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De Lora JA, Aubermann F, Frey C, Jahnke T, Wang Y, Weber S, Platzman I, Spatz JP. Evaluation of Acoustophoretic and Dielectrophoretic Forces for Droplet Injection in Droplet-Based Microfluidic Devices. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16097-16105. [PMID: 38617618 PMCID: PMC11007716 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Acoustophoretic forces have been successfully implemented into droplet-based microfluidic devices to manipulate droplets. These acoustophoretic forces in droplet microfluidic devices are typically generated as in acoustofluidic devices through transducer actuation of a piezoelectric substrate such as lithium niobate (LiNbO3), which is inherently accompanied by the emergence of electrical fields. Understanding acoustophoretic versus dielectrophoretic forces produced by electrodes and transducers within active microfluidic devices is important for the optimization of device performance during design iterations. In this case study, we design microfluidic devices with a droplet injection module and report an experimental strategy to deduce the respective contribution of the acoustophoretic versus dielectrophoretic forces for the observed droplet injection. Our PDMS-based devices comprise a standard oil-in-water droplet-generating module connected to a T-junction injection module featuring actuating electrodes. We use two different electrode geometries produced within the same PDMS slab as the droplet production/injection channels by filling low-melting-point metal alloy into channels that template the electrode geometries. When these electrodes are constructed on LiNbO3 as the substrate, they have a dual function as a piezoelectric transducer, which we call embedded liquid metal interdigitated transducers (elmIDTs). To decipher the contribution of acoustophoretic versus dielectrophoretic forces, we build the same devices on either piezoelectric LiNbO3 or nonpiezo active glass substrates with different combinations of physical device characteristics (i.e., elmIDT geometry and alignment) and operate in a range of phase spaces (i.e., frequency, voltage, and transducer polarity). We characterize devices using techniques such as laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) and infrared imaging, along with evaluating droplet injection for our series of device designs, constructions, and operating parameters. Although we find that LiNbO3 device designs generate acoustic fields, we demonstrate that droplet injection occurs only due to dielectrophoretic forces. We deduce that droplet injection is caused by the coupled dielectrophoretic forces arising from the operation of elmIDTs rather than by acoustophoretic forces for this specific device design. We arrive at this conclusion because equivalent droplet injection occurs without the presence of an acoustic field using the same electrode designs on nonpiezo active glass substrate devices. This work establishes a methodology to pinpoint the major contributing force of droplet manipulation in droplet-based acoustomicrofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. De Lora
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Aubermann
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max
Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Frey
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timotheus Jahnke
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuanzhen Wang
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Weber
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department
of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering (IMSE), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max
Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Peng T, Lin X, Li L, Huang L, Jiang B, Jia Y. Investigation on submicron particle separation and deflection using tilted-angle standing surface acoustic wave microfluidics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25042. [PMID: 38322952 PMCID: PMC10845702 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
With the development of in vitro diagnostics, extracting submicron scale particles from mixed body fluids samples is crucial. In recent years, microfluidic separation has attracted much attention due to its high efficiency, label-free, and inexpensive nature. Among the microfluidic-based separation, the separation based on ultrasonic standing waves has gradually become a powerful tool. A microfluid environment containing a tilted-angle ultrasonic standing surface acoustic wave (taSSAW) field has been widely adapted and designed to separate submicron particles for biochemical applications. This paper investigated submicron particle defection in microfluidics using taSSAWs analytically. Particles with 0.1-1 μm diameters were analyzed under acoustic pressure, flow rate, tilted angle, and SSAW frequency. According to different acoustic radiation forces acting on the particles, the motion of large-diameter particles was more likely to deflect to the direction of the nodal lines. Decreasing the input flow rate or increasing acoustic pressure and acoustic wave frequency can improve particle deflection. The tilted angle can be optimized by analyzing the simulation results. Based on the simulation analysis, we experimentally showed the separation of polystyrene microspheres (100 nm) from the mixed particles and exosomes (30-150 nm) from human plasma. This research results can provide a certain reference for the practical design of bioparticle separation utilizing acoustofluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, China
| | - Luming Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Bingyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yanwei Jia
- Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Faculty of Science and Technology – Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, China
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3
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Gan CS, Fan LL, Zhao L. Gravity-based focusing and size-dependent separation of metal microparticles in lubricating oil. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1889-1898. [PMID: 37731003 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The separation of wear microparticles in lubricating oil is crucial for improving the accuracy and throughput of the subsequent detection. However, there are few kinds of research on the separation of high-density metallic microparticles in high-viscosity lubricating oil. In this paper, a passive method for separating the metallic microparticles in oil is proposed. Gravity sedimentation was adopted to realize three-dimensional (3D) focusing of the particle by using an inclined capillary. The gravity-based 3D focusing made the sheath flow no longer responsible for the particle focusing and effectively reduced the sheath flow. Then, the separation of different-sized metallic microparticles was achieved in a horizontal channel with the aid of a sheath flow based on the different driving forces. The present method solved the problem of nonsynchronous separation of the particle in comparison to the traditional methods. This device has a simple structure with high separation efficiency, and it is easy to integrate with the detection channel. The influence of numerous parameters on the gravity-based focusing and separation was systematically studied by the numerical simulation and the experiment. The design criteria were established, which is useful in designing and employing the device, expanding its application to other non-neutral buoyancy particle separation cases, and opening up more prospects for microfluidic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Shan Gan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Liang Fan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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4
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Separation of Oil from an Oil/Water Mixed Drop under a Lamb Wave Field: A Review. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oil separation from oil/water mixed drop under a Lamb wave field is one of the emerging acoustofluidic technologies that integrate acoustics and microfluidics. In recent years, this technology has attracted significant attention due to its effective, fast, contactless, and pollution-free. It has been validated in the separation of oil/water mixture on different non-piezoelectric substrates and shows great potential in incompatible liquids applications. Here, we summarize our recent progress in this exciting field and show great potential in different applications. This review introduces the theories and mechanisms of oil/water mixed drop separation induced by Lamb waves, the applications of this technology in the separation of oil/water mixed drop, and discusses the challenges and prospects of this field.
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Guo W, Tao Y, Mao K, Liu W, Xue R, Ge Z, Ren Y. Portable general microfluidic device with complex electric field regulation functions for electrokinetic experiments. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 23:157-167. [PMID: 36484422 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01053d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic sample manipulation is a key step for many kinds of microfluidic chips to achieve various functions, such as particle focusing and separation, fluid pumping and material synthesis. But these microfluidic experiments usually rely on large-scale signal generators for power supply, microscopes for imaging and other instruments for analysis, which hampers the portable process of microfluidic technology. Inspired by this situation, we herein designed a portable general microfluidic device (PGMD) with complex electric field regulation functions, which can accurately regulate static or continuous fluid samples. Through the graphical user interface (GUI) and modular design, the PGMD can generate multiple different electrical signals, and the micro-flow of fluid can be pumped through the built-in micropump, which can meet the requirements of most microfluidic experiments. Photos or videos of the microfluidic chip captured by the built-in microscope are received and displayed by a smartphone. We carried out a variety of microfluidic experiments such as induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO), particle beam exit switching, thermal buoyancy flow and dielectrophoresis (DEP) on the PGMD. In addition, the PGMD can perform rapid microalgae concentration estimation in an outdoor environment, which can be used to guide microalgae cultivation, further demonstrating the development potential of this device in the field of microbial applications. Numerous results show that the PGMD has a high degree of integration and strong reliability, which expands the application of microfluidic electrokinetic experiments and provides technical support for the integration and portability of microfluidic experimental devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kaihao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Rui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenyou Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yukun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Jeyhani M, Navi M, Chan KWY, Kieda J, Tsai SSH. Water-in-water droplet microfluidics: A design manual. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:061503. [PMID: 36406338 PMCID: PMC9674389 DOI: 10.1063/5.0119316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics is utilized in a wide range of applications in biomedicine and biology. Applications include rapid biochemical analysis, materials generation, biochemical assays, and point-of-care medicine. The integration of aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) into droplet microfluidic platforms has potential utility in oil-free biological and biomedical applications, namely, reducing cytotoxicity and preserving the native form and function of costly biomolecular reagents. In this review, we present a design manual for the chemist, biologist, and engineer to design experiments in the context of their biological applications using all-in-water droplet microfluidic systems. We describe the studies achievable using these systems and the corresponding fabrication and stabilization methods. With this information, readers may apply the fundamental principles and recent advancements in ATPS droplet microfluidics to their research. Finally, we propose a development roadmap of opportunities to utilize ATPS droplet microfluidics in applications that remain underexplored.
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Tian Z, Gan C, Fan L, Wang J, Zhao L. Elastic‐inertial separation of microparticle in a gradually contracted microchannel. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:2217-2226. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang‐Zhuang Tian
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Chong‐Shan Gan
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Liang‐Liang Fan
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
- School of Food Equipment Engineering and Science (FEES) Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Ji‐Chang Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
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Fan Y, Wang X, Ren J, Lin F, Wu J. Recent advances in acoustofluidic separation technology in biology. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:94. [PMID: 36060525 PMCID: PMC9434534 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Acoustofluidic separation of cells and particles is an emerging technology that integrates acoustics and microfluidics. In the last decade, this technology has attracted significant attention due to its biocompatible, contactless, and label-free nature. It has been widely validated in the separation of cells and submicron bioparticles and shows great potential in different biological and biomedical applications. This review first introduces the theories and mechanisms of acoustofluidic separation. Then, various applications of this technology in the separation of biological particles such as cells, viruses, biomolecules, and exosomes are summarized. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future prospects of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Fan
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 China
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 China
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Jiaqi Ren
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Jiandong Wu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
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Guo W, Tao Y, Liu W, Song C, Zhou J, Jiang H, Ren Y. A visual portable microfluidic experimental device with multiple electric field regulation functions. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1556-1564. [PMID: 35352749 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00152g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High portability and miniaturization are two of the most important objectives pursued by microfluidic methods. However, there remain many challenges for the design of portable and visual microfluidic devices (e.g., electrokinetic experiments) due to the use of a microscope and power supply. To this end, we report a visual portable microfluidic experimental device (PMED) with multiple electric field regulation functions, which can realize the electric field regulation functions of various basic microfluidic experiments through modular design. The internal reaction process of the microfluidic chip is displayed by a smartphone, and the experimental results are analyzed using a mobile phone application (APP). Taking the induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO) particle focusing phenomenon as an example, we carried out detailed experiments on PMED and obtained conclusions consistent with numerical simulations. In addition to ICEO experiments, other functions such as alternating electroosmosis (ACEO), thermal buoyancy convection, and dielectrophoresis (DEP) can be realized by replacing module-specific covers. The device expands the application of microfluidic experiments and provides a certain reference for the further integration and portability of subsequent microfluidic experiment devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Physics Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Weiyu Liu
- Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Chunlei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors: Physics, Materials, and Applications. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030820. [PMID: 35161565 PMCID: PMC8839725 DOI: 10.3390/s22030820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are the guided waves that propagate along the top surface of a material with wave vectors orthogonal to the normal direction to the surface. Based on these waves, SAW sensors are conceptualized by employing piezoelectric crystals where the guided elastodynamic waves are generated through an electromechanical coupling. Electromechanical coupling in both active and passive modes is achieved by integrating interdigitated electrode transducers (IDT) with the piezoelectric crystals. Innovative meta-designs of the periodic IDTs define the functionality and application of SAW sensors. This review article presents the physics of guided surface acoustic waves and the piezoelectric materials used for designing SAW sensors. Then, how the piezoelectric materials and cuts could alter the functionality of the sensors is explained. The article summarizes a few key configurations of the electrodes and respective guidelines for generating different guided wave patterns such that new applications can be foreseen. Finally, the article explores the applications of SAW sensors and their progress in the fields of biomedical, microfluidics, chemical, and mechano-biological applications along with their crucial roles and potential plans for improvements in the long-term future in the field of science and technology.
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11
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Liu H, Li W, Li Y. A new computational method for acquiring effect knowledge to support product innovation. Knowl Based Syst 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2021.107410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Dubay R, Urban JN, Darling EM. Single-Cell Microgels for Diagnostics and Therapeutics. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2009946. [PMID: 36329867 PMCID: PMC9629779 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202009946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation within hydrogel droplets is transforming what is feasible in multiple fields of biomedical science such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, in vitro modeling, and cell-based therapies. Recent advances have allowed researchers to miniaturize material encapsulation complexes down to single-cell scales, where each complex, termed a single-cell microgel, contains only one cell surrounded by a hydrogel matrix while remaining <100 μm in size. With this achievement, studies requiring single-cell resolution are now possible, similar to those done using liquid droplet encapsulation. Of particular note, applications involving long-term in vitro cultures, modular bioinks, high-throughput screenings, and formation of 3D cellular microenvironments can be tuned independently to suit the needs of individual cells and experimental goals. In this progress report, an overview of established materials and techniques used to fabricate single-cell microgels, as well as insight into potential alternatives is provided. This focused review is concluded by discussing applications that have already benefited from single-cell microgel technologies, as well as prospective applications on the cusp of achieving important new capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Dubay
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, 175 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Draper, 555 Technology Sq., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph N Urban
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, 175 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Eric M Darling
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, 175 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
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13
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Jiang D, Liu J, Pan Y, Zhuang L, Wang P. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) techniques in tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:215-226. [PMID: 34390407 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the introduction of surface acoustic wave (SAW) technique for microfluidics has drawn a lot of attention. The pattern and mutual communication in cell layers, tissues, and organs play a critical role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration and may contribute to disease occurrence and progression. Tissue engineering aims to repair and regenerate damaged organs, depending on biomimetic scaffolds and advanced fabrication technology. However, traditional bioengineering synthesis approaches are time-consuming, heterogeneous, and unmanageable. It is hard to pattern cells in scaffolds effectively with no impact on cell viability and function. Here, we summarize a biocompatible, easily available, label-free, and non-invasive tool, surface acoustic wave (SAW) technique, which is getting a lot of attention in tissue engineering. SAW technique can realize accurate sorting, manipulation, and cells' pattern and rapid formation of spheroids. By integrating several SAW devices onto lab-on-a-chip platforms, tissue engineering lab-on-a-chip system was proposed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to summarize the application of this novel technique in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Jiang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yuxiang Pan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Liujing Zhuang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Sensor Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
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14
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Kandemir MH, Wagterveld RM, Yntema DR, Keesman KJ. Selective particle separation on centimeter scale using a dual frequency dynamic acoustic field. ULTRASONICS 2021; 114:106411. [PMID: 33730595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the application of dual-frequency type dynamic acoustic fields for size-selective particle separation on centimeter scale in a continuous flow. The 3D-printed X-shaped prototype has two inlets and two outlets. The dynamic acoustic field is generated by two transducers positioned under an angle of 60° and operating at slightly different frequencies. The acoustic reflections are eliminated by placing sound-absorbing material inside the prototype and the non-resonant operation is confirmed by the electrical admittance measurements. Numerical calculations suggested that pressure generated by each transducer does not need to have equal amplitude. Computer simulations and lab experiments were carried out for different frequency differences and flow rates. The results demonstrated the ability of dual-frequency dynamic acoustic fields for size-selective particle filtration on centimeter scale, with a total flow rate up to.1Lh-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Kandemir
- Wageningen University & Research, Mathematical and Statistical Methods - Biometris, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wetsus, European Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - R M Wagterveld
- Wetsus, European Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - D R Yntema
- Wetsus, European Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - K J Keesman
- Wageningen University & Research, Mathematical and Statistical Methods - Biometris, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wetsus, European Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
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15
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3D numerical simulation of acoustophoretic motion induced by boundary-driven acoustic streaming in standing surface acoustic wave microfluidics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13326. [PMID: 34172758 PMCID: PMC8233446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90825-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Standing surface acoustic waves (SSAWs) have been widely utilized in microfluidic devices to manipulate various cells and micro/nano-objects. Despite widespread application, a time-/cost-efficient versatile 3D model that predicts particle behavior in such platforms is still lacking. Herein, a fully-coupled 3D numerical simulation of boundary-driven acoustic streaming in the acoustofluidic devices utilizing SSAWs has been conducted based on the limiting velocity finite element method. Through this efficient computational method, the underlying physical interplay from the electromechanical fields of the piezoelectric substrate to different acoustofluidic effects (acoustic radiation force and streaming-induced drag force), fluid–solid interactions, the 3D influence of novel on-chip configuration like tilted-angle SSAW (taSSAW) based devices, required boundary conditions, meshing technique, and demanding computational cost, are discussed. As an experimental validation, a taSSAW platform fabricated on YX 128 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^\circ $$\end{document}∘ LiNbO3 substrate for separating polystyrene beads is simulated, which demonstrates acceptable agreement with reported experimental observations. Subsequently, as an application of the presented 3D model, a novel sheathless taSSAW cell/particle separator is conceptualized and designed. The presented 3D fully-coupled model could be considered a powerful tool in further designing and optimizing SSAW microfluidics due to the more time-/cost-efficient performance than precedented 3D models, the capability to model complex on-chip configurations, and overcome shortcomings and limitations of 2D simulations.
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16
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White AM, Zhang Y, Shamul JG, Xu J, Kwizera EA, Jiang B, He X. Deep Learning-Enabled Label-Free On-Chip Detection and Selective Extraction of Cell Aggregate-Laden Hydrogel Microcapsules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100491. [PMID: 33899299 PMCID: PMC8203426 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic encapsulation of cells/tissues in hydrogel microcapsules has attracted tremendous attention in the burgeoning field of cell-based medicine. However, when encapsulating rare cells and tissues (e.g., pancreatic islets and ovarian follicles), the majority of the resultant hydrogel microcapsules are empty and should be excluded from the sample. Furthermore, the cell-laden hydrogel microcapsules are usually suspended in an oil phase after microfluidic generation, while the microencapsulated cells require an aqueous phase for further culture/transplantation and long-term suspension in oil may compromise the cells/tissues. Thus, real-time on-chip selective extraction of cell-laden hydrogel microcapsules from oil into aqueous phase is crucial to the further use of the microencapsulated cells/tissues. Contemporary extraction methods either require labeling of cells for their identification along with an expensive detection system or have a low extraction purity (<≈30%). Here, a deep learning-enabled approach for label-free detection and selective extraction of cell-laden microcapsules with high efficiency of detection (≈100%) and extraction (≈97%), high purity of extraction (≈90%), and high cell viability (>95%) is reported. The utilization of deep learning to dynamically analyze images in real time for label-free detection and on-chip selective extraction of cell-laden hydrogel microcapsules is unique and may be valuable to advance the emerging cell-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa M White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yuntian Zhang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - James G Shamul
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jiangsheng Xu
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Elyahb A Kwizera
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bin Jiang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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17
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Yang M, Gao Y, Liu Y, Yang G, Zhao CX, Wu KJ. Integration of microfluidic systems with external fields for multiphase process intensification. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Zhang N, Zuniga-Hertz JP, Zhang EY, Gopesh T, Fannon MJ, Wang J, Wen Y, Patel HH, Friend J. Microliter ultrafast centrifuge platform for size-based particle and cell separation and extraction using novel omnidirectional spiral surface acoustic waves. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:904-915. [PMID: 33438699 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01012j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric surface acoustic waves have been shown useful in separating particles and cells in many microfluidics designs, mostly notably sessile microdroplets. However, no one has successfully extracted target particles or cells for later use from such samples. We present a novel omnidirectional spiral surface acoustic wave (OSSAW) design that exploits a new cut of lithium niobate, 152 Y-rotated, to rapidly rotate a microliter sessile drop to ∼10 g, producing efficient multi-size particle separation. We further extract the separated particles for the first time, demonstrating the ability to target specific particles, for example, platelets from mouse blood for further integrated point-of-care diagnostics. Within ∼5 s of surface acoustic wave actuation, particles with diameter of 5 μm and 1 μm can be separated into two portions with a purity of 83% and 97%, respectively. Red blood cells and platelets within mouse blood are further demonstrated to be separated with a purity of 93% and 84%, respectively. These advancements potentially provide an effective platform for whole blood separation and point-of-care diagnostics without need for micro or nanoscale fluidic enclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiqing Zhang
- Center for Medical Devices and Instrumentation, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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19
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Size selective particle filtering on centimeter scale by frequency sweep type dynamic acoustic field. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Ozdalgic B, Ustun M, Dabbagh SR, Haznedaroglu BZ, Kiraz A, Tasoglu S. Microfluidics for microalgal biotechnology. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1545-1563. [PMID: 33410126 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have expanded their roles as renewable and sustainable feedstocks for biofuel, smart nutrition, biopharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, biosensing, and space technologies. They accumulate valuable biochemical compounds from protein, carbohydrate, and lipid groups, including pigments and carotenoids. Microalgal biomass, which can be adopted for multivalorization under biorefinery settings, allows not only the production of various biofuels but also other value-added biotechnological products. However, state-of-the-art technologies are required to optimize yield, quality, and the economical aspects of both upstream and downstream processes. As such, the need to use microfluidic-based devices for both fundamental research and industrial applications of microalgae, arises due to their microscale sizes and dilute cultures. Microfluidics-based devices are superior to their competitors through their ability to perform multiple functions such as sorting and analyzing small amounts of samples (nanoliter to picoliter) with higher sensitivities. Here, we review emerging applications of microfluidic technologies on microalgal processes in cell sorting, cultivation, harvesting, and applications in biofuels, biosensing, drug delivery, and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berin Ozdalgic
- Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Advanced Vocational School, Dogus University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Ustun
- Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sajjad Rahmani Dabbagh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Koc University Arcelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berat Z Haznedaroglu
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.,Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Kiraz
- Department of Physics, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Koc University Arcelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.,Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Cengelkoy, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Simon G, Busch C, Andrade MAB, Reboud J, Cooper JM, Desmulliez MPY, Riehle MO, Bernassau AL. Bandpass sorting of heterogeneous cells using a single surface acoustic wave transducer pair. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:014105. [PMID: 33537112 PMCID: PMC7843154 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Separation and sorting of biological entities (viruses, bacteria, and cells) is a critical step in any microfluidic lab-on-a-chip device. Acoustofluidics platforms have demonstrated their ability to use physical characteristics of cells to perform label-free separation. Bandpass-type sorting methods of medium-sized entities from a mixture have been presented using acoustic techniques; however, they require multiple transducers, lack support for various target populations, can be sensitive to flow variations, or have not been verified for continuous flow sorting of biological cells. To our knowledge, this paper presents the first acoustic bandpass method that overcomes all these limitations and presents an inherently reconfigurable technique with a single transducer pair for stable continuous flow sorting of blood cells. The sorting method is first demonstrated for polystyrene particles of sizes 6, 10, and 14.5 μm in diameter with measured purity and efficiency coefficients above 75 ± 6% and 85 ± 9%, respectively. The sorting strategy was further validated in the separation of red blood cells from white blood cells and 1 μm polystyrene particles with 78 ± 8% efficiency and 74 ± 6% purity, respectively, at a flow rate of at least 1 μl/min, enabling to process finger prick blood samples within minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Simon
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Busch
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Centre for Cell Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julien Reboud
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Cooper
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Marc P. Y. Desmulliez
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Mathis O. Riehle
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Centre for Cell Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne L. Bernassau
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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22
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Mohanty S, Khalil ISM, Misra S. Contactless acoustic micro/nano manipulation: a paradigm for next generation applications in life sciences. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20200621. [PMID: 33363443 PMCID: PMC7735305 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic actuation techniques offer a promising tool for contactless manipulation of both synthetic and biological micro/nano agents that encompass different length scales. The traditional usage of sound waves has steadily progressed from mid-air manipulation of salt grains to sophisticated techniques that employ nanoparticle flow in microfluidic networks. State-of-the-art in microfabrication and instrumentation have further expanded the outreach of these actuation techniques to autonomous propulsion of micro-agents. In this review article, we provide a universal perspective of the known acoustic micromanipulation technologies in terms of their applications and governing physics. Hereby, we survey these technologies and classify them with regards to passive and active manipulation of agents. These manipulation methods account for both intelligent devices adept at dexterous non-contact handling of micro-agents, and acoustically induced mechanisms for self-propulsion of micro-robots. Moreover, owing to the clinical compliance of ultrasound, we provide future considerations of acoustic manipulation techniques to be fruitfully employed in biological applications that range from label-free drug testing to minimally invasive clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Mohanty
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Islam S. M. Khalil
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sarthak Misra
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Porter GCE, Sikora SNF, Shim JU, Murray BJ, Tarn MD. On-chip density-based sorting of supercooled droplets and frozen droplets in continuous flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3876-3887. [PMID: 32966480 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00690d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The freezing of supercooled water to ice and the materials which catalyse this process are of fundamental interest to a wide range of fields. At present, our ability to control, predict or monitor ice formation processes is poor. The isolation and characterisation of frozen droplets from supercooled liquid droplets would provide a means of improving our understanding and control of these processes. Here, we have developed a microfluidic platform for the continuous flow separation of frozen from unfrozen picolitre droplets based on differences in their density, thus allowing the sorting of ice crystals and supercooled water droplets into different outlet channels with 94 ± 2% efficiency. This will, in future, facilitate downstream or off-chip processing of the frozen and unfrozen populations, which could include the analysis and characterisation of ice-active materials or the selection of droplets with a particular ice-nucleating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C E Porter
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Jung-Uk Shim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Benjamin J Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Mark D Tarn
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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24
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Acoustic Microfluidic Separation Techniques and Bioapplications: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11100921. [PMID: 33023173 PMCID: PMC7600273 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic separation technology has garnered significant attention over the past decade where particles are being separated at a micro/nanoscale in a rapid, low-cost, and simple manner. Amongst a myriad of separation technologies that have emerged thus far, acoustic microfluidic separation techniques are extremely apt to applications involving biological samples attributed to various advantages, including high controllability, biocompatibility, and non-invasive, label-free features. With that being said, downsides such as low throughput and dependence on external equipment still impede successful commercialization from laboratory-based prototypes. Here, we present a comprehensive review of recent advances in acoustic microfluidic separation techniques, along with exemplary applications. Specifically, an inclusive overview of fundamental theory and background is presented, then two sets of mechanisms underlying acoustic separation, bulk acoustic wave and surface acoustic wave, are introduced and discussed. Upon these summaries, we present a variety of applications based on acoustic separation. The primary focus is given to those associated with biological samples such as blood cells, cancer cells, proteins, bacteria, viruses, and DNA/RNA. Finally, we highlight the benefits and challenges behind burgeoning developments in the field and discuss the future perspectives and an outlook towards robust, integrated, and commercialized devices based on acoustic microfluidic separation.
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25
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Zhang Y, Zhao J, Yu H, Li P, Liang W, Liu Z, Lee GB, Liu L, Li WJ, Wang Z. Detection and isolation of free cancer cells from ascites and peritoneal lavages using optically induced electrokinetics (OEK). SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba9628. [PMID: 32821829 PMCID: PMC7406364 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba9628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection of free gastric cancer cells in peritoneal lavages and ascites plays a vital role in gastric cancer. However, due to the low content of cancer cells in patients' peritoneal lavages, traditional detection methods lack sensitivity and cannot satisfy clinical demand. In this study, we used an optically induced electrokinetics (OEK) microfluidic method for label-free separation and characterization of patient gastric cancer cells. This method showed high effectiveness and sensitivity. We successfully separated cancer cells from a simulated peritoneal lavage mixture of gastric cancer cell lines and peritoneal lavage cells in a ratio of 1:1000. We further separated gastric cancer cells from six patients' ascites with purity up to 71%. In addition, we measured the cell membrane capacitances, which may be used as a biomarker for gastric cancer cells. Thus, our method can be used to effectively and rapidly detect peritoneal metastasis and to acquire cellular electrical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junhua Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Gwo-Bin Lee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Wen Jung Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
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26
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Weser R, Winkler A, Weihnacht M, Menzel S, Schmidt H. The complexity of surface acoustic wave fields used for microfluidic applications. ULTRASONICS 2020; 106:106160. [PMID: 32334142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2020.106160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Using surface acoustic waves (SAW) for the agitation and manipulation of fluids and immersed particles or cells in lab-on-a-chip systems has been state of the art for several years. Basic tasks comprise fluid mixing, atomization of liquids as well as sorting and separation (or trapping) of particles and cells, e.g. in so-called acoustic tweezers. Even though the fundamental principles governing SAW excitation and propagation on anisotropic, piezoelectric substrates are well-investigated, the complexity of wave field effects including SAW diffraction, refraction and interference cannot be comprehensively simulated at this point of time with sufficient accuracy. However, the design of microfluidic actuators relies on a profound knowledge of SAW propagation, including superposition of multiple SAWs, to achieve the predestined functionality of the devices. Here, we present extensive experimental results of high-resolution analysis of the lateral distribution of the complex displacement amplitude, i.e. the wave field, alongside with the electrical S-parameters of the generating transducers. These measurements were carried out and are compared in setups utilizing travelling SAW (tSAW) excited by single interdigital transducer (IDT), standing SAW generated between two IDTs (1DsSAW, 1D acoustic tweezers) and between two pairs of IDTs (2DsSAW, 2D acoustic tweezers) with different angular alignment in respect to pure Rayleigh mode propagation directions and other practically relevant orientations. For these basic configurations, typically used to drive SAW-based microfluidics, the influence of common SAW phenomena including beam steering, coupling coefficient dispersion and diffraction on the resultant wave field is investigated. The results show how tailoring of the acoustic conditions, based on profound knowledge of the physical effects, can be achieved to finally realize a desired behavior of a SAW-based microacoustic-fluidic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weser
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - A Winkler
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Weihnacht
- InnoXacs GmbH, Am Muehlfeld 34, 01744 Dippoldiswalde, Germany
| | - S Menzel
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - H Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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27
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Sesen M, Whyte G. Image-Based Single Cell Sorting Automation in Droplet Microfluidics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8736. [PMID: 32457421 PMCID: PMC7250914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent boom in single-cell omics has brought researchers one step closer to understanding the biological mechanisms associated with cell heterogeneity. Rare cells that have historically been obscured by bulk measurement techniques are being studied by single cell analysis and providing valuable insight into cell function. To support this progress, novel upstream capabilities are required for single cell preparation for analysis. Presented here is a droplet microfluidic, image-based single-cell sorting technique that is flexible and programmable. The automated system performs real-time dual-camera imaging (brightfield & fluorescent), processing, decision making and sorting verification. To demonstrate capabilities, the system was used to overcome the Poisson loading problem by sorting for droplets containing a single red blood cell with 85% purity. Furthermore, fluorescent imaging and machine learning was used to load single K562 cells amongst clusters based on their instantaneous size and circularity. The presented system aspires to replace manual cell handling techniques by translating expert knowledge into cell sorting automation via machine learning algorithms. This powerful technique finds application in the enrichment of single cells based on their micrographs for further downstream processing and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhsincan Sesen
- Heriot-Watt University, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Department of Bioengineering, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Whyte
- Heriot-Watt University, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
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28
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Nam J, Jee H, Jang WS, Yoon J, Park BG, Lee SJ, Lim CS. Sheathless Shape-Based Separation of Candida Albicans Using a Viscoelastic Non-Newtonian Fluid. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10120817. [PMID: 31779188 PMCID: PMC6952941 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate identification of Candida albicans from among other candida species is critical for cost-effective treatment and antifungal drug assays. Shape is a critical biomarker indicating cell type, cell cycle, and environmental conditions; however, most microfluidic techniques have been focused only on size-based particle/cell manipulation. This study demonstrates a sheathless shape-based separation of particles/cells using a viscoelastic non-Newtonian fluid. The size of C. albicans was measured at 37 °C depending on the incubation time (0 h, 1 h, and 2 h). The effects of flow rates on the flow patterns of candida cells with different shapes were examined. Finally, 2-h-incubated candida cells with germ tube formations (≥26 μm) were separated from spherical candida cells and shorter candida cells with a separation efficiency of 80.9% and a purity of 91.2% at 50 μL/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghun Nam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Korea; (W.S.J.); (J.Y.); (B.G.P.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.N.); (C.S.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2626-2422 (J.N.); +82-2-2626-3245 (C.S.L.)
| | - Hyunseul Jee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Woong Sik Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Korea; (W.S.J.); (J.Y.); (B.G.P.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Korea
| | - Jung Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Korea; (W.S.J.); (J.Y.); (B.G.P.)
| | - Borae G. Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Korea; (W.S.J.); (J.Y.); (B.G.P.)
| | - Seong Jae Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, Korea;
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Korea; (W.S.J.); (J.Y.); (B.G.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.N.); (C.S.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2626-2422 (J.N.); +82-2-2626-3245 (C.S.L.)
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Volpe A, Gaudiuso C, Ancona A. Sorting of Particles Using Inertial Focusing and Laminar Vortex Technology: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E594. [PMID: 31510006 PMCID: PMC6780945 DOI: 10.3390/mi10090594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The capability of isolating and sorting specific types of cells is crucial in life science, particularly for the early diagnosis of lethal diseases and monitoring of medical treatments. Among all the micro-fluidics techniques for cell sorting, inertial focusing combined with the laminar vortex technology is a powerful method to isolate cells from flowing samples in an efficient manner. This label-free method does not require any external force to be applied, and allows high throughput and continuous sample separation, thus offering a high filtration efficiency over a wide range of particle sizes. Although rather recent, this technology and its applications are rapidly growing, thanks to the development of new chip designs, the employment of new materials and microfabrication technologies. In this review, a comprehensive overview is provided on the most relevant works which employ inertial focusing and laminar vortex technology to sort particles. After briefly summarizing the other cells sorting techniques, highlighting their limitations, the physical mechanisms involved in particle trapping and sorting are described. Then, the materials and microfabrication methods used to implement this technology on miniaturized devices are illustrated. The most relevant evolution steps in the chips design are discussed, and their performances critically analyzed to suggest future developments of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Volpe
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via G. Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy.
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Research Council, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Caterina Gaudiuso
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via G. Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Research Council, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Ancona
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Research Council, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
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30
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Liu G, He F, Li Y, Zhao H, Li X, Tang H, Li Z, Yang Z, Zhang Y. Effects of two surface acoustic wave sorting chips on particles multi-level sorting. Biomed Microdevices 2019; 21:59. [PMID: 31227912 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-019-0419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Particle/cell sorting has great potential in medical diagnosis and chemical analysis. Two kinds of microfluidic sorting chips (sequential sorting chip and direct sorting chip) are designed, which combine hydraulic force and acoustic radiation force to achieve continuous sorting of multiple particles. Firstly, the optimal values of the angle (α) between the interdigital transducer (IDT) and the main channel, the peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp), the main flow velocity (Vmax) and the flow ratio (A) are determined by simulation and experiments, the related optimal parameters were obtained that the α = 15°, Vpp = 25 V, Vmax = 4 mm/s, flow ratio A1 = 0.2, and A2 = 0.5, respectively. Then, the corresponding sorting experiments were carried out using two kinds of sorting chips to sort the polystyrene (PS) particles with diameters of 1 μm, 5 μm, and 10 μm, and the sorting rate and purity of particles were calculated and analyzed. Experimental results show that the two kinds of sorting chips can achieve continuous sorting of multiple particles, and the sorting effect of sequential sorting chip (control flow ratio) is better than that of direct sorting chip. In addition, the sorting chips in our research have the advantages of simple structure, high sorting efficiency, and the ability to sort multiple particles, which can be applied in medical and chemical research fields, such as cell sorting and chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Liu
- College of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Fang He
- College of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Yan Li
- Emergency Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xinbo Li
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Huajie Tang
- College of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- College of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- College of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
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31
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Wagner SG, Mähler C, Polte I, von Poschinger J, Löwe H, Kremling A, Pflüger-Grau K. An automated and parallelised DIY-dosing unit for individual and complex feeding profiles: Construction, validation and applications. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217268. [PMID: 31216302 PMCID: PMC6583958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since biotechnological research becomes more and more important for industrial applications, there is an increasing need for scalable and controllable laboratory procedures. A widely used approach in biotechnological research to improve the performance of a process is to vary the growth rates in order to find the right balance between growth and the production. This can be achieved by the application of a suitable feeding strategy. During this initial bioprocess development, it is beneficial to have at hand cheap and easy setups that work in parallel (e.g. in shaking flasks). Unfortunately, there is a gap between these easy setups and defined and controllable processes, which are necessary for up-scaling to an industrial relevant volume. One prerequisite to test and evaluate different process strategies apart from batch-mode is the availability of pump systems that allow for defined feeding profiles in shaking flasks. To our knowledge, there is no suitable dosing device on the market which fulfils the requirements of being cheap, precise, programmable, and parallelizable. Commercially available dosing units are either already integrated in bioreactors and therefore inflexible, or not programmable, or expensive, or a combination of those. Here, we present a LEGO-MINDSTORMS-based syringe pump, which has the potential of being widely used in daily laboratory routine due to its low price, programmability, and parallelisability. The acquisition costs do not exceed 350 € for up to four dosing units, that are independently controllable with one EV3 block. The system covers flow rates ranging from 0.7 μL min-1 up to 210 mL min-1 with a reliable flux. One dosing unit can convey at maximum a volume of 20 mL (using all 4 units even up to 80 mL in total) over the whole process time. The design of the dosing unit enables the user to perform experiments with up to four different growth rates in parallel (each measured in triplicates) per EV3-block used. We estimate, that the LEGO-MINDSTORMS-based dosing unit with 12 syringes in parallel is reducing the costs up to 50-fold compared to a trivial version of a commercial pump system (~1500 €) which fits the same requirements. Using the pump, we set the growth rates of a E. coli HMS174/DE3 culture to values between 0.1 and 0.4 h-1 with a standard deviation of at best 0.35% and an average discrepancy of 13.2%. Additionally, we determined the energy demand of a culture for the maintenance of the pTRA-51hd plasmid by quantifying the changes in biomass yield with different growth rates set. Around 25% of total substrate taken up is used for plasmid maintenance. To present possible applications and show the flexibility of the system, we applied a constant feed to perform microencapsulation of Pseudomonas putida and an individual dosing profile for the purification of a his-tagged eGFP via IMAC. This smart and versatile dosing unit, which is ready-to-use without any prior knowledge in electronics and control, is affordable for everyone and due to its flexibility and broad application range a valuable addition to the laboratory routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine G. Wagner
- TU Munich, Systems Biotechnology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Mähler
- TU Munich, Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Ingmar Polte
- TU Munich, Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Jeremy von Poschinger
- TU Munich, Systems Biotechnology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Hannes Löwe
- TU Munich, Systems Biotechnology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Kremling
- TU Munich, Systems Biotechnology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Garching, Germany
- * E-mail:
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32
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Wu M, Ozcelik A, Rufo J, Wang Z, Fang R, Jun Huang T. Acoustofluidic separation of cells and particles. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:32. [PMID: 31231539 PMCID: PMC6545324 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Acoustofluidics, the integration of acoustics and microfluidics, is a rapidly growing research field that is addressing challenges in biology, medicine, chemistry, engineering, and physics. In particular, acoustofluidic separation of biological targets from complex fluids has proven to be a powerful tool due to the label-free, biocompatible, and contact-free nature of the technology. By carefully designing and tuning the applied acoustic field, cells and other bioparticles can be isolated with high yield, purity, and biocompatibility. Recent advances in acoustofluidics, such as the development of automated, point-of-care devices for isolating sub-micron bioparticles, address many of the limitations of conventional separation tools. More importantly, advances in the research lab are quickly being adopted to solve clinical problems. In this review article, we discuss working principles of acoustofluidic separation, compare different approaches of acoustofluidic separation, and provide a synopsis of how it is being applied in both traditional applications, such as blood component separation, cell washing, and fluorescence activated cell sorting, as well as emerging applications, including circulating tumor cell and exosome isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Adem Ozcelik
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Aydin, Turkey
| | - Joseph Rufo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Rui Fang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
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Abstract
Single-cell analysis serves as an important approach to study cell functions and interactions. Catering to the demand of Big Data Era, fast reactions for single cells and paralleled high-throughput analysis have become an urgent need. Microdroplet in microfluidics has advantages of modularity and integrity, as well as high throughput and sensitivity, which present great potential in the field of single-cell analysis. This review is carried out on three aspects to introduce microdroplet chips for single-cell analysis: droplet formation, droplet detection and practical functions. Structures of droplet formation are categorized into three types, including T-shaped channel, flow-involved channel and three-dimensional micro-vortice. The detection methods, including fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and electrochemical detection, are summarized from applications. Both pros and cons for existing techniques are reviewed and discussed. The functions of microdroplets-on-chip cover cell culture, nucleic acid test and cell identification. For each field, principles/mechanisms and/or schematic images are laconically introduced. Microdroplet in microfluidics has become a major research direction in single-cell analysis. With updated methods of droplet formation such as inertial ordering and micro-vortice, microdroplets-based biochips will expect high throughput detection and high-accuracy trace detection for clinical diagnosis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihui Wang
- 1 Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,3 School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aynur Abdulla
- 1 Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianting Ding
- 1 Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Jayaprakash KS, Sen AK. Droplet encapsulation of particles in different regimes and sorting of particle-encapsulating-droplets from empty droplets. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:034108. [PMID: 31123540 PMCID: PMC6517185 DOI: 10.1063/1.5096937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of microparticles in droplets has profound applications in biochemical assays. We investigate encapsulation of rigid particles (polystyrene beads) and deformable particles (biological cells) inside aqueous droplets in various droplet generation regimes, namely, squeezing, dripping, and jetting. Our study reveals that the size of the positive (particle-encapsulating) droplets is larger or smaller compared to that of the negative (empty) droplets in the dripping and jetting regimes but no size contrast is observed in the squeezing regime. The size contrast of the positive and negative droplets in the different regimes is characterized in terms of capillary number C a and stream width ratio ω (i.e., ratio of stream width at the throat to particle diameter ω = w / d p ). While for deformable particles, the positive droplets are always larger compared to the negative droplets, for rigid particles, the positive droplets are larger in the dripping and jetting regimes for 0.50 ≤ ω ≤ 0.80 but smaller in the jetting regime for ω < 0.50 . We exploit the size contrast of positive and negative droplets for sorting across the fluid-fluid interface based on noninertial lift force (at R e ≪ 1 ), which is a strong function of droplet size. We demonstrate sorting of the positive droplets encapsulating polystyrene beads and biological cells from the negative droplets with an efficiency of ∼95% and purity of ∼65%. The proposed study will find relevance in single-cell studies, where positive droplets need to be isolated from the empty droplets prior to downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Jayaprakash
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - A. K. Sen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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35
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Zhang J, Hassan MR, Rallabandi B, Wang C. Migration of ferrofluid droplets in shear flow under a uniform magnetic field. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2439-2446. [PMID: 30801084 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02522c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of droplets based on physical properties (e.g., size, interfacial tension, electrical, and mechanical properties) is a critical step in droplet microfluidics. Manipulations based on magnetic fields have several benefits compared to other active methods. While traditional magnetic manipulations require spatially inhomogeneous fields to apply forces, the fast spatial decay of the magnetic field strength from the source makes these techniques difficult to scale up. In this work, we report the observation of lateral migration of ferrofluid (or magnetic) droplets under the combined action of a uniform magnetic field and a pressure-driven flow in a microchannel. While the uniform magnetic field exerts negligible net force on the droplet, the Maxwell stresses deform the droplet to achieve elongated shapes and modulate the orientation relative to the fluid flow. Hydrodynamic interactions between the droplets and the channel walls result in a directional lateral migration. We experimentally study the effects of field strength and direction, and interfacial tension, and use analytical and numerical modeling to understand the lateral migration mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 W. 13th St., Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA.
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36
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Wu Y, Stewart AG, Lee PVS. On-chip cell mechanophenotyping using phase modulated surface acoustic wave. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:024107. [PMID: 31065306 PMCID: PMC6478592 DOI: 10.1063/1.5084297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A surface acoustic wave (SAW) microfluidic chip was designed to measure the compressibility of cells and to differentiate cell mechanophenotypes. Polystyrene microbeads and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) microbeads were first tested in order to calibrate and validate the acoustic field. We observed the prefocused microbeads being pushed into the new pressure node upon phase shift. The captured trajectory matched well with the equation describing acoustic radiation force. The compressibility of polystyrene microbeads and that of PMMA microbeads was calculated, respectively, by fitting the trajectory from the experiment and that simulated by the equation across a range of compressibility values. Following, A549 human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 cells), human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells were tested using the same procedure. The compressibility of each cell from the three cell types was measured also by fitting trajectories between the experiment and that from the equation; the size was measured by image analysis. A549 cells were more compressible than HASM and MCF-7 cells; HASM cells could be further distinguished from MCF-7 cells by cell size. In addition, MCF-7 cells were treated by colchicine and 2-methoxyestradiol to disrupt the cell microtubules and were found to be more compressible. Computer simulation was also carried out to investigate the effect of cell compressibility and cell size due to acoustic radiation force to examine the sensitivity of the measurement. The SAW microfluidic method is capable of differentiating cell types or cells under different conditions based on the cell compressibility and the cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alastair G. Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter V. S. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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37
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Dalili A, Samiei E, Hoorfar M. A review of sorting, separation and isolation of cells and microbeads for biomedical applications: microfluidic approaches. Analyst 2019; 144:87-113. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have reviewed the microfluidic approaches for cell/particle isolation and sorting, and extensively explained the mechanism behind each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Dalili
- The University of British
- School of Engineering
- Kelowna
- Canada V1 V 1 V7
| | - Ehsan Samiei
- University of Victoria
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Victoria
- Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- The University of British
- School of Engineering
- Kelowna
- Canada V1 V 1 V7
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38
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Alam MK, Koomson E, Zou H, Yi C, Li CW, Xu T, Yang M. Recent advances in microfluidic technology for manipulation and analysis of biological cells (2007–2017). Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1044:29-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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39
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Navi M, Abbasi N, Jeyhani M, Gnyawali V, Tsai SSH. Microfluidic diamagnetic water-in-water droplets: a biocompatible cell encapsulation and manipulation platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3361-3370. [PMID: 30375625 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00867a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics enables cellular encapsulation for biomedical applications such as single-cell analysis, which is an important tool used by biologists to study cells on a single-cell level, and understand cellular heterogeneity in cell populations. However, most cell encapsulation strategies in microfluidics rely on random encapsulation processes, resulting in large numbers of empty droplets. Therefore, post-sorting of droplets is necessary to obtain samples of purely cell-encapsulating droplets. With the recent advent of aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) as a biocompatible alternative of the conventional water-in-oil droplet systems for cellular encapsulation, there has also been a focus on integrating ATPS with droplet microfluidics. In this paper, we describe a new technique that combines ATPS-based water-in-water droplets with diamagnetic manipulation to isolate single-cell encapsulating water-in-water droplets, and achieve a purity of 100% in a single pass. We exploit the selective partitioning of ferrofluid in an ATPS of polyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol-polyethylene glycol triblock copolymer (PEG-PPG-PEG) and dextran (DEX), to achieve diamagnetic manipulation of water-in-water droplets. A cell-triggered Rayleigh-Plateau instability in the dispersed phase thread results in a size distinction between the cell-encapsulating and empty droplets, enabling diamagnetic separation and sorting of the cell-encapsulating droplets from empty droplets. This is a simple and biocompatible all-aqueous platform for single-cell encapsulation and droplet manipulation, with applications in single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Navi
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.
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40
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Rambach RW, Biswas P, Yadav A, Garstecki P, Franke T. Fast selective trapping and release of picoliter droplets in a 3D microfluidic PDMS multi-trap system with bubbles. Analyst 2018; 143:843-849. [PMID: 29234760 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01100h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The selective manipulation and incubation of individual picoliter drops in high-throughput droplet based microfluidic devices still remains challenging. We used a surface acoustic wave (SAW) to induce a bubble in a 3D designed multi-trap polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device to manipulate multiple droplets and demonstrate the selection, incubation and on-demand release of aqueous droplets from a continuous oil flow. By controlling the position of the acoustic actuation, individual droplets are addressed and selectively released from a droplet stream of 460 drops per s. A complete trapping and releasing cycle can be as short as 70 ms and has no upper limit for incubation time. We characterize the fluidic function of the hybrid device in terms of electric power, pulse duration and acoustic path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Rambach
- Soft Matter and Biological Physics Group, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
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41
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Sun M, Durkin P, Li J, Toth TL, He X. Label-Free On-Chip Selective Extraction of Cell-Aggregate-Laden Microcapsules from Oil into Aqueous Solution with Optical Sensor and Dielectrophoresis. ACS Sens 2018; 3:410-417. [PMID: 29299919 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic encapsulation of cells or tissues in biocompatible solidlike hydrogels has wide biomedical applications. However, the microfluidically encapsulated cells/tissues are usually suspended in oil and need to be extracted into aqueous solution for further culture or use. Current extracting techniques are either nonselective for the cell/tissue-laden hydrogel microcapsules or rely on fluorescence labeling of the cells/tissues, which may be undesired for their further culture or use. Here we developed a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) to achieve label-free on-chip selective extraction of cell-aggregate-laden hydrogel microcapsules from oil into aqueous solution. The system includes a microfluidic device, an optical sensor, a dielectrophoretic (DEP) actuator, and microcontrollers. The microfluidic device is for encapsulating cell aggregates in hydrogel microcapsules using the flow-focusing function with microchannels for extracting microcapsules. The optical sensor is to detect the cell aggregates, based on the difference of the optical properties between the cell aggregates and surrounding solution before their encapsulation in hydrogel microcapsules. This strategy is used because the difference in optical property between the cell-aggregate-laden hydrogel microcapsules and empty microcapsules is too small to tell them apart with a commonly used optical sensor. The DEP actuator, which is controlled by the sensor and microcontrollers, is for selectively extracting the targeted hydrogel microcapsules by DEP force. The results indicate this system can achieve selective extraction of cell-aggregate-laden hydrogel microcapsules with ∼100% efficiency without compromising the cell viability, and can improve the purity of the cell-aggregate-laden microcapsules by more than 75 times compared with nonselective extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Sun
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Patrick Durkin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of
Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas L. Toth
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xiaoming He
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Dorothy
M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Comprehensive
Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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42
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Rambach RW, Linder K, Heymann M, Franke T. Droplet trapping and fast acoustic release in a multi-height device with steady-state flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3422-3430. [PMID: 28792054 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel multilayer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device for selective storage and release of single emulsion droplets. Drops are captured in a microchannel cavity and can be released on-demand through a triggered surface acoustic wave pulse. The surface acoustic wave (SAW) is excited by a tapered interdigital transducer (TIDT) deposited on a piezoelectric lithium niobate (LiNbO3) substrate and inverts the pressure difference across the cavity trap to push a drop out of the trap and back into the main flow channel. Droplet capture and release does not require a flow rate change, flow interruption, flow inversion or valve action and can be achieved in as fast as 20 ms. This allows both on-demand droplet capture for analysis and monitoring over arbitrary time scales, and continuous device operation with a high droplet rate of 620 drops per s. We hence decouple long-term droplet interrogation from other operations on the chip. This will ease integration with other microfluidic droplet operations and functional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Rambach
- Soft Matter and Biological Physics Group, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
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43
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Magnetophoretic sorting of microdroplets with different microalgal cell densities for rapid isolation of fast growing strains. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10390. [PMID: 28871196 PMCID: PMC5583291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae - unicellular photosynthetic organisms - have received increasing attention for their ability to biologically convert CO2 into valuable products. The commercial use of microalgae requires screening strains to improve the biomass productivity to achieve a high-throughput. Here, we developed a microfluidic method that uses a magnetic field to separate the microdroplets containing different concentrations of microalgal cells. The separation efficiency is maximized using the following parameters that influence the amount of lateral displacement of the microdroplets: magnetic nanoparticle concentration, flow rate of droplets, x- and y-axis location of the magnet, and diameter of the droplets. Consequently, 91.90% of empty, 87.12% of low-, and 90.66% of high-density droplets could be separated into different outlets through simple manipulation of the magnetic field in the microfluidic device. These results indicate that cell density-based separation of microdroplets using a magnetic force can provide a promising platform to isolate microalgal species with a high growth performance.
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44
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Simon G, Andrade MAB, Reboud J, Marques-Hueso J, Desmulliez MPY, Cooper JM, Riehle MO, Bernassau AL. Particle separation by phase modulated surface acoustic waves. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:054115. [PMID: 29152026 PMCID: PMC5658229 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High efficiency isolation of cells or particles from a heterogeneous mixture is a critical processing step in lab-on-a-chip devices. Acoustic techniques offer contactless and label-free manipulation, preserve viability of biological cells, and provide versatility as the applied electrical signal can be adapted to various scenarios. Conventional acoustic separation methods use time-of-flight and achieve separation up to distances of quarter wavelength with limited separation power due to slow gradients in the force. The method proposed here allows separation by half of the wavelength and can be extended by repeating the modulation pattern and can ensure maximum force acting on the particles. In this work, we propose an optimised phase modulation scheme for particle separation in a surface acoustic wave microfluidic device. An expression for the acoustic radiation force arising from the interaction between acoustic waves in the fluid was derived. We demonstrated, for the first time, that the expression of the acoustic radiation force differs in surface acoustic wave and bulk devices, due to the presence of a geometric scaling factor. Two phase modulation schemes are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical findings were experimentally validated for different mixtures of polystyrene particles confirming that the method offers high selectivity. A Monte-Carlo simulation enabled us to assess performance in real situations, including the effects of particle size variation and non-uniform acoustic field on sorting efficiency and purity, validating the ability to separate particles with high purity and high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Simon
- Microsystems Engineering Centre, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julien Reboud
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Marques-Hueso
- Microsystems Engineering Centre, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc P Y Desmulliez
- Microsystems Engineering Centre, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Cooper
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mathis O Riehle
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, Centre for Cell Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne L Bernassau
- Microsystems Engineering Centre, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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45
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Huang H, Yu Y, Hu Y, He X, Usta OB, Yarmush ML. Generation and manipulation of hydrogel microcapsules by droplet-based microfluidics for mammalian cell culture. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1913-1932. [PMID: 28509918 PMCID: PMC5548188 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00262a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel microcapsules provide miniaturized and biocompatible niches for three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell culture. They can be easily generated by droplet-based microfluidics with tunable size, morphology, and biochemical properties. Therefore, microfluidic generation and manipulation of cell-laden microcapsules can be used for 3D cell culture to mimic the in vivo environment towards applications in tissue engineering and high throughput drug screening. In this review of recent advances mainly since 2010, we will first introduce general characteristics of droplet-based microfluidic devices for cell encapsulation with an emphasis on the fluid dynamics of droplet breakup and internal mixing as they directly influence microcapsule's size and structure. We will then discuss two on-chip manipulation strategies: sorting and extraction from oil into aqueous phase, which can be integrated into droplet-based microfluidics and significantly improve the qualities of cell-laden hydrogel microcapsules. Finally, we will review various applications of hydrogel microencapsulation for 3D in vitro culture on cell growth and proliferation, stem cell differentiation, tissue development, and co-culture of different types of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishui Huang
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
02114, United States
| | - Yin Yu
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
02114, United States
| | - Yong Hu
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
02114, United States
| | - Xiaoming He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, USA
| | - O. Berk Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
02114, United States
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
02114, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University,
Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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46
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Deshpande S, Birnie A, Dekker C. On-chip density-based purification of liposomes. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:034106. [PMID: 28529672 PMCID: PMC5422205 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their cell membrane-mimicking properties, liposomes have served as a versatile research tool in science, from membrane biophysics and drug delivery systems to bottom-up synthetic cells. We recently reported a novel microfluidic method, Octanol-assisted Liposome Assembly (OLA), to form cell-sized, monodisperse, unilamellar liposomes with excellent encapsulation efficiency. Although OLA provides crucial advantages over alternative methods, it suffers from the presence of 1-octanol droplets, an inevitable by-product of the production process. These droplets can adversely affect the system regarding liposome stability, channel clogging, and imaging quality. In this paper, we report a density-based technique to separate the liposomes from droplets, integrated on the same chip. We show that this method can yield highly pure (>95%) liposome samples. We also present data showing that a variety of other separation techniques (based on size or relative permittivity) were unsuccessful. Our density-based separation approach favourably decouples the production and separation module, thus allowing freshly prepared liposomes to be used for downstream on-chip experimentation. This simple separation technique will make OLA a more versatile and widely applicable tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Deshpande
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Birnie
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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47
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Ding Y, Choo J, deMello AJ. From single-molecule detection to next-generation sequencing: microfluidic droplets for high-throughput nucleic acid analysis. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2017; 21:58. [PMID: 32214953 PMCID: PMC7087872 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-017-1889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidic technologies have proved themselves to be of significant utility in the performance of high-throughput chemical and biological experiments. By encapsulating and isolating reagents within femtoliter-nanoliter droplet, millions of (bio) chemical reactions can be processed in a parallel fashion and on ultra-short timescales. Recent applications of such technologies to genetic analysis have suggested significant utility in low-cost, efficient and rapid workflows for DNA amplification, rare mutation detection, antibody screening and next-generation sequencing. To this end, we describe and highlight some of the most interesting recent developments and applications of droplet-based microfluidics in the broad area of nucleic acid analysis. In addition, we also present a cursory description of some of the most essential functional components, which allow the creation of integrated and complex workflows based on flowing streams of droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ding
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588 Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew J. deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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48
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Xi HD, Zheng H, Guo W, Gañán-Calvo AM, Ai Y, Tsao CW, Zhou J, Li W, Huang Y, Nguyen NT, Tan SH. Active droplet sorting in microfluidics: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:751-771. [PMID: 28197601 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01435f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate and sort droplets is a fundamental issue in droplet-based microfluidics. Various lab-on-a-chip applications can only be realized if droplets are systematically categorized and sorted. These micron-sized droplets act as ideal reactors which compartmentalize different biological and chemical reagents. Array processing of these droplets hinges on the competence of the sorting and integration into the fluidic system. Recent technological advances only allow droplets to be actively sorted at the rate of kilohertz or less. In this review, we present state-of-the-art technologies which are implemented to efficiently sort droplets. We classify the concepts according to the type of energy implemented into the system. We also discuss various key issues and provide insights into various systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Dong Xi
- School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Rd., Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Rd., Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Rd., Xi'an, Shaanxi, China and Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Alfonso M Gañán-Calvo
- Depto. de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore
| | - Chia-Wen Tsao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jun Zhou
- School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Say Hwa Tan
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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49
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Destgeer G, Jung JH, Park J, Ahmed H, Park K, Ahmad R, Sung HJ. Acoustic impedance-based manipulation of elastic microspheres using travelling surface acoustic waves. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01168g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Size-independent separation of particles is performed using difference in acoustic impedances via travelling surface acoustic waves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin Ho Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Korea
| | - Jinsoo Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Korea
| | - Husnain Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Korea
| | - Kwangseok Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Korea
| | - Raheel Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Sung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Korea
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50
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Ma Z, Collins DJ, Guo J, Ai Y. Mechanical Properties Based Particle Separation via Traveling Surface Acoustic Wave. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11844-11851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Ma
- Pillar of Engineering
Product
Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - David J. Collins
- Pillar of Engineering
Product
Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Jinhong Guo
- Pillar of Engineering
Product
Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering
Product
Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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