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Rasekh M, Harrison S, Schobesberger S, Ertl P, Balachandran W. Reagent storage and delivery on integrated microfluidic chips for point-of-care diagnostics. Biomed Microdevices 2024; 26:28. [PMID: 38825594 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-024-00709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic-based point-of-care diagnostics offer several unique advantages over existing bioanalytical solutions, such as automation, miniaturisation, and integration of sensors to rapidly detect on-site specific biomarkers. It is important to highlight that a microfluidic POC system needs to perform a number of steps, including sample preparation, nucleic acid extraction, amplification, and detection. Each of these stages involves mixing and elution to go from sample to result. To address these complex sample preparation procedures, a vast number of different approaches have been developed to solve the problem of reagent storage and delivery. However, to date, no universal method has been proposed that can be applied as a working solution for all cases. Herein, both current self-contained (stored within the chip) and off-chip (stored in a separate device and brought together at the point of use) are reviewed, and their merits and limitations are discussed. This review focuses on reagent storage devices that could be integrated with microfluidic devices, discussing further issues or merits of these storage solutions in two different sections: direct on-chip storage and external storage with their application devices. Furthermore, the different microvalves and micropumps are considered to provide guidelines for designing appropriate integrated microfluidic point-of-care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoochehr Rasekh
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Sam Harrison
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Silvia Schobesberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wamadeva Balachandran
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
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2
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Funayama K, Miura A, Tanaka H. Flexibly designable wettability gradient for passive control of fluid motion via physical surface modification. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6440. [PMID: 37081066 PMCID: PMC10119291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified solid surfaces exhibit unique wetting behavior, such as hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity. Such behavior can passively control the fluid flow. In this study, we experimentally demonstrated a wettability-designable cell array consisting of unetched and physically etched surfaces by reactive ion etching on a silicon substrate. The etching process induced a significant surface roughness on the silicon surface. Thus, the unetched and etched surfaces have different wettabilities. By adjusting the ratio between the unetched and etched surface areas, we designed one- and two-dimensional wettability gradients for the fluid channel. Consequently, fine-tuned channels passively realized unidirectional and curved fluid motions. The design of a wettability gradient is crucial for practical and portable systems with integrated fluid channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Funayama
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Miura
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroya Tanaka
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192, Japan
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3
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Emerging Microfluidic and Biosensor Technologies for Improved Cancer Theranostics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:461-495. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Dong Y, Ramey-Ward AN, Salaita K. Programmable Mechanically Active Hydrogel-Based Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006600. [PMID: 34309076 PMCID: PMC8595730 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Programmable mechanically active materials (MAMs) are defined as materials that can sense and transduce external stimuli into mechanical outputs or conversely that can detect mechanical stimuli and respond through an optical change or other change in the appearance of the material. Programmable MAMs are a subset of responsive materials and offer potential in next generation robotics and smart systems. This review specifically focuses on hydrogel-based MAMs because of their mechanical compliance, programmability, biocompatibility, and cost-efficiency. First, the composition of hydrogel MAMs along with the top-down and bottom-up approaches used for programming these materials are discussed. Next, the fundamental principles for engineering responsivity in MAMS, which includes optical, thermal, magnetic, electrical, chemical, and mechanical stimuli, are considered. Some advantages and disadvantages of different responsivities are compared. Then, to conclude, the emerging applications of hydrogel-based MAMs from recently published literature, as well as the future outlook of MAM studies, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States, 30322
| | - Allison N. Ramey-Ward
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States, 30322
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Man Y, Ban M, Li A, Jin X, Du Y, Pan L. A microfluidic colorimetric biosensor for in-field detection of Salmonella in fresh-cut vegetables using thiolated polystyrene microspheres, hose-based microvalve and smartphone imaging APP. Food Chem 2021; 354:129578. [PMID: 33756331 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic colorimetric biosensor was developed using thiolated polystyrene microspheres (SH-PSs) for aggregating of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), a novel hose-based microvalve for controlling the flow direction, and a smartphone imaging APP for monitoring colorimetric signals. Aptamer-PS-cysteamine conjugates were used as detection probes and reacted with Salmonella in samples. Complementary DNA - magnetic nanoparticle (cDNA - MNP) conjugates were used as capture probes, reacted with the free aptamer-PS-cysteamine conjugates. AuNPs were aggregated on the surface of Salmonella-aptamer-PS-cysteamine conjugates, resulting in a visible color change in the detection chamber, which indicating different concentrations of Salmonella. The limit of detection was low to 6.0 × 101 cfu/mL. The microfluidic biosensor exhibited a good specificity. It was evaluated by analyzing salad samples spiked with Salmonella. The recoveries ranged from 91.68% to 113.76%, which indicated its potential application in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Man
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture. P.R. China, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Meijing Ban
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - An Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture. P.R. China, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture. P.R. China, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yuanfang Du
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture. P.R. China, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Ligang Pan
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture. P.R. China, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China.
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Shan C, Yang Q, Bian H, Hou X, Chen F. Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Microvalves of Internal Nested Structures Inside Fused Silica. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:43. [PMID: 33401435 PMCID: PMC7823354 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nested structures inside the hard material play a pivotal role in the microfluidics systems, such as the microvalve and the micropump. In this article, we demonstrate a novel and facile method of fabricating nested structures inside the fused silica with a two-step process femtosecond laser wet etching (FLWE) process. Inside fused silica, a spherical structure was made with a diameter of nearly 80 µm in a square chamber. In addition, we designed a simple microvalve with this sphere controlling the current's flow. The novel microvalve structure can be easily integrated into the functional microfluidics systems and will be widely applied in the Lab-on-chip (LOC) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.S.); (H.B.); (X.H.)
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Hao Bian
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.S.); (H.B.); (X.H.)
| | - Xun Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.S.); (H.B.); (X.H.)
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.S.); (H.B.); (X.H.)
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Seshadri S, Gockowski LF, Lee J, Sroda M, Helgeson ME, Read de Alaniz J, Valentine MT. Self-regulating photochemical Rayleigh-Bénard convection using a highly-absorbing organic photoswitch. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2599. [PMID: 32451397 PMCID: PMC7248117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We identify unique features of a highly-absorbing negatively photochromic molecular switch, donor acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA), that enable its use for self-regulating light-activated control of fluid flow. Leveraging features of DASA’s chemical properties and solvent-dependent reaction kinetics, we demonstrate its use for photo-controlled Rayleigh-Bénard convection to generate dynamic, self-regulating flows with unparalleled fluid velocities (~mm s−1) simply by illuminating the fluid with visible light. The exceptional absorbance of DASAs in solution, uniquely controllable reaction kinetics and resulting spatially-confined photothermal flows demonstrate the ways in which photoswitches present exciting opportunities for their use in optofluidics applications requiring tunable flow behavior. Autonomous control of liquid motion is vital to the development of new actuators and pumps in fluid systems but autonomous control of fluid motion is inaccessible in current systems. Here, the authors identify unique features of a photochromic molecular switch that enables its use for self-regulating light activated control of fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Seshadri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Luke F Gockowski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jaejun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Miranda Sroda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Matthew E Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Megan T Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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8
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Ding T, Baumberg JJ. Thermo-responsive plasmonic systems: old materials with new applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:1410-1416. [PMID: 36132316 PMCID: PMC9418901 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00800d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermo-responsive plasmonic systems of gold and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) have been actively studied for several decades but this system keeps reinventing itself, with new concepts and applications which seed new fields. In this minireview, we show the latest few years development and applications of this intriguing system. We start from the basic working principles of this puzzling system which shows different plasmon shifts for even slightly different chemistries. We then present its applications to colloidal actuation, plasmon/meta-film tuning, and bioimaging and sensing. Finally we briefly summarize and propose several promising applications of the ongoing effort in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
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9
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Qian JY, Hou CW, Li XJ, Jin ZJ. Actuation Mechanism of Microvalves: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11020172. [PMID: 32046058 PMCID: PMC7074679 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The microvalve is one of the most important components in microfluidics. With decades of development, the microvalve has been widely used in many industries such as life science, chemical engineering, chip, and so forth. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the progress made over the past years about microvalves based on different actuation mechanisms. According to driving sources, plenty of actuation mechanisms are developed and adopted in microvalves, including electricity, magnetism, gas, material and creature, surface acoustic wave, and so on. Although there are currently a variety of microvalves, problems such as leakage, low precision, poor reliability, high energy consumption, and high cost still exist. Problems deserving to be further addressed are suggested, aimed at materials, fabrication methods, controlling performances, flow characteristics, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yuan Qian
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.-Y.Q.); (X.-J.L.); (Z.-J.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Cong-Wei Hou
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.-Y.Q.); (X.-J.L.); (Z.-J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-8795-1216
| | - Xiao-Juan Li
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.-Y.Q.); (X.-J.L.); (Z.-J.J.)
| | - Zhi-Jiang Jin
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.-Y.Q.); (X.-J.L.); (Z.-J.J.)
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10
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Mohamed MA, Fallahi A, El-Sokkary AM, Salehi S, Akl MA, Jafari A, Tamayol A, Fenniri H, Khademhosseini A, Andreadis ST, Cheng C. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels for manipulation of cell microenvironment: From chemistry to biofabrication technology. Prog Polym Sci 2019; 98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Fu G, Zhu Y, Wang W, Zhou M, Li X. Spatiotemporally Controlled Multiplexed Photothermal Microfluidic Pumping under Monitoring of On-Chip Thermal Imaging. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2481-2490. [PMID: 31452364 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent contactless microfluidic pumping strategies have been increasingly desirable for operation of lab-on-a-chip devices. Herein, we present a photothermal microfluidic pumping strategy for on-chip multiplexed cargo transport in a contactless and spatiotemporally controllable fashion based on the application of near-infrared laser-driven photothermal effect in microfluidic paper-based devices (μPDs). Graphene oxide (GO)-doped thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-acrylamide hydrogels served as the photothermally responsive cargo reservoirs on the μPDs. In response to remote contactless irradiation by an 808 nm laser, on-chip phase transition of the composite hydrogels was actuated in a switchlike manner as a result of the photothermal effect of GO, enabling robust on-chip pumping of cargoes from the hydrogels to predefined arrays of reaction zones. The thermal imaging technique was employed to monitor the on-chip photothermal pumping process. The microfluidic pumping performance can be spatiotemporally controlled in a quantitative way by remotely tuning the laser power, irradiation time, and GO concentration. The pumping strategy was exemplified by FeCl3 and horseradish peroxidase as the model cargoes to implement on-chip Prussian blue- and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine-based colorimetric reactions, respectively. Furthermore, multiplexed on-demand microfluidic pumping was achieved by flexibly adjusting the irradiation pathway and the microfluidic pattern. The new microfluidic pumping strategy shows great promise for diverse microfluidic applications due to its flexibility, high integratability into lab-on-a-chip devices, and contactless and spatiotemporal controllability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Fu
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - XiuJun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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Fu G, Zhu Y, Xu K, Wang W, Hou R, Li X. Photothermal Microfluidic Sensing Platform Using Near-Infrared Laser-Driven Multiplexed Dual-Mode Visual Quantitative Readout. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13290-13296. [PMID: 31508942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of different sensing principles in microfluidic devices opens up further possibilities for the development of point-of-care testing (POCT). Herein, the photothermal sensing principle is introduced in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) to develop a photothermal microfluidic sensing platform using near-infrared (NIR) laser-driven multiplexed dual-mode visual quantitative readout. Prussian blue (PB) as the analyte-associated photothermal agent was in situ synthesized in thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels to serve as the on-chip photothermal sensing element. The NIR laser-driven photothermal effect of PB triggered not only on-chip dose-dependent heat generation but also phase transition-induced dye release from the hydrogels, simultaneously enabling both thermal image- and distance-based dual-mode visual quantitative readout of the analyte concentration in a multiplexed manner. Both the on-chip temperature elevation value of the hydrogels and the traveling distance of released dye solutions were proportional to the concentration of PB. With the detection of silver ions in environmental water as a proof-of-concept study, the photothermal μPAD can detect silver ions at a concentration as low as 0.25 μM with high selectivity and satisfactory accuracy. The photothermal microfluidic sensing platform holds great potential for POCT with promising integratability and broad applicability, owing to the combination of synergistic advantages of the photothermal sensing principle, μPADs, and photothermally responsive hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Fu
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center , Medical School of Ningbo University , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315211 , P. R. China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center , Medical School of Ningbo University , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315211 , P. R. China
| | - Kui Xu
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center , Medical School of Ningbo University , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315211 , P. R. China
| | - Weihua Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315020 , P. R. China
| | - Ruixia Hou
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center , Medical School of Ningbo University , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315211 , P. R. China
| | - Xiujun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
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Ter Schiphorst J, Saez J, Diamond D, Benito-Lopez F, Schenning APHJ. Light-responsive polymers for microfluidic applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:699-709. [PMID: 29431804 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01297g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
While the microfluidic device itself may be small, often the equipment required to control fluidics in the chip unit is large e.g. pumps, valves and mixing units, which can severely limit practical use and functional scalability. In addition, components associated with fluidic control of the device, more specifically the valves and pumps, contribute significantly to the overall unit cost. Here we sketch the problem of a gap between high end accurate, but expensive sensor platforms, versus less accurate, but widely employable hand-held low-cost devices. Recent research has shown that the integration of light-responsive materials within microfluidic devices can provide the function of expensive fluidic components, and potentially enable sophisticated measurements to be made using much less expensive equipment. An overview of the most recent developments will be presented for valves, mixers, transport and sample handling inside microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Ter Schiphorst
- Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands.
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Heida T, Neubauer JW, Seuss M, Hauck N, Thiele J, Fery A. Mechanically Defined Microgels by Droplet Microfluidics. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heida
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics; Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Jens W. Neubauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics; Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Maximilian Seuss
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics; Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Nicolas Hauck
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics; Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Leibniz Research Cluster (LRC); Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Julian Thiele
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics; Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Leibniz Research Cluster (LRC); Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics; Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials; Technische Universität Dresden; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
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15
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Díaz-González M, Fernández-Sánchez C, Baldi A. Multiple actuation microvalves in wax microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3969-3976. [PMID: 27714007 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00800c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microvalves are an essential component of microfluidic devices. In this work, a low-consumption (<35 mJ), fast-response (<0.3 s), small footprint (<0.5 mm2) wax microvalve capable of multiple actuation is described. This phase-change microvalve is electrically controlled, simple to operate and can be easily fabricated as a fully integrated element of wax microfluidic devices through a special decal-transfer microlithographic process. The valve is inherently latched and leak-proof to at least 100 kPa. A minimum pressure of 3 kPa is required for valve opening. Maximum pressures for a successful closing in air and liquid are 90 and 40 kPa, respectively. The wax valve exhibits reversible open-close behaviour without failure for up to 10 actuation cycles in air (60 kPa) and 5 in water (30 kPa). To the best of our knowledge, this microvalve has the lowest energy consumption (two orders of magnitude lower) reported so far for a plug-type phase-change valve. Furthermore, its size, actuation mechanism and fabrication technology make it suitable for large-scale integration in microfluidic devices. Detailed characteristics in fabrication and actuation of the wax microfluidic valve as well as a test example of its performance for liquid dispensing are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Díaz-González
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.
| | - César Fernández-Sánchez
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.
| | - Antonio Baldi
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.
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16
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Haefner S, Frank P, Elstner M, Nowak J, Odenbach S, Richter A. Smart hydrogels as storage elements with dispensing functionality in discontinuous microfluidic systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3977-3989. [PMID: 27713982 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00806b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Smart hydrogels are useful elements in microfluidic systems because they respond to environmental stimuli and are capable of storing reagents. We present here a concept of using hydrogels (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)) as an interface between continuous and discontinuous microfluidics. Their swelling and shrinking capabilities allow them to act as storage elements for reagents absorbed in the swelling process. When the swollen hydrogel collapses in an oil-filled channel, the incorporated water and molecules are expelled from the hydrogel and form a water reservoir. Water-in-oil droplets can be released from the reservoir generating different sized droplets depending on the flow regime at various oil flow rates (dispensing functionality). Different hydrogel sizes and microfluidic structures are discussed in terms of their storage and droplet formation capabilities. The time behaviour of the hydrogel element is investigated by dynamic swelling experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations. By precise temperature control, the device acts as an active droplet generator and converts continuous to discontinuous flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Haefner
- Polymeric Microsystems, Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Philipp Frank
- Polymeric Microsystems, Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Martin Elstner
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Nowak
- Chair of Magnetofluiddynamics, Measuring and Automation Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Odenbach
- Chair of Magnetofluiddynamics, Measuring and Automation Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Polymeric Microsystems, Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany. and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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17
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Yassine O, Zaher A, Li EQ, Alfadhel A, Perez JE, Kavaldzhiev M, Contreras MF, Thoroddsen ST, Khashab NM, Kosel J. Highly Efficient Thermoresponsive Nanocomposite for Controlled Release Applications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28539. [PMID: 27335342 PMCID: PMC4917869 DOI: 10.1038/srep28539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient magnetic release from nanocomposite microparticles is shown, which are made of Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel with embedded iron nanowires. A simple microfluidic technique was adopted to fabricate the microparticles with a high control of the nanowire concentration and in a relatively short time compared to chemical synthesis methods. The thermoresponsive microparticles were used for the remotely triggered release of Rhodamine (B). With a magnetic field of only 1 mT and 20 kHz a drug release of 6.5% and 70% was achieved in the continuous and pulsatile modes, respectively. Those release values are similar to the ones commonly obtained using superparamagnetic beads but accomplished with a magnetic field of five orders of magnitude lower power. The high efficiency is a result of the high remanent magnetization of the nanowires, which produce a large torque when exposed to a magnetic field. This causes the nanowires to vibrate, resulting in friction losses and heating. For comparison, microparticles with superparamagnetic beads were also fabricated and tested; while those worked at 73 mT and 600 kHz, no release was observed at the low field conditions. Cytotoxicity assays showed similar and high cell viability for microparticles with nanowires and beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Yassine
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Zaher
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Er Qiang Li
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alfadhel
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jose E. Perez
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mincho Kavaldzhiev
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria F. Contreras
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sigurdur T. Thoroddsen
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M. Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jurgen Kosel
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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18
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Choi S. Powering point-of-care diagnostic devices. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:321-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Zhang J, Du P, Xu D, Li Y, Peng W, Zhang G, Zhang F, Fan X. Near-Infrared Responsive MoS2/Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels for Remote Light-Controlled Microvalves. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ping Du
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Danyun Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenchao Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fengbao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaobin Fan
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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20
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Jadhav AD, Yan B, Luo RC, Wei L, Zhen X, Chen CH, Shi P. Photoresponsive microvalve for remote actuation and flow control in microfluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:034114. [PMID: 26180571 PMCID: PMC4491018 DOI: 10.1063/1.4923257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microvalves with different actuation methods offer great integrability and flexibility in operation of lab-on-chip devices. In this work, we demonstrate a hydrogel-based and optically controlled modular microvalve that can be easily integrated within a microfluidic device and actuated by an off-chip laser source. The microvalve is based on in-channel trapping of microgel particles, which are composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and polypyrrole nanoparticles. Upon irradiation by a near-infrared (NIR) laser, the microgel undergoes volumetric change and enables precisely localized fluid on/off switching. The response rate and the "open" duration of the microvalve can be simply controlled by adjusting the laser power and exposure time. We showed that the trapped microgel can be triggered to shrink sufficiently to open a channel within as low as ∼1-2 s; while the microgel swells to re-seal the channel within ∼6-8 s. This is so far one of the fastest optically controlled and hydrogel-based microvalves, thus permitting speedy fluidic switching applications. In this study, we successfully employed this technique to control fluidic interface between laminar flow streams within a Y-junction device. The optically triggered microvalve permits flexible and remote fluidic handling, and enables pulsatile in situ chemical treatment to cell culture in an automatic and programmed manner, which is exemplified by studies of chemotherapeutic drug induced cell apoptosis under different drug treatment strategies. We find that cisplatin induced apoptosis is significantly higher in cancer cells treated with a pulsed dose, as compared to continuous flow with a sustained dose. It is expected that our NIR-controlled valving strategy will provide a simple, versatile, and powerful alternative for liquid handling in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Jadhav
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bao Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Rong-Cong Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117575
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xu Zhen
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117575
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