1
|
Optimal Design and Analysis for a New 1-DOF Compliant Stage Based on Additive Manufacturing Method for Testing Medical Specimens. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ nanoindentation is extensively employed for online observing deformation and mechanical behaviors of bio-materials. However, the existing designs of the positioning stages have limited performances for testing soft or hard biomaterials. Consequently, this paper proposes a new structural design of a compliant one degree of freedom (01-DOF) stage with faster response. In addition to a new design, this article applies an analytical method to estimate the kinematic and dynamic behaviors of the stage. Firstly, the 01-DOF stage is designed with two modules, including a displacement amplifier with six levers and a symmetric parallelogram mechanism. Secondly, a kinetostatic diagram of the stage is built by pseudo-rigid-body method. Then, the dynamic equation of the proposed stage is formulated using the Lagrange method. In order to speed up the response of the indentation system, the structural optimization of the stage is conducted via the Firefly algorithm. The results showed that the theoretical first-order resonant frequency is found at about 226.8458 Hz. The theoretical consequences are nearby to the verified simulation. Besides, this achieved frequency of the presented stage is greater than that of previous stages. In an upcoming study, the prototype will be fabricated by additive manufacturing method or a computerized wire cutting method in order to verify the analytical results with experimental results.
Collapse
|
2
|
Rahman F, Ngaile G, Hassan T. Non-contact temperature control and stereo digital image correlation for high-temperature testing of miniature tubular specimens. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:115104. [PMID: 34852559 DOI: 10.1063/5.0055718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Component failures very often occur due to high temperature and multiaxial stress states arising at critical component locations. To imitate such loading conditions, a multiaxial miniature testing system (MMTS) with axial, torsional, and internal pressurization capabilities for high-temperature testing of miniature tubular specimens has been developed. Among many challenges of developing the MMTS, uniform heating, temperature measurement and control, and surface strain measurement on a miniature tubular specimen at high temperatures have significant difficulties. This paper addresses two significant challenges: first, the development of a non-contact temperature control system using infrared thermography to uniformly heat a miniature specimen of 1 mm outer diameter (OD), and second, the development of a stereo digital image correlation (stereo-DIC) setup for strain measurement on the miniature specimen subjected to high temperature. The developed control system maintains the test temperature through a closed feedback loop and employs a fail-safe mechanism to protect the MMTS load frame components against unanticipated temperature rises. The thermocouple wire-size effect on the measured temperature was examined for three different wire sizes: 0.05, 0.25, and 0.5 mm for accurate emissivity determination required for infrared thermography. Emissivities of the specimen surface at different high temperatures were experimentally determined. Inherent error analysis of the developed high-temperature stereo-DIC setup showed acceptable strain measurement uncertainty. The effectiveness of the developed non-contact temperature control system and high-temperature stereo-DIC setup has been verified by performing tensile testing of a 1 mm OD specimen at 500 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Rahman
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Gracious Ngaile
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Tasnim Hassan
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alfreider M, Meindlhumer M, Maier-Kiener V, Hohenwarter A, Kiener D. Extracting information from noisy data: Strain mapping during dynamic in-situ SEM experiments. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2021; 36:2291-2304. [PMID: 34290473 PMCID: PMC7611314 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-020-00041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micromechanical testing techniques can reveal a variety of characteristics in materials that are otherwise impossible to address. However, unlike to macroscopic testing, these miniaturized experiments are more challenging to realize and analyze, as loading and boundary conditions can often not be controlled to the same extent as in standardized macroscopic tests. Hence, exploiting all possible information from such an experiment seems utmost desirable. In the present work, we utilize dynamic in-situ microtensile testing of a nanocrystalline equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy in conjunction with initial feature tracking to obtain a continuous two-dimensional strain field. This enables an evaluation of true stress-strain data as well as of the Poisson's ratio and allows to study localization of plastic deformation for the specimen. We demonstrate that the presented image correlation method allows for an additional gain of information in these sophisticated experiments over commercial tools and can serve as a starting point to study deformation states exhibiting more complex strain fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Alfreider
- Chair of Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - M. Meindlhumer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Synthesis of Novel Multifunctional Coatings at the Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - V. Maier-Kiener
- Chair of Physical Metallurgy and Metallic Materials, Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - A. Hohenwarter
- Chair of Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - D. Kiener
- Chair of Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li K, Wang D, Yi S, Jia H, Qian J, Du Z, Ren T, Liang J, Martinez-Chapa SO, Madou M. Instrument for fine control of drop-on-demand electrohydrodynamic jet printing by current measurement. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:115001. [PMID: 31779448 DOI: 10.1063/1.5090415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an instrument of drop-on-demand electrohydrodynamic jet (DoD E-Jet) printing device equipped with a current measurement and control system was designed and developed for finely controlling the printing process. The relationships between the current and printing parameters of voltage, frequency, and flow rate were deeply investigated, and the examination data and conclusion were obtained under the condition of the needle size remaining unchanged. Especially, the equation relationship between the flow rate and current was established, which can be used for the modification of the DoD E-Jet printing process. The map describing the stable printing range, droplet size, and current was also recognized, which can help us to select parameters for stable printing. Based on the current measurement and control system and the established relationship, the optimized current and printing parameters were chosen to print uniform graphene microstructures. This instrument provides an effective method for monitoring, adjusting, and controlling the DoD E-Jet printing process and further improving the quality of the printed structures for micro/nanoelectromechanical system (M/NEMS) devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Dazhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shanshan Yi
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haoran Jia
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jianghong Qian
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhiyuan Du
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tongqun Ren
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junsheng Liang
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Sergio O Martinez-Chapa
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, P.C. 64700, Mexico
| | - Marc Madou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lah NAC, Trigueros S. Synthesis and modelling of the mechanical properties of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:225-261. [PMID: 30956731 PMCID: PMC6442207 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent interest to nanotechnology aims not only at device miniaturisation, but also at understanding the effects of quantised structure in materials of reduced dimensions, which exhibit different properties from their bulk counterparts. In particular, quantised metal nanowires made of silver, gold or copper have attracted much attention owing to their unique intrinsic and extrinsic length-dependent mechanical properties. Here we review the current state of art and developments in these nanowires from synthesis to mechanical properties, which make them leading contenders for next-generation nanoelectromechanical systems. We also present theories of interatomic interaction in metallic nanowires, as well as challenges in their synthesis and simulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Akmal Che Lah
- Innovative Manufacturing, Mechatronics and Sports Lab (iMAMS), Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Malaysia
- CONTACT Nurul Akmal Che Lah
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang C, Lu H, Zhang H, Shen Y, Lu Y. Recent Advances on In Situ SEM Mechanical and Electrical Characterization of Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials. SCANNING 2017; 2017:1985149. [PMID: 29209445 PMCID: PMC5676480 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1985149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has become a powerful technique for the experimental study of low-dimensional (1D/2D) nanomaterials, since it can provide unprecedented details for individual nanostructures upon mechanical and electrical stimulus and thus uncover the fundamental deformation and failure mechanisms for their device applications. In this overview, we summarized recent developments on in situ SEM-based mechanical and electrical characterization techniques including tensile, compression, bending, and electrical property probing on individual nanostructures, as well as the state-of-the-art electromechanical coupling analysis. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of in situ SEM tests were also discussed with some possible solutions to address the challenges. Furthermore, critical challenges were also discussed for the development and design of robust in situ SEM characterization platform with higher resolution and wider range of samples. These experimental efforts have offered in-depth understanding on the mechanical and electrical properties of low-dimensional nanomaterial components and given guidelines for their further structural and functional applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Haojian Lu
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hongti Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials (CASM), Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yajing Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Centre for Robotics and Automation (CRA), Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials (CASM), Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee HT, Kim HJ, Kim CS, Gomi K, Taya M, Nomura S, Ahn SH. Site-specific characterization of beetle horn shell with micromechanical bending test in focused ion beam system. Acta Biomater 2017; 57:395-403. [PMID: 28455220 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biological materials are the result of years of evolution and possess a number of efficient features and structures. Researchers have investigated the possibility of designing biomedical structures that take advantage of these structural features. Insect shells, such as beetle shells, are among the most promising types of biological material for biomimetic development. However, due to their intricate geometries and small sizes, it is challenging to measure the mechanical properties of these microscale structures. In this study, we developed an in-situ testing platform for site-specific experiments in a focused ion beam (FIB) system. Multi-axis nano-manipulators and a micro-force sensor were utilized in the testing platform to allow better results in the sample preparation and data acquisition. The entire test protocol, consisting of locating sample, ion beam milling and micro-mechanical bending tests, can be carried out without sample transfer or reattachment. We used our newly devised test platform to evaluate the micromechanical properties and structural features of each separated layer of the beetle horn shell. The Young's modulus of both the exocuticle and endocuticle layers was measured. We carried out a bending test to characterize the layers mechanically. The exocuticle layer bent in a brick-like manner, while the endocuticle layer exhibited a crack blunting effect. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This paper proposed an in-situ manipulation/test method in focused ion beam for characterizing micromechanical properties of beetle horn shell. The challenge in precise and accurate fabrication for the samples with complex geometry was overcome by using nano-manipulators having multi-degree of freedom and a micro-gripper. With the aid of this specially designed test platform, bending tests were carried out on cantilever-shaped samples prepared by focused ion beam milling. Structural differences between exocuticle and endocuticle layers of beetle horn shell were explored and the results provided insight into the structural advantages of each biocomposite structure.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kreith J, Strunz T, Fantner EJ, Fantner GE, Cordill MJ. A versatile atomic force microscope integrated with a scanning electron microscope. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:053704. [PMID: 28571420 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A versatile atomic force microscope (AFM), which can be installed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM), is introduced. The flexible design of the instrument enables correlated analysis for different experimental configurations, such as AFM imaging directly after nanoindentation in vacuum. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the specially designed AFM installed inside a SEM, slip steps emanating around nanoindents in single crystalline brass were examined. This example showcases how the combination of AFM and SEM imaging can be utilized for quantitative dislocation analysis through the measurement of the slip step heights without the hindrance of oxide formation. Finally, an in situ nanoindentation technique is introduced, illustrating the use of AFM imaging during indentation experiments to examine plastic deformation occurring under the indenter tip. The mechanical indentation data are correlated to the SEM and AFM images to estimate the number of dislocations emitted to the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kreith
- Department of Material Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - T Strunz
- GETec Microscopy GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - G E Fantner
- Laboratoray for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M J Cordill
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstrasse 12, Leoben 8700, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liebig J, Göken M, Richter G, Mačković M, Przybilla T, Spiecker E, Pierron O, Merle B. A flexible method for the preparation of thin film samples for in situ TEM characterization combining shadow-FIB milling and electron-beam-assisted etching. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 171:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Gu C, Katti DR, Katti KS. On-site SEM and nanomechanical properties of human OI bone. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2016. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.15.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
11
|
Thermomechanical Behavior of Molded Metallic Glass Nanowires. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19530. [PMID: 26787400 PMCID: PMC4726219 DOI: 10.1038/srep19530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallic glasses are disordered materials that offer the unique ability to perform thermoplastic forming operations at low thermal budget while preserving excellent mechanical properties such as high strength, large elastic strain limits, and wear resistance owing to the metallic nature of bonding and lack of internal defects. Interest in molding micro- and nanoscale metallic glass objects is driven by the promise of robust and high performance micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems and miniature energy conversion devices. Yet accurate and efficient processing of these materials hinges on a robust understanding of their thermomechanical behavior. Here, we combine large-scale thermoplastic tensile deformation of collections of Pt-based amorphous nanowires with quantitative thermomechanical studies of individual nanowires in creep-like conditions to demonstrate that superplastic-like flow persists to small length scales. Systematic studies as a function of temperature, strain-rate, and applied stress reveal the transition from Newtonian to non-Newtonian flow to be ubiquitous across the investigated length scales. However, we provide evidence that nanoscale specimens sustain greater free volume generation at elevated temperatures resulting in a flow transition at higher strain-rates than their bulk counterparts. Our results provide guidance for the design of thermoplastic processing methods and methods for verifying the flow response at the nanoscale.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ozden S, Yang Y, Tiwary CS, Bhowmick S, Asif S, Penev ES, Yakobson BI, Ajayan PM. Indentation Tests Reveal Geometry-Regulated Stiffening of Nanotube Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:232-6. [PMID: 26618517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a unique method to locally determine the mechanical response of individual covalent junctions between carbon nanotubes (CNTs), in various configurations such as "X", "Y", and "Λ"-like. The setup is based on in situ indentation using a picoindenter integrated within a scanning electron microscope. This allows for precise mapping between junction geometry and mechanical behavior and uncovers geometry-regulated junction stiffening. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the dominant contribution to the nanoindentation response is due to the CNT walls stretching at the junction. Targeted synthesis of desired junction geometries can therefore provide a "structural alphabet" for construction of macroscopic CNT networks with tunable mechanical response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sehmus Ozden
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sanjit Bhowmick
- Hysitron, Inc. , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55344, United States
| | - Syed Asif
- Hysitron, Inc. , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55344, United States
| | - Evgeni S Penev
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brugarolas T, Gianola DS, Zhang L, Campbell GM, Bassani JL, Feng G, Lee D. Tailoring and understanding the mechanical properties of nanoparticle-shelled bubbles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:11558-11572. [PMID: 24956417 DOI: 10.1021/am502290h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
One common approach to generate lightweight materials with high specific strength and stiffness is the incorporation of stiff hollow microparticles (also known as bubbles or microballoons) into a polymeric matrix. The mechanical properties of these composites, also known as syntactic foams, greatly depend on those of the hollow microparticles. It is critical to precisely control the properties of these bubbles to fabricate lightweight materials that are suitable for specific applications. In this paper, we present a method to tailor the mechanical properties and response of highly monodisperse nanoparticle-shelled bubbles using thermal treatment. We characterize the mechanical properties of individual as-assembled bubbles as well as those of thermally treated ones using nanoindentation and quantitative in situ compression tests. As-assembled bubbles display inelastic response, whereas thermally treated bubbles behave elastically. We also show that the stiffness and strength of bubbles are enhanced significantly, as much as 12 and 14 times that of the as-assembled bubbles, respectively, via thermal treatment. We complement the experimental results with finite element analysis (FEA) to understand the effect of shell thickness nonuniformity as well as the inelasticity on the mechanical response and fracture behavior of these bubbles. We demonstrate that the failure mechanism of bubbles incorporated into a polymer composite depends on the structure of the bubbles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Brugarolas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen LY, Terrab S, Murphy KF, Sullivan JP, Cheng X, Gianola DS. Temperature controlled tensile testing of individual nanowires. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:013901. [PMID: 24517776 DOI: 10.1063/1.4858815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel experimental method for quantitatively characterizing the temperature-dependent mechanical behavior of individual nanostructures during uniaxial straining. By combining a microelectromechanical tensile testing device with a low thermal mass and digital image correlation providing nm-level displacement resolution, we show successful incorporation of a testing platform in a vacuum cryostat system with an integrated heater and temperature control. Characterization of the local sample temperature and time-dependent response at both low and high temperature demonstrates a testing range of ∼90-475 K and steady-state drift rates less than 0.04 K/min. In situ operation of the tensile testing device employing resistively heated thermal actuators while imaging with an optical microscope enables high-resolution displacement measurements, from which stress-strain behavior of the nanoscale specimens is deduced. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in measuring the temperature dependence of tensile strength in nominally defect-free ⟨110⟩ Pd nanowhiskers. We uncover a pronounced sensitivity of the plastic response to testing temperature over a range of ∼300 K, with an ultimate strength in excess of 6 GPa at low temperature. The results are discussed in the context of thermally activated deformation mechanisms and defect nucleation in defect-free metallic nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Soraya Terrab
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn F Murphy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - John P Sullivan
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Daniel S Gianola
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Murphy KF, Chen LY, Gianola DS. Effect of organometallic clamp properties on the apparent diversity of tensile response of nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:235704. [PMID: 23669193 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/23/235704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the experimental boundary conditions used for tensile testing of individual nanowires on the measured apparent mechanical response is reported. Using a microelectromechanical platform designed for in situ tensile testing, in combination with digital image correlation of sequences of scanning electron microscope images, the mechanical behavior of single crystalline Si, Pd, and Ge2Sb2Te5 nanowires was measured during load-unload cycles. In situ testing enables direct determination of the nanowire strain. Comparison of the direct strain with common metrics for apparent strain that include any compliance or slipping of the clamping materials (electron-beam induced Pt-containing deposits) highlights several different artifacts that may be manifested. Calculation of the contact stiffness is thus enabled, providing guidelines for both proper strain measurement and selection of clamping materials and geometries that facilitate elucidation of intrinsic material response. Our results suggest that the limited ability to tailor the stiffness of electron-beam induced deposits results from the predominance of the organic matrix in controlling its mechanical properties owing to relatively low Pt content and sparse morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn F Murphy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zamil MS, Yi H, Haque MA, Puri VM. Characterizing microscale biological samples under tensile loading: stress-strain behavior of cell wall fragment of onion outer epidermis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1105-1115. [PMID: 23720433 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The results of published studies investigating the tissue-scale mechanical properties of plant cell walls are confounded by the unknown contributions of the middle lamella and the shape and size of each cell. However, due to their microscale size, cell walls have not yet been characterized at the wall fragment level under tensile loading. It is imperative to understand the stress-strain behavior of cell wall fragments to relate the wall's mechanical properties to its architecture. • METHODS This study reports a novel method used to characterize wall fragments under tensile loading. Cell wall fragments from onion outer epidermal peels were cut to the desired size (15 × 5 µm) using the focused ion beam milling technique, and these fragments were manipulated onto a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) tensile testing device. The stress-strain behavior of the wall fragments both in the major and minor growth directions were characterized in vacuo. • KEY RESULTS The measured mean modulus, fracture strength, and fracture strain in the major growth direction were 3.7 ± 0.8 GPa, 95.5 ± 24.1 MPa, and 3.0 ± 0.5%, respectively. The corresponding properties along the minor growth direction were 4.9 ± 1.2 GPa, 159 ± 48.4 MPa, and 3.8 ± 0.5%, respectively. • CONCLUSIONS The fracture strength and fracture strain were significantly different along the major and minor growth directions, the wall fragment level modulus of elasticity anisotropy for a dehydrated cell wall was 1.23, suggesting a limited anisotropy of the cell wall itself compared with tissue-scale results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Zamil
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 235 Agricultural Engineering Building, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yilmaz M, Kysar JW. Monolithic integration of nanoscale tensile specimens and MEMS structures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:165502. [PMID: 23538966 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/16/165502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale materials often have stochastic material properties due to a random distribution of material defects and an insufficient number of defects to ensure a consistent average mechanical response. Current methods to measure the mechanical properties employ MEMS-based actuators. The nanoscale specimens are typically mounted manually onto the load platform, so the boundary conditions have random variations, complicating the experimental measurement of the intrinsic stochasticity of the material properties. Here we show methods for monolithic integration of a nanoscale specimen co-fabricated with the loading platform. The nanoscale specimen is gold with dimensions of ∼40 nm thickness, 350 ± 50 nm width, and 7 μm length and the loading platform is an interdigitated electrode electrostatic actuator. The experiment is performed in a scanning electron microscope and digital image correlation is employed to measure displacements to determine stress and strain. The ultimate tensile strength of the nanocrystalline nanoscale specimen approaches 1 GPa, consistent with measurements made by other nanometer scale sample characterization methods on other material samples at the nanometer scale, as well as gold samples at the nanometer scale. The batch-compatible microfabrication method can be used to create nominally identical nanoscale specimens and boundary conditions for a broad range of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yilmaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Magagnosc DJ, Ehrbar R, Kumar G, He MR, Schroers J, Gianola DS. Tunable Tensile Ductility in Metallic Glasses. Sci Rep 2013. [PMCID: PMC3549577 DOI: 10.1038/srep01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread adoption of metallic glasses (MGs) in applications motivated by high strength and elasticity combined with plastic-like processing has been stymied by their lack of tensile ductility. One emerging strategy to couple the attractive properties of MGs with resistance to failure by shear localization is to employ sub-micron sample or feature length scales, although conflicting results shroud an atomistic understanding of the responsible mechanisms in uncertainty. Here, we report in situ deformation experiments of directly moulded Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 MG nanowires, which show tunable tensile ductility. Initially brittle as-moulded nanowires can be coerced to a distinct glassy state upon irradiation with Ga+ ions, leading to tensile ductility and quasi-homogeneous plastic flow. This behaviour is reversible and the glass returns to a brittle state upon subsequent annealing. Our results suggest a novel mechanism for homogenous plastic flow in nano-scaled MGs and strategies for circumventing the poor damage tolerance that has long plagued MGs.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kiener D, Kaufmann P, Minor AM. Strength, Hardening, and Failure Observed by In Situ TEM Tensile Testing. ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2012; 14:960-967. [PMID: 23447712 PMCID: PMC3573867 DOI: 10.1002/adem.201200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present in situ transmission electron microscope tensile tests on focused ion beam fabricated single and multiple slip oriented Cu tensile samples with thicknesses in the range of 100-200 nm. Both crystal orientations fail by localized shear. While failure occurs after a few percent plastic strain and limited hardening in the single slip case, the multiple slip samples exhibit extended homogenous deformation and necking due to the activation of multiple dislocation sources in conjunction with significant hardening. The hardening behavior at 1% plastic strain is even more pronounced compared to compression samples of the same orientation due to the absence of sample taper and the interface to the compression platen. Moreover, we show for the first time that the strain rate sensitivity of such FIB prepared samples is an order of magnitude higher than that of bulk Cu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kiener
- Department of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstraße 128700 Leoben, Austria
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory94720 Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Petra Kaufmann
- Department of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstraße 128700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Andrew M. Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory94720 Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California94720 Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Romeis S, Paul J, Ziener M, Peukert W. A novel apparatus for in situ compression of submicron structures and particles in a high resolution SEM. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:095105. [PMID: 23020417 DOI: 10.1063/1.4749256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development and characterization of a novel in situ manipulation device to perform stressing experiments on the submicron scale inside a high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope. The instrument comprises two main assembly groups: an upper part for positioning and moving a mounted probe and a force sensor as well as a specimen support as lower part. The upper part consists of a closed loop tripod piezoelectric scanner mounted on a self-locking coarse positioning stage. Two interlocked steel springs and a linear variable differential transformer measuring the springs' deflections compose the lower part of the instrument. This arrangement acts as force-sensor and sample support. In comparison to already well-established concepts a wide measuring range is covered by adjusting the spring constant between 30 N/m and 50000 N/m. Moreover, the new device offers striking advantages with respect to force calibration and sample deformation measurements. Force calibration is performed using the eigenfrequency of the force detection system directly inside the SEM. Deformation data are obtained with high accuracy by simultaneously recording displacements above and below the specimen. The detrimental apparatus compliance is determined, and the influence on measured data subsequently minimized: an easy to validate two-springs-in-series model is used for data correction. A force resolution in normal direction of 100 nN accompanied by a sample deformation resolution of 5 nm can be achieved with the instrument using an appropriate load cell stiffness. The capabilities and versatility of this instrument are exemplified by compression experiments performed on submicron amorphous silica particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Romeis
- Institute of Particle Technology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Smolka M, Motz C, Detzel T, Robl W, Griesser T, Wimmer A, Dehm G. Novel temperature dependent tensile test of freestanding copper thin film structures. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:064702. [PMID: 22755646 DOI: 10.1063/1.4725529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependent mechanical properties of the metallization of electronic power devices are studied in tensile tests on micron-sized freestanding copper beams at temperatures up to 400 °C. The experiments are performed in situ in a scanning electron microscope. This allows studying the micromechanical processes during the deformation and failure of the sample at different temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Smolka
- KAI Kompetenzzentrum Automobil- und Industrie-Elektronik GmbH, 9524 Villach, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu Z, Zhang YW, Jhon MH, Gao H, Srolovitz DJ. Nanowire failure: long = brittle and short = ductile. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:910-914. [PMID: 22214242 DOI: 10.1021/nl203980u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies of the tensile behavior of metallic nanowires show a wide range of failure modes, ranging from ductile necking to brittle/localized shear failure-often in the same diameter wires. We performed large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of copper nanowires with a range of nanowire lengths and provide unequivocal evidence for a transition in nanowire failure mode with change in nanowire length. Short nanowires fail via a ductile mode with serrated stress-strain curves, while long wires exhibit extreme shear localization and abrupt failure. We developed a simple model for predicting the critical nanowire length for this failure mode transition and showed that it is in excellent agreement with both the simulation results and the extant experimental data. The present results provide a new paradigm for the design of nanoscale mechanical systems that demarcates graceful and catastrophic failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxuan Wu
- Institute of High Performance Computing, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|