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Dar DB, Baranova A, Maitra NT. Reformulation of Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Nonperturbative Dynamics: The Rabi Oscillation Problem Resolved. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:096401. [PMID: 39270163 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.096401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Rabi oscillations have long been thought to be out of reach in simulations using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), a prominent symptom of the failure of the adiabatic approximation for nonperturbative dynamics. We present a reformulation of TDDFT which requires response quantities only, thus enabling an adiabatic approximation to predict such dynamics accurately because the functional is evaluated on a density close to the ground state, instead of on the fully nonperturbative density. Our reformulation applies to any real-time dynamics, redeeming TDDFT far from equilibrium. Examples of a resonantly-driven local excitation in a model He atom, and charge-transfer in the LiCN molecule are given.
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2
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Miller ER, Hoehn SJ, Kumar A, Jiang D, Parker SM. Ultrafast photochemistry and electron diffraction for cyclobutanone in the S2 state: Surface hopping with time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:034105. [PMID: 39007373 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
We simulate the photodynamics of gas-phase cyclobutanone excited to the S2 state using fewest switches surface hopping (FSSH) dynamics powered by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). We predict a total photoproduct yield of 8%, with a C3:C2 product ratio of 0 trajectories to 8 trajectories. One primary S2 → S1 conical intersection is identified involving the compression of an α-carbon-carbon-hydrogen bond angle. Excited state lifetimes computed with respect to electronic state populations were found to be 3.96 ps (S2 → S1) and 498 fs (S1 → S0). We also generate time-resolved difference pair distribution functions (ΔPDFs) from our TDDFT-FSSH dynamics results in order to generate direct comparisons with ultrafast electron diffraction experiment observables. Global and target analysis of time-resolved ΔPDFs produced a distinct set of lifetimes: (i) a 0.548 ps decay and (ii) a 1.69 ps decay, both resembling the S2 minimum, as well as (iii) a long decay that resembles the S1 minimum geometry and the fully separated C2 products. Finally, we contextualize our results by considering the impact of the most likely sources of significant errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Roy Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Sean J Hoehn
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Abhijith Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Dehua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Shane M Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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3
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Taylor JT, Tozer DJ, Curchod BFE. On the Topological Phase around Conical Intersections with Tamm-Dancoff Linear-Response Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5314-5320. [PMID: 38919046 PMCID: PMC11247484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Regions of nuclear-configuration space away from the Franck-Condon geometry can prove problematic for some electronic structure methods, given the propensity of such regions to possess conical intersections, i.e., (highly connected) points of degeneracy between potential energy surfaces. With the likelihood (perhaps even inevitability) for nonadiabatic dynamics simulations to explore molecular geometries in close proximity to conical intersections, it is vital that the performance of electronic structure methods is routinely examined in this context. In a recent paper [Taylor, J. T. J. Chem. Phys. 2023, 159, 214115.], the ability of linear-response time-dependent density functional theory within the adiabatic approximation (AA LR-TDDFT) to provide a proper description of conical intersections, in terms of their topology and topography, was investigated, with particular attention paid to conical intersections between two excited electronic states. For the same prototypical molecules, protonated formaldimine and pyrazine, we herein consider whether AA LR-TDDFT can correctly reproduce the topological phase accumulated by the adiabatic electronic wave function upon traversing a closed path around an excited-to-excited state conical intersection despite not using the appropriate quadratic-response nonadiabatic coupling vectors. Equally, we probe the ability of the ground-to-excited state intersection ring exhibited by AA LR-TDDFT in protonated formaldimine to give rise to a similar topological phase in spite of its incorrect dimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Taylor
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Tozer
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Basile F. E. Curchod
- Centre
for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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4
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Qiu T, Bhati M, Tao Z, Bian X, Rawlinson J, Littlejohn RG, Subotnik JE. A simple one-electron expression for electron rotational factors. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:124102. [PMID: 38526113 DOI: 10.1063/5.0192083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the context of fewest-switch surface hopping (FSSH) dynamics, one often wishes to remove the angular component of the derivative coupling between states J and K. In a previous set of papers, Shu et al. [J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 1135-1140 (2020)] posited one approach for such a removal based on direct projection, while we isolated a second approach by constructing and differentiating a rotationally invariant basis. Unfortunately, neither approach was able to demonstrate a one-electron operatorÔ whose matrix element JÔK was the angular component of the derivative coupling. Here, we show that a one-electron operator can, in fact, be constructed efficiently in a semi-local fashion. The present results yield physical insight into designing new surface hopping algorithms and are of immediate use for FSSH calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mansi Bhati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Xuezhi Bian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Rawlinson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert G Littlejohn
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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5
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Tao Z, Qiu T, Bhati M, Bian X, Duston T, Rawlinson J, Littlejohn RG, Subotnik JE. Practical phase-space electronic Hamiltonians for ab initio dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:124101. [PMID: 38526114 DOI: 10.1063/5.0192084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Modern electronic structure theory is built around the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and the construction of an electronic Hamiltonian Ĥel(X) that depends on the nuclear position X (and not the nuclear momentum P). In this article, using the well-known theory of electron translation (Γ') and rotational (Γ″) factors to couple electronic transitions to nuclear motion, we construct a practical phase-space electronic Hamiltonian that depends on both nuclear position and momentum, ĤPS(X,P). While classical Born-Oppenheimer dynamics that run along the eigensurfaces of the operator Ĥel(X) can recover many nuclear properties correctly, we present some evidence that motion along the eigensurfaces of ĤPS(X,P) can better capture both nuclear and electronic properties (including the elusive electronic momentum studied by Nafie). Moreover, only the latter (as opposed to the former) conserves the total linear and angular momentum in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Tian Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mansi Bhati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Xuezhi Bian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Titouan Duston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Rawlinson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert G Littlejohn
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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6
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Cao Y, Halls MD, Friesner RA. Highly efficient implementation of analytic nonadiabatic derivative couplings within the pseudospectral method. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:084106. [PMID: 38385510 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A pseudospectral implementation of nonadiabatic derivative couplings in the Tamm-Dancoff approximation is reported, and the accuracy and efficiency of the pseudospectral nonadiabatic derivative couplings are studied. Our results demonstrate that the pseudospectral method provides mean absolute errors of 0.2%-1.9%, while providing a significant speedup. Benchmark calculations on fullerenes (Cn, n up to 100) using B3LYP achieved 10- to 15-fold, 8- to 17-fold, and 43- to 75-fold speedups for 6-31G**, 6-31++G**, and cc-pVTZ basis sets, respectively, when compared to the conventional spectral method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Cao
- Schrödinger Inc., 1540 Broadway, 24th Floor, New York, New York 10036, USA
| | - Mathew D Halls
- Schrödinger Inc., 9868 Scranton, Suite 3200, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Richard A Friesner
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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7
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Ramos P, Friedman H, Li BY, Garcia C, Sletten E, Caram JR, Jang SJ. Nonadiabatic Derivative Couplings through Multiple Franck-Condon Modes Dictate the Energy Gap Law for Near and Short-Wave Infrared Dye Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1802-1810. [PMID: 38329913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR, 700-1000 nm) and short-wave infrared (SWIR, 1000-2000 nm) dye molecules exhibit significant nonradiative decay rates from the first singlet excited state to the ground state. While these trends can be empirically explained by a simple energy gap law, detailed mechanisms of nearly universal behavior have remained unsettled for many cases. Theoretical and experimental results for two representative NIR/SWIR dye molecules reported here clarify the key mechanism for the observed energy gap law behavior. It is shown that the first derivative nonadiabatic coupling terms serve as major coupling pathways for nonadiabatic decay processes from the first excited singlet state to the ground state for these NIR and SWIR dye molecules and that vibrational modes other than the highest frequency modes also make significant contributions to the rate. This assessment is corroborated by further theoretical comparison with possible alternative mechanisms of intersystem crossing to triplet states and also by comparison with experimental data for deuterated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ramos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, New York, New York 11367, United States
| | - Hannah Friedman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Barry Y Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Cesar Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ellen Sletten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Justin R Caram
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Seogjoo J Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, New York, New York 11367, United States
- Chemistry and Physics PhD programs, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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8
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Vandaele E, Mališ M, Luber S. A Local Diabatisation Method for Two-State Adiabatic Conical Intersections. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:856-872. [PMID: 38174710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
A methodology to locally characterize conical intersections (CIs) between two adiabatic electronic states for which no nonadiabatic coupling (NAC) vectors are available is presented. Based on the Hessian and gradient at the CI, the branching space coordinates are identified. The potential energy surface around the CI in the branching space is expressed in the diabatic representation, from which the NAC vectors can be calculated in a wave-function-free, energy-based approach. To demonstrate the universality of the developed methodology, the minimum-energy CI (MECI) between the first (S1) and second (S2) singlet excited states of formamide is investigated at the state-averaged complete active space self-consistent field (SA-CASSCF) and extended multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory (XMS-CASPT2) levels of theory. In addition, the asymmetrical MECI between the ground state (S0) and S1 of cyclopropanone is evaluated using SA-CASSCF, as well as (ME)CIs between the S1 and S2 states of benzene using SA-CASSCF and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). Finally, a CI between the S1 and S2 excited states of thiophene was analyzed using TDDFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vandaele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Momir Mališ
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Papineau TV, Jacquemin D, Vacher M. Which Electronic Structure Method to Choose in Trajectory Surface Hopping Dynamics Simulations? Azomethane as a Case Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:636-643. [PMID: 38205955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic dynamics simulations have become a standard approach to explore photochemical reactions. Such simulations require underlying potential energy surfaces and couplings between them, calculated at a chosen level of theory, yet this aspect is rarely assessed. Here, in combination with the popular trajectory surface hopping dynamics method, we use a high-accuracy XMS-CASPT2 electronic structure level as a benchmark for assessing the performances of various post-Hartree-Fock methods (namely, CIS, ADC(2), CC2, and CASSCF) and exchange-correlation functionals (PBE, PBE0, and CAM-B3LYP) in a TD-DFT/TDA context, using the isomerization around a double bond as test case. Different relaxation pathways are identified, and the ability of the different methods to reproduce their relative importance and time scale is discussed. The results show that multireference electronic structure methods should be preferred, when studying nonadiabatic decay between excited and ground states. If not affordable, TD-DFT with TDA and hybrid functionals and ADC(2) are efficient alternatives but overestimate the nonradiative decay yield and thus may miss deexcitation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Morgane Vacher
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
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10
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Veys K, Bousquet MHE, Jacquemin D, Escudero D. Modeling the Fluorescence Quantum Yields of Aromatic Compounds: Benchmarking the Machinery to Compute Intersystem Crossing Rates. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:9344-9357. [PMID: 38079612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The from-first-principles calculation of fluorescence quantum yields (FQYs) and lifetimes of organic dyes remains very challenging. In this article, we extensively test the machinery to calculate FQYs. Specifically, we perform an extensive analysis on the parameters influencing the intersystem crossing (ISC), internal conversion (IC), and fluorescence rate constants calculations. The impact of (i) the electronic structure (chosen exchange-correlation functional and spin-orbit Hamiltonian), (ii) the vibronic parameters (coordinate system, broadening function, and dipole expansion), and (iii) the excited-state kinetic models are systematically assessed for a series of seven rigid aromatic molecules. Our studies provide more insights into the choice of parameters and the expected accuracy for the computational protocols aiming to deliver FQY values. Some challenges are highlighted, such as, on the one hand, the difficulty to benchmark against the experimental nonradiative rate constants, for which the separation between the IC and ISC contributions is often not provided in the literature and, on the other hand, the need to go beyond the harmonic approximation for the calculation of the IC rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Veys
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005 Paris, France
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11
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Dar DB, Maitra NT. Oscillator strengths and excited-state couplings for double excitations in time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:211104. [PMID: 38038212 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although useful to extract excitation energies of states of double-excitation character in time-dependent density functional theory that are missing in the adiabatic approximation, the frequency-dependent kernel derived earlier [Maitra et al., J. Chem. Phys. 120, 5932 (2004)] was not designed to yield oscillator strengths. These are required to fully determine linear absorption spectra, and they also impact excited-to-excited-state couplings that appear in dynamics simulations and other quadratic response properties. Here, we derive a modified non-adiabatic kernel that yields both accurate excitation energies and oscillator strengths for these states. We demonstrate its performance on a model two-electron system, the Be atom, and on excited-state transition dipoles in the LiH molecule at stretched bond-lengths, in all cases producing significant improvements over the traditional approximations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood B Dar
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Neepa T Maitra
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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12
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Franzke Y, Holzer C, Andersen JH, Begušić T, Bruder F, Coriani S, Della Sala F, Fabiano E, Fedotov DA, Fürst S, Gillhuber S, Grotjahn R, Kaupp M, Kehry M, Krstić M, Mack F, Majumdar S, Nguyen BD, Parker SM, Pauly F, Pausch A, Perlt E, Phun GS, Rajabi A, Rappoport D, Samal B, Schrader T, Sharma M, Tapavicza E, Treß RS, Voora V, Wodyński A, Yu JM, Zerulla B, Furche F, Hättig C, Sierka M, Tew DP, Weigend F. TURBOMOLE: Today and Tomorrow. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6859-6890. [PMID: 37382508 PMCID: PMC10601488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
TURBOMOLE is a highly optimized software suite for large-scale quantum-chemical and materials science simulations of molecules, clusters, extended systems, and periodic solids. TURBOMOLE uses Gaussian basis sets and has been designed with robust and fast quantum-chemical applications in mind, ranging from homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis to inorganic and organic chemistry and various types of spectroscopy, light-matter interactions, and biochemistry. This Perspective briefly surveys TURBOMOLE's functionality and highlights recent developments that have taken place between 2020 and 2023, comprising new electronic structure methods for molecules and solids, previously unavailable molecular properties, embedding, and molecular dynamics approaches. Select features under development are reviewed to illustrate the continuous growth of the program suite, including nuclear electronic orbital methods, Hartree-Fock-based adiabatic connection models, simplified time-dependent density functional theory, relativistic effects and magnetic properties, and multiscale modeling of optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick
J. Franzke
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute
of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Josefine H. Andersen
- DTU
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tomislav Begušić
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Florian Bruder
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sonia Coriani
- DTU
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fabio Della Sala
- Institute
for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Via Monteroni, Campus Unisalento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for
Biomolecular Nanotechnologies @UNILE, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Eduardo Fabiano
- Institute
for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Via Monteroni, Campus Unisalento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for
Biomolecular Nanotechnologies @UNILE, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Daniil A. Fedotov
- DTU
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Susanne Fürst
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gillhuber
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Robin Grotjahn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Kehry
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marjan Krstić
- Institute
of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fabian Mack
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sourav Majumdar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brian D. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Shane M. Parker
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 United States
| | - Fabian Pauly
- Institute
of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar Pausch
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Perlt
- Otto-Schott-Institut
für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Jena, Löbdergraben
32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriel S. Phun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Ahmadreza Rajabi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Dmitrij Rappoport
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Bibek Samal
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Tim Schrader
- Otto-Schott-Institut
für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Jena, Löbdergraben
32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Manas Sharma
- Otto-Schott-Institut
für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Jena, Löbdergraben
32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Enrico Tapavicza
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long
Beach, California 90840-9507, United States
| | - Robert S. Treß
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Vamsee Voora
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Artur Wodyński
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason M. Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Benedikt Zerulla
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Christof Hättig
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marek Sierka
- Otto-Schott-Institut
für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Jena, Löbdergraben
32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - David P. Tew
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University
of Oxford, South Parks
Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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13
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Athavale V, Bian X, Tao Z, Wu Y, Qiu T, Rawlinson J, Littlejohn RG, Subotnik JE. Surface hopping, electron translation factors, electron rotation factors, momentum conservation, and size consistency. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:114120. [PMID: 37728203 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
For a system without spin-orbit coupling, the (i) nuclear plus electronic linear momentum and (ii) nuclear plus orbital electronic angular momentum are good quantum numbers. Thus, when a molecular system undergoes a nonadiabatic transition, there should be no change in the total linear or angular momentum. Now, the standard surface hopping algorithm ignores the electronic momentum and indirectly equates the momentum of the nuclear degrees of freedom to the total momentum. However, even with this simplification, the algorithm still does not conserve either the nuclear linear or the nuclear angular momenta. Here, we show that one way to address these failures is to dress the derivative couplings (i.e., the hopping directions) in two ways: (i) we disallow changes in the nuclear linear momentum by working in a translating basis (which is well known and leads to electron translation factors) and (ii) we disallow changes in the nuclear angular momentum by working in a basis that rotates around the center of mass [which is not well-known and leads to a novel, rotationally removable component of the derivative coupling that we will call electron rotation factors below, cf. Eq. (96)]. The present findings should be helpful in the short term as far as interpreting surface hopping calculations for singlet systems (without spin) and then developing the new surface hopping algorithm in the long term for systems where one cannot ignore the electronic orbital and/or spin angular momentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishikh Athavale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Xuezhi Bian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yanze Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Tian Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Rawlinson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert G Littlejohn
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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14
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Mandal A, Taylor MA, Weight BM, Koessler ER, Li X, Huo P. Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9786-9879. [PMID: 37552606 PMCID: PMC10450711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A.D. Taylor
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Eric R. Koessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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15
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Dar D, Roy S, Maitra NT. Curing the Divergence in Time-Dependent Density Functional Quadratic Response Theory. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3186-3192. [PMID: 36971411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The adiabatic approximation in time-dependent density functional theory is known to give an incorrect pole structure in the quadratic response function, leading to unphysical divergences in excited state-to-state transition probabilities and hyperpolarizabilties. We find the form of the exact quadratic response kernel and derive a practical and accurate approximation that cures the divergence. We demonstrate our results on excited state-to-state transition probabilities of a model system and of the LiH molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Dar
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Saswata Roy
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Neepa T Maitra
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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16
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Niehaus TA. Exact non-adiabatic coupling vectors for the time-dependent density functional based tight-binding method. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:054103. [PMID: 36754796 DOI: 10.1063/5.0136838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on non-adiabatic coupling vectors between electronic excited states for the time-dependent-density functional theory based tight-binding (TD-DFTB) method. The implementation includes orbital relaxation effects that have been previously neglected and covers also the case of range-separated exchange-correlation functionals. Benchmark calculations with respect to first principles TD-DFT highlight the large dependence of non-adiabatic couplings on the functional. Closer investigations of the topology around a conical intersection between excited states show that TD-DFTB delivers near-exact values of the Berry phase, which paves the way for consistent non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulations for large systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Niehaus
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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17
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Huang X, Pei Z, Liang W. Analytical derivative couplings within the framework of time-dependent density functional theory coupled with conductor-like polarizable continuum model: Formalism, implementation, and applications. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:044122. [PMID: 36725492 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonadiabatic phenomena, which are characterized by a strong coupling between electronic and nuclear motions, are ubiquitous. The nonadiabatic effect of the studied system can be significantly affected by the surrounding environment, such as solvents, in which such nonadiabatic process takes place. It is essential to develop the theoretical models to simulate these processes while accurately modeling the solvent environment. The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is currently the most efficient approach to describe the electronic structures and dynamics of complex systems, while the polarizable continuum model (PCM) represents one of the most successful examples among continuum solvation models. Here, we formulate the first-order derivative couplings (DCs) between the ground and excited states as well as between two excited states by utilizing time-independent equation of motion formalism within the framework of both linear response and spin flip formulations of TDDFT/CPCM (the conductor-like PCM), and implement the analytical DCs into the Q-CHEM electronic structure software package. The analytic implementation is validated by the comparison of the analytical and finite-difference results, and reproducing geometric phase effect in the protonated formaldimine test case. Taking 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzonitrile and uracil in the gas phase and solution as an example, we demonstrate that the solvent effect is essential not only for the excitation energies of the low-lying excited-states but also for the DCs between these states. Finally, we calculate the internal conversion rate of benzophenone in a solvent with DC being used. The current implementation of analytical DCs together with the existing analytical gradient and Hessian of TDDFT/PCM excited states allows one to study the nonadiabatic effects of relatively large systems in solutions with low computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunkun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - WanZhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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18
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Liu J, Lu G, Zhang X. Exciton dispersion and exciton-phonon interaction in solids by time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:044116. [PMID: 36725491 DOI: 10.1063/5.0137326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding, predicting, and ultimately controlling exciton band structure and exciton dynamics are central to diverse chemical and materials problems. Here, we have developed a first-principles method to determine exciton dispersion and exciton-phonon interaction in semiconducting and insulating solids based on time-dependent density functional theory. The first-principles method is formulated in planewave bases and pseudopotentials and can be used to compute exciton band structures, exciton charge density, ionic forces, the non-adiabatic coupling matrix between excitonic states, and the exciton-phonon coupling matrix. Based on the spinor formulation, the method enables self-consistent noncollinear calculations to capture spin-orbital coupling. Hybrid exchange-correlation functionals are incorporated to deal with long-range electron-hole interactions in solids. A sub-Hilbert space approximation is introduced to reduce the computational cost without loss of accuracy. For validations, we have applied the method to compute the exciton band structure and exciton-phonon coupling strength in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers; both agree very well with the previous GW-Bethe-Salpeter equation and experimental results. This development paves the way for accurate determinations of exciton dynamics in a wide range of solid-state materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, USA
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, USA
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19
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Manian A, Hudson RJ, Ramkissoon P, Smith TA, Russo SP. Interexcited State Photophysics I: Benchmarking Density Functionals for Computing Nonadiabatic Couplings and Internal Conversion Rate Constants. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:271-292. [PMID: 36490305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present the first benchmarking study of nonadiabatic matrix coupling elements (NACMEs) calculated using different density functionals. Using the S1 → S0 transition in perylene solvated in toluene as a case study, we calculate the photophysical properties and corresponding rate constants for a variety of density functionals from each rung of Jacob's ladder. The singlet photoluminescence quantum yield (sPLQY) is taken as a measure of accuracy, measured experimentally here as 0.955. Important quantum chemical parameters such as geometries, absorption, emission, and adiabatic energies, NACMEs, Hessians, and transition dipole moments were calculated for each density functional basis set combination (data set) using density functional theory based multireference configuration interaction (DFT/MRCI) and compared to experiment where possible. We were able to derive simple relations between the TDDFT and DFT/MRCI photophysical properties; with semiempirical damping factors of ∼0.843 ± 0.017 and ∼0.954 ± 0.064 for TDDFT transition dipole moments and energies to DFT/MRCI level approximations, respectively. NACMEs were dominated by out-of-plane derivative components belonging to the center-most ring atoms with weaker contributions from perturbations along the transverse and longitudinal axes. Calculated theoretical spectra compared well to both experiment and literature, with fluorescence lifetimes between 7.1 and 12.5 ns, agreeing within a factor of 2 with experiment. Internal conversion (IC) rates were then calculated and were found to vary wildly between 106-1016 s-1 compared with an experimental rate of the order 107 s-1. Following further testing by mixing data sets, we found a strong dependence on the method used to obtain the Hessian. The 5 characterized data sets ranked in order of most promising are PBE0/def2-TZVP, ωB97XD/def2-TZVP, HCTH407/TZVP, PBE/TZVP, and PBE/def2-TZVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjay Manian
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne3000, Australia
| | - Rohan J Hudson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville3010, Australia
| | - Pria Ramkissoon
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville3010, Australia
| | - Trevor A Smith
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville3010, Australia
| | - Salvy P Russo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne3000, Australia
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20
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Athavale V, Teh HH, Shao Y, Subotnik J. Analytical gradients and derivative couplings for the TDDFT-1D method. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:244110. [PMID: 36586994 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We derive and implement analytic gradients and derivative couplings for time-dependent density functional theory plus one double (TDDFT-1D) which is a semiempirical configuration interaction method whereby the Hamiltonian is diagonalized in a basis of all singly excited configurations and one doubly excited configuration as constructed from a set of reference Kohn-Sham orbitals. We validate the implementation by comparing against finite difference values. Furthermore, we show that our implementation can locate both optimized geometries and minimum-energy crossing points along conical seams of S1/S0 surfaces for a set of test cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishikh Athavale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Hung-Hsuan Teh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Joseph Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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21
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Yue L. Trajectory surface hopping molecular dynamics on Chemiluminescence of cyclic peroxides. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yue
- Key Laboratory for Non‐Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
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22
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Rimgard BP, Tao Z, Parada GA, Cotter LF, Hammes-Schiffer S, Mayer JM, Hammarström L. Proton-coupled energy transfer in molecular triads. Science 2022; 377:742-747. [PMID: 35862490 PMCID: PMC9597948 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq5173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We experimentally discovered and theoretically analyzed a photochemical mechanism, which we term proton-coupled energy transfer (PCEnT). A series of anthracene-phenol-pyridine triads formed a local excited anthracene state after light excitation at a wavelength of ~400 nanometers (nm), which led to fluorescence around 550 nm from the phenol-pyridine unit. Direct excitation of phenol-pyridine would have required ~330-nm light, but the coupled proton transfer within the phenol-pyridine unit lowered its excited-state energy so that it could accept excitation energy from anthracene. Singlet-singlet energy transfer thus occurred despite the lack of spectral overlap between the anthracene fluorescence and the phenol-pyridine absorption. Moreover, theoretical calculations indicated negligible charge transfer between the anthracene and phenol-pyridine units. We construe PCEnT as an elementary reaction of possible relevance to biological systems and future photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Tao
- Yale University, Department of Chemistry, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Giovanny A. Parada
- Yale University, Department of Chemistry, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- The College of New Jersey, Department of Chemistry, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Laura F. Cotter
- Yale University, Department of Chemistry, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | | | - James M. Mayer
- Yale University, Department of Chemistry, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Uppsala University, Department of Chemistry, Ångström laboratory, Uppsala, Box 523, SE75120, Sweden
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23
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Nascimento DR, Govind N. Computational approaches for XANES, VtC-XES, and RIXS using linear-response time-dependent density functional theory based methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14680-14691. [PMID: 35699090 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01132h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of state-of-the-art X-ray light sources has paved the way for novel spectroscopies that take advantage of their atomic specificity to shed light on fundamental physical, chemical, and biological processes both in the static and time domains. The success of these experiments hinges on the ability to interpret and predict core-level spectra, which has opened avenues for theory to play a key role. Over the last two decades, linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (LR-TDDFT), despite various theoretical challenges, has become a computationally attractive and versatile framework to study excited-state spectra including X-ray spectroscopies. In this context, we focus our discussion on LR-TDDFT approaches for the computation of X-ray Near-Edge Structure (XANES), Valence-to-Core X-ray Emission (VtC-XES), and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) spectroscopies in molecular systems with an emphasis on Gaussian basis set implementations. We illustrate these approaches with applications and provide a brief outlook of possible new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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24
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Liang W, Pei Z, Mao Y, Shao Y. Evaluation of molecular photophysical and photochemical properties using linear response time-dependent density functional theory with classical embedding: Successes and challenges. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:210901. [PMID: 35676148 PMCID: PMC9162785 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) based approaches have been developed in recent years to model the excited-state properties and transition processes of the molecules in the gas-phase and in a condensed medium, such as in a solution and protein microenvironment or near semiconductor and metal surfaces. In the latter case, usually, classical embedding models have been adopted to account for the molecular environmental effects, leading to the multi-scale approaches of TDDFT/polarizable continuum model (PCM) and TDDFT/molecular mechanics (MM), where a molecular system of interest is designated as the quantum mechanical region and treated with TDDFT, while the environment is usually described using either a PCM or (non-polarizable or polarizable) MM force fields. In this Perspective, we briefly review these TDDFT-related multi-scale models with a specific emphasis on the implementation of analytical energy derivatives, such as the energy gradient and Hessian, the nonadiabatic coupling, the spin-orbit coupling, and the transition dipole moment as well as their nuclear derivatives for various radiative and radiativeless transition processes among electronic states. Three variations of the TDDFT method, the Tamm-Dancoff approximation to TDDFT, spin-flip DFT, and spin-adiabatic TDDFT, are discussed. Moreover, using a model system (pyridine-Ag20 complex), we emphasize that caution is needed to properly account for system-environment interactions within the TDDFT/MM models. Specifically, one should appropriately damp the electrostatic embedding potential from MM atoms and carefully tune the van der Waals interaction potential between the system and the environment. We also highlight the lack of proper treatment of charge transfer between the quantum mechanics and MM regions as well as the need for accelerated TDDFT modelings and interpretability, which calls for new method developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- WanZhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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25
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Manian A, Shaw RA, Lyskov I, Russo SP. Exciton Dynamics of a Diketo-Pyrrolopyrrole Core for All Low-Lying Electronic Excited States Using Density Functional Theory-Based Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:1838-1848. [PMID: 35196857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio treatments of interexcited state internal conversion (IC) are more often than not missing from exciton dynamic descriptions, because of their inherent complexity. Here, we define "interexcited state IC" as a same-spin nonradiative transition between states i and j, where i ≠ j ≠ 0. Competing directly with multiexciton processes such as singlet fission or triplet photoupconversion, inclusion of this mechanism in the narrative of molecular photophysics would allow for strategic synthesis of chromophores for more efficient photon-harvesting applications. Herein, we present a robust formalism which can model these rates using density functional theory (DFT)-based methods within the Franck-Condon and Herzberg-Teller regime. Using an unsubstituted diketo-pyrrolopyrrole (DPP) core as a case study, we illustrate the exciton dynamics along the first four excited states for both singlet and triplet manifolds, showing ultrafast same-spin transfer mechanisms due to all excited states, excluding the first triplet level, being in close energetic proximity (within 0.8 eV of each other). The resulting electron same-spin rates outcompete the electron spin-flipping intersystem crossing (ISC) rates, with excitons firmly obeying Kasha's rule as they cascade down from the high-lying excited states toward the lower states. Furthermore, we calculated that only the first singlet excited state displayed a reasonable probability of triplet exciton generation, of ∼40%, with a near-zero chance of the exciton reverting to the singlet manifold once the electron-hole pair are of parallel spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjay Manian
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Robert A Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Lyskov
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Salvy P Russo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
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26
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Lin S, Pei Z, Zhang B, Ma H, Liang W. Vibronic Coupling Effect on the Vibrationally Resolved Electronic Spectra and Intersystem Crossing Rates of a TADF Emitter: 7-PhQAD. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:239-248. [PMID: 34989581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Assessing and improving the performance of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) materials require quantitative prediction of rate coefficients for the intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse ISC (RISC) processes, which are determined not only by the energy gap and the direct spin-orbit coupling (SOC) between the first singlet and triplet excited-states at a thermal equilibrium position of the initial electronic state but also by the non-Condon effects such as the Herzberg-Teller-like vibronic coupling (HTVC) and the spin-vibronic coupling (SVC). Here we apply the time-dependent correlation function approaches to quantitatively calculate the vibrationally resolved absorption and fluorescence spectra and ISC/RISC rates of a newly synthesized multiple-resonance-type (MR-type) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter, 7-phenylquinolino[3,2,1-de]acridine-5,9-dione (7-PhQAD), with the inclusion of the Franck-Condon (FC), HTVC, and Duschinsky rotation (DR) effects. The SVC effect on the rates has also been approximately evaluated. We find that the experimentally measured ISC rates of 7-PhQAD originate predominantly from the vibronic coupling, consistent with the previous reports on other MR-type TADF emitters. The SVC effect on ISC rates is about 10 times larger than the HTVC effect, and the latter increases the ISC rates by more than 1 order of magnitude while it slightly affects the vibrationally resolved absorption and fluorescence spectra. The discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results is attributed to inaccurately describing excited-states calculated by the time-dependent density functional theory as well as to not fully accounting for the complex experimental conditions. This work provides a demonstration of what proportion of ISC and RISC rate coefficients of a MR-type TADF emitter can be covered by the HTVC effect, and it opens design routes that go beyond the FC approximation for the future development of high-performance OLED devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Huili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Technology, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - WanZhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
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27
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Linear and quadratic response TDDFT methods for the excited-state absorption in oligofluorenes. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Segatta F, Russo M, Nascimento DR, Presti D, Rigodanza F, Nenov A, Bonvicini A, Arcioni A, Mukamel S, Maiuri M, Muccioli L, Govind N, Cerullo G, Garavelli M. In Silico Ultrafast Nonlinear Spectroscopy Meets Experiments: The Case of Perylene Bisimide Dye. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:7134-7145. [PMID: 34676761 PMCID: PMC8582250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopy simulations are of paramount importance for the interpretation of experimental electronic spectra, the disentangling of overlapping spectral features, and the tracing of the microscopic origin of the observed signals. Linear and nonlinear simulations are based on the results drawn from electronic structure calculations that provide the necessary parameterization of the molecular systems probed by light. Here, we investigate the applicability of excited-state properties obtained from linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) in the description of nonlinear spectra by employing the pseudowavefunction approach and compare them with benchmarks from highly accurate RASSCF/RASPT2 calculations and with high temporal resolution experimental results. As a test case, we consider the prediction of femtosecond transient absorption and two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of a perylene bisimide dye in solution. We find that experimental signals are well reproduced by both theoretical approaches, showing that the computationally cheaper TDDFT can be a suitable option for the simulation of nonlinear spectroscopy of molecular systems that are too large to be treated with higher-level RASSCF/RASPT2 methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Segatta
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna I-40136, Italy
| | - Mattia Russo
- IFN-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P. Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan I-20133, Italy
| | - Daniel R. Nascimento
- Physical
and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Davide Presti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna I-40136, Italy
| | - Francesco Rigodanza
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
studi di Padova, Via
F. Marzolo, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna I-40136, Italy
| | - Andrea Bonvicini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna I-40136, Italy
| | - Alberto Arcioni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna I-40136, Italy
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Margherita Maiuri
- IFN-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P. Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan I-20133, Italy
| | - Luca Muccioli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna I-40136, Italy
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical
and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P. Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan I-20133, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna I-40136, Italy
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29
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Wasif Baig M, Pederzoli M, Kývala M, Cwiklik L, Pittner J. Theoretical Investigation of the Effect of Alkylation and Bromination on Intersystem Crossing in BODIPY-Based Photosensitizers. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11617-11627. [PMID: 34661408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated and alkylated BODIPY derivatives are reported as suitable candidates for their use as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy due to their efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) between states of different spin multiplicities. Spin-orbit couplings (SOCs) are evaluated using an effective one-electron spin-orbit Hamiltonian for brominated and alkylated BODIPY derivatives to investigate the quantitative effect of alkyl and bromine substituents on ISC. BODIPY derivatives containing bromine atoms have been found to have significantly stronger SOCs than alkylated BODIPY derivatives outside the Frank-Condon region while they are nearly the same at local minima. Based on calculated time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) vertical excitation energies and SOCs, excited-state dynamics of three BODIPY derivatives were further explored with TD-DFT surface hopping molecular dynamics employing a simple accelerated approach. Derivatives containing bromine atoms have been found to have very similar lifetimes, which are much shorter than those of the derivatives possessing just the alkyl moieties. However, both bromine atoms and alkyl moieties reduce the HOMO/LUMO gap, thus assisting the derivatives to behave as efficient photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Wasif Baig
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 18223, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 12840, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Pederzoli
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 18223, Czech Republic
| | - Mojmír Kývala
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovonám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Lukasz Cwiklik
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 18223, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovonám. 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pittner
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, Prague 18223, Czech Republic
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30
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Athavale V, Teh HH, Subotnik JE. On the inclusion of one double within CIS and TDDFT. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:154105. [PMID: 34686061 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an improved approach for generating a set of optimized frontier orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) that minimizes the energy of one double configuration. We further benchmark the effect of including such a double within a rigorous configuration interaction singles or a parameterized semi-empirical time-dependent density functional theory Hamiltonian for a set of test cases. Although we cannot quite achieve quantitative accuracy, the algorithm is quite robust and routinely delivers an enormous qualitative improvement to standard single-reference electronic structure calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishikh Athavale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19 104-6323, USA
| | - Hung-Hsuan Teh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19 104-6323, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19 104-6323, USA
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31
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Zhang X, Herbert JM. Nonadiabatic dynamics with spin-flip vs linear-response time-dependent density functional theory: A case study for the protonated Schiff base C 5H 6NH 2. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:124111. [PMID: 34598550 DOI: 10.1063/5.0062757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonadiabatic trajectory surface hopping simulations are reported for trans-C5H6NH2 +, a model of the rhodopsin chromophore, using the augmented fewest-switches algorithm. Electronic structure calculations were performed using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) in both its conventional linear-response (LR) and its spin-flip (SF) formulations. In the SF-TDDFT case, spin contamination in the low-lying singlet states is removed by projecting out the lowest triplet component during iterative solution of the TDDFT eigenvalue problem. The results show that SF-TDDFT qualitatively describes the photoisomerization of trans-C5H6NH2 +, with favorable comparison to previous studies using multireference electronic structure methods. In contrast, conventional LR-TDDFT affords qualitatively different photodynamics due to an incorrect excited-state potential surface near the Franck-Condon region. In addition, the photochemistry (involving pre-twisting of the central double bond) appears to be different for SF- and LR-TDDFT, which may be a consequence of different conical intersection topographies afforded by these two methods. The present results contrast with previous surface-hopping studies suggesting that the LR-TDDFT method's incorrect topology around S1/S0 conical intersections is immaterial to the photodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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32
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Lacombe L, Maitra NT. Minimizing the Time-Dependent Density Functional Error in Ehrenfest Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8554-8559. [PMID: 34464148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Simulating electron-ion dynamics using time-dependent density functional theory within an Ehrenfest dynamics scheme can be done in two ways that are in principle exact and identical: propagating time-dependent electronic Kohn-Sham equations or propagating electronic coefficients on surfaces obtained from linear-response. We show here that using an approximate functional leads to qualitatively different dynamics in the two approaches. We argue that the latter is more accurate because the functionals are evaluated on domains close to the ground state where currently used approximations perform better. We demonstrate this on an exactly solvable model of charge transfer and discuss implications for time-resolved spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Lacombe
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark 07102, New Jersey United States
| | - Neepa T Maitra
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark 07102, New Jersey United States
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33
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Wang Z, Wu C, Liu W. NAC-TDDFT: Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Nonadiabatic Couplings. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3288-3297. [PMID: 34448566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
First-order nonadiabatic coupling (NAC) matrix elements (fo-NACMEs) are the basic quantities in theoretical descriptions of electronically nonadiabatic processes that are ubiquitous in molecular physics and chemistry. Given the large size of systems of chemical interests, time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is usually the first choice of methods. However, the lack of many-electron wave functions in TDDFT renders the formulation of NAC-TDDFT for fo-NACMEs conceptually difficult. Because of this, various variants of NAC-TDDFT have been proposed in the literature from different standing points, including the Hellmann-Feynman-like expression and auxiliary/pseudo-wave function (AWF)-, equation-of-motion (EOM)-, and time-dependent perturbation theory (TDPT)-based formulations. Based on critical analyses, the following conclusions are made here: (1) The Hellmann-Feynman-like expression, which is rooted in exact wave function theory, is hardly useful due to huge demand on basis sets. (2) Although most popular, the AWF variants of NAC-TDDFT are not theoretically founded and become ambiguous particularly for the fo-NACMEs between two excited states, although they do agree with the EOM and TDPT variants under the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. (3) The TDPT variant of NAC-TDDFT is theoretically most rigorous but suffers from numerical instabilities on the one hand and does not differ to a significant extent from the EOM variant on the other hand. (4) As such, the EOM variant of NAC-TDDFT for the fo-NACMEs between the ground and excited states and between two excited states is solely the right choice in practice. These formal analyses are fully supported by numerical experimentations, taking azulene as a showcase. The proper implementation of the EOM variant of NAC-TDDFT is also highlighted, showing that the fo-NACMEs between the ground and excited states and between two excited states are computationally very much the same as the analytic energy gradients of DFT and TDDFT, respectively. Possible future developments of the EOM variant of NAC-TDDFT are also highlighted. Its extensions to spin-adapted open-shell TDDFT and proper treatment of spin-orbit couplings (which are another source of force for electronically nonadiabatic processes) are particularly warranted in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikuan Wang
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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34
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Matsika S. Electronic Structure Methods for the Description of Nonadiabatic Effects and Conical Intersections. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9407-9449. [PMID: 34156838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic effects are ubiquitous in photophysics and photochemistry, and therefore, many theoretical developments have been made to properly describe them. Conical intersections are central in nonadiabatic processes, as they promote efficient and ultrafast nonadiabatic transitions between electronic states. A proper theoretical description requires developments in electronic structure and specifically in methods that describe conical intersections between states and nonadiabatic coupling terms. This review focuses on the electronic structure aspects of nonadiabatic processes. We discuss the requirements of electronic structure methods to describe conical intersections and nonadiabatic couplings, how the most common excited state methods perform in describing these effects, and what the recent developments are in expanding the methodology and implementing nonadiabatic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiridoula Matsika
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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35
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Song H, Freixas VM, Fernandez-Alberti S, White AJ, Zhang Y, Mukamel S, Govind N, Tretiak S. An Ab Initio Multiple Cloning Method for Non-Adiabatic Excited-State Molecular Dynamics in NWChem. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3629-3643. [PMID: 34014085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recently developed ab initio multiple cloning (AIMC) approach based on the multiconfigurational Ehrenfest (MCE) method provides a powerful and accurate way of describing the excited-state dynamics of molecular systems. The AIMC method is a controlled approximation to nonadiabatic dynamics with a particular strength in the proper description of decoherence effects because of the branching of vibrational wavepackets at a level crossing. Here, we report a new implementation of the AIMC algorithm in the open source NWChem computational chemistry program. The framework combines linear-response time-dependent density functional theory with Ehrenfest mean-field theory to determine the equations of motion for classical trajectories. The multidimensional wave function is decomposed into a superposition of Gaussian coherent states guided by Ehrenfest trajectories (i.e., MCE approach), which can clone with fully quantum mechanical amplitudes and phases. By using an efficient time-derivative based nonadiabatic coupling approach within the AIMC method, all observables are calculated on-the-fly in the nonadiabatic molecular dynamics process. As a representative example, we apply our implementation to study the ultrafast photoinduced electronic and vibrational energy transfer in a pyridine molecule. The effects of the cloning procedure on electronic and vibrational coherence, relaxation and unidirectional energy transfer are discussed. This new AIMC implementation provides a high-level nonadiabatic molecular dynamics framework for simulating photoexcited dynamics in complex molecular systems and experimentally relevant ultrafast spectroscopic probes, such as nonlinear coherent optical and X-ray signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajing Song
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Victor M Freixas
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD, Bernal, Argentina
| | | | - Alexander J White
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States.,Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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36
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Nascimento DR, Biasin E, Poulter BI, Khalil M, Sokaras D, Govind N. Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering Calculations of Transition Metal Complexes Within a Simplified Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Framework. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3031-3038. [PMID: 33909424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) approach to compute the light-matter couplings between two different manifolds of excited states relative to a common ground state in the context of 4d transition metal systems. These quantities are the necessary ingredients to solve the Kramers-Heisenberg (KH) equation for resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) and several other types of two-photon spectroscopies. The procedure is based on the pseudo-wavefunction approach, where the solutions of a TDDFT calculation can be used to construct excited-state wavefunctions, and on the restricted energy window approach, where a manifold of excited states can be rigorously defined based on the energies of the occupied molecular orbitals involved in the excitation process. Thus, the present approach bypasses the need to solve the costly TDDFT quadratic-response equations. We illustrate the applicability of the method to 4d transition metal molecular complexes by calculating the 2p4d RIXS maps of three representative ruthenium complexes and comparing them to experimental results. The method can capture all the experimental features in all three complexes to allow the assignment of the experimental peaks, with relative energies correct to within ∼0.6 eV at the cost of two independent TDDFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Nascimento
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Elisa Biasin
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Benjamin I Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Munira Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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37
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Niehaus TA. Ground-to-excited derivative couplings for the density functional-based tight-binding method: semi-local and long-range corrected formulations. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Liu J, Hu W, Yang J. Two-level iterative solver for linear response time-dependent density functional theory with plane wave basis set. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:064101. [PMID: 33588554 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a two-level iterative solver for linear response time-dependent density functional theory by combining two forms of the Casida equation in the Kohn-Sham orbital representation and in Hutter's formulation. This two-level iterative solver has been implemented with the plane wave pseudopotential method for excited-state simulations of molecular and low-dimensional solid materials. Numerical studies with the Davidson algorithm demonstrate that this two-level iterative solver yields excited-state properties for molecules (benzene C6H6 and fullerene C60) and low-dimensional semiconductors [two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide MoS2 monolayer and rutile titanium dioxide TiO2(110) surface] with significantly reduced computational cost and storage requirement compared with standard iterative algorithms. We apply our approach to investigate the photoinduced charge separation of methanol molecules adsorption on the rutile TiO2(110) surface from the exciton perspective and validate that the photogenerated hole can be captured by methanol molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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39
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Biasin E, Nascimento DR, Poulter BI, Abraham B, Kunnus K, Garcia-Esparza AT, Nowak SH, Kroll T, Schoenlein RW, Alonso-Mori R, Khalil M, Govind N, Sokaras D. Revealing the bonding of solvated Ru complexes with valence-to-core resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3713-3725. [PMID: 34163645 PMCID: PMC8179428 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ru-complexes are widely studied because of their use in biological applications and photoconversion technologies. We reveal novel insights into the chemical bonding of a series of Ru(ii)- and Ru(iii)-complexes by leveraging recent advances in high-energy-resolution tender X-ray spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. We perform Ru 2p4d resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) to probe the valence excitations in dilute solvated Ru-complexes. Combining these experiments with a newly developed theoretical approach based on time-dependent density functional theory, we assign the spectral features and quantify the metal-ligand bonding interactions. The valence-to-core RIXS features uniquely identify the metal-centered and charge transfer states and allow extracting the ligand-field splitting for all the complexes. The combined experimental and theoretical approach described here is shown to reliably characterize the ground and excited valence states of Ru complexes, and serve as a basis for future investigations of ruthenium, or other 4d metals active sites, in biological and chemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Biasin
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Daniel R Nascimento
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Benjamin I Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Baxter Abraham
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Kristjan Kunnus
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | | | - Stanislaw H Nowak
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Thomas Kroll
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Robert W Schoenlein
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | | | - Munira Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
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40
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Ramos P, Pavanello M. Nonadiabatic couplings from a variational excited state method based on constrained DFT. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:014110. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0028872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Michele Pavanello
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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41
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Bao P, Hettich CP, Shi Q, Gao J. Block-Localized Excitation for Excimer Complex and Diabatic Coupling. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 17:240-254. [PMID: 33370101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a block-localized excitation (BLE) method to carry out constrained optimization of block-localized orbitals for constructing valence bond-like, diabatic excited configurations using multistate density functional theory (MSDFT). The method is an extension of the previous block-localized wave function method through a fragment-based ΔSCF approach to optimize excited determinants within a molecular complex. In BLE, both the number of electrons and the electronic spin of different fragments in a whole system can be constrained, whereas electrostatic, exchange, and polarization interactions among different blocks can be fully taken into account of. To avoid optimization collapse to unwanted states, a ΔSCF projection scheme and a maximum overlap of wave function approach have been presented. The method is illustrated by the excimer complex of two naphthalene molecules. With a minimum of eight spin-adapted configurational state functions, it was found that the inversion of La- and Lb- states near the optimal structure of the excimer complex is correctly produced, which is in quantitative agreement with DMRG-CASPT2 calculations and experiments. Trends in the computed transfer integrals associated with excited-state energy transfer both in the singlet and triplet states are discussed. The results suggest that MSDFT may be used as an efficient approach to treat intermolecular interactions in excited states with a minimal active space (MAS) for interpretation of the results and for dynamic simulations, although the selection of a small active space is often system dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Christian P Hettich
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Qiang Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Beijing University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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42
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Uratani H, Morioka T, Yoshikawa T, Nakai H. Fast Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics via Spin-Flip Time-Dependent Density-Functional Tight-Binding Approach: Application to Nonradiative Relaxation of Tetraphenylethylene with Locked Aromatic Rings. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:7299-7313. [PMID: 33197192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic dynamics around conical intersections between ground and excited states are crucial to understand excited-state phenomena in complex chemical systems. With this background in mind, we present an approach combining fewest-switches trajectory surface hopping and spin-flip (SF) time-dependent (TD) density-functional tight binding (DFTB), which is a simplified version of SF-TD density functional theory (DFT) with semiempirical parametrizations, for computationally efficient nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. The estimated computational time of the SF-TD-DFTB approach is several orders of magnitude lower than that of SF-TD-DFT. In addition, the proposed method reproduces the time scales and quantum yields in photoisomerization reactions of azobenzene at a level comparable with conventional ab initio approaches, demonstrating reasonable accuracy. Finally, we report a practical application of the developed technique to explore the nonradiative relaxation processes of tetraphenylethylene and its derivative with torsionally locked aromatic rings and discuss the effect of locking the rings on the excited-state lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Uratani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiki Morioka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.,Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering (WISE), 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering (WISE), 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
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43
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Song H, Fischer SA, Zhang Y, Cramer CJ, Mukamel S, Govind N, Tretiak S. First Principles Nonadiabatic Excited-State Molecular Dynamics in NWChem. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:6418-6427. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huajing Song
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, United States
| | - Sean A. Fischer
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, United States
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Departments of Chemistry, and physics and astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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44
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Veys K, Escudero D. Computational Protocol To Predict Anti-Kasha Emissions: The Case of Azulene Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7228-7237. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koen Veys
- Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Escudero
- Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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45
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Peters LM, Kussmann J, Ochsenfeld C. Combining Graphics Processing Units, Simplified Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory, and Finite-Difference Couplings to Accelerate Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3955-3961. [PMID: 32374606 PMCID: PMC7304892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Starting from our recently published implementation of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) on graphics processing units (GPUs), we explore further approaches to accelerate ab initio NAMD calculations at the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) level of theory. We employ (1) the simplified TDDFT schemes of Grimme et al. and (2) the Hammes-Schiffer-Tully approach to obtain nonadiabatic couplings from finite-difference calculations. The resulting scheme delivers an accurate physical picture while virtually eliminating the two computationally most demanding steps of the algorithm. Combined with our GPU-based integral routines for SCF, TDDFT, and TDDFT derivative calculations, NAMD simulations of systems of a few hundreds of atoms at a reasonable time scale become accessible on a single compute node. To demonstrate this and to present a first, illustrative example, we perform TDDFT/MM-NAMD simulations of the rhodopsin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens
D. M. Peters
- Chair
of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Jörg Kussmann
- Chair
of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Chair
of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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46
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Nelson TR, White AJ, Bjorgaard JA, Sifain AE, Zhang Y, Nebgen B, Fernandez-Alberti S, Mozyrsky D, Roitberg AE, Tretiak S. Non-adiabatic Excited-State Molecular Dynamics: Theory and Applications for Modeling Photophysics in Extended Molecular Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2215-2287. [PMID: 32040312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Optically active molecular materials, such as organic conjugated polymers and biological systems, are characterized by strong coupling between electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom. Typically, simulations must go beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation to account for non-adiabatic coupling between excited states. Indeed, non-adiabatic dynamics is commonly associated with exciton dynamics and photophysics involving charge and energy transfer, as well as exciton dissociation and charge recombination. Understanding the photoinduced dynamics in such materials is vital to providing an accurate description of exciton formation, evolution, and decay. This interdisciplinary field has matured significantly over the past decades. Formulation of new theoretical frameworks, development of more efficient and accurate computational algorithms, and evolution of high-performance computer hardware has extended these simulations to very large molecular systems with hundreds of atoms, including numerous studies of organic semiconductors and biomolecules. In this Review, we will describe recent theoretical advances including treatment of electronic decoherence in surface-hopping methods, the role of solvent effects, trivial unavoided crossings, analysis of data based on transition densities, and efficient computational implementations of these numerical methods. We also emphasize newly developed semiclassical approaches, based on the Gaussian approximation, which retain phase and width information to account for significant decoherence and interference effects while maintaining the high efficiency of surface-hopping approaches. The above developments have been employed to successfully describe photophysics in a variety of molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie R Nelson
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Alexander J White
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Josiah A Bjorgaard
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Andrew E Sifain
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States.,U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21005 , United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Benjamin Nebgen
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | | | - Dmitry Mozyrsky
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Adrian E Roitberg
- Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
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47
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Bellonzi N, Alguire E, Fatehi S, Shao Y, Subotnik JE. TD-DFT spin-adiabats with analytic nonadiabatic derivative couplings. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:044112. [PMID: 32007078 PMCID: PMC7043850 DOI: 10.1063/1.5126440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an algorithm for efficient calculation of analytic nonadiabatic derivative couplings between spin-adiabatic, time-dependent density functional theory states within the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. Our derivation is based on the direct differentiation of the Kohn-Sham pseudowavefunction using the framework of Ou et al. Our implementation is limited to the case of a system with an even number of electrons in a closed shell ground state, and we validate our algorithm against finite difference at an S1/T2 crossing of benzaldehyde. Through the introduction of a magnetic field spin-coupling operator, we break time-reversal symmetry to generate complex valued nonadiabatic derivative couplings. Although the nonadiabatic derivative couplings are complex valued, we find that a phase rotation can generate an almost entirely real-valued derivative coupling vector for the case of benzaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bellonzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | - Shervin Fatehi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539, USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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48
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Zhang X, Lu G, Baer R, Rabani E, Neuhauser D. Linear-Response Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory with Stochastic Range-Separated Hybrids. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1064-1072. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Roi Baer
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Eran Rabani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center of Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Daniel Neuhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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49
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Peters LM, Kussmann J, Ochsenfeld C. Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics on Graphics Processing Units: Performance and Application to Rotary Molecular Motors. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:6647-6659. [PMID: 31763834 PMCID: PMC6909237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) simulations of molecular systems require the efficient evaluation of excited-state properties, such as energies, gradients, and nonadiabatic coupling vectors. Here, we investigate the use of graphics processing units (GPUs) in addition to central processing units (CPUs) to efficiently calculate these properties at the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) level of theory. Our implementation in the FermiONs++ program package uses the J-engine and a preselective screening procedure for the calculation of Coulomb and exchange kernels, respectively. We observe good speed-ups for small and large molecular systems (comparable to those observed in ground-state calculations) and reduced (down to sublinear) scaling behavior with respect to the system size (depending on the spatial locality of the investigated excitation). As a first illustrative application, we present efficient NAMD simulations of a series of newly designed light-driven rotary molecular motors and compare their S1 lifetimes. Although all four rotors show different S1 excitation energies, their ability to rotate upon excitation is conserved, making the series an interesting starting point for rotary molecular motors with tunable excitation energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens
D. M. Peters
- Chair
of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Jörg Kussmann
- Chair
of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Chair
of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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50
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Ibele LM, Nicolson A, Curchod BFE. Excited-state dynamics of molecules with classically driven trajectories and Gaussians. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1665199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea M. Ibele
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK
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