmultiplet excited states versus ground state, had a great impact. Finally, a correlation between the charge transfer rate (i.e., charge separation and charge recombination) and the free energy change for the underlying reaction reveals a parabolic dependence with parameters of the reorganization energy (0.84 eV) and electronic coupling (70 cm(-1)) closely resembling that seen for the zinc(II) and free base analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Spänig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen Nurnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Shafizadeh N, Soep B, Mestdagh JM, Breckenridge WH. Charge transfer in metal-atom-containing molecules in the gas phase. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350903052663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Schweitzer-Stenner R. Internal electric field in cytochrome C explored by visible electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:10358-66. [PMID: 18665633 DOI: 10.1021/jp802495q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electronic circular dichroism (ECD) is a valuable tool to explore the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. With respect to heme proteins, the corresponding visible ECD spectra, which probe the chirality of the heme environment, have been used to explore functionally relevant structural changes in the heme vicinity. While the physical basis of the obtained ECD signal has been analyzed by Woody and co-workers in terms of multiple electronic coupling mechanism between the electronic transitions of the heme chromophore and of the protein (Hsu, M.C.; Woody, R.W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 3515), a theory for a detailed quantitative analysis of ECD profiles has only recently been developed (Schweitzer-Stenner, R.; Gorden, J. P.; Hagarman, A. J. Chem. Phys. 2007, 127, 135103). In the present study this theory is applied to analyze the visible ECD-spectra of both oxidation states of three cytochromes c from horse, cow and yeast. The results reveal that both B- and Q-bands are subject to band splitting, which is caused by a combination of electronic and vibronic perturbations. The B-band splittings are substantially larger than the corresponding Q-band splittings in both oxidation states. For the B-bands, the electronic contribution to the band splitting can be assigned to the internal electric field in the heme pocket, whereas the corresponding Q-band splitting is likely to reflect its gradient (Manas, E. S.; Vanderkooi, J. M.; Sharp, K. A. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 6344). We found that the electronic and vibronic splitting is substantially larger in the oxidized than in the reduced state. Moreover, these states exhibit different signs of electronic splitting. These findings suggest that the oxidation process increases the internal electric field and changes its orientation with respect to the molecular coordinate system associated with the N-Fe-N lines of the heme group. For the reduced state, we used our data to calculate electric field strengths between 27 and 31 MV/cm for the investigated cytochrome c species. The field of the oxidized state is more difficult to estimate, owing to the lack of information about its orientation in the heme plane. Based on band splitting and the wavenumber of the band position we estimated a field-strength of ca. 40 MV/cm for oxidized horse heart cytochrome c. The thus derived difference between the field strengths of the oxidized and reduced state would contribute at least -55 kJ/mol to the enthalpic stabilization of the oxidized state. Our data indicate that the corresponding stabilization energy of yeast cytochrome c is smaller.
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Shafizadeh N, Poisson L, Soep B. Ultrafast electronic relaxation of excited state vitamin B12 in the gas phase. Chem Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Soldatova AV, Kim J, Rosa A, Ricciardi G, Kenney ME, Rodgers MAJ. Photophysical Behavior of Open-Shell First-Row Transition-Metal Octabutoxynaphthalocyanines: CoNc(OBu)8 and CuNc(OBu)8 as Case Studies. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:4275-89. [DOI: 10.1021/ic7023204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V. Soldatova
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Junhwan Kim
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Angela Rosa
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Ricciardi
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Malcolm E. Kenney
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Michael A. J. Rodgers
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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25
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Zhang X, Wasinger EC, Muresan AZ, Attenkofer K, Jennings G, Lindsey JS, Chen LX. Ultrafast Stimulated Emission and Structural Dynamics in Nickel Porphyrins. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:11736-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0751763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zhang
- Chemistry Division and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Erik C. Wasinger
- Chemistry Division and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Ana Z. Muresan
- Chemistry Division and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Klaus Attenkofer
- Chemistry Division and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Guy Jennings
- Chemistry Division and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Chemistry Division and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Lin X. Chen
- Chemistry Division and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Charkin OP, Klimenko NM, Charkin DO, Chang HC, Lin SH. Theoretical DFT Study of Fragmentation and Association of Heme and Hemin. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:9207-17. [PMID: 17727274 DOI: 10.1021/jp071741q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electronic and geometric structures, energy stability, and normal vibrational frequencies of heme, hemine, and their stepwise fragmentation products (with successive loss of two carboxymethyl, four methyl, and two vinyl peripheral groups) in the states with different multiplicity were calculated using the density functional theory (the B3LYP method) with several basis sets. At the same level, the structure and stability of neutral and positively charged dimers of the ferri- and ferroporphyrines were also computed. The computational results are compared with available experimental data. The trends in the behavior of these properties of heme and hemin are analyzed upon the stepwise fragmentation and association and with a change in the multiplicity and external charge. The structure and energetic stability of complexes of the species with molecular oxygen are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Charkin
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskii prosp. 18, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432 Russia.
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Kuta J, Patchkovskii S, Zgierski MZ, Kozlowski PM. Performance of DFT in modeling electronic and structural properties of cobalamins. J Comput Chem 2007; 27:1429-37. [PMID: 16807975 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Computational modeling of the enzymatic activity of B12-dependent enzymes requires a detailed understanding of the factors that influence the strength of the Co--C bond and the limits associated with a particular level of theory. To address this issue, a systematic analysis of the electronic and structural properties of coenzyme B12 models has been performed to establish the performance of three different functionals including B3LYP, BP86, and revPBE. In particular the cobalt-carbon bond dissociation energies, axial bond lengths, and selected stretching frequencies have been analyzed in detail. Current analysis shows that widely used B3LYP functional significantly underestimates the strength of the Co--C bond while the nonhybrid BP86 functional produces very consistent results in comparison to experimental data. To explain such different performance of these functionals molecular orbital analysis associated with axial bonds has been performed to show differences in axial bonding provided by hybrid and nonhybrid functionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Kuta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S. Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Chen LX, Zhang X, Wasinger EC, Attenkofer K, Jennings G, Muresan AZ, Lindsey JS. Tracking Electrons and Atoms in a Photoexcited Metalloporphyrin by X-ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:9616-8. [PMID: 17636917 DOI: 10.1021/ja072979v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin X Chen
- Chemistry Division and X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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29
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Charkin OP, Klimenko NM, Nguyen TP, Charkin DO, Wang YS, Chang HC, Lin SH. Theoretical study of “deep” fragmentation of hemin ion with successive loss of methyl and vinyl groups. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023606100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Kozlowski PM, Kuta J, Ohta T, Kitagawa T. Resonance Raman enhancement of FeIVO stretch in high-valent iron porphyrins: An insight from TD-DFT calculations. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:744-50. [PMID: 16529819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) has been applied to explain the origin of resonance Raman enhancement associated with the Fe(IV)=O stretch observed in iron(IV)oxo porphyrins. To accomplish this electronic excitations of the Im-(Por)Fe(IV)=O model were computed in the 1.5-4.0 eV spectral range using time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT). All electronic transitions having dominant pi-->pi* character were analyzed and assigned in terms of one-electron excitations. It was found that the most intense Soret band has a multi-component character, but the pi (a(2u))-->pi*(d(xz),d(yz)) and pi (a(1u))-->pi*(d(xz),d(yz)) electronic excitations are primarily responsible for observed resonance enhancement of the Fe(IV)=O stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel M Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2330 South Brook Street, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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