1
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Zavatski S, Martin OJF. Visual and Quantitative Analysis of the Trapping Volume in Dielectrophoresis of Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:10305-10312. [PMID: 39133749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticle manipulation requires careful analysis of the forces at play. Unfortunately, traditional force measurement techniques based on the particle velocity do not provide sufficient resolution, while balancing approaches involving counteracting forces are often cumbersome. Here, we demonstrate that a nanoparticle dielectrophoretic response can be quantitatively studied by a straightforward visual delineation of the dielectrophoretic trapping volume. We reveal this volume by detecting the width of the region depleted of gold nanoparticles by the dielectrophoretic force. Comparison of the measured widths for various nanoparticle sizes with numerical simulations obtained by solving the particle-conservation equation shows excellent agreement, thus providing access to the particle physical properties, such as polarizability and size. These findings can be further extended to investigate various types of nano-objects, including bio- and molecular aggregates, and offer a robust characterization tool that can enhance the control of matter at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei Zavatski
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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2
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O'Donnell MC, Kepper M, Pesch GR. A brief history and future directions of dielectrophoretic filtration: A review. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 39126162 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202400116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an electrokinetic effect first studied in the early 20th century. Since then, DEP has gained significant interest in research, owing to its ability to solve particle separation problems in various industries. Dielectrophoretic filtration (DEP filtration) is a separation method using DEP to filter a wide range of microparticles, from bacterial cells to catalytic particles. DEP filtration can selectively separate particles based on size or dielectric properties, recover trapped particles and avoid common problems associated with mechanical filtration based on pore size (e.g. pressure drops and regular filter replacements). This review describes the simple beginnings of DEP filtration and how our understanding and applications for DEP filtration have progressed over time. A brief section of DEP theory as well as a note on the general outlook for DEP filtration in the future is presented. DEP filtration offers an exciting opportunity to selectively separate diverse particle mixtures. To achieve such a feat, technical challenges such as Joule Heating and low throughputs must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Clare O'Donnell
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mariia Kepper
- Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Georg R Pesch
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Zaman MA, Wu M, Ren W, Hesselink L. Impedance matching in optically induced dielectrophoresis: Effect of medium conductivity on trapping force. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2024; 125:051108. [PMID: 39100735 PMCID: PMC11296733 DOI: 10.1063/5.0223354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
An impedance analysis for optically induced dielectrophoresis is presented. A circuit model is developed for this purpose. The model parameters are fully defined in terms of the geometrical and material properties of the system. It is shown that trapping force can only be generated when the material properties follow certain impedance matching conditions. The impedance match factor is introduced to succinctly quantify the phenomenon. It is used to calculate bounds on the allowed electrical conductivity of the suspension medium. Results from the proposed model are found to be in good agreement with full-wave numerical simulations. By computing the acceptable set of material parameters with little computational cost, the presented analysis can streamline ODEP system design for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asif Zaman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mo Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Lambertus Hesselink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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4
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Zhang R, Zhang C, Fan X, Au Yeung CCK, Li H, Lin H, Shum HC. A droplet robotic system enabled by electret-induced polarization on droplet. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6220. [PMID: 39043732 PMCID: PMC11266649 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Robotics for scientific research are evolving from grasping macro-scale solid materials to directly actuating micro-scale liquid samples. However, current liquid actuation mechanisms often restrict operable liquid types or compromise the activity of biochemical samples by introducing interfering mediums. Here, we propose a robotic liquid handling system enabled by a novel droplet actuation mechanism, termed electret-induced polarization on droplet (EPD). EPD enables all-liquid actuation in principle and experimentally exhibits generality for actuating various inorganic/organic liquids with relative permittivity ranging from 2.25 to 84.2 and volume from 500 nL to 1 mL. Moreover, EPD is capable of actuating various biochemical samples without compromising their activities, including various body fluids, living cells, and proteins. A robotic system is also coupled with the EPD mechanism to enable full automation. EPD's high adaptability with liquid types and biochemical samples thus promotes the automation of liquid-based scientific experiments across multiple disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotong Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chengzhi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxue Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christina C K Au Yeung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huiyanchen Li
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haisong Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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5
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Padhy P, Zaman MA, Jensen MA, Cheng YT, Huang Y, Wu M, Galambos L, Davis RW, Hesselink L. Dielectrophoretic bead-droplet reactor for solid-phase synthesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6159. [PMID: 39039069 PMCID: PMC11263596 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid-phase synthesis underpins many advances in synthetic and combinatorial chemistry, biology, and material science. The immobilization of a reacting species on the solid support makes interfacing of reagents an important challenge in this approach. In traditional synthesis columns, this leads to reaction errors that limit the product yield and necessitates excess consumption of the mobile reagent phase. Although droplet microfluidics can mitigate these problems, its adoption is fundamentally limited by the inability to controllably interface microbeads and reagent droplets. Here, we introduce Dielectrophoretic Bead-Droplet Reactor as a physical method to implement solid-phase synthesis on individual functionalized microbeads by encapsulating and ejecting them from microdroplets by tuning the supply voltage. Proof-of-concept demonstration of the enzymatic coupling of fluorescently labeled nucleotides onto the bead using this reactor yielded a 3.2-fold higher fidelity over columns through precise interfacing of individual microreactors and beads. Our work combines microparticle manipulation and droplet microfluidics to address a long-standing problem in solid-phase synthesis with potentially wide-ranging implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnag Padhy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Mohammad Asif Zaman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michael Anthony Jensen
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Yao-Te Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yogi Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mo Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ludwig Galambos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ronald Wayne Davis
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lambertus Hesselink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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6
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Shee Da En Z, Mhd Noor EE, Ahmed Kayani A, Hussin MH, Farrukh Baig M. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in the Determination of the Dielectric Properties of Tau-441 Protein for Dielectrophoresis Response Prediction. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:698. [PMID: 39061780 PMCID: PMC11274257 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11070698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study employs electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to probe the behavior of Tau-441 protein, a key component implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Through meticulous experimentation and analysis, the impedance of Tau-441 protein suspension revealed a conductivity peak value of 1.02 S/m. The study demonstrates a high level of specificity and selectivity, particularly within the challenging nanomolar concentration range. Additionally, the EIS method enabled the prediction of Tau-441 protein's dielectrophoresis (DEP) response and the determination of the associated frequency range of 1 kHz to 1 MHz. These findings contribute to advancing our understanding of the molecular intricacies surrounding Tau-441 and hold promise for unraveling implications related to Alzheimer's disease. This study establishes a robust foundation for future research on neurodegenerative disease and biosciences, offering valuable insights into the electrochemical dynamics of Tau-441 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuriel Shee Da En
- Centre for Manufacturing and Environmental Sustainability (CMES), Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Ayer Keroh 75450, Malaysia (M.F.B.)
| | - Ervina Efzan Mhd Noor
- Centre for Manufacturing and Environmental Sustainability (CMES), Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Ayer Keroh 75450, Malaysia (M.F.B.)
| | - Aminuddin Ahmed Kayani
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;
| | - Mohd Hazwan Hussin
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Mirza Farrukh Baig
- Centre for Manufacturing and Environmental Sustainability (CMES), Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Ayer Keroh 75450, Malaysia (M.F.B.)
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7
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Cui F, Qiao J, Xu Y, Fu Z, Gui R, Zhang C, Zhou R, Ye L, Du X, Chen F, Hao X, Yan H, Yin H. Using an external electric field to tune active layer morphology enabling high-efficiency organic solar cells via ambient blade coating. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado5460. [PMID: 38941466 PMCID: PMC11212706 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado5460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The nanoscale morphology of the photoactive layer notably impacts the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Conventional methods to tune the morphology are typically chemical approaches that adjust the properties (such as solubility and miscibility) of the active components including donor, acceptor, and/or additive. Here, we demonstrate a completely different approach by applying an external electric field (EEF) on the active layer during the wet coating. The EEF-coating method is perfectly compatible with an ambient blade coating using environmentally friendly solvents, which are essential requirements for industrial production of OSCs. A record 18.6% efficiency is achieved using the EEF coating, which is the best value for open-air, blade-coated OSCs to date. Our findings suggest broad material applicability and attribute-enhanced performance to EEF-induced fiber formation and long-range ordering of microstructures of acceptor domains. This technique offers an effective method for producing high-performance OSCs, especially suited for industry OSC production based on open-air printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhe Cui
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Jiawei Qiao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Yujie Xu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Fu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Ruohua Gui
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department·of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Rongkun Zhou
- Department·of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaotao Hao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Shandong, Jinan, China
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8
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Bu S, Sonker M, Koh D, Ros A. On the behavior of sub-micrometer polystyrene particles subjected to AC insulator-based dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:1065-1079. [PMID: 38195843 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Polymer beads, especially polystyrene particles, have been extensively used as model species in insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) studies. Their use in alternating current iDEP (AC-iDEP) is less explored; however, an assessment in the low-frequency regime (≤10 kHz) allows to link surface conduction effects with the surface properties of polymer particles. Here, we provide a case study for various experimental conditions assessing sub-micrometer polystyrene particles with AC-iDEP and link to accepted surface conduction theory to predict and experimentally verify the observed AC-iDEP trapping behavior based on apparent zeta potential and solution conductivity. We find excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions, but also the occurrence of concentration polarization electroosmotic flow under the studied conditions, which have the potential to confound acting dielectrophoresis conditions. Furthermore, we study a case relevant to the assessment of microplastics in human and animal body fluids by mimicking the protein adsorption of high abundant proteins in blood by coating polystyrene beads with bovine serum albumin, a highly abundant protein in blood. Theoretical predictions and experimental observations confirm a difference in observed AC-iDEP behavior between coated and non-coated particles, which might be exploited for future studies of microplastics in blood to assess their exposure to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Bu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Mukul Sonker
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Domin Koh
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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9
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Tsai T, Vyas PD, Crowell LL, Tran M, Ward DW, Qin Y, Castro A, Adams TNG. Electrical signature of heterogeneous human mesenchymal stem cells. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38738344 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have gained traction in transplantation therapy due to their immunomodulatory, paracrine, immune-evasive, and multipotent differentiation potential. The inherent heterogeneity of hMSCs poses a challenge for therapeutic treatments and necessitates the identification of robust biomarkers to ensure reproducibility in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. In this study, we utilized dielectrophoresis (DEP), a label-free electrokinetic phenomenon, to investigate the heterogeneity of hMSCs derived from bone marrow (BM) and adipose tissue (AD). The electrical properties of BM-hMSCs were compared to homogeneous mouse fibroblasts (NIH-3T3), human fibroblasts (WS1), and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293). The DEP profile of BM-hMSCs differed most from HEK-293 cells. We compared the DEP profiles of BM-hMSCs and AD-hMSCs and found that they have similar membrane capacitances, differing cytoplasm conductivity, and transient slopes. Inducing both populations to differentiate into adipocyte and osteoblast cells revealed that they behave differently in response to differentiation-inducing cytokines. Histology and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analyses of the differentiation-related genes revealed differences in heterogeneity between BM-hMSCs and AD-hMSCs. The differentiation profiles correlate well with the DEP profiles developed and indicate differences in the heterogeneity of BM-hMSCs and AD-hMSCs. Our results demonstrate that using DEP, membrane capacitance, cytoplasm conductivity, and transient slope can uniquely characterize the inherent heterogeneity of hMSCs to guide robust and reproducible stem cell transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunglin Tsai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Prema D Vyas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lexi L Crowell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mary Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Destiney W Ward
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yufan Qin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Angie Castro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Tayloria N G Adams
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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10
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Kim W, Kim G. Engineered 3D liver-tissue model with minispheroids formed by a bioprinting process supported with in situ electrical stimulation. Bioact Mater 2024; 35:382-400. [PMID: 38379698 PMCID: PMC10876469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, an effective technique for building cell-laden structures providing native extracellular matrix environments, presents challenges, including inadequate cellular interactions. To address these issues, cell spheroids offer a promising solution for improving their biological functions. Particularly, minispheroids with 50-100 μm diameters exhibit enhanced cellular maturation. We propose a one-step minispheroid-forming bioprinting process incorporating electrical stimulation (E-MS-printing). By stimulating the cells, minispheroids with controlled diameters were generated by manipulating the bioink viscosity and stimulation intensity. To validate its feasibility, E-MS-printing process was applied to fabricate an engineered liver model designed to mimic the hepatic lobule unit. E-MS-printing was employed to print the hepatocyte region, followed by bioprinting the central vein using a core-shell nozzle. The resulting constructs displayed native liver-mimetic structures containing minispheroids, which facilitated improved hepatic cell maturation, functional attributes, and vessel formation. Our results demonstrate a new potential 3D liver model that can replicate native liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- WonJin Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKU-SOM), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - GeunHyung Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKU-SOM), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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11
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Hong X, Xu B, Li G, Nan F, Wang X, Liang Q, Dong W, Dong W, Sun H, Zhang Y, Li C, Fu R, Wang Z, Shen G, Wang Y, Yao Y, Zhang S, Li J. Optoelectronically navigated nano-kirigami microrotors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn7582. [PMID: 38657056 PMCID: PMC11042735 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn7582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of micro/nanofabrication technologies, the concept of transformable kirigami has been applied for device fabrication in the microscopic world. However, most nano-kirigami structures and devices were typically fabricated or transformed at fixed positions and restricted to limited mechanical motion along a single axis due to their small sizes, which significantly limits their functionalities and applications. Here, we demonstrate the precise shaping and position control of nano-kirigami microrotors. Metallic microrotors with size of ~10 micrometers were deliberately released from the substrates and readily manipulated through the multimode actuation with controllable speed and direction using an advanced optoelectronic tweezers technique. The underlying mechanisms of versatile interactions between the microrotors and electric field are uncovered by theoretical modeling and systematic analysis. This work reports a novel methodology to fabricate and manipulate micro/nanorotors with well-designed and sophisticated kirigami morphologies, providing new solutions for future advanced optoelectronic micro/nanomachinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Hong
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bingrui Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gong Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fan Nan
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Qinghua Liang
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenbo Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weikang Dong
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haozhe Sun
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongyue Zhang
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chongrui Li
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongxin Fu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhuoran Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Engineering Research Center of Integrated Acousto-opto-electronic Microsystems (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Engineering Research Center of Integrated Acousto-opto-electronic Microsystems (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yeliang Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Engineering Research Center of Integrated Acousto-opto-electronic Microsystems (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yugui Yao
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuailong Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Engineering Research Center of Integrated Acousto-opto-electronic Microsystems (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiafang Li
- Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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12
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Yan JD, Yang CY, Han A, Wu CC. A Label-Free Droplet Sorting Platform Integrating Dielectrophoretic Separation for Estimating Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:218. [PMID: 38785691 PMCID: PMC11117925 DOI: 10.3390/bios14050218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a crucial global health issue. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can survive after antibiotic treatments, lowering drug efficacy and increasing lethal risks. A microfluidic water-in-oil emulsion droplet system can entrap microorganisms and antibiotics within the tiny bioreactor, separate from the surroundings, enabling independent assays that can be performed in a high-throughput manner. This study presents the development of a label-free dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based microfluidic platform to sort droplets that co-encapsulate Escherichia coli (E. coli) and ampicillin (Amp) and droplets that co-encapsulate Amp-resistant (AmpR) E. coli with Amp only based on the conductivity-dependent DEP force (FDEP) without the assistance of optical analyses. The 9.4% low conductivity (LC) Luria-Bertani (LB) broth diluted with 170 mM mannitol can maintain E. coli and AmpR E. coli growth for 3 h and allow Amp to kill almost all E. coli, which can significantly increase the LCLB conductivity by about 100 μS/cm. Therefore, the AmpR E. coli/9.4%LCLB/Amp where no cells are killed and the E. coli/9.4%LCLB/Amp-containing droplets where most of the cells are killed can be sorted based on this conductivity difference at an applied electric field of 2 MHz and 100 Vpp that generates positive FDEP. Moreover, the sorting ratio significantly decreased to about 50% when the population of AmpR E. coli was equal to or higher than 50% in droplets. The conductivity-dependent DEP-based sorting platform exhibits promising potential to probe the ratio of AmpR E. coli in an unknown bacterial sample by using the sorting ratio as an index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-De Yan
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
| | - Chiou-Ying Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
| | - Arum Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ching-Chou Wu
- Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
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13
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Lee D, Lee D, Lee S, Park HJ, Han KN, Choi SJ, Kim YH, Kim J. Electric Field-Assisted Agglomeration of Trace Nanoparticle Impurities for Ultrahigh Purity Chemicals. JACS AU 2024; 4:1031-1038. [PMID: 38559726 PMCID: PMC10976593 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
With the advancement of semiconductor manufacturing technology, the effects of trace impurities in industrial chemicals have grown significantly. In industrial processes, conventional purification methods, such as filtration and distillation, have reached their limits for removing nanoparticles from aqueous and acidic solutions. Especially, silicon and silicate are two fundamental byproducts in semiconductor fabrication processes. Assembly and subsequent removal of these materials at the nanoparticle level have been confronted with significant challenges. Therefore, it is imperative to develop technologies to effectively control and remove these impurities for next-generation manufacturing processes. In this study, we explored the use of electric field-assisted assembly to agglomerate silicate and silicon nanoparticles in industry-standard aqueous and acidic solutions. By applying an alternating current electric field, we induced dipole moments in the nanoparticles, which led to their agglomeration. Notably, nanoparticles smaller than 4 nm grew into significantly larger ones, with submicroparticle sizes exceeding 87 nm for silicate and reaching 130 nm for silicon. Through systematic analysis of the size distribution changes, we identified optimal agglomeration times of 10 min for silicate and 20 min for silicon, revealing effective agglomeration within the frequency range of 1-1000 kHz. The agglomerated particles were stable for 5 days. Our electric field-assisted approach to obtain assembled nanoparticles that can be subsequently removed by conventional purification processes holds promise for enhancing future microfabrication processes, such as semiconductor manufacturing, potentially improving the manufacturing yield and uniformity by reducing the number of trace particles that can act as defective sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongryul Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Donggyu Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sungjune Lee
- Material
Technology Team, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18448, South Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Park
- Material
Technology Team, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18448, South Korea
| | - Kuk Nam Han
- Material
Technology Team, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18448, South Korea
| | - Sam-Jong Choi
- Material
Technology Team, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18448, South Korea
| | - Yun Ho Kim
- Material
Technology Team, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18448, South Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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14
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Frempong SB, Salbreiter M, Mostafapour S, Pistiki A, Bocklitz TW, Rösch P, Popp J. Illuminating the Tiny World: A Navigation Guide for Proper Raman Studies on Microorganisms. Molecules 2024; 29:1077. [PMID: 38474589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an emerging method for the identification of bacteria. Nevertheless, a lot of different parameters need to be considered to establish a reliable database capable of identifying real-world samples such as medical or environmental probes. In this review, the establishment of such reliable databases with the proper design in microbiological Raman studies is demonstrated, shining a light into all the parts that require attention. Aspects such as the strain selection, sample preparation and isolation requirements, the phenotypic influence, measurement strategies, as well as the statistical approaches for discrimination of bacteria, are presented. Furthermore, the influence of these aspects on spectra quality, result accuracy, and read-out are discussed. The aim of this review is to serve as a guide for the design of microbiological Raman studies that can support the establishment of this method in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Baaba Frempong
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center of Applied Research, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Salbreiter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center of Applied Research, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Mostafapour
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Pistiki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center of Applied Research, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Research Alliance-Leibniz Health Technologies, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas W Bocklitz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Research Alliance-Leibniz Health Technologies, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Rösch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center of Applied Research, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center of Applied Research, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Research Alliance-Leibniz Health Technologies, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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15
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Zaman MA, Wu M, Ren W, Jensen MA, Davis RW, Hesselink L. Spectral tweezers: Single sample spectroscopy using optoelectronic tweezers. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2024; 124:071104. [PMID: 38356894 PMCID: PMC10864034 DOI: 10.1063/5.0191871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A scheme that combines optoelectronic tweezers (OET) with spectroscopic analysis is presented. Referred to as spectral tweezers, the approach uses a single focused light beam that acts both as the trapping beam for OET and the probe beam for spectroscopy. Having simultaneous manipulation and spectral characterization ability, the method is used to isolate single micro-samples from clusters and perform spectral measurements. Experimental results show that a characteristic spectral signature can be obtained for a given sample. The proposed approach can be easily integrated into the optical setups used for conventional OETs with only a few additional optical components, making it a convenient tool for bio-analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asif Zaman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mo Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael A. Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ronald W. Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Lambertus Hesselink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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16
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Aguilella-Arzo M, Hoogerheide DP, Doucet M, Wang H, Aguilella VM. Charged Biological Membranes Repel Large Neutral Molecules by Surface Dielectrophoresis and Counterion Pressure. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2701-2710. [PMID: 38291994 PMCID: PMC10835712 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Macromolecular crowding is the usual condition of cells. The implications of the crowded cellular environment for protein stability and folding, protein-protein interactions, and intracellular transport drive a growing interest in quantifying the effects of crowding. While the properties of crowded solutions have been extensively studied, less attention has been paid to the interaction of crowders with the cellular boundaries, i.e., membranes. However, membranes are key components of cells and most subcellular organelles, playing a central role in regulating protein channel and receptor functions by recruiting and binding charged and neutral solutes. While membrane interactions with charged solutes are dominated by electrostatic forces, here we show that significant charge-induced forces also exist between membranes and neutral solutes. Using neutron reflectometry measurements and molecular dynamics simulations of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymers of different molecular weights near charged and neutral membranes, we demonstrate the roles of surface dielectrophoresis and counterion pressure in repelling PEG from charged membrane surfaces. The resulting depletion zone is expected to have consequences for drug design and delivery, the activity of proteins near membrane surfaces, and the transport of small molecules along the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Aguilella-Arzo
- Laboratory
of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - David P. Hoogerheide
- Center
for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Mathieu Doucet
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Hanyu Wang
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Vicente M. Aguilella
- Laboratory
of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
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17
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Wu J, Li X, Lin T, Zhuang L, Tang B, Liu F, Zhou G. Electric-Field-Induced Selective Directed Transport of Diverse Droplets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4126-4137. [PMID: 38191293 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Droplet directional transport is one of the central topics in microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip applications. Selective transport of diverse droplets, particularly in another liquid phase environment with controlled directions, is still challenging. In this work, we propose an electric-field gradient-driven droplet directional transport platform facilitated by a robust lubricant surface. On the platform, we clearly demonstrated a liquid-inherent critical frequency-dominated selective transport of diverse droplets and a driving mechanism transition from electrowetting to liquid dielectrophoresis. Enlightened by the Kelvin-Helmholtz theory, we first realize the directional droplet transport in another liquid phase whenever a permittivity difference exists. Co-transport of multiple droplets and various combinations of droplet types, as well as multifunctional droplet transport modes, are realized based on the presented powerful electric-field gradient-driven platform, overcoming the limitations of the surrounding environment, liquid conductivity, and intrinsic solid-liquid wetting property existing in traditional droplet transport strategies. This work may inspire new applications in liquid separation, multiphase microfluidic manipulation, chemical reagent selection, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Wu
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Li
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Tao Lin
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhuang
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Biao Tang
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Feilong Liu
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, P. R. China
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18
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Islam MN, Jaiswal B, Gagnon ZR. High-Throughput Continuous Free-Flow Dielectrophoretic Trapping of Micron-Scale Particles and Cells in Paper Using Localized Nonuniform Pore-Scale-Generated Paper-Based Electric Field Gradients. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1084-1092. [PMID: 38194698 PMCID: PMC10809225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) utilizes a spatially varying nonuniform electrical field to induce forces on suspended polarizable soft matter including particles and cells. Such nonuniformities are conventionally created using 2D or 3D micrometer-scale electrode arrays. Alternatively, insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) uses small micrometer-scale insulating structures to spatially distort and generate regions of localized field gradients to selectively trap, isolate, and concentrate bioparticles, including bacteria, viruses, red blood cells, and cancer cells from a suspending electrolyte solution. Despite significant advances in the microfabrication technology, the commercial adoption of DEP devices for soft matter manipulation remains elusive. One reason for low market penetration is a lack of low-cost and scalable fabrication methods to quickly microfabricate field-deforming structures to generate localized DEP-inducing electric field gradients. We propose here that paper-based devices can offer a low-cost and easy-to-use alternative to traditional iDEP devices. In this article, we demonstrate for the first time the ability to perform iDEP-style particle trapping using the naturally occurring micrometer-scale insulating porous structures of paper. In particular, we use polymeric laminated nonwoven fiberglass paper channels as a source of insulating structures for iDEP. We apply a flow of polarizable microparticles directly within the nonwoven channel and simultaneously drop an electric field perpendicular to the flow direction to induce DEP. We show the ability to readily trap and concentrate particles in paper by DEP with an applied voltage as low as 2 V using two different flow mechanisms: a constant fluid flow rate using an external pump and passive fluid flow by capillary wicking. Using a combination of micro computed tomography and finite element analysis, we then present a computational model to probe the microscale DEP force formation dynamics within the paper structure. This new paper-based iDEP platform enables the development of robust, low-cost, and portable next-generation iDEP systems for a wide variety of sample purification and liquid handling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Nazibul Islam
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical
Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bhavya Jaiswal
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical
Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zachary R. Gagnon
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical
Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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19
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Islam MA, Park SY. Optimizing Optical Dielectrophoretic (ODEP) Performance: Position- and Size-Dependent Droplet Manipulation in an Open-Chamber Oil Medium. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:119. [PMID: 38258238 PMCID: PMC10818536 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
An optimization study is presented to enhance optical dielectrophoretic (ODEP) performance for effective manipulation of an oil-immersed droplet in the floating electrode optoelectronic tweezers (FEOET) device. This study focuses on understanding how the droplet's position and size, relative to light illumination, affect the maximum ODEP force. Numerical simulations identified the characteristic length (Lc) of the electric field as a pivotal factor, representing the location of peak field strength. Utilizing 3D finite element simulations, the ODEP force is calculated through the Maxwell stress tensor by integrating the electric field strength over the droplet's surface and then analyzed as a function of the droplet's position and size normalized to Lc. Our findings reveal that the optimal position is xopt= Lc+ r, (with r being the droplet radius), while the optimal droplet size is ropt = 5Lc, maximizing light-induced field perturbation around the droplet. Experimental validations involving the tracking of droplet dynamics corroborated these findings. Especially, a droplet sized at r = 5Lc demonstrated the greatest optical actuation by performing the longest travel distance of 13.5 mm with its highest moving speed of 6.15 mm/s, when it was initially positioned at x0= Lc+ r = 6Lc from the light's center. These results align well with our simulations, confirming the criticality of both the position (xopt) and size (ropt) for maximizing ODEP force. This study not only provides a deeper understanding of the position- and size-dependent parameters for effective droplet manipulation in FEOET systems, but also advances the development of low-cost, disposable, lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices for multiplexed biological and biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung-Yong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1323, USA
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20
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de Los Santos-Ramirez JM, Boyas-Chavez PG, Cerrillos-Ordoñez A, Mata-Gomez M, Gallo-Villanueva RC, Perez-Gonzalez VH. Trends and challenges in microfluidic methods for protein manipulation-A review. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:69-100. [PMID: 37259641 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are important molecules involved in an immensely large number of biological processes. Being capable of manipulating proteins is critical for developing reliable and affordable techniques to analyze and/or detect them. Such techniques would enable the production of therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases or other biotechnological applications (e.g., bioreactors or biocatalysis). Microfluidic technology represents a potential solution to protein manipulation challenges because of the diverse phenomena that can be exploited to achieve micro- and nanoparticle manipulation. In this review, we discuss recent contributions made in the field of protein manipulation in microfluidic systems using different physicochemical principles and techniques, some of which are miniaturized versions of already established macro-scale techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo G Boyas-Chavez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | | | - Marco Mata-Gomez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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21
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Ino K, Utagawa Y, Shiku H. Microarray-Based Electrochemical Biosensing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:317-338. [PMID: 37306698 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microarrays are widely utilized in bioanalysis. Electrochemical biosensing techniques are often applied in microarray-based assays because of their simplicity, low cost, and high sensitivity. In such systems, the electrodes and sensing elements are arranged in arrays, and the target analytes are detected electrochemically. These sensors can be utilized for high-throughput bioanalysis and the electrochemical imaging of biosamples, including proteins, oligonucleotides, and cells. In this chapter, we summarize recent progress on these topics. We categorize electrochemical biosensing techniques for array detection into four groups: scanning electrochemical microscopy, electrode arrays, electrochemiluminescence, and bipolar electrodes. For each technique, we summarize the key principles and discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and bioanalysis applications. Finally, we present conclusions and perspectives about future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Utagawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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22
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Vishwanathan G, Juarez G. Synchronous oscillatory electro-inertial focusing of microparticles. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:064105. [PMID: 38098691 PMCID: PMC10718650 DOI: 10.1063/5.0162368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Here, results are presented on the focusing of 1 μ m polystyrene particle suspensions using a synchronous oscillatory pressure-driven flow and oscillatory electric field in a microfluidic device. The effect of the phase difference between the oscillatory fields on the focusing position and focusing efficiency was investigated. The focusing position of negatively charged polystyrene particles could be tuned anywhere between the channel centerline to the channel walls. Similarly, the focusing efficiency could range from 20% up to 90%, depending on the phase difference, for particle Reynolds numbers of order O ( 10 - 4 ) . The migration velocity profile was measured and the peak velocity was found to scale linearly with both the oscillatory pressure-driven flow amplitude and the oscillatory electric field amplitude. Furthermore, the average migration velocity was observed to scale with the cosine of the phase difference between the fields, indicating the coupled non-linear nature of the phenomenon. Last, the peak migration velocity was measured for different particle radii and found to have an inverse relation, where the velocity increased with decreasing particle radius for identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giridar Vishwanathan
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Gabriel Juarez
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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23
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Giesler J, Weirauch L, Pesch GR, Baune M, Thöming J. Semi-continuous dielectrophoretic separation at high throughput using printed circuit boards. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20696. [PMID: 38001123 PMCID: PMC10673871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Particle separation is an essential part of many processes. One mechanism to separate particles according to size, shape, or material properties is dielectrophoresis (DEP). DEP arises when a polarizable particle is immersed in an inhomogeneous electric field. DEP can attract microparticles toward the local field maxima or repulse them from these locations. In biotechnology and microfluidic devices, this is a well-described and established method to separate (bio-)particles. Increasing the throughput of DEP separators while maintaining their selectivity is a field of current research. In this study, we investigate two approaches to increase the overall throughput of an electrode-based DEP separator that uses selective trapping of particles. We studied how particle concentration affects the separation process by using two differently-sized graphite particles. We showed that concentrations up to 800 mg/L can be processed without decreasing the collection rate depending on the particle size. As a second approach to increase the throughput, parallelization in combination with two four-way valves, relays, and stepper motors was presented and successfully tested to continuously separate conducting from non-conducting particles. By demonstrating possible concentrations and enabling a semi-continuous process, this study brings the low-cost DEP setup based on printed circuit boards one step closer to real-world applications. The principle for semi-continuous processing is also applicable for other DEP devices that use trapping DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Giesler
- Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Laura Weirauch
- Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Georg R Pesch
- Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Baune
- Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jorg Thöming
- Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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24
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Mondal TK, West JH, Williams SJ. An electrospun nanofiber mat as an electrode for AC-dielectrophoretic trapping of nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18241-18249. [PMID: 37947459 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04496c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to trap nanoparticles with dielectrophoresis, high electric field gradients are needed. Here we created large area (>mm2) conductive carbon nanofiber mats to trap nanoparticles with dielectrophoresis. The electrospun fiber mats had an average diameter of 267 ± 94 nm and a conductivity of 2.55 S cm-1. Relative to cleanroom procedures, this procedure is less expensive in creating bulk conductive nanoscale features. The electrospun fiber mat was used as one electrode, with an indium-tin-oxide glass slide serving as the other (separated approximately 150 μm). Numerical models showed that conductive nanoscale fibers can generate significant field gradients sufficient to overcome Brownian transport of nanoparticles. Our experiments trapped 20 nm fluorescent polystyrene beads at 7 Vrms and 1 kHz. Trapping is further enhanced through simultaneous electrohydrodynamic motion. Overall, this straightforward electrospun fiber mat can serve as a foundation for future use in microscale electrokinetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonoy K Mondal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY-40292, USA.
| | - J Hunter West
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY-40292, USA.
| | - Stuart J Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY-40292, USA.
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25
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Borenstein JT, Cummins G, Dutta A, Hamad E, Hughes MP, Jiang X, Lee HH, Lei KF, Tang XS, Zheng Y, Chen J. Bionanotechnology and bioMEMS (BNM): state-of-the-art applications, opportunities, and challenges. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4928-4949. [PMID: 37916434 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00296a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of micro- and nanotechnology for biomedical applications has defined the cutting edge of medical technology for over three decades, as advancements in fabrication technology developed originally in the semiconductor industry have been applied to solving ever-more complex problems in medicine and biology. These technologies are ideally suited to interfacing with life sciences, since they are on the scale lengths as cells (microns) and biomacromolecules (nanometers). In this paper, we review the state of the art in bionanotechnology and bioMEMS (collectively BNM), including developments and challenges in the areas of BNM, such as microfluidic organ-on-chip devices, oral drug delivery, emerging technologies for managing infectious diseases, 3D printed microfluidic devices, AC electrokinetics, flexible MEMS devices, implantable microdevices, paper-based microfluidic platforms for cellular analysis, and wearable sensors for point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard Cummins
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Abhishek Dutta
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, USA.
| | - Eyad Hamad
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Michael Pycraft Hughes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Hyowon Hugh Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Jie Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
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26
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Yoda K, Ichikawa Y, Motosuke M. Continuous-flow electrorotation (cROT): improved throughput characterization for dielectric properties of cancer cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4986-4996. [PMID: 37889126 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the concept of a newly developed high-throughput measurement device for determining the dielectric properties of cancer cells. The proposed continuous-flow electrorotation (cROT) device can induce electrorotation (ROT) with vertical rotation using two sets of interdigitated electrodes on the top and bottom substrates to torque the cells. In the developed device, multiple rotating cells flowing in a microchannel are aligned between electrodes using dielectrophoresis. This allows for the measurement of the rotational behavior of the cells with continuous flow, resulting in a significant improvement in throughput compared to the conventional ROT devices reported previously. The dielectric properties, permittivity of the cell membrane and conductivity of the cell cytoplasm, of HeLa cells obtained by simultaneous measurements using the developed cROT device were 9.13 ± 1.02 and 0.93 ± 0.10 S m-1, respectively. Moreover, the measurement throughput was successfully increased to 2700 cells per h using the cROT technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Yoda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Ichikawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Japan.
- Water Frontier Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Masahiro Motosuke
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Japan.
- Water Frontier Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
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27
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Sharma M, Sheth M, Poling HM, Kuhnell D, Langevin SM, Esfandiari L. Rapid purification and multiparametric characterization of circulating small extracellular vesicles utilizing a label-free lab-on-a-chip device. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18293. [PMID: 37880299 PMCID: PMC10600140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-scale extracellular vesicles are lipid-bilayer delimited particles that are naturally secreted by all cells and have emerged as valuable biomarkers for a wide range of diseases. Efficient isolation of small extracellular vesicles while maintaining yield and purity is crucial to harvest their potential in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications. Most conventional methods of isolation suffer from significant shortcomings, including low purity or yield, long duration, need for large sample volumes, specialized equipment, trained personnel, and high costs. To address some of these challenges, our group has reported a novel insulator-based dielectrophoretic device for rapid isolation of small extracellular vesicles from biofluids and cell culture media based on their size and dielectric properties. In this study, we report a comprehensive characterization of small extracellular vesicles isolated from cancer-patients' biofluids at a twofold enrichment using the device. The three-fold characterization that was performed using conventional flow cytometry, advanced imaging flow cytometry, and microRNA sequencing indicated high yield and purity of the isolated small extracellular vesicles. The device thus offers an efficient platform for rapid isolation while maintaining biomolecular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maulee Sheth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Holly M Poling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Damaris Kuhnell
- Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Scott M Langevin
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Leyla Esfandiari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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28
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Tivig I, Moisescu MG, Savopol T. OpenDEP: An Open-Source Platform for Dielectrophoresis Spectra Acquisition and Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38715-38722. [PMID: 37867645 PMCID: PMC10586268 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoretic (DEP) cell separation, which utilizes electric fields to selectively manipulate and separate cells based on their electrical properties, has emerged as a cutting-edge label-free technique. DEP separation techniques rely on differences in the electrical and morphological properties of cells, which can be obtained by a thorough analysis of DEP spectra. This article presents a novel platform, named OpenDEP, for acquiring and processing DEP spectra of suspended cells. The platform consists of lab-on-a-chip and open-source software that enables the determination of DEP spectra and electric parameters. The performance of OpenDEP was validated by comparing the results obtained using this platform with the results obtained using a commercially available device, 3DEP from DEPtech. The lab-on-a-chip design features two indium tin oxide-coated slides with a specific geometry, forming a chamber where cells are exposed to an inhomogeneous alternating electric field with different frequencies, and microscopic images of cell distributions are acquired. A custom-built software written in the Python programing language was developed to convert the acquired images into DEP spectra, allowing for the estimation of membrane and cytoplasm conductivities and permittivities. The platform was validated using two cell lines, DC3F and NIH 3T3. The OpenDEP platform offers several advantages, including easy manufacturing, statistically robust computations due to large cell population analysis, and a closed environment for sterile work. Furthermore, continuous observation using any microscope allows for integration with other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Tivig
- Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology
Department, Excellence Center for Research in Biophysics and Cellular
Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol
Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Mihaela Georgeta Moisescu
- Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology
Department, Excellence Center for Research in Biophysics and Cellular
Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol
Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., Bucharest 050474, Romania
| | - Tudor Savopol
- Biophysics and Cellular Biotechnology
Department, Excellence Center for Research in Biophysics and Cellular
Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol
Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., Bucharest 050474, Romania
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29
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Hagness DE, Yang Y, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. The application of an applied electrical potential to generate electrical fields and forces to enhance affinity biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 238:115577. [PMID: 37579531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Affinity biosensors play a crucial role in clinical diagnosis, pharmaceuticals, immunology, and other areas of human health. Affinity biosensors rely on the specific binding between target analytes and biological ligands such as antibodies, nucleic acids, aptamers, or other receptors to primarily generate electrochemical or optical signals. Considerable effort has been put into improving the performance of the affinity technologies to make them more sensitive, efficient and reproducible, of the many approaches electrokinetic phenomena are a viable option. In this perspective, studies that combine electrokinetic phenomena with affinity biosensor are discussed about their promise for achieving higher sensitivity and lower detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Hagness
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia; Australia Centre for Nanomedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia; Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia; Australia Centre for Nanomedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
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30
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D M Campos C, Uning KT, Barmuta P, Markovic T, Yadav R, Mangraviti G, Ocket I, Van Roy W, Lagae L, Liu C. Use of high frequency electrorotation to identify cytoplasmic changes in cells non-disruptively. Biomed Microdevices 2023; 25:39. [PMID: 37801137 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-023-00677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate how the use of frequencies ranging from 50 kHz to 5 GHz in the analysis of cells by electrorotation can open the path to the identification of differences not detectable by conventional set-ups. Earlier works usually reported electrorotation devices operating below 20 MHz, limiting the response obtained to properties associated with the cell membrane. Those devices are thus unable to resolve the physiological properties in the cytoplasm. We used microwave-based technology to extend the frequency operation to 5 GHz. At high frequencies (from tens of MHz to GHz), the electromagnetic signal passes through the membrane and allows probing the cytoplasm. This enables several applications, such as cell classification, and viability analysis. Additionally, the use of conventional microfabrication techniques reduces the cost and complexity of analysis, compared to other non-invasive methods. We demonstrated the potential of this set-up by identifying two different populations of T-lymphocytes not distinguishable through visual assessment. We also assessed the effect of calcein on cell cytoplasmic properties and used it as a controlled experiment to demonstrate the possibility of this method to detect changes happening predominantly in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila D M Campos
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kevin T Uning
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Barmuta
- Department Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomislav Markovic
- Department Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rahul Yadav
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- imec OnePlanet Research Center, Bronland 10, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ilja Ocket
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Liesbet Lagae
- imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Department Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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31
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Katzmeier F, Simmel FC. Microrobots powered by concentration polarization electrophoresis (CPEP). Nat Commun 2023; 14:6247. [PMID: 37802992 PMCID: PMC10558450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Second-order electrokinetic flow around colloidal particles caused by concentration polarization electro-osmosis (CPEO) can result in a phoretic motion of asymmetric particle dimers in a homogeneous AC electrical field, which we refer to as concentration polarization electro-phoresis (CPEP). To demonstrate this actuation mechanism, we created particle dimers from micron-sized silica spheres with sizes 1.0 μm and 2.1 μm by connecting them with DNA linker molecules. The dimers can be steered along arbitrarily chosen paths within a 2D plane by controlling the orientation of the AC electric field in a fluidic chamber with the joystick of a gamepad. Further utilizing induced dipole-dipole interactions, we demonstrate that particle dimers can be used to controllably pick up monomeric particles and release them at any desired position, and also to assemble several particles into groups. Systematic experiments exploring the dependence of the dimer migration speed on the electric field strength, frequency, and buffer composition align with the theoretical framework of CPEO and provide parameter ranges for the operation of our microrobots. Furthermore, experiments with a variety of asymmetric particles, such as fragmented ceramic, borosilicate glass, acrylic glass, agarose gel, and ground coffee particles, as well as yeast cells, demonstrate that CPEP is a generic phenomenon that can be expected for all charged dielectric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Katzmeier
- Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Friedrich C Simmel
- Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
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32
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Cai S, Deng Y, Wang Z, Zhu J, Huang C, Du L, Wang C, Yu X, Liu W, Yang C, Wang Z, Wang L, Ma K, Huang R, Zhou X, Zou H, Zhang W, Huang Y, Li Z, Qin T, Xu T, Guo X, Yu Z. Development and clinical validation of a microfluidic-based platform for CTC enrichment and downstream molecular analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1238332. [PMID: 37849806 PMCID: PMC10578963 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1238332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although many CTC isolation and detection methods can provide information on cancer cell counts, downstream gene and protein analysis remain incomplete. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a technology that can provide comprehensive information on both the number and profile of CTC. Methods In this study, we developed a novel microfluidics-based CTC separation and enrichment platform that provided detailed information about CTC. Results This platform exhibits exceptional functionality, achieving high rates of CTC recovery (87.1%) and purification (∼4 log depletion of WBCs), as well as accurate detection (95.10%), providing intact and viable CTCs for downstream analysis. This platform enables successful separation and enrichment of CTCs from a 4 mL whole-blood sample within 15 minutes. Additionally, CTC subtypes, selected protein expression levels on the CTC surface, and target mutations in selected genes can be directly analyzed for clinical utility using immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the detected PD-L1 expression in CTCs is consistent with immunohistochemical assay results. Conclusion The microfluidic-based CTC enrichment platform and downstream molecular analysis together provide a possible alternative to tissue biopsy for precision cancer management, especially for patients whose tissue biopsies are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhua Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Youjun Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Zhu
- Institute of Cancer Control, Cancer Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chujian Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Longde Du
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunguang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenyi Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenglin Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lixu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Medical Affairs, Cellomics (ShenZhen) Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Heng Zou
- Department of Medical Affairs, Cellomics (ShenZhen) Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenchong Zhang
- Department of Medical Affairs, Cellomics (ShenZhen) Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Medical Affairs, Cellomics (ShenZhen) Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Medical Affairs, Cellomics (ShenZhen) Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tiaoping Qin
- Department of Medical Affairs, Cellomics (ShenZhen) Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Medical Affairs, Cellomics (ShenZhen) Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaotong Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhentao Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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Yu Y, Wu L, Chen Q, Shinohara N, Huang K. Numerical investigation of atmospheric pressure plasma jet under nonuniform electric field. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:045207. [PMID: 37978721 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.045207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
With the advancement in the understanding of plasma discontinuous structures and the progress of related research, numerical methods for simulating plasmas based on continuous medium approach have encountered significant challenges. In this paper, a numerical model is presented to simulate the motion trajectory of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet under an external nonuniform electric field. The method proposes to treat the plasma jet as equivalent particles with permittivity and conductivity, based on its dielectric properties and motion characteristics. The numerical model demonstrates short calculation times and excellent agreement between simulation results and experimental observations, validating its high efficiency and effectiveness. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the collective effect of the plasma jet and provides an effective and efficient method for predicting the motion trajectory of the plasma jet, along with guidelines for controlling plasma using external nonuniform electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Yu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 610-0011, Japan
| | - Li Wu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, People's Republic of China
| | - Naoki Shinohara
- Research Institute of Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 610-0011, Japan
| | - Kama Huang
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
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34
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Aghaamoo M, Cardenas-Benitez B, Lee AP. A High-Throughput Microfluidic Cell Sorter Using a Three-Dimensional Coupled Hydrodynamic-Dielectrophoretic Pre-Focusing Module. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1813. [PMID: 37893250 PMCID: PMC10609158 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a powerful tool for label-free sorting of cells, even those with subtle differences in morphological and dielectric properties. Nevertheless, a major limitation is that most existing DEP techniques can efficiently sort cells only at low throughputs (<1 mL h-1). Here, we demonstrate that the integration of a three-dimensional (3D) coupled hydrodynamic-DEP cell pre-focusing module upstream of the main DEP sorting region enables cell sorting with a 10-fold increase in throughput compared to conventional DEP approaches. To better understand the key principles and requirements for high-throughput cell separation, we present a comprehensive theoretical model to study the scaling of hydrodynamic and electrostatic forces on cells at high flow rate regimes. Based on the model, we show that the critical cell-to-electrode distance needs to be ≤10 µm for efficient cell sorting in our proposed microfluidic platform, especially at flow rates ≥ 1 mL h-1. Based on those findings, a computational fluid dynamics model and particle tracking analysis were developed to find optimum operation parameters (e.g., flow rate ratios and electric fields) of the coupled hydrodynamic-DEP 3D focusing module. Using these optimum parameters, we experimentally demonstrate live/dead K562 cell sorting at rates as high as 10 mL h-1 (>150,000 cells min-1) with 90% separation purity, 85% cell recovery, and no negative impact on cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aghaamoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.A.); (B.C.-B.)
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Braulio Cardenas-Benitez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.A.); (B.C.-B.)
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Abraham P. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.A.); (B.C.-B.)
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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35
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Ren W, Zaman MA, Wu M, Jensen MA, Davis RW, Hesselink L. Microparticle electrical conductivity measurement using optoelectronic tweezers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2023; 134:113104. [PMID: 37736285 PMCID: PMC10511258 DOI: 10.1063/5.0169565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
When it comes to simulate or calculate an optoelectronic tweezer (OET) response for a microparticle suspended in a given medium, a precise electrical conductivity (later referred to as conductivity) value for the microparticle is critical. However, there are not well-established measurements or well-referenced values for microparticle conductivities in the OET realm. Thus, we report a method based on measuring the escape velocity of a microparticle with a standard OET system to calculate its conductivity. A widely used 6 μm polystyrene bead (PSB) is used for the study. The conductivity values are found to be invariant around 2×10-3 S/m across multiple different aqueous media, which helps clarify the ambiguity in the usage of PSB conductivity. Our convenient approach could principally be applied for the measurement of multiple unknown OET-relevant material properties of microparticle-medium systems with various OET responses, which can be beneficial to carry out more accurate characterization in relevant fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mohammad Asif Zaman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mo Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Ronald Wayne Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Lambertus Hesselink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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36
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Chen X, Liu S, Shen M, Gao Z, Hu S, Zhao Y. Dielectrophoretic assembly and separation of particles and cells in continuous flow. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4485-4493. [PMID: 37610139 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoretic (DEP) separation has been recognized as a practical tool in the separation of cells and particles for clinical diagnosis, the pharmaceutical industry and environmental monitoring. Assembly of particles and cells under DEP force is a common phenomenon and has an influence on their separation but has not been understood fully. Encouraged by these aspects, we developed a microfluidic device with a bipolar electrode array to investigate the assembly and separation of particles and cells at a large scale. First, we studied the assembly and evolution mechanisms of particles of one type under an AC electric field. Then, we investigated the interaction and assembly of multiple particles with dissimilar properties under DEP force. Depending on the development of microfluidic devices, we visualize the assembly process of yeast cells at the electrode rims and of polystyrene particles at the channel centers, and explore the influence of pearl chain formation on their separation. With increasing flow velocity from 288 to 720 μL h-1, the purity of 5 μm polystyrene particles surpasses 94.9%. Furthermore, we studied the DEP response of Scenedesmus sp. and C. vulgaris, and explored the influence of cell chains on the isolation of C. vulgaris. The purity of Scenedesmus sp. and C. vulgaris witnessed a decrease from 95.7% to 90.8% when the flow rate increased from 288 to 864 μL h-1. Finally, we investigated the extension of the electric field under chains of Oocystis sp. at the electrode rims by studying chain formation and capture of C. vulgaris, and studied its effect on cell chain length, recovered cell purity and cell concentration. When chains of Oocystis sp. were formed, the purity of C. vulgaris kept unchanged and the concentration decreased from 2793 cells per μL to 2039 cells per μL. This work demonstrates continuous DEP-based assembly and separation of particles and cells, which facilitates high-efficiency isolation of targeted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Chen
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Shun Liu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Mo Shen
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Ziwei Gao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
| | - Sheng Hu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
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37
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Li X, Liu K, Xing L, Rubinsky B. A review of tumor treating fields (TTFields): advancements in clinical applications and mechanistic insights. Radiol Oncol 2023; 57:279-291. [PMID: 37665740 PMCID: PMC10476910 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2023-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) is a non-invasive modality for cancer treatment that utilizes a specific sinusoidal electric field ranging from 100 kHz to 300 kHz, with an intensity of 1 V/cm to 3 V/cm. Its purpose is to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce cell death. Despite promising outcomes from clinical trials, TTFields have received FDA approval for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Nevertheless, global acceptance of TTFields remains limited. To enhance its clinical application in other types of cancer and gain a better understanding of its mechanisms of action, this review aims to summarize the current research status by examining existing literature on TTFields' clinical trials and mechanism studies. CONCLUSIONS Through this comprehensive review, we seek to stimulate novel ideas and provide physicians, patients, and researchers with a better comprehension of the development of TTFields and its potential applications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nan Jing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Kaida Liu
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nan Jing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Lidong Xing
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nan Jing, Jiang Su, China
| | - Boris Rubinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, BerkeleyCA, United States of America
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38
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Giesler J, Weirauch L, Rother A, Thöming J, Pesch GR, Baune M. Sorting Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Materials Using Dielectrophoresis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26635-26643. [PMID: 37521612 PMCID: PMC10373188 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are common in everyday life and the demand for their raw materials is increasing. Additionally, spent LIBs should be recycled to achieve a circular economy and supply resources for new LIBs or other products. Especially the recycling of the active material of the electrodes is the focus of current research. Existing approaches for recycling (e.g., pyro-, hydrometallurgy, or flotation) still have their drawbacks, such as the loss of materials, generation of waste, or lack of selectivity. In this study, we test the behavior of commercially available LiFePO4 and two types of graphite microparticles in a dielectrophoretic high-throughput filter. Dielectrophoresis is a volume-dependent electrokinetic force that is commonly used in microfluidics but recently also for applications that focus on enhanced throughput. In our study, graphite particles show significantly higher trapping than LiFePO4 particles. The results indicate that nearly pure fractions of LiFePO4 can be obtained with this technique from a mixture with graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Giesler
- Chemical
Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Laura Weirauch
- Chemical
Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Alica Rother
- Center
for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Jorg Thöming
- Chemical
Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
- Center
for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Georg R. Pesch
- School
of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael Baune
- Chemical
Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
- Center
for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
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39
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Zaman MA, Wu M, Ren W, Jensen MA, Davis RW, Hesselink L. Resolution improvement of optoelectronic tweezers using patterned electrodes. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2023; 123:041104. [PMID: 37502178 PMCID: PMC10371355 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
An optoelectronic tweezer (OET) device is presented that exhibits improved trapping resolution for a given optical spot size. The scheme utilizes a pair of patterned physical electrodes to produce an asymmetric electric field gradient. This, in turn, generates an azimuthal force component in addition to the conventional radial gradient force. Stable force equilibrium is achieved along a pair of antipodal points around the optical beam. Unlike conventional OETs where trapping can occur at any point around the beam perimeter, the proposed scheme improves the resolution by limiting trapping to two points. The working principle is analyzed by performing numerical analysis of the electromagnetic fields and corresponding forces. Experimental results are presented that show the trapping and manipulation of micro-particles using the proposed device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asif Zaman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mo Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael A. Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ronald W. Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Lambertus Hesselink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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40
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Gerling T, Godino N, Pfisterer F, Hupf N, Kirschbaum M. High-precision, low-complexity, high-resolution microscopy-based cell sorting. LAB ON A CHIP 2023. [PMID: 37314345 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00242j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow cell sorting based on image analysis is a powerful concept that exploits spatially-resolved features in cells, such as subcellular protein localisation or cell and organelle morphology, to isolate highly specialised cell types that were previously inaccessible to biomedical research, biotechnology, and medicine. Recently, sorting protocols have been proposed that achieve impressive throughput by combining ultra-high flow rates with sophisticated imaging and data processing protocols. However, moderate image quality and high complex experimental setups still prevent the full potential of image-activated cell sorting from being a general-purpose tool. Here, we present a new low-complexity microfluidic approach based on high numerical aperture wide-field microscopy and precise dielectrophoretic cell handling. It provides high-quality images with unprecedented resolution in image-activated cell sorting (i.e., 216 nm). In addition, it also allows long image processing times of several hundred milliseconds for thorough image analysis, while ensuring reliable and low-loss cell processing. Using our approach, we sorted live T cells based on subcellular localisation of fluorescence signals and demonstrated that purities above 80% are possible while targeting maximum yields and sample volume throughputs in the range of μl min-1. We were able to recover 85% of the target cells analysed. Finally, we ensure and quantify the full vitality of the sorted cells cultivating the cells for a period of time and through colorimetric viability tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gerling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses IZI-BB, Am Muehlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Neus Godino
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses IZI-BB, Am Muehlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Felix Pfisterer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses IZI-BB, Am Muehlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Nina Hupf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses IZI-BB, Am Muehlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Michael Kirschbaum
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses IZI-BB, Am Muehlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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41
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Lomeli-Martin A, Ahamed N, Abhyankar VV, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Electropatterning-Contemporary developments for selective particle arrangements employing electrokinetics. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:884-909. [PMID: 37002779 PMCID: PMC10330388 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The selective positioning and arrangement of distinct types of multiscale particles can be used in numerous applications in microfluidics, including integrated circuits, sensors and biochips. Electrokinetic (EK) techniques offer an extensive range of options for label-free manipulation and patterning of colloidal particles by exploiting the intrinsic electrical properties of the target of interest. EK-based techniques have been widely implemented in many recent studies, and various methodologies and microfluidic device designs have been developed to achieve patterning two- and three-dimensional (3D) patterned structures. This review provides an overview of the progress in electropatterning research during the last 5 years in the microfluidics arena. This article discusses the advances in the electropatterning of colloids, droplets, synthetic particles, cells, and gels. Each subsection analyzes the manipulation of the particles of interest via EK techniques such as electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis. The conclusions summarize recent advances and provide an outlook on the future of electropatterning in various fields of application, especially those with 3D arrangements as their end goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Lomeli-Martin
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Nuzhet Ahamed
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Vinay V. Abhyankar
- Biological Microsystems Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
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42
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Oladokun R, Adekanmbi E, Ueti M, Srivastava S. Dielectric characterization of Babesia bovis using the dielectrophoretic crossover frequency. Electrophoresis 2023. [PMID: 37160713 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Coinfection with the tick-transmitted pathogen Babesia spp. is becoming a serious health problem because of the erythrocyte invasion through Ixodes scapularis tick. The transmission of this protozoan by blood transfusion often results in high morbidity and mortality in recipients. A novel way to detect parasitized erythrocytes is by utilizing dielectrophoresis, an electrokinetic technique on a microfluidic platform, to improve the diagnostics of Babesia spp. The differences in the dielectric properties of Babesia spp.-infected erythrocytes versus healthy erythrocytes were exploited to design a fast and cost-effective diagnostic tool. One crucial factor for a successful diagnostic platform via dielectrophoretic separation is the dielectric characterization of Babesia-infected erythrocytes, which is investigated in this paper. The influence of medium conductivity and erythrocytes phenotype and genotype over the first crossover frequency (fco1 ) are used to quantify the dielectric properties of the infected cells. A sigmoidal curve was plotted via curve fitting of the single-shell model, which has been proven appropriate for parasitized cell populations where considerable cell geometry variation occurs. The difference in these curves is relevant for the separation of cells population. Microliters of sample and reagent were used throughout this experiment; the scale, results obtained, and simplicity of the system often make it very suitable for point-of-care babesiosis disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Oladokun
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Massaro Ueti
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Soumya Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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43
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Chen X, Chen X, Peng Y, Zhu L, Wang W. Dielectrophoretic Colloidal Levitation by Electrode Polarization in Oscillating Electric Fields. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6932-6945. [PMID: 37148258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlled colloidal levitation is key to many applications. Recently, it was discovered that polymer microspheres were levitated to a few micrometers in aqueous solutions in alternating current (AC) electric fields. A few mechanisms have been proposed to explain this AC levitation such as electrohydrodynamic flows, asymmetric rectified electric fields, and aperiodic electrodiffusiophoresis. Here, we propose an alternative mechanism based on dielectrophoresis in a spatially inhomogeneous electric field gradient extending from the electrode surface micrometers into the bulk. This field gradient is derived from electrode polarization, where counterions accumulate near electrode surfaces. A dielectric microparticle is then levitated from the electrode surface to a height where the dielectrophoretic lift balances gravity. The dielectrophoretic levitation mechanism is supported by two numerical models. One model assumes point dipoles and solves for the Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations, while the second model incorporates a dielectric sphere of a realistic size and permittivity and uses the Maxwell-stress tensor formulation to solve for the electrical body force. In addition to proposing a plausible levitation mechanism, we further demonstrate that AC colloidal levitation can be used to move synthetic microswimmers to controlled heights. This study sheds light on understanding the dynamics of colloidal particles near an electrode and paves the way to using AC levitation to manipulate colloidal particles, active or passive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yixin Peng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lailai Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Wei Wang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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44
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di Toma A, Brunetti G, Chiriacò MS, Ferrara F, Ciminelli C. A Novel Hybrid Platform for Live/Dead Bacteria Accurate Sorting by On-Chip DEP Device. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087077. [PMID: 37108235 PMCID: PMC10139405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) forecasts, Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) will be the leading cause of death worldwide in the next decades. To prevent this phenomenon, rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) techniques are required to drive the selection of the most suitable antibiotic and its dosage. In this context, we propose an on-chip platform, based on a micromixer and a microfluidic channel, combined with a pattern of engineered electrodes to exploit the di-electrophoresis (DEP) effect. The role of the micromixer is to ensure the proper interaction of the antibiotic with the bacteria over a long time (≈1 h), and the DEP-based microfluidic channel enables the efficient sorting of live from dead bacteria. A sorting efficiency of more than 98%, with low power consumption (Vpp = 1 V) and time response of 5 s, within a chip footprint of ≈86 mm2, has been calculated, which makes the proposed system very attractive and innovative for efficient and rapid monitoring of the antimicrobial susceptibility at the single-bacterium level in next-generation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita di Toma
- Optoelectronics Laboratory, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona 6, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Brunetti
- Optoelectronics Laboratory, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona 6, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Ferrara
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Caterina Ciminelli
- Optoelectronics Laboratory, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona 6, 70125 Bari, Italy
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45
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Zhang Q, Liu B, Gao G, Vecitis CD. Insulated Interlaced Surface Electrodes for Bacterial Inactivation and Detachment. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:3164-3174. [PMID: 36996492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c09047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Effective and stable antibiofouling surfaces and interfaces have long been of research interest. In this study, we designed, fabricated, and evaluated a surface coated with insulated interlaced electrodes for bacterial fouling reduction. The electrodes were printed Ag filaments of 100 μm width and 400 μm spacing over an area of 2 × 2 cm2. The insulating Ag electrode coating material was polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with a thickness of 10 to 40 μm. To evaluate the antibiofouling potential, E. coli inactivation after 2 min contact with the electrified surface and P. fluorescens detachment after 15 and 40 h growth were examined. The extent of bacterial inactivation was related to the insulating material, coating thickness, and applied voltage (magnitude and AC vs DC). A high bacterial inactivation (>98%) was achieved after only 2 min of treatment at 50 V AC and 10 kHz using a 10 μm TPU coating. P. fluorescens detachment after 15 and 40 h incubation in the absence of applied potential was completed with simultaneous cross-flow rinsing and AC application. Higher AC voltages and longer cross-flow rinsing times resulted in greater bacterial detachment with bacterial coverage able to be reduced to <1% after only 2 min of rinsing at 50 V AC and 10 kHz. Theoretical electric field analysis indicated that at 10 V the field strength penetrating the aqueous solution is nonuniform (∼16,000-20,000 V m-1 for the 20 μm TPU) and suggests that dielectrophoresis plays a key role in bacterial detachment. The bacterial inactivation and detachment trends observed in this study indicate that this technique has merit for future antibiofouling surface development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoying Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guandao Gao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chad D Vecitis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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46
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Chen X, Chen X, Elsayed M, Edwards H, Liu J, Peng Y, Zhang HP, Zhang S, Wang W, Wheeler AR. Steering Micromotors via Reprogrammable Optoelectronic Paths. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5894-5904. [PMID: 36912818 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Steering micromotors is important for using them in practical applications and as model systems for active matter. This functionality often requires magnetic materials in the micromotor, taxis behavior of the micromotor, or the use of specifically designed physical boundaries. Here, we develop an optoelectronic strategy that steers micromotors with programmable light patterns. In this strategy, light illumination turns hydrogenated amorphous silicon conductive, generating local electric field maxima at the edge of the light pattern that attracts micromotors via positive dielectrophoresis. As an example, metallo-dielectric Janus microspheres that self-propelled under alternating current electric fields were steered by static light patterns along customized paths and through complex microstructures. Their long-term directionality was also rectified by ratchet-shaped light patterns. Furthermore, dynamic light patterns that varied in space and time enabled more advanced motion controls such as multiple motion modes, parallel control of multiple micromotors, and the collection and transport of motor swarms. This optoelectronic steering strategy is highly versatile and compatible with a variety of micromotors, and thus it possesses the potential for their programmable control in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mohamed Elsayed
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Harrison Edwards
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yixin Peng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - H P Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuailong Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
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Sharbati P, Sadaghiani AK, Koşar A. New Generation Dielectrophoretic-Based Microfluidic Device for Multi-Type Cell Separation. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040418. [PMID: 37185493 PMCID: PMC10135750 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces a new generation of dielectrophoretic-based microfluidic device for the precise separation of multiple particle/cell types. The device features two sets of 3D electrodes, namely cylindrical and sidewall electrodes. The main channel of the device terminates with three outlets: one in the middle for particles that sense negative dielectrophoresis force and two others at the right and left sides for particles that sense positive dielectrophoresis force. To evaluate the device performance, we used red blood cells (RBCs), T-cells, U937-MC cells, and Clostridium difficile bacteria as our test subjects. Our results demonstrate that the proposed microfluidic device could accurately separate bioparticles in two steps, with sidewall electrodes of 200 µm proving optimal for efficient separation. Applying different voltages for each separation step, we found that the device performed most effectively at 6 Vp-p applied to the 3D electrodes, and at 20 Vp-p and 11 Vp-p applied to the sidewall electrodes for separating RBCs from bacteria and T-cells from U937-MC cells, respectively. Notably, the device's maximum electric fields remained below the cell electroporation threshold, and we achieved a separation efficiency of 95.5% for multi-type particle separation. Our findings proved the device's capacity for separating multiple particle types with high accuracy, without limitation for particle variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Sharbati
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology and Applications Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Abdolali K Sadaghiani
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology and Applications Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Ali Koşar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology and Applications Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
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Lim H, Kim JY, Choo S, Lee C, Han BJ, Lim CS, Nam J. Separation and Washing of Candida Cells from White Blood Cells Using Viscoelastic Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:712. [PMID: 37420947 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
An early and accurate diagnosis of Candida albicans is critical for the rapid antifungal treatment of candidemia, a mortal bloodstream infection. This study demonstrates viscoelastic microfluidic techniques for continuous separation, concentration, and subsequent washing of Candida cells in the blood. The total sample preparation system contains two-step microfluidic devices: a closed-loop separation and concentration device and a co-flow cell-washing device. To determine the flow conditions of the closed-loop device, such as the flow rate factor, a mixture of 4 and 13 μm particles was used. Candida cells were successfully separated from the white blood cells (WBCs) and concentrated by 74.6-fold in the sample reservoir of the closed-loop system at 800 μL/min with a flow rate factor of 3.3. In addition, the collected Candida cells were washed with washing buffer (deionized water) in the microchannels with an aspect ratio of 2 at a total flow rate of 100 μL/min. Finally, Candida cells at extremely low concentrations (Ct > 35) became detectable after the removal of WBCs, the additional buffer solution in the closed-loop system (Ct = 30.3 ± 1.3), and further removal of blood lysate and washing (Ct = 23.3 ± 1.6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Research Institute for Skin Image, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
- Core Research & Development Center, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Choo
- College of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Changseok Lee
- Department of AI Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 22573, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Joe Han
- Department of AI Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 22573, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 08307, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Nam
- Department of AI Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 22573, Republic of Korea
- Artificial Intelligence(AI)-Bio Research Center, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 21987, Republic of Korea
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Shen L, Tian Z, Zhang J, Zhu H, Yang K, Li T, Rich J, Upreti N, Hao N, Pei Z, Jin G, Yang S, Liang Y, Chaohui W, Huang TJ. Acousto-dielectric tweezers for size-insensitive manipulation and biophysical characterization of single cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 224:115061. [PMID: 36634509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic biophysical properties of cells, such as mechanical, acoustic, and electrical properties, are valuable indicators of a cell's function and state. However, traditional single-cell biophysical characterization methods are hindered by limited measurable properties, time-consuming procedures, and complex system setups. This study presents acousto-dielectric tweezers that leverage the balance between controllable acoustophoretic and dielectrophoretic forces applied on cells through surface acoustic waves and alternating current electric fields, respectively. Particularly, the balanced acoustophoretic and dielectrophoretic forces can trap cells at equilibrium positions independent of the cell size to differentiate between various cell-intrinsic mechanical, acoustic, and electrical properties. Experimental results show our mechanism has the potential for applications in single-cell analysis, size-insensitive cell separation, and cell phenotyping, which are all primarily based on cells' intrinsic biophysical properties. Our results also show the measured equilibrium position of a cell can inversely determine multiple biophysical properties, including membrane capacitance, cytoplasm conductivity, and acoustic contrast factor. With these features, our acousto-dielectric tweezing mechanism is a valuable addition to the resources available for biophysical property-based biological and medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; State Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Jinxin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Haodong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kaichun Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Neil Upreti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Nanjing Hao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Geonsoo Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Shujie Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Yaosi Liang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Wang Chaohui
- State Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China.
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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Armakolas A, Kotsari M, Koskinas J. Liquid Biopsies, Novel Approaches and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1579. [PMID: 36900369 PMCID: PMC10000663 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Early diagnosis and prognosis are vital to improve patients' outcomes. The gold standard of tumor characterization leading to tumor diagnosis and prognosis is tissue biopsy. Amongst the constraints of tissue biopsy collection is the sampling frequency and the incomplete representation of the entire tumor bulk. Liquid biopsy approaches, including the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating miRNAs, and tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), as well as certain protein signatures that are released in the circulation from primary tumors and their metastatic sites, present a promising and more potent candidate for patient diagnosis and follow up monitoring. The minimally invasive nature of liquid biopsies, allowing frequent collection, can be used in the monitoring of therapy response in real time, allowing the development of novel approaches in the therapeutic management of cancer patients. In this review we will describe recent advances in the field of liquid biopsy markers focusing on their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- B' Department of Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kotsari
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - John Koskinas
- B' Department of Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
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