1
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Peredkov S, Pereira N, Grötzsch D, Hendel S, Wallacher D, DeBeer S. PINK: a tender X-ray beamline for X-ray emission spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:622-634. [PMID: 38662410 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A high-flux beamline optimized for non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) in the tender X-ray energy range has been constructed at the BESSY II synchrotron source. The beamline utilizes a cryogenically cooled undulator that provides X-rays over the energy range 2.1 keV to 9.5 keV. This energy range provides access to XES [and in the future X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)] studies of transition metals ranging from Ti to Cu (Kα, Kβ lines) and Zr to Ag (Lα, Lβ), as well as light elements including P, S, Cl, K and Ca (Kα, Kβ). The beamline can be operated in two modes. In PINK mode, a multilayer monochromator (E/ΔE ≃ 30-80) provides a high photon flux (1014 photons s-1 at 6 keV and 300 mA ring current), allowing non-resonant XES measurements of dilute substances. This mode is currently available for general user operation. X-ray absorption near-edge structure and resonant XAS techniques will be available after the second stage of the PINK commissioning, when a high monochromatic mode (E/ΔE ≃ 10000-40000) will be facilitated by a double-crystal monochromator. At present, the beamline incorporates two von Hamos spectrometers, enabling time-resolved XES experiments with time scales down to 0.1 s and the possibility of two-color XES experiments. This paper describes the optical scheme of the PINK beamline and the endstation. The design of the two von Hamos dispersive spectrometers and sample environment are discussed here in detail. To illustrate, XES spectra of phosphorus complexes, KCl, TiO2 and Co3O4 measured using the PINK setup are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Peredkov
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nilson Pereira
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Daniel Grötzsch
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray Technologies (BLiX), Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hendel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Wallacher
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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2
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Krishnan A, Lee DC, Slagle I, Ahsan S, Mitra S, Read E, Alamgir FM. Monitoring Redox Processes in Lithium-Ion Batteries by Laboratory-Scale Operando X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:16096-16105. [PMID: 38502716 PMCID: PMC10995943 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Tracking changes in the chemical state of transition metals in alkali-ion batteries is crucial to understanding the redox chemistry during operation. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is often used to follow the chemistry through observed changes in the chemical state and local atomic structure as a function of the state-of-charge (SoC) in batteries. In this study, we utilize an operando X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) method to observe changes in the chemical state of active elements in batteries during operation. Operando XES and XAS were compared by using a laboratory-scale setup for four different battery systems: LiCoO2 (LCO), Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 (NMC111), Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 (NMC811), and LiFePO4 (LFP) under a constant current charging the battery in 10 h (C/10 charge rate). We show that XES, despite narrower chemical shifts in comparison to XAS, allows us to fingerprint the battery SOC in real time. We further demonstrate that XES can be used to track the change in net spin of the probed atoms by analyzing changes in the emission peak shape. As a test case, the connection between net spin and the local chemical and structural environment was investigated by using XES and XAS in the case of electrochemically delithiated LCO in the range of 2-10% lithium removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiram Krishnan
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | | | - Ian Slagle
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sumaiyatul Ahsan
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | | | - Ethan Read
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Faisal M. Alamgir
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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3
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Novichkov D, Trigub A, Gerber E, Nevolin I, Romanchuk A, Matveev P, Kalmykov S. Laboratory-based X-ray spectrometer for actinide science. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:1114-1126. [PMID: 37738030 PMCID: PMC10624025 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523006926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies nowadays are advanced characterization methods for fundamental and applied actinide research. One of the advantages of these methods is to reveal slight changes in the structural and electronic properties of radionuclides. The experiments are generally carried out at synchrotrons. However, considerable progress has been made to construct laboratory-based X-ray spectrometers for X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies. Laboratory spectrometers are reliable, effective and accessible alternatives to synchrotrons, especially for actinide research, which allow dispensing with high costs of the radioactive sample transport and synchrotron time. Moreover, data from laboratory spectrometers, obtained within a reasonable time, are comparable with synchrotron results. Thereby, laboratory spectrometers can complement synchrotrons or can be used for preliminary experiments to find perspective samples for synchrotron experiments with better resolution. Here, the construction and implementation of an X-ray spectrometer (LomonosovXAS) in Johann-geometry at a radiochemistry laboratory is reported. Examples are given of the application of LomonosovXAS to actinide systems relevant to the chemistry of f-elements, the physical chemistry of nuclear power engineering and the long-term disposal of spent nuclear fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Novichkov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Trigub
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Ploshchad Akademika Kurchatova 1, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Iurii Nevolin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Romanchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Petr Matveev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Stepan Kalmykov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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4
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Kathyola T, Chang SY, Willneff EA, Willis CJ, Cibin G, Wilson P, Kroner AB, Shotton EJ, Dowding PJ, Schroeder SL. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy as a Process Analytical Technology: Reaction Studies for the Manufacture of Sulfonate-Stabilized Calcium Carbonate Particles. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:16198-16206. [PMID: 37841415 PMCID: PMC10571072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Process analytical technologies are widely used to inform process control by identifying relationships between reagents and products. Here, we present a novel process analytical technology system for operando XAS on multiphase multicomponent synthesis processes based on the combination of a conventional lab-scale agitated reactor with a liquid-jet cell. The preparation of sulfonate-stabilized CaCO3 particles from polyphasic Ca(OH)2 dispersions was monitored in real time by Ca K-edge XAS to identify changes in Ca speciation in the bulk solution/dispersion as a function of time and process conditions. Linear combination fitting of the spectra quantitatively resolved composition changes from the initial conversion of Ca(OH)2 to the Ca(R-SO3)2 surfactant to the ultimate formation of nCaCO3·mCa(R- SO3)2 particles. The system provides a novel tool with strong chemical specificity for probing multiphase synthesis processes at a molecular level, providing an avenue to establishing the relationships between critical quality attributes of a process and the quality and performance of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thokozile
A. Kathyola
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Sin-Yuen Chang
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | | | - Colin J. Willis
- Infineum
UK Ltd., Milton Hill Business & Technology Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB, U.K.
| | - Giannantonio Cibin
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Paul Wilson
- Infineum
UK Ltd., Milton Hill Business & Technology Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB, U.K.
| | - Anna B. Kroner
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Elizabeth J. Shotton
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Dowding
- Infineum
UK Ltd., Milton Hill Business & Technology Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB, U.K.
| | - Sven L.M. Schroeder
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
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5
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Kallio AJ, Weiß A, Bes R, Heikkilä MJ, Ritala M, Kemell M, Huotari S. Laboratory-scale X-ray absorption spectroscopy of 3d transition metals in inorganic thin films. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18593-18602. [PMID: 36444942 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02264h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present laboratory-scale X-ray absorption spectroscopy applied to the research of nanometer-scale thin films. We demonstrate the Cu K edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of CuI and CuO thin films grown with atomic layer deposition. Film thicknesses in the investigated samples ranged from 12 to 248 nm. Even from the thinnest films, XANES spectra can be obtained in 5-20 minutes and EXAFS in 1-4 days. In order to prove the capability of laboratory-based XAS for in situ measurements on thin films, we demonstrate an experiment on in situ oxidation of a 248 nm thick CuI film at a temperature of 240 °C. These methods have important implications for novel and enhanced possibilities for inorganic thin film research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Weiß
- Department of Chemistry, P.O.Box 55, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rene Bes
- Department of Physics, P.O.Box 64, University of Helsinki, Finland. .,Helsinki Institute of Physics, P.O.Box 64, Finland
| | - Mikko J Heikkilä
- Department of Chemistry, P.O.Box 55, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Ritala
- Department of Chemistry, P.O.Box 55, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry, P.O.Box 55, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, P.O.Box 64, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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6
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Genz NS, Kallio A, Oord R, Krumeich F, Pokle A, Prytz Ø, Olsbye U, Meirer F, Huotari S, Weckhuysen BM. Operando Laboratory-Based Multi-Edge X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy of Solid Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209334. [PMID: 36205032 PMCID: PMC9828672 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and especially X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) offers new opportunities in catalyst characterization and presents not only an alternative, but also a complementary approach to precious beamtime at synchrotron facilities. We successfully designed a laboratory-based setup for performing operando, quasi-simultaneous XANES analysis at multiple K-edges, more specifically, operando XANES of mono-, bi-, and trimetallic CO2 hydrogenation catalysts containing Ni, Fe, and Cu. Detailed operando XANES studies of the multielement solid catalysts revealed metal-dependent differences in the reducibility and re-oxidation behavior and their influence on the catalytic performance in CO2 hydrogenation. The applicability of operando laboratory-based XANES at multiple K-edges paves the way for advanced multielement catalyst characterization complementing detailed studies at synchrotron facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina S. Genz
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDepartment of ChemistryUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Antti‐Jussi Kallio
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of HelsinkiP. O. Box 6400014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDepartment of ChemistryUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Frank Krumeich
- Laboratory of Inorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Anuj Pokle
- Department of PhysicsCenter for Materials Science and NanotechnologyUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 10480316OsloNorway
| | - Øystein Prytz
- Department of PhysicsCenter for Materials Science and NanotechnologyUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 10480316OsloNorway
| | - Unni Olsbye
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 10330315OsloNorway
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDepartment of ChemistryUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of HelsinkiP. O. Box 6400014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDepartment of ChemistryUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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8
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Tetef S, Kashyap V, Holden WM, Velian A, Govind N, Seidler GT. Informed Chemical Classification of Organophosphorus Compounds via Unsupervised Machine Learning of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4862-4872. [PMID: 35839329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We analyze an ensemble of organophosphorus compounds to form an unbiased characterization of the information encoded in their X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and valence-to-core X-ray emission spectra (VtC-XES). Data-driven emergence of chemical classes via unsupervised machine learning, specifically cluster analysis in the Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) embedding, finds spectral sensitivity to coordination, oxidation, aromaticity, intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and ligand identity. Subsequently, we implement supervised machine learning via Gaussian process classifiers to identify confidence in predictions that match our initial qualitative assessments of clustering. The results further support the benefit of utilizing unsupervised machine learning as a precursor to supervised machine learning, which we term Unsupervised Validation of Classes (UVC), a result that goes beyond the present case of X-ray spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Tetef
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Vikram Kashyap
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - William M Holden
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alexandra Velian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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9
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Nascimento DR, Govind N. Computational approaches for XANES, VtC-XES, and RIXS using linear-response time-dependent density functional theory based methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14680-14691. [PMID: 35699090 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01132h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of state-of-the-art X-ray light sources has paved the way for novel spectroscopies that take advantage of their atomic specificity to shed light on fundamental physical, chemical, and biological processes both in the static and time domains. The success of these experiments hinges on the ability to interpret and predict core-level spectra, which has opened avenues for theory to play a key role. Over the last two decades, linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (LR-TDDFT), despite various theoretical challenges, has become a computationally attractive and versatile framework to study excited-state spectra including X-ray spectroscopies. In this context, we focus our discussion on LR-TDDFT approaches for the computation of X-ray Near-Edge Structure (XANES), Valence-to-Core X-ray Emission (VtC-XES), and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) spectroscopies in molecular systems with an emphasis on Gaussian basis set implementations. We illustrate these approaches with applications and provide a brief outlook of possible new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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10
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Cutsail III GE, DeBeer S. Challenges and Opportunities for Applications of Advanced X-ray Spectroscopy in Catalysis Research. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George E. Cutsail III
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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11
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Said AH, Kim JH, Aran EK, Gog T. Novel fabrication technique for high-resolution spherical crystal analyzers using a microporous aluminium base. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:749-754. [PMID: 35511007 PMCID: PMC9070708 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522001886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Modern inelastic X-ray spectrometers employ curved, bent and diced analyzers to capture sufficiently large solid angles of radially emitted scattered radiation emanating from the sample. Fabricating these intricate analyzers, especially when a high energy resolution of a few millielectronvolts is required, is very time-consuming, expensive and often a hit-or-miss affair. A novel fabrication technique is introduced, utilizing a concave-spherical, microporous aluminium base to hold an assembly of a thin glass substrate with a diced crystal wafer bonded to it. Under uniform vacuum forces, the glass substrate is drawn into the aluminium base, achieving the desired bending radius, while dicing of the diffracting crystal layer prevents bending strain from being imposed on the individual crystal pixels. This technique eliminates the need for permanently bonding the crystal assembly to the concave lens, offering the opportunity for correcting figure errors, avoiding long-term degradation of the permanent bond, and making both lens and crystal reusable. Process and material costs are thus substantially decreased. Two analyzers, Si(844) and Ge(337) with intrinsic resolutions of 14.6 meV and 36.5 meV, respectively, were produced in this fashion and characterized in resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) measurements. The achieved overall energy resolutions for both analyzers were 29.4 meV for Si(844) and 56.6 meV for Ge(337). Although the RIXS technique is veru sensitive to analyzer imperfections, the analyzers were found to be equal, if not superior, in quality to their traditional, permanently bonded counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H. Said
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Emily K. Aran
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Thomas Gog
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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12
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Seddon-Ferretti ME, Mottram LM, Stennett MC, Corkhill CL, Hyatt NC. HERMES - a GUI-based software tool for pre-processing of X-ray absorption spectroscopy data from laboratory Rowland circle spectrometers. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:276-279. [PMID: 34985445 PMCID: PMC8733975 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521012583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
HERMES, a graphical user interface software tool, is presented, for pre-processing X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data from laboratory Rowland circle spectrometers, to meet the data handling needs of a growing community of practice. HERMES enables laboratory XAS data to be displayed for quality assessment, merging of data sets, polynomial fitting of smoothly varying data, and correction of data to the true energy scale and for dead-time and leakage effects. The software is written in Java 15 programming language, and runs on major computer operating systems, with graphics implementation using the JFreeChart toolkit. HERMES is freely available and distributed under an open source licence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E. Seddon-Ferretti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Sheffield S1 4DP, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy M. Mottram
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C. Stennett
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Corkhill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C. Hyatt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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13
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Konecny L, Vicha J, Komorovsky S, Ruud K, Repisky M. Accurate X-ray Absorption Spectra near L- and M-Edges from Relativistic Four-Component Damped Response Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:830-846. [PMID: 34958215 PMCID: PMC8767545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The simulation of
X-ray absorption spectra requires both scalar
and spin–orbit (SO) relativistic effects to be taken into account,
particularly near L- and M-edges where the SO splitting of core p
and d orbitals dominates. Four-component Dirac–Coulomb Hamiltonian-based
linear damped response time-dependent density functional theory (4c-DR-TDDFT)
calculates spectra directly for a selected frequency region while
including the relativistic effects variationally, making the method
well suited for X-ray applications. In this work, we show that accurate
X-ray absorption spectra near L2,3- and M4,5-edges of closed-shell transition metal and actinide compounds with
different central atoms, ligands, and oxidation states can be obtained
by means of 4c-DR-TDDFT. While the main absorption lines do not change
noticeably with the basis set and geometry, the exchange–correlation
functional has a strong influence with hybrid functionals performing
the best. The energy shift compared to the experiment is shown to
depend linearly on the amount of Hartee–Fock exchange with
the optimal value being 60% for spectral regions above 1000 eV, providing
relative errors below 0.2% and 2% for edge energies and SO splittings,
respectively. Finally, the methodology calibrated in this work is
used to reproduce the experimental L2,3-edge X-ray absorption
spectra of [RuCl2(DMSO)2(Im)2] and
[WCl4(PMePh2)2], and resolve the
broad bands into separated lines, allowing an interpretation based
on ligand field theory and double point groups. These results support
4c-DR-TDDFT as a reliable method for calculating and analyzing X-ray
absorption spectra of chemically interesting systems, advance the
accuracy of state-of-the art relativistic DFT approaches, and provide
a reference for benchmarking more approximate techniques. The paper demonstrates that relativistic four-component
TDDFT theory can reproduce and analyze experimental X-ray absorption
spectra near L2,3- and M4,5-edges of transition
metal and actinide compounds with different central atoms, ligands,
and oxidation states. With variational inclusion of scalar and spin−orbit
relativistic effects and hybrid functionals with an optimized amount
of Hartee−Fock exchange (60%), it achieves relative errors
below 0.2% and 2% for edge energies and spin−orbit (SO) splittings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Konecny
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan Vicha
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Komorovsky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84536 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Michal Repisky
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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14
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Dixon Wilkins MC, Mottram LM, Maddrell ER, Stennett MC, Corkhill CL, Kvashnina KO, Hyatt NC. Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of Dominant Uranium(V) Brannerites in the UTi 2-xAl xO 6 System. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18112-18121. [PMID: 34787401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of a novel (dominant) uranium(V) brannerite of composition U1.09(6)Ti1.29(3)Al0.71(3)O6 is reported, as determined from Rietveld analysis of the high-resolution neutron powder diffraction data. Examination of the UTi2-xAlxO6 system demonstrated the formation of brannerite-structured compounds with varying Al3+ and U5+ contents, from U0.93(6)Ti1.64(3)Al0.36(3)O6 to U0.89(6)Ti1.00(3)Al1.00(3)O6. Substitution of Al3+ for Ti4+, with U5+ charge compensation, resulted in near-linear changes in the b and c unit cell parameters and the overall unit cell volume, as expected from ionic radii considerations. The presence of U5+ as the dominant oxidation state in near-single-phase brannerite compositions was evidenced by complementary laboratory U L3-edge and high-energy-resolution fluorescence-detected U M4-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. No brannerite phase was found for compositions with Al3+/Ti4+ > 1, which would require a U6+ contribution for charge compensation. These data expand the crystal chemistry of uranium brannerites to the stabilization of dominant uranium(V) brannerites by the substitution of trivalent cations, such as Al3+, on the Ti4+ site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin C Dixon Wilkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Lucy M Mottram
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Ewan R Maddrell
- National Nuclear Laboratory, Sellafield, Cumbria CA20 1PG, U.K
| | - Martin C Stennett
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Claire L Corkhill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Kristina O Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Neil C Hyatt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
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15
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Huang J, Günther B, Achterhold K, Dierolf M, Pfeiffer F. Simultaneous two-color X-ray absorption spectroscopy using Laue crystals at an inverse-compton scattering X-ray facility. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1874-1880. [PMID: 34738942 PMCID: PMC8570203 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521009437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is an element-selective technique that provides electronic and structural information of materials and reveals the essential mechanisms of the reactions involved. However, the technique is typically conducted at synchrotrons and usually only probes one element at a time. In this paper, a simultaneous two-color XAS setup at a laboratory-scale synchrotron facility is proposed based on inverse Compton scattering (ICS) at the Munich Compact Light Source (MuCLS), which is based on inverse Compton scattering (ICS). The setup utilizes two silicon crystals in a Laue geometry. A proof-of-principle experiment is presented where both silver (Ag) and palladium (Pd) K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra were simultaneously measured. The simplicity of the setup facilitates its migration to other ICS facilities or maybe to other X-ray sources (e.g. a bending-magnet beamline). Such a setup has the potential to study reaction mechanisms and synergistic effects of chemical systems containing multiple elements of interest, such as a bimetallic catalyst system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Huang
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Benedikt Günther
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Klaus Achterhold
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Dierolf
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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16
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Gerz I, Jannuzzi SAV, Hylland KT, Negri C, Wragg DS, Øien‐Ødegaard S, Tilset M, Olsbye U, DeBeer S, Amedjkouh M. Structural Elucidation, Aggregation, and Dynamic Behaviour of
N,N,N,N
‐Copper(I) Schiff Base Complexes in Solid and in Solution: A Combined NMR, X‐ray Spectroscopic and Crystallographic Investigation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021; 2021:4762-4775. [PMID: 35874966 PMCID: PMC9298233 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of Cu(I) complexes of bidentate or tetradentate Schiff base ligands bearing either 1‐H‐imidazole or pyridine moieties were synthesized. The complexes were studied by a combination of NMR and X‐ray spectroscopic techniques. The differences between the imidazole‐ and pyridine‐based ligands were examined by 1H, 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy. The magnitude of the 15Nimine coordination shifts was found to be strongly affected by the nature of the heterocycle in the complexes. These trends showed good correlation with the obtained Cu−Nimine bond lengths from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements. Variable‐temperature NMR experiments, in combination with diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) revealed that one of the complexes underwent a temperature‐dependent interconversion between a monomer, a dimer and a higher aggregate. The complexes bearing tetradentate imidazole ligands were further studied using Cu K‐edge XAS and VtC XES, where DFT‐assisted assignment of spectral features suggested that these complexes may form polynuclear oligomers in solid state. Additionally, the Cu(II) analogue of one of the complexes was incorporated into a metal‐organic framework (MOF) as a way to obtain discrete, mononuclear complexes in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Gerz
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo P. O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology University of Oslo P.O. Box 1126 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | | | - Knut T. Hylland
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo P. O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology University of Oslo P.O. Box 1126 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Chiara Negri
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo P. O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology University of Oslo P.O. Box 1126 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | - David S. Wragg
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo P. O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology University of Oslo P.O. Box 1126 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Sigurd Øien‐Ødegaard
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo P. O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology University of Oslo P.O. Box 1126 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Mats Tilset
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo P. O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology University of Oslo P.O. Box 1126 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Unni Olsbye
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo P. O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology University of Oslo P.O. Box 1126 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Mohamed Amedjkouh
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo P. O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology University of Oslo P.O. Box 1126 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
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17
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Tetef S, Govind N, Seidler GT. Unsupervised machine learning for unbiased chemical classification in X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray emission spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23586-23601. [PMID: 34651631 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02903g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a comprehensive computational study of unsupervised machine learning for extraction of chemically relevant information in X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and in valence-to-core X-ray emission spectra (VtC-XES) for classification of a broad ensemble of sulphorganic molecules. By progressively decreasing the constraining assumptions of the unsupervised machine learning algorithm, moving from principal component analysis (PCA) to a variational autoencoder (VAE) to t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE), we find improved sensitivity to steadily more refined chemical information. Surprisingly, when embedding the ensemble of spectra in merely two dimensions, t-SNE distinguishes not just oxidation state and general sulphur bonding environment but also the aromaticity of the bonding radical group with 87% accuracy as well as identifying even finer details in electronic structure within aromatic or aliphatic sub-classes. We find that the chemical information in XANES and VtC-XES is very similar in character and content, although they unexpectedly have different sensitivity within a given molecular class. We also discuss likely benefits from further effort with unsupervised machine learning and from the interplay between supervised and unsupervised machine learning for X-ray spectroscopies. Our overall results, i.e., the ability to reliably classify without user bias and to discover unexpected chemical signatures for XANES and VtC-XES, likely generalize to other systems as well as to other one-dimensional chemical spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Tetef
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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18
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Terrill NJ, Dent AJ, Dobson B, Beale AM, Allen L, Bras W. Past, present and future-sample environments for materials research studies in scattering and spectroscopy; a UK perspective. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:483002. [PMID: 34479225 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Small angle x-ray scattering and x-ray absorption fine structure are two techniques that have been employed at synchrotron sources ever since their inception. Over the course of the development of the techniques, the introduction of sample environments for added value experiments has grown dramatically. This article reviews past successes, current developments and an exploration of future possibilities for these two x-ray techniques with an emphasis on the developments in the United Kingdom between 1980-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Dent
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Dobson
- Sagentia Ltd, Harston Mill, Harston Mill, CB22 7GG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Wim Bras
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, One Bethel Valley Road TN 37831, United States of America
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19
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Asakura H, Tanaka T. Recent Applications of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Combination with High Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detection. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Asakura
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tsunehiro Tanaka
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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20
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Sun SK, Mottram LM, Hyatt NC. On the existence of the compound “Ce3NbO7+” prepared under air atmosphere. J RARE EARTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Bes R, Takala S, Huotari S. Harmonics as an alternative method for measuring I 0 during x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments at laboratory scale. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:043106. [PMID: 34243462 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years, the advent of an efficient and compact laboratory-scale spectrometer for x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments has been extensively reported in the literature. Such modern instruments offer the advantage to routinely use x-ray absorption spectroscopy on systematic studies, which is usually unconceivable at synchrotron radiation source facilities due to often limited time access. However, one limiting factor is the fact that due to laboratory x-ray source brightness compared to a synchrotron, two separate measures of the incoming and transmitted x-ray intensities, i.e., the so-called I0 and I1, respectively, are usually required. Herein, we introduce and discuss an alternative approach for measuring I0 and I1 simultaneously. Based on the usage of harmonics arising naturally from the use of monochromator crystals, the reliability and robustness of our proposed approach is demonstrated through experiments at the Co K-edge measured using Co metal foil and at the Nd L3-edge measured in Nd2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Bes
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saara Takala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Kavčič M, Petric M, Rajh A, Isaković K, Vizintin A, Talian SD, Dominko R. Characterization of Li-S Batteries Using Laboratory Sulfur X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2021; 4:2357-2364. [PMID: 33842854 PMCID: PMC8029652 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Application of laboratory-based X-ray analytical techniques that are capable of a reliable characterization of the chemical state of sulfur within bulk battery cathode in parallel with electrochemical characterization is essential for further development of lithium-sulfur batteries. In this work, MeV proton-induced X-ray emission (XES) sulfur measurements were performed in ex situ mode on laboratory-synthesized sulfur standards and precycled battery cathodes. The average sulfur charge was determined from the energy shift of the Kα emission line and from the spectral shape of the Kβ emission spectrum. Finally, operando Kα XES measurements were performed to monitor reduction of sulfur within battery cathode during discharge. The experimental approach presented here provides an important step toward more routine laboratory analysis of sulfur-based battery systems and also other sulfur-neighboring low-Z bulk materials with emission energies in the tender X-ray range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Kavčič
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, Jadranska
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Petric
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Geotechnical Engineering, University
of Zagreb, Varaždin 42000, Croatia
| | - Ava Rajh
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, Jadranska
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Isaković
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alen Vizintin
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Robert Dominko
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of
Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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23
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Besley NA. Modeling of the spectroscopy of core electrons with density functional theory. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham UK
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24
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Timoshenko J, Roldan Cuenya B. In Situ/ Operando Electrocatalyst Characterization by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2021; 121:882-961. [PMID: 32986414 PMCID: PMC7844833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has become an indispensable method for probing the structure and composition of heterogeneous catalysts, revealing the nature of the active sites and establishing links between structural motifs in a catalyst, local electronic structure, and catalytic properties. Here we discuss the fundamental principles of the XAS method and describe the progress in the instrumentation and data analysis approaches undertaken for deciphering X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra. Recent usages of XAS in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, with emphasis on examples concerning electrocatalysis, will be presented. The latter is a rapidly developing field with immense industrial applications but also unique challenges in terms of the experimental characterization restrictions and advanced modeling approaches required. This review will highlight the new insight that can be gained with XAS on complex real-world electrocatalysts including their working mechanisms and the dynamic processes taking place in the course of a chemical reaction. More specifically, we will discuss applications of in situ and operando XAS to probe the catalyst's interactions with the environment (support, electrolyte, ligands, adsorbates, reaction products, and intermediates) and its structural, chemical, and electronic transformations as it adapts to the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Timoshenko
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Speciation of Manganese in a Synthetic Recycling Slag Relevant for Lithium Recycling from Lithium-Ion Batteries. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lithium aluminum oxide has previously been identified to be a suitable compound to recover lithium (Li) from Li-ion battery recycling slags. Its formation is hampered in the presence of high concentrations of manganese (9 wt.% MnO2). In this study, mock-up slags of the system Li2O-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnOx with up to 17 mol% MnO2-content were prepared. The manganese (Mn)-bearing phases were characterized with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis (XANES). The XRD results confirm the decrease of LiAlO2 phases from Mn-poor slags (7 mol% MnO2) to Mn-rich slags (17 mol% MnO2). The Mn-rich grains are predominantly present as idiomorphic and relatively large (>50 µm) crystals. XRD, EPMA and XANES suggest that manganese is present in the form of a spinel solid solution. The absence of light elements besides Li and O allowed to estimate the Li content in the Mn-rich grain, and to determine a generic stoichiometry of the spinel solid solution, i.e., (Li(2x)Mn2+(1−x))1+x(Al(2−z),Mn3+z)O4. The coefficients x and z were determined at several locations of the grain. It is shown that the aluminum concentration decreases, while the manganese concentration increases from the start (x: 0.27; z: 0.54) to the end (x: 0.34; z: 1.55) of the crystallization.
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26
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Laboratory Operando XAS Study of Sodium Iron Titanite Cathode in the Li-Ion Half-Cell. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010156. [PMID: 33435502 PMCID: PMC7826646 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical characterization of the novel sodium iron titanate Na0.9Fe0.45Ti1.55O4 was performed upon cycling in the Li-ion half-cell. The material exhibited stable cycling in the voltage range 2–4.5 V, and the number of alkali ions extracted per formula unit was approximately half of the Na stoichiometry value. Using laboratory X-ray absorption spectrometry, we measured operando Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectra in the first 10 charge–discharge cycles and quantified the portion of charge associated with the transition metal redox reaction. Although 3d metals are commonly accepted redox-active centers in the intercalation process, we found that in all cycles the amount of oxidized and reduced Fe ions was almost 20% less than the total number of transferred electrons. Using density functional theory (DFT) simulations, we show that part of the reversible capacity is related to the redox reaction on oxygen ions.
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27
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Honkanen AP, Huotari S. General method to calculate the elastic deformation and X-ray diffraction properties of bent crystal wafers. IUCRJ 2021; 8:102-115. [PMID: 33520246 PMCID: PMC7793001 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252520014165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toroidally and spherically bent single crystals are widely employed as optical elements in hard X-ray spectrometry at synchrotron and free-electron laser light sources, and in laboratory-scale instruments. To achieve optimal spectrometer performance, a solid theoretical understanding of the diffraction properties of such crystals is essential. In this work, a general method to calculate the internal stress and strain fields of toroidally bent crystals and how to apply it to predict their diffraction properties is presented. Solutions are derived and discussed for circular and rectangular spherically bent wafers due to their prevalence in contemporary instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari-Pekka Honkanen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Pérez RD, Leani JJ, Robledo JI, Sánchez HJ. First characterization of chemical environments using energy dispersive inelastic x-ray scattering induced by an x-ray tube. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:013102. [PMID: 33514261 DOI: 10.1063/5.0026061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Energy Dispersive Inelastic X-ray Scattering (EDIXS) is a reliable technique for the discrimination and characterization of local chemical environments. By means of this methodology, the speciation of samples has been attained in a variety of samples and experimental conditions, such as total reflection, grazing incidence, and confocal setups. Until now, due to the requirement of a monochromatic and intense exciting beam, this tool had been applied using exclusively synchrotron radiation sources. We present, for the first time, results of test measurements using EDIXS for chemical characterization implemented in a conventional x-ray tube based laboratory. The results show good discrimination between different iron compounds under study, suggesting the real possibility of rutinary chemical state characterizations of samples by means of EDIXS using a conventional x-ray tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Daniel Pérez
- IFEG, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina and FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan José Leani
- IFEG, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina and FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José Ignacio Robledo
- IFEG, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina and FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Héctor Jorge Sánchez
- IFEG, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina and FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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29
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Zimmermann P, Peredkov S, Abdala PM, DeBeer S, Tromp M, Müller C, van Bokhoven JA. Modern X-ray spectroscopy: XAS and XES in the laboratory. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Hayashi H, Takaishi M. Highly Resolved Mn Kβ Emission: A Potential Probe in Laboratory for Analysis of Ligand Coordination around Mn Atoms in Gels and Solutions. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1197-1201. [PMID: 32389903 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Mn Kβ spectra of Mn, MnO, MnSO4·H2O, KMnO4, 0.50 M MnSO4 aqueous solution, and the precipitation bands of Mn-Fe-based Prussian blue analogs formed in 2.4 wt.% agarose gel ("Gel") were measured using a laboratory-use X-ray setup with ∼2.6 eV instrumental resolution, which comprises a cylindrically bent Si (400) crystal monochromator and a spherically bent Ge (440) crystal analyzer. The oxidation-state dependent shift of the Mn Kβ1,3 peak (∼1 eV) was clearly observed for Mn, MnO, and KMnO4, confirming that the employed setup can acquire the key features of Mn Kβ spectra. The Mn Kβ spectra of MnSO4·H2O, the 0.50 M solution, and Gel exhibited small but distinguishable differences, whereas the spectra acquired at two positions in Gel were almost the same. These results suggest that highly resolved Mn Kβ spectra can be helpful for assessing ligand coordination around Mn atoms in gels and solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Hayashi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan.
| | - Mao Takaishi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
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31
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Günther B, Gradl R, Jud C, Eggl E, Huang J, Kulpe S, Achterhold K, Gleich B, Dierolf M, Pfeiffer F. The versatile X-ray beamline of the Munich Compact Light Source: design, instrumentation and applications. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1395-1414. [PMID: 32876618 PMCID: PMC7467334 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520008309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Inverse Compton scattering provides means to generate low-divergence partially coherent quasi-monochromatic, i.e. synchrotron-like, X-ray radiation on a laboratory scale. This enables the transfer of synchrotron techniques into university or industrial environments. Here, the Munich Compact Light Source is presented, which is such a compact synchrotron radiation facility based on an inverse Compton X-ray source (ICS). The recent improvements of the ICS are reported first and then the various experimental techniques which are most suited to the ICS installed at the Technical University of Munich are reviewed. For the latter, a multipurpose X-ray application beamline with two end-stations was designed. The beamline's design and geometry are presented in detail including the different set-ups as well as the available detector options. Application examples of the classes of experiments that can be performed are summarized afterwards. Among them are dynamic in vivo respiratory imaging, propagation-based phase-contrast imaging, grating-based phase-contrast imaging, X-ray microtomography, K-edge subtraction imaging and X-ray spectroscopy. Finally, plans to upgrade the beamline in order to enhance its capabilities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Günther
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Regine Gradl
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Jud
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Elena Eggl
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Juanjuan Huang
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kulpe
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Klaus Achterhold
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Gleich
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Dierolf
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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32
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Lafuerza S, Retegan M, Detlefs B, Chatterjee R, Yachandra V, Yano J, Glatzel P. New reflections on hard X-ray photon-in/photon-out spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:16270-16284. [PMID: 32760987 PMCID: PMC7808884 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01983f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the electronic structure and local coordination of an element is an important aspect in the study of the chemical and physical properties of materials. This is particularly relevant at the nanoscale where new phases of matter may emerge below a critical size. X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) at synchrotron radiation sources and free electron lasers has enriched the field of X-ray spectroscopy. The spectroscopic techniques derived from the combination of X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy (XAS-XES), such as resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) and high energy resolution fluorescence detected (HERFD) XAS, are an ideal tool for the study of nanomaterials. New installations and beamline upgrades now often include wavelength dispersive instruments for the analysis of the emitted X-rays. With the growing use of XAS-XES, scientists are learning about the possibilities and pitfalls. We discuss some experimental aspects, assess the feasibility of measuring weak fluorescence lines in dilute, radiation sensitive samples, and present new experimental approaches for studying magnetic properties of colloidal nanoparticles directly in the liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lafuerza
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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33
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Holden WM, Jahrman EP, Govind N, Seidler GT. Probing Sulfur Chemical and Electronic Structure with Experimental Observation and Quantitative Theoretical Prediction of Kα and Valence-to-Core Kβ X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5415-5434. [PMID: 32486638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An extensive experimental and theoretical study of the Kα and Kβ high-resolution X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) of sulfur-bearing systems is presented. This study encompasses a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds, including numerous experimental spectra from both prior published work and new measurements. Employing a linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (LR-TDDFT) approach, strong quantitative agreement is found in the calculation of energy shifts of the core-to-core Kα as well as the full range of spectral features in the valence-to-core Kβ spectrum. The ability to accurately calculate the sulfur Kα energy shift supports the use of sulfur Kα XES as a bulk-sensitive tool for assessing sulfur speciation. The fine structure of the sulfur Kβ spectrum, in conjunction with the theoretical results, is shown to be sensitive to the local electronic structure including effects of symmetry, ligand type and number, and, in the case of organosulfur compounds, to the nature of the bonded organic moiety. This agreement between theory and experiment, augmented by the potential for high-access XES measurements with the latest generation of laboratory-based spectrometers, demonstrates the possibility of broad analytical use of XES for sulfur and nearby third-row elements. The effective solution of the forward problem, i.e., successful prediction of detailed spectra from known molecular structure, also suggests future use of supervised machine learning approaches to experimental inference, as has seen recent interest for interpretation of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES).
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Holden
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Evan P Jahrman
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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34
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Huang J, Günther B, Achterhold K, Cui YT, Gleich B, Dierolf M, Pfeiffer F. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy with an Inverse Compton Source. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8772. [PMID: 32472032 PMCID: PMC7260230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel compact x-ray sources based on inverse Compton scattering can generate brilliant hard x-rays in a laboratory setting. Their collimated intense beams with tunable well-defined x-ray energies make them well suited for x-ray spectroscopy techniques, which are typically carried out at large facilities. Here, we demonstrate a first x-ray absorption spectroscopy proof-of-principle experiment using an inverse Compton x-ray source with a flux of >1010 photons/s in <5% bandwidth. We measured x-ray absorption near edge structure and extended x-ray absorption fine structure at the silver K-edge (~25.5 keV) for a series of silver samples. We propose an energy-dispersive geometry specifically adapted to the x-ray beam properties of inverse Compton x-ray sources together with a fast concentration correction method that corrects sample inhomogeneities very effectively. The combination of our setup with the inverse Compton source generates x-ray absorption spectra with high energy resolution in exposure times down to one minute. Our results unravel the great benefit of inverse Compton scattering sources for x-ray absorption techniques in a laboratory environment, especially in the hard x-ray regime, which allows to probe absorption edges of high Z materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Huang
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Benedikt Günther
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Klaus Achterhold
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yi-Tao Cui
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Bernhard Gleich
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Dierolf
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
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35
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Negahdar L, Parlett CMA, Isaacs MA, Beale AM, Wilson K, Lee AF. Shining light on the solid–liquid interface: in situ/ operando monitoring of surface catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00555j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many industrially important chemical transformations occur at the interface between a solid catalyst and liquid reactants. In situ and operando spectroscopies offer unique insight into the reactivity of such catalytically active solid–liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher M. A. Parlett
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Analytical Science
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- Diamond Light Source
| | | | | | - Karen Wilson
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC)
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Adam F. Lee
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC)
- School of Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
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36
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Ditter AS, Jahrman EP, Bradshaw LR, Xia X, Pauzauskie PJ, Seidler GT. A mail-in and user facility for X-ray absorption near-edge structure: the CEI-XANES laboratory X-ray spectrometer at the University of Washington. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:2086-2093. [PMID: 31721755 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519012839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There are more than 100 beamlines or endstations worldwide that frequently support X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) measurements, thus providing critical enabling capability for research across numerous scientific disciplines. However, the absence of a supporting tier of more readily accessible, lower-performing options has caused systemic inefficiencies, resulting in high oversubscription and the omission of many scientifically and socially valuable XAFS applications that are incompatible with the synchrotron facility access model. To this end, this work describes the design, performance and uses of the Clean Energy Institute X-ray absorption near-edge structure (CEI-XANES) laboratory spectrometer and its use as both a user-present and mail-in facility. Such new additions to the XAFS infrastructure landscape raise important questions about the most productive interactions between synchrotron radiation and laboratory-based capabilities; this can be discussed in the framework of five categories, only one of which is competitive. The categories include independent operation on independent problems, use dictated by convenience, pre-synchrotron preparatory use of laboratory capability, post-synchrotron follow-up use of laboratory capability, and parallel use of both synchrotron radiation and laboratory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Ditter
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, PO Box 351650, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
| | - Evan P Jahrman
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, PO Box 351650, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
| | - Liam R Bradshaw
- Molecular Analysis Facility, University of Washington, 4000 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xiaojing Xia
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter J Pauzauskie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, 3920 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, PO Box 351650, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
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37
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Timoshenko J, Frenkel AI. “Inverting” X-ray Absorption Spectra of Catalysts by Machine Learning in Search for Activity Descriptors. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janis Timoshenko
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anatoly I. Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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38
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Bi W, Wang J, Jahrman EP, Seidler GT, Gao G, Wu G, Cao G. Interface Engineering V 2 O 5 Nanofibers for High-Energy and Durable Supercapacitors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901747. [PMID: 31215181 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A local electric field is induced to engineer the interface of vanadium pentoxide nanofibers (V2 O5 -NF) to manipulate the charge transport behavior and obtain high-energy and durable supercapacitors. The interface of V2 O5 -NF is modified with oxygen vacancies (Vö) in a one-step polymerization process of polyaniline (PANI). In the charge storage process, the local electric field deriving from the lopsided charge distribution around Vö will provide Coulombic forces to promote the charge transport in the resultant Vö-V2 O5 /PANI nanocable electrode. Furthermore, an ≈7 nm porous PANI coating serves as the external percolated charge transport pathway. As the charge transfer kinetics are synergistically enhanced by the dual modifications, Vö-V2 O5 /PANI-based supercapacitors exhibit an excellent specific capacitance (523 F g-1 ) as well as a long cycling lifespan (110% of capacitance remained after 20 000 cycles). This work paves an effective way to promote the charge transfer kinetics of electrode materials for next-generation energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Bi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
| | - Jichao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Evan P Jahrman
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1560, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1560, USA
| | - Guohua Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guangming Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guozhong Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
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39
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Bokarev SI, Kühn O. Theoretical X‐ray spectroscopy of transition metal compounds. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Kühn
- Institut für Physik Universität Rostock Rostock Germany
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40
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Zeeshan F, Hoszowska J, Loperetti-Tornay L, Dousse JC. In-house setup for laboratory-based x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:073105. [PMID: 31370460 DOI: 10.1063/1.5094873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on a laboratory-based facility for in-house x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements. The device consists of a conventional x-ray source for the production of the incident polychromatic radiation and a von Hamos bent crystal spectrometer for the analysis of the incoming and transmitted radiation. The reliability of the laboratory-based setup was evaluated by comparing the Cu K-edge and Ta L3-edge XAFS spectra obtained in-house with the corresponding spectra measured at a synchrotron radiation facility. To check the accuracy of the device, the K- and L-edge energies and the attenuation coefficients below and above the edges of several 3d, 4d, and 5d elements were determined and compared with the existing experimental and theoretical data. The dependence of the XAFS spectrum shape on the oxidation state of the sample was also probed by measuring inhouse the absorption spectra of metallic Fe and two Fe oxides (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zeeshan
- Physics Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J Hoszowska
- Physics Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - L Loperetti-Tornay
- Physics Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J-Cl Dousse
- Physics Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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41
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Stetina TF, Kasper JM, Li X. Modeling L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy with linear response exact two-component relativistic time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:234103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5091807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Torin F. Stetina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Joseph M. Kasper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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42
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Wang M, Árnadóttir L, Xu ZJ, Feng Z. In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Studies of Nanoscale Electrocatalysts. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2019; 11:47. [PMID: 34138000 PMCID: PMC7770664 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale electrocatalysts have exhibited promising activity and stability, improving the kinetics of numerous electrochemical reactions in renewable energy systems such as electrolyzers, fuel cells, and metal-air batteries. Due to the size effect, nano particles with extreme small size have high surface areas, complicated morphology, and various surface terminations, which make them different from their bulk phases and often undergo restructuring during the reactions. These restructured materials are hard to probe by conventional ex-situ characterizations, thus leaving the true reaction centers and/or active sites difficult to determine. Nowadays, in situ techniques, particularly X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), have become an important tool to obtain oxidation states, electronic structure, and local bonding environments, which are critical to investigate the electrocatalysts under real reaction conditions. In this review, we go over the basic principles of XAS and highlight recent applications of in situ XAS in studies of nanoscale electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyu Wang
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Líney Árnadóttir
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Zhichuan J Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhenxing Feng
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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43
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Bi W, Jahrman E, Seidler G, Wang J, Gao G, Wu G, Atif M, AlSalhi M, Cao G. Tailoring Energy and Power Density through Controlling the Concentration of Oxygen Vacancies in V 2O 5/PEDOT Nanocable-Based Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:16647-16655. [PMID: 30977632 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen vacancies (Vö) play a crucial role in energy storage materials. Oxygen-vacancy-enriched vanadium pentoxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (Vö-V2O5/PEDOT) nanocables were prepared through the one-pot oxidative polymerization of PEDOT. PEDOT is used to create tunable concentrations of Vö in the surface layer of V2O5, which has been confirmed by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. Applied as electrode materials for supercapacitors, the electrochemical performance of Vö-V2O5/PEDOT is improved by the synergistic effects of Vö in V2O5 cores and PEDOT shells with rapid charge transfer and fast Na+ ion diffusion; however, it is compromised subsequently by excessive Vö in consuming more V5+ cations for Faradic reactions. Consequently, the specific capacitance and the energy density of Vö-V2O5/PEDOT nanocables are significantly enhanced when the overall concentration of Vö is 1.3%. The migration of Vö renders an increased capacitance (105% retention) after 10 000 cycles, which is verified and corroborated with density functional theory simulations and XANES analysis. This work provides an illumination for the fabrication of high-performance electrode materials in the energy storage field through Vö.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Bi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-2120 , United States
| | - Evan Jahrman
- Department of Physics , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-1560 , United States
| | - Gerald Seidler
- Department of Physics , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-1560 , United States
| | - Jichao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of the Ministry of Education , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Guohua Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Guangming Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - M AlSalhi
- Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Guozhong Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-2120 , United States
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44
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Honkanen AP, Ollikkala S, Ahopelto T, Kallio AJ, Blomberg M, Huotari S. Johann-type laboratory-scale x-ray absorption spectrometer with versatile detection modes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:033107. [PMID: 30927829 DOI: 10.1063/1.5084049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a low-cost laboratory X-ray absorption spectrometer that uses a conventional X-ray tube source and bent Johann-type crystal monochromators. The instrument is designed for X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies in the 4-20 keV range which covers most K edges of 3d transition metals and L edges of 5d transition metals and actinides. The energy resolution is typically in the range of 1-5 eV at 10 keV depending on the crystal analyser and the Bragg angle. Measurements can be performed in transmission, fluorescence, and imaging modes. Due to its simple and modular design, the spectrometer can be modified to accommodate additional equipment and complex sample environments required for in situ studies. A showcase of various applications is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari-Pekka Honkanen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Ollikkala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taru Ahopelto
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti-Jussi Kallio
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Blomberg
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Moya‐Cancino JG, Honkanen A, van der Eerden AMJ, Schaink H, Folkertsma L, Ghiasi M, Longo A, de Groot FMF, Meirer F, Huotari S, Weckhuysen BM. In-situ X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectroscopy of a Solid Catalyst using a Laboratory-Based Set-up. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:1039-1044. [PMID: 31007776 PMCID: PMC6471006 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An in-situ laboratory-based X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy set-up is presented, which allows performing long-term experiments on a solid catalyst at relevant reaction conditions of temperature and pressure. Complementary to research performed at synchrotron radiation facilities the approach is showcased for a Co/TiO2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) catalyst. Supported cobalt metal nanoparticles next to a (very small) fraction of cobalt(II) titanate, which is an inactive phase for FTS, were detected, with no signs of re-oxidation of the supported cobalt metal nanoparticles during FTS at 523 K, 5 bar and 200 h, indicating that cobalt metal is maintained as the main active phase during FTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Moya‐Cancino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Ari‐Pekka Honkanen
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Helsinki PO Box 64HelsinkiFI-00014Finland
| | - Ad M. J. van der Eerden
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Herrick Schaink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Lieven Folkertsma
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Mahnaz Ghiasi
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Longo
- Dutch-Belgian Beamline BM26European Synchrotron Radiation Facility CS 40220, Grenoble Cedex 938043France
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)-CNR USO, Via Ugo La Malfa 153Palermo90146Italy
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Helsinki PO Box 64HelsinkiFI-00014Finland
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
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46
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Jahrman EP, Holden WM, Ditter AS, Mortensen DR, Seidler GT, Fister TT, Kozimor SA, Piper LFJ, Rana J, Hyatt NC, Stennett MC. An improved laboratory-based x-ray absorption fine structure and x-ray emission spectrometer for analytical applications in materials chemistry research. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:024106. [PMID: 30831699 DOI: 10.1063/1.5049383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) are advanced x-ray spectroscopies that impact a wide range of disciplines. However, unlike the majority of other spectroscopic methods, XAFS and XES are accompanied by an unusual access model, wherein the dominant use of the technique is for premier research studies at world-class facilities, i.e., synchrotron x-ray light sources. In this paper, we report the design and performance of an improved XAFS and XES spectrometer based on the general conceptual design of Seidler et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 113906 (2014)]. New developments include reduced mechanical degrees of freedom, much-increased flux, and a wider Bragg angle range to enable extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurement and analysis for the first time with this type of modern laboratory XAFS configuration. This instrument enables a new class of routine applications that are incompatible with the mission and access model of the synchrotron light sources. To illustrate this, we provide numerous examples of x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), EXAFS, and XES results for a variety of problems and energy ranges. Highlights include XAFS and XES measurements of battery electrode materials, EXAFS of Ni with full modeling of results to validate monochromator performance, valence-to-core XES for 3d transition metal compounds, and uranium XANES and XES for different oxidation states. Taken en masse, these results further support the growing perspective that modern laboratory-based XAFS and XES have the potential to develop a new branch of analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Jahrman
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - William M Holden
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Alexander S Ditter
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Devon R Mortensen
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Timothy T Fister
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Louis F J Piper
- Department of Physics, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Jatinkumar Rana
- Department of Physics, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Neil C Hyatt
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, The University of Sheffield, Mapping Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C Stennett
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, The University of Sheffield, Mapping Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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47
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Németh Z, Bajnóczi ÉG, Csilla B, Vankó G. Laboratory EXAFS determined structure of the stable complexes in the ternary Ni(ii)–EDTA–CN− system. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9239-9245. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00982e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of the ternary system Ni(ii)–EDTA–CN− are investigated with X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) as a function of cyanide concentration with an enhanced laboratory von Hámos X-ray spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Németh
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Éva G. Bajnóczi
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Bogdán Csilla
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - György Vankó
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
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48
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Jahrman EP, Holden WM, Ditter AS, Kozimor SA, Kihara SL, Seidler GT. Vacuum formed temporary spherically and toroidally bent crystal analyzers for x-ray absorption and x-ray emission spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:013106. [PMID: 30709184 DOI: 10.1063/1.5057231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that vacuum forming of 10-cm diameter silicon wafers of various crystallographic orientations under an x-ray permeable, flexible window can easily generate spherically bent crystal analyzers and toroidally bent crystal analyzers with ∼1-eV energy resolution and a 1-m major radius of curvature. In applications at synchrotron light sources, x-ray free electron lasers, and laboratory spectrometers, these characteristics are generally sufficient for many x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), and resonant inelastic x-ray scattering applications in the chemical sciences. Unlike existing optics manufacturing methods using epoxy or anodic bonding, vacuum forming without adhesive is temporary in the sense that the bent wafer can be removed when vacuum is released and exchanged for a different orientation wafer. Therefore, the combination of an x-ray compatible vacuum-forming chamber, a library of thin wafers, and a small number of forms having different secondary curvatures can give extreme flexibility in spectrometer energy range. As proof of this method, we determine the energy resolution and reflectivity for several such vacuum-formed bent crystal analyzers in laboratory-based XAFS and XES studies using a conventional x-ray tube. For completeness, we also show x-ray images collected on the detector plane to characterize the resulting focal spots and optical aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Jahrman
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - William M Holden
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Alexander S Ditter
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Scott L Kihara
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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49
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Wolny JA, Schünemann V, Németh Z, Vankó G. Spectroscopic techniques to characterize the spin state: Vibrational, optical, Mössbauer, NMR, and X-ray spectroscopy. CR CHIM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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50
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Malzer W, Grötzsch D, Gnewkow R, Schlesiger C, Kowalewski F, Van Kuiken B, DeBeer S, Kanngießer B. A laboratory spectrometer for high throughput X-ray emission spectroscopy in catalysis research. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:113111. [PMID: 30501328 DOI: 10.1063/1.5035171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have built a laboratory spectrometer for X-ray emission spectroscopy. The instrument is employed in catalysis research. The key component is a von Hamos full cylinder optic with Highly Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite (HAPG) as a dispersive element. With this very efficient optic, the spectrometer subtends an effective solid angle of detection of around 1 msr, allowing for the analysis of dilute samples. The resolving power of the spectrometer is approximately E/ΔE = 4000, with an energy range of ∼2.3 keV-10 keV. The instrument and its characteristics are described herein. Further, a comparison with a prototype spectrometer, based on the same principle, shows the substantial improvement in the spectral resolution and energy range for the present setup. The paper concludes with a discussion of sample handling. A compilation of HAPG fundamentals and related publications are given in a brief Appendix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Malzer
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Grötzsch
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Gnewkow
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Schlesiger
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Kowalewski
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin Van Kuiken
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Birgit Kanngießer
- Institute for Optic and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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