1
|
Lin D, Jiang Y, Deng J, Marin FS, Di ZW. Efficient boundary-guided scanning for high-resolution X-ray ptychography. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:129-135. [PMID: 38084593 PMCID: PMC10833418 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523009657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of X-ray ptychography experiments, a considerable amount of ptychography scans are typically performed within a field of view encompassing the target sample. While it is crucial to obtain overlapping scans in small increments over the region of interest for achieving high-resolution sample reconstruction, a significant number of these scans often redundantly measure the empty background within the wide field of view. To address this inefficiency, an innovative algorithm is proposed that introduces automatic guidance for data acquisition. The algorithm first directs the scan point to actively search for the object of interest within the field of view. Subsequently, it intelligently scans along the perimeter of the sample, strategically acquiring measurements exclusively within the boundary of the region of interest. By employing this approach, a reduction in the number of measurements required to obtain high-resolution reconstruction images is demonstrated, as compared with conventional raster scanning methods. Furthermore, the automatic guidance provided by the algorithm offers the added advantage of saving valuable time during the reconstruction process. Through practical implementation on real experiments, these findings showcase the efficacy of the proposed algorithm in enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of X-ray ptychography experiments. This novel approach holds immense potential for advancing sample analysis and imaging techniques in various scientific disciplines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dergan Lin
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Junjing Deng
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Fabricio S. Marin
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Zichao Wendy Di
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin D, Jiang Y, Deng J, Di ZW. Unsupervised classification for region of interest in X-ray ptychography. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19747. [PMID: 37957208 PMCID: PMC10643553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray ptychography offers high-resolution imaging of large areas at a high computational cost due to the large volume of data provided. To address the cost issue, we propose a physics-informed unsupervised classification algorithm that is performed prior to reconstruction and removes data outside the region of interest (RoI) based on the multimodal features present in the diffraction patterns. The preprocessing time for the proposed method is inconsequential in contrast to the resource-intensive reconstruction process, leading to an impressive reduction in the data workload to a mere 20% of the initial dataset. This capability consequently reduces computational time dramatically while preserving reconstruction quality. Through further segmentation of the diffraction patterns, our proposed approach can also detect features that are smaller than beam size and correctly classify them as within the RoI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dergan Lin
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Junjing Deng
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Zichao Wendy Di
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Babu AV, Zhou T, Kandel S, Bicer T, Liu Z, Judge W, Ching DJ, Jiang Y, Veseli S, Henke S, Chard R, Yao Y, Sirazitdinova E, Gupta G, Holt MV, Foster IT, Miceli A, Cherukara MJ. Deep learning at the edge enables real-time streaming ptychographic imaging. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7059. [PMID: 37923741 PMCID: PMC10624836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41496-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coherent imaging techniques provide an unparalleled multi-scale view of materials across scientific and technological fields, from structural materials to quantum devices, from integrated circuits to biological cells. Driven by the construction of brighter sources and high-rate detectors, coherent imaging methods like ptychography are poised to revolutionize nanoscale materials characterization. However, these advancements are accompanied by significant increase in data and compute needs, which precludes real-time imaging, feedback and decision-making capabilities with conventional approaches. Here, we demonstrate a workflow that leverages artificial intelligence at the edge and high-performance computing to enable real-time inversion on X-ray ptychography data streamed directly from a detector at up to 2 kHz. The proposed AI-enabled workflow eliminates the oversampling constraints, allowing low-dose imaging using orders of magnitude less data than required by traditional methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anakha V Babu
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
- KLA Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tao Zhou
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Saugat Kandel
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Tekin Bicer
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Zhengchun Liu
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - William Judge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel J Ching
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Sinisa Veseli
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Steven Henke
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Chard
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Yudong Yao
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Martin V Holt
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Ian T Foster
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Antonino Miceli
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abe M, Ishiguro N, Uematsu H, Takazawa S, Kaneko F, Takahashi Y. X-ray ptychographic and fluorescence microscopy using virtual single-pixel imaging based deconvolution with accurate probe images. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:26027-26039. [PMID: 37710473 DOI: 10.1364/oe.495733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous measurement of X-ray ptychography and fluorescence microscopy allows high-resolution and high-sensitivity observations of the microstructure and trace-element distribution of a sample. In this paper, we propose a method for improving scanning fluorescence X-ray microscopy (SFXM) images, in which the SFXM image is deconvolved via virtual single-pixel imaging using different probe images for each scanning point obtained by X-ray ptychographic reconstruction. Numerical simulations confirmed that this method can increase the spatial resolution while suppressing artifacts caused by probe imprecision, e.g., probe position errors and wavefront changes. The method also worked well in synchrotron radiation experiments to increase the spatial resolution and was applied to the observation of S element maps of ZnS particles.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kang I, Wu Z, Jiang Y, Yao Y, Deng J, Klug J, Vogt S, Barbastathis G. Attentional Ptycho-Tomography (APT) for three-dimensional nanoscale X-ray imaging with minimal data acquisition and computation time. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:131. [PMID: 37248235 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive X-ray imaging of nanoscale three-dimensional objects, such as integrated circuits (ICs), generally requires two types of scanning: ptychographic, which is translational and returns estimates of the complex electromagnetic field through the IC; combined with a tomographic scan, which collects these complex field projections from multiple angles. Here, we present Attentional Ptycho-Tomography (APT), an approach to drastically reduce the amount of angular scanning, and thus the total acquisition time. APT is machine learning-based, utilizing axial self-Attention for Ptycho-Tomographic reconstruction. APT is trained to obtain accurate reconstructions of the ICs, despite the incompleteness of the measurements. The training process includes regularizing priors in the form of typical patterns found in IC interiors, and the physics of X-ray propagation through the IC. We show that APT with ×12 reduced angles achieves fidelity comparable to the gold standard Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART) with the original set of angles. When using the same set of reduced angles, then APT also outperforms Filtered Back Projection (FBP), Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT) and SART. The time needed to compute the reconstruction is also reduced, because the trained neural network is a forward operation, unlike the iterative nature of these alternatives. Our experiments show that, without loss in quality, for a 4.48 × 93.2 × 3.92 µm3 IC (≃6 × 108 voxels), APT reduces the total data acquisition and computation time from 67.96 h to 38 min. We expect our physics-assisted and attention-utilizing machine learning framework to be applicable to other branches of nanoscale imaging, including materials science and biological imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iksung Kang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ziling Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Yi Jiang
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yudong Yao
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjing Deng
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jeffrey Klug
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Stefan Vogt
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - George Barbastathis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Multimodal imaging of cubic Cu 2O@Au nanocage formation via galvanic replacement using X-ray ptychography and nano diffraction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:318. [PMID: 36609430 PMCID: PMC9823101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Being able to observe the formation of multi-material nanostructures in situ, simultaneously from a morphological and crystallographic perspective, is a challenging task. Yet, this is essential for the fabrication of nanomaterials with well-controlled composition exposing the most active crystallographic surfaces, as required for highly active catalysts in energy applications. To demonstrate how X-ray ptychography can be combined with scanning nanoprobe diffraction to realize multimodal imaging, we study growing Cu2O nanocubes and their transformation into Au nanocages. During the growth of nanocubes at a temperature of 138 °C, we measure the crystal structure of an individual nanoparticle and determine the presence of (100) crystallographic facets at its surface. We subsequently visualize the transformation of Cu2O into Au nanocages by galvanic replacement. The nanocubes interior homogeneously dissolves while smaller Au particles grow on their surface and later coalesce to form porous nanocages. We finally determine the amount of radiation damage making use of the quantitative phase images. We find that both the total surface dose as well as the dose rate imparted by the X-ray beam trigger additional deposition of Au onto the nanocages. Our multimodal approach can benefit in-solution imaging of multi-material nanostructures in many related fields.
Collapse
|
7
|
Vescovi R, Chard R, Saint ND, Blaiszik B, Pruyne J, Bicer T, Lavens A, Liu Z, Papka ME, Narayanan S, Schwarz N, Chard K, Foster IT. Linking scientific instruments and computation: Patterns, technologies, and experiences. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 3:100606. [PMID: 36277824 PMCID: PMC9583115 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2022.100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Powerful detectors at modern experimental facilities routinely collect data at multiple GB/s. Online analysis methods are needed to enable the collection of only interesting subsets of such massive data streams, such as by explicitly discarding some data elements or by directing instruments to relevant areas of experimental space. Thus, methods are required for configuring and running distributed computing pipelines—what we call flows—that link instruments, computers (e.g., for analysis, simulation, artificial intelligence [AI] model training), edge computing (e.g., for analysis), data stores, metadata catalogs, and high-speed networks. We review common patterns associated with such flows and describe methods for instantiating these patterns. We present experiences with the application of these methods to the processing of data from five different scientific instruments, each of which engages powerful computers for data inversion,model training, or other purposes. We also discuss implications of such methods for operators and users of scientific facilities. Patterns for linking instruments and computers for online analysis are reviewed Methods are presented for capturing such “flows” in reusable forms The use of Globus automation services to run flows is described Implications of these methods for scientists and facilities are discussed
The industrial revolution transformed society via large-scale automation of manufacturing. Today, AI- and robotics-driven automation of scientific research seems set to usher in a new era of accelerated discovery. But just as the industrial revolution depended on new replicable and scalable manufacturing processes and methods for delivering the copious mechanical power required by those processes, so the automated discovery revolution demands new methods for implementing research automation processes and for connecting those processes to computing and data power. We present here new methods that address these essential needs by allowing scientists to capture common automation patterns in reusable flows and to embed such flows in a global trust, data, and computing fabric that enables instant access to powerful AI, simulation, and other computational capabilities. We use examples from synchrotron light sources to show how these methods can be realized in software and applied at scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Vescovi
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Ryan Chard
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Nickolaus D Saint
- Globus, University of Chicago, 5730 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Ben Blaiszik
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439, USA.,Globus, University of Chicago, 5730 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Jim Pruyne
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439, USA.,Globus, University of Chicago, 5730 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Tekin Bicer
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439, USA.,X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Alex Lavens
- Structural Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Zhengchun Liu
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Michael E Papka
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 1200 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Nicholas Schwarz
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Kyle Chard
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, 5730 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Ian T Foster
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Lemont, IL 60439, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, 5730 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Q, Liu YT, Zhao C, Weng QS, Deng J, Hwang I, Jiang Y, Sun C, Li T, Xu W, Du K, Daali A, Xu GL, Amine K, Chen G. Conformal PEDOT Coating Enables Ultra-High-Voltage and High-Temperature Operation for Single-Crystal Ni-Rich Cathodes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14527-14538. [PMID: 36098636 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystal Ni-rich Li[NixMnyCo1-x-y]O2 (SC-NMC) cathodes represent a promising approach to mitigate the cracking issue of conventional polycrystalline cathodes. However, many reported SC-NMC cathodes still suffer from unsatisfactory cycling stability, particularly under high charge cutoff voltage and/or elevated temperature. Herein, we report an ultraconformal and durable poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coating for SC-NMC cathodes using an oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) technique, which significantly improves their high-voltage (4.6 V) and high-temperature operation resiliency. The PEDOT coated SC LiNi0.83Mn0.1Co0.07O2 (SC-NMC83) delivers an impressive capacity retention rate of 96.7% and 89.5% after 100 and 200 cycles, respectively. Significantly, even after calendar aging at 45 °C and 4.6 V, the coated cathode can still retain 85.3% (in comparison with 59.6% for the bare one) of the initial capacity after 100 cycles at a 0.5 C rate. Synchrotron X-ray experiments and interface characterization collectively reveal that the conformal PEDOT coating not only effectively stabilizes the crystallographic structure and maintains the integrity of the particles but also significantly suppresses the electrolyte's corrosion, resulting in improved electrochemical/thermal stability. Our findings highlight the promise of an oCVD PEDOT coating for single-crystal Ni-rich cathodes to meet the grand challenge of high-energy batteries under extreme conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yu-Tong Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Qing-Song Weng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Junjing Deng
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Inhui Hwang
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yi Jiang
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chengjun Sun
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tianyi Li
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Wenqian Xu
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ke Du
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan South Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan 410017, China
| | - Amine Daali
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Gui-Liang Xu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Guohua Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Grote L, Seyrich M, Döhrmann R, Harouna-Mayer SY, Mancini F, Kaziukenas E, Fernandez-Cuesta I, A Zito C, Vasylieva O, Wittwer F, Odstrčzil M, Mogos N, Landmann M, Schroer CG, Koziej D. Imaging Cu 2O nanocube hollowing in solution by quantitative in situ X-ray ptychography. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4971. [PMID: 36038564 PMCID: PMC9424245 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding morphological changes of nanoparticles in solution is essential to tailor the functionality of devices used in energy generation and storage. However, we lack experimental methods that can visualize these processes in solution, or in electrolyte, and provide three-dimensional information. Here, we show how X-ray ptychography enables in situ nano-imaging of the formation and hollowing of nanoparticles in solution at 155 °C. We simultaneously image the growth of about 100 nanocubes with a spatial resolution of 66 nm. The quantitative phase images give access to the third dimension, allowing to additionally study particle thickness. We reveal that the substrate hinders their out-of-plane growth, thus the nanocubes are in fact nanocuboids. Moreover, we observe that the reduction of Cu2O to Cu triggers the hollowing of the nanocuboids. We critically assess the interaction of X-rays with the liquid sample. Our method enables detailed in-solution imaging for a wide range of reaction conditions. Observing morphological changes of nanoparticles in solution requires advanced in-situ imaging methods. Here, the authors use X-ray ptychography to image the growth and hollowing of Cu2O nanocubes in 3D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grote
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Seyrich
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Döhrmann
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sani Y Harouna-Mayer
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Federica Mancini
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018, Faenza (RA), Italy
| | - Emilis Kaziukenas
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Irene Fernandez-Cuesta
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia A Zito
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,São Paulo State University UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054000, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Olga Vasylieva
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Wittwer
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michal Odstrčzil
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Carl Zeiss SMT, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 22, 73447, Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Natnael Mogos
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Landmann
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian G Schroer
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Imaging Platform, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorota Koziej
- University of Hamburg, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany. .,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vacek E, Preissner C, Deng J, Jacobsen C. Fast scanning in x-ray microscopy: the effects of offset in the central stop position. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:6811-6818. [PMID: 36255769 DOI: 10.1364/ao.469319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Scanning of lightweight circular diffractive optics, separate from central stops and apertures, is emerging as an approach to exploit advances in synchrotron x-ray sources. We consider the effects in a scanning microscope of offsets between the optic and its central stop and find that scan ranges of up to about half the diameter of the optic are possible with only about a 10% increase in the focal spot width. For large scanning ranges, we present criteria for the working distance between the last aperture and the specimen to be imaged.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gomes T, Canhota M, Crespo H. Temporal characterization of broadband femtosecond laser pulses by surface third-harmonic dispersion scan with ptychographic retrieval. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3660-3663. [PMID: 35913283 DOI: 10.1364/ol.460069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a new, to the best of our knowledge, variant of dispersion scan (d-scan) based on surface third-harmonic generation (STHG) and a ptychographic algorithm tailored for full retrieval (amplitude and phase) of broadband laser pulses. We demonstrate the technique by temporally measuring and compressing few-cycle pulses with 7 fs and 2.5 nJ from a Ti:sapphire oscillator, using a sapphire window as the nonlinear medium. The results are in very good agreement with standard second-harmonic d-scan measurements based on a nonlinear crystal. The intrinsically broadband and phase-matching-independent nature of STHG make this technique very suitable for the characterization of ultrashort laser pulses over a broad wavelength range extending into the mid-infrared.
Collapse
|
12
|
Deng J, Yao Y, Jiang Y, Chen S, Mooney TM, Klug JA, Marin FS, Roehrig C, Yue K, Preissner C, Cai Z, Lai B, Vogt S. High-resolution ptychographic imaging enabled by high-speed multi-pass scanning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:26027-26042. [PMID: 36236801 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a coherent diffraction imaging technique, ptychography provides high-spatial resolution beyond Rayleigh's criterion of the focusing optics, but it is also sensitively affected by the decoherence coming from the spatial and temporal variations in the experiment. Here we show that high-speed ptychographic data acquisition with short exposure can effectively reduce the impact from experimental variations. To reach a cumulative dose required for a given resolution, we further demonstrate that a continuous multi-pass scan via high-speed ptychography can achieve high-resolution imaging. This low-dose scan strategy is shown to be more dose-efficient, and has potential for radiation-sensitive sample studies and time-resolved imaging.
Collapse
|
13
|
Batey D, Rau C, Cipiccia S. High-speed X-ray ptychographic tomography. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7846. [PMID: 35551474 PMCID: PMC9098852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray ptychography is a coherent scanning imaging technique widely used at synchrotron facilities for producing quantitative phase images beyond the resolution limit of conventional x-ray optics. The scanning nature of the technique introduces an inherent overhead to the collection at every scan position and limits the acquisition time of each 2D projection. The overhead associated with motion can be minimised with a continuous-scanning approach. Here we present an acquisition architecture based on continuous-scanning and up-triggering which allows to record ptychographic datasets at up to 9 kHz. We demonstrate the method by applying it to record 2D scans at up to 273 µm2/s and 3D scans of a (20 µm)3 volume in less than three hours. We discuss the current limitations and the outlook toward the development of sub-second 2D acquisition and minutes-long 3D ptychographic tomograms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Batey
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.
| | - Christoph Rau
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Silvia Cipiccia
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.,Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kelly J, Male A, Rubies N, Mahoney D, Walker JM, Gomez-Gonzalez MA, Wilkin G, Parker JE, Quinn PD. The Delta Robot-A long travel nano-positioning stage for scanning x-ray microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:043712. [PMID: 35489936 DOI: 10.1063/5.0084806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new stage design concept, the Delta Robot, is presented, which is a parallel kinematic design for scanning x-ray microscopy applications. The stage employs three orthogonal voice coils, which actuate parallelogram flexures. The design has a 3 mm travel range and achieves rms position jitter, integrated from 1 Hz to 1 kHz, of 2.8 and 1.3 nm perpendicular to the beam and 5.6 nm along the beam direction with loads up to 350 g. The Delta Robot design process used a mechatronics approach of iterative modeling and simulation to develop the system and validate performance. The design considerations, design process, stability, and operational performance on the hard x-ray nanoprobe at Diamond Light Source are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Kelly
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Male
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Rubies
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - David Mahoney
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica M Walker
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A Gomez-Gonzalez
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Wilkin
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Julia E Parker
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Quinn
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu X, Nikitin V, Ching DJ, Aslan S, Gürsoy D, Biçer T. Scalable and accurate multi-GPU-based image reconstruction of large-scale ptychography data. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5334. [PMID: 35351971 PMCID: PMC8964803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
While the advances in synchrotron light sources, together with the development of focusing optics and detectors, allow nanoscale ptychographic imaging of materials and biological specimens, the corresponding experiments can yield terabyte-scale volumes of data that can impose a heavy burden on the computing platform. Although graphics processing units (GPUs) provide high performance for such large-scale ptychography datasets, a single GPU is typically insufficient for analysis and reconstruction. Several works have considered leveraging multiple GPUs to accelerate the ptychographic reconstruction. However, most of these works utilize only the Message Passing Interface to handle the communications between GPUs. This approach poses inefficiency for a hardware configuration that has multiple GPUs in a single node, especially while reconstructing a single large projection, since it provides no optimizations to handle the heterogeneous GPU interconnections containing both low-speed (e.g., PCIe) and high-speed links (e.g., NVLink). In this paper, we provide an optimized intranode multi-GPU implementation that can efficiently solve large-scale ptychographic reconstruction problems. We focus on the maximum likelihood reconstruction problem using a conjugate gradient (CG) method for the solution and propose a novel hybrid parallelization model to address the performance bottlenecks in the CG solver. Accordingly, we have developed a tool, called PtyGer (Ptychographic GPU(multiple)-based reconstruction), implementing our hybrid parallelization model design. A comprehensive evaluation verifies that PtyGer can fully preserve the original algorithm's accuracy while achieving outstanding intranode GPU scalability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yu
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Viktor Nikitin
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Daniel J Ching
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Selin Aslan
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Doğa Gürsoy
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tekin Biçer
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA. .,X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jones MWM, van Riessen GA, Phillips NW, Schrank CE, Hinsley GN, Afshar N, Reinhardt J, de Jonge MD, Kewish CM. High-speed free-run ptychography at the Australian Synchrotron. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:480-487. [PMID: 35254312 PMCID: PMC8900864 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521012856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade ptychography has progressed rapidly from a specialist ultramicroscopy technique into a mature method accessible to non-expert users. However, to improve scientific value ptychography data must reconstruct reliably, with high image quality and at no cost to other correlative methods. Presented here is the implementation of high-speed ptychography used at the Australian Synchrotron on the XFM beamline, which includes a free-run data collection mode where dead time is eliminated and the scan time is optimized. It is shown that free-run data collection is viable for fast and high-quality ptychography by demonstrating extremely high data rate acquisition covering areas up to 352 000 µm2 at up to 140 µm2 s-1, with 13× spatial resolution enhancement compared with the beam size. With these improvements, ptychography at velocities up to 250 µm s-1 is approaching speeds compatible with fast-scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy. The combination of these methods provides morphological context for elemental and chemical information, enabling unique scientific outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. M. Jones
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Grant A. van Riessen
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Nicholas W. Phillips
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph E. Schrank
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Gerard N. Hinsley
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Nader Afshar
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Juliane Reinhardt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Martin D. de Jonge
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Cameron M. Kewish
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Carminati M, Scandurra G. Impact and trends in embedding field programmable gate arrays and microcontrollers in scientific instrumentation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:091501. [PMID: 34598486 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microcontrollers and field-programmable gate arrays have been largely leveraged in scientific instrumentation since decades. Recent advancements in the performance of these programmable digital devices, with hundreds of I/O pins, up to millions of logic cells, >10 Gb/s connectivity, and hundreds of MHz multiple clocks, have been accelerating this trend, extending the range of functions. The diversification of devices from very low-cost 8-bit microcontrollers up to 32-bit ARM-based ones and a system of chip combining programmable logic with processors make them ubiquitous in modern electronic systems, addressing diverse challenges from ultra-low power operation, with sub-µA quiescent current in sleep mode for portable and Internet of Things applications, to high-performance computing, such as in machine vision. In this Review, the main motivations (compactness, re-configurability, parallelization, low latency for sub-ns timing, and real-time control), the possible approaches of the adoption of embedded devices, and the achievable performances are discussed. Relevant examples of applications in opto-electronics, physics experiments, impedance, vibration, and temperature sensing from the recent literature are also reviewed. From this bird-eye view, key paradigms emerge, such as the blurring of boundaries between digital platforms and the pervasiveness of machine learning algorithms, significantly fostered by the possibility to be run in embedded devices for distributing intelligence in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Carminati
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - G Scandurra
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina 98166, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abe M, Kaneko F, Ishiguro N, Kudo T, Matsumoto T, Hatsui T, Tamenori Y, Kishimoto H, Takahashi Y. Development and application of a tender X-ray ptychographic coherent diffraction imaging system on BL27SU at SPring-8. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1610-1615. [PMID: 34475307 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521006263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ptychographic coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) allows the visualization of both the structure and chemical state of materials on the nanoscale, and has been developed for use in the soft and hard X-ray regions. In this study, a ptychographic CDI system with pinhole or Fresnel zone-plate optics for use in the tender X-ray region (2-5 keV) was developed on beamline BL27SU at SPring-8, in which high-precision pinholes optimized for the tender energy range were used to obtain diffraction intensity patterns with a low background, and a temperature stabilization system was developed to reduce the drift of the sample position. A ptychography measurement of a 200 nm thick tantalum test chart was performed at an incident X-ray energy of 2.500 keV, and the phase image of the test chart was successfully reconstructed with approximately 50 nm resolution. As an application to practical materials, a sulfur polymer material was measured in the range of 2.465 to 2.500 keV including the sulfur K absorption edge, and the phase and absorption images were successfully reconstructed and the nanoscale absorption/phase spectra were derived from images at multiple energies. In 3 GeV synchrotron radiation facilities with a low-emittance storage ring, the use of the present system will allow the visualization on the nanoscale of the chemical states of various light elements that play important roles in materials science, biology and environmental science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Abe
- Department of Metallurgy, Materials Science and Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 02, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Fusae Kaneko
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., 2-1-1 Tsutsui, Chuo, Kobe, Hyogo 651-0071, Japan
| | - Nozomu Ishiguro
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Togo Kudo
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsumoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Takaki Hatsui
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tamenori
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishimoto
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., 2-1-1 Tsutsui, Chuo, Kobe, Hyogo 651-0071, Japan
| | - Yukio Takahashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yamada J, Inoue I, Osaka T, Inoue T, Matsuyama S, Yamauchi K, Yabashi M. Hard X-ray nanoprobe scanner. IUCRJ 2021; 8:713-718. [PMID: 34584733 PMCID: PMC8420768 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521007004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray scientists are continually striving to improve the quality of X-ray microscopy, due to the fact that the information obtained from X-ray microscopy of materials can be complementary to that obtained from optical and electron microscopes. In contrast to the ease with which one can deflect electron beams, the relative difficulty to deflect X-ray has constrained the development of scanning X-ray microscopes (SXMs) based on a scan of an X-ray small probe. This restriction has caused severe complications that hinder progress toward achieving ultimate resolution. Here, a simple and innovative method for constructing an SXM equipped with a nanoprobe scanner is proposed. The nanoprobe scanner combines X-ray prisms and advanced Kirkpatrick-Baez focusing mirrors. By rotating the prisms on the order of degrees, X-ray probe scanning with single-nanometre accuracy can be easily achieved. The validity of the concept was verified by acquiring an SXM image of a test pattern at a photon energy of 10 keV, where 50 nm line-and-space structures were resolved. This method is readily applicable to an SXM with a single-nanometre resolution and will assist effective utilization of increasing brightness of fourth-generation synchrotron radiation sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Yamada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Division of Precision Engineering and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ichiro Inoue
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Taito Osaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takato Inoue
- Division of Precision Engineering and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsuyama
- Division of Precision Engineering and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Materials Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamauchi
- Division of Precision Engineering and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Quinn PD, Gomez-Gonzalez M, Cacho-Nerin F, Parker JE. Beam and sample movement compensation for robust spectro-microscopy measurements on a hard X-ray nanoprobe. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1528-1534. [PMID: 34475300 PMCID: PMC8415335 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Static and in situ nanoscale spectro-microscopy is now routinely performed on the Hard X-ray Nanoprobe beamline at Diamond and the solutions implemented to provide robust energy scanning and experimental operation are described. A software-based scheme for active feedback stabilization of X-ray beam position and monochromatic beam flux across the operating energy range of the beamline is reported, consisting of two linked feedback loops using extremum seeking and position control. Multimodal registration methods have been implemented for active compensation of drift during an experiment to compensate for sample movement during in situ experiments or from beam-induced effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Quinn
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Gomez-Gonzalez
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Cacho-Nerin
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Julia E. Parker
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Quinn PD, Alianelli L, Gomez-Gonzalez M, Mahoney D, Cacho-Nerin F, Peach A, Parker JE. The Hard X-ray Nanoprobe beamline at Diamond Light Source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1006-1013. [PMID: 33950009 PMCID: PMC8127369 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521002502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Hard X-ray Nanoprobe beamline, I14, at Diamond Light Source is a new facility for nanoscale microscopy. The beamline was designed with an emphasis on multi-modal analysis, providing elemental mapping, speciation mapping by XANES, structural phase mapping using nano-XRD and imaging through differential phase contrast and ptychography. The 185 m-long beamline operates over a 5 keV to 23 keV energy range providing a ≤50 nm beam size for routine user experiments and a flexible scanning system allowing fast acquisition. The beamline achieves robust and stable operation by imaging the source in the vertical direction and implementing horizontally deflecting primary optics and an overfilled secondary source in the horizontal direction. This paper describes the design considerations, optical layout, aspects of the hardware engineering and scanning system in operation as well as some examples illustrating the beamline performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Quinn
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Alianelli
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Gomez-Gonzalez
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - David Mahoney
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Cacho-Nerin
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Peach
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Julia E. Parker
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Du M, Di ZW, Gürsoy D, Xian RP, Kozorovitskiy Y, Jacobsen C. Upscaling X-ray nanoimaging to macroscopic specimens. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:386-401. [PMID: 33953650 PMCID: PMC8056767 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Upscaling X-ray nanoimaging to macroscopic specimens has the potential for providing insights across multiple length scales, but its feasibility has long been an open question. By combining the imaging requirements and existing proof-of-principle examples in large-specimen preparation, data acquisition and reconstruction algorithms, the authors provide imaging time estimates for howX-ray nanoimaging can be scaled to macroscopic specimens. To arrive at this estimate, a phase contrast imaging model that includes plural scattering effects is used to calculate the required exposure and corresponding radiation dose. The coherent X-ray flux anticipated from upcoming diffraction-limited light sources is then considered. This imaging time estimation is in particular applied to the case of the connectomes of whole mouse brains. To image the connectome of the whole mouse brain, electron microscopy connectomics might require years, whereas optimized X-ray microscopy connectomics could reduce this to one week. Furthermore, this analysis points to challenges that need to be overcome (such as increased X-ray detector frame rate) and opportunities that advances in artificial-intelligence-based 'smart' scanning might provide. While the technical advances required are daunting, it is shown that X-ray microscopy is indeed potentially applicable to nanoimaging of millimetre- or even centimetre-size specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Du
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Zichao Wendy Di
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.,Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Doǧa Gürsoy
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - R Patrick Xian
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yevgenia Kozorovitskiy
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chris Jacobsen
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huang P, Du M, Hammer M, Miceli A, Jacobsen C. Fast digital lossy compression for X-ray ptychographic data. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:292-300. [PMID: 33399580 PMCID: PMC7842218 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520013326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Increases in X-ray brightness from synchrotron light sources lead to a requirement for higher frame rates from hybrid pixel array detectors (HPADs), while also favoring charge integration over photon counting. However, transfer of the full uncompressed data will begin to constrain detector design, as well as limit the achievable continuous frame rate. Here a data compression scheme that is easy to implement in a HPAD's application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is described, and how different degrees of compression affect image quality in ptychography, a commonly employed coherent imaging method, is examined. Using adaptive encoding quantization, it is shown in simulations that one can digitize signals up to 16383 photons per pixel (corresponding to 14 bits of information) using only 8 or 9 bits for data transfer, with negligible effect on the reconstructed image.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ming Du
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Mike Hammer
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Antonino Miceli
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Chris Jacobsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Correspondence e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yao Y, Jiang Y, Klug J, Nashed Y, Roehrig C, Preissner C, Marin F, Wojcik M, Cossairt O, Cai Z, Vogt S, Lai B, Deng J. Broadband X-ray ptychography using multi-wavelength algorithm. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:309-317. [PMID: 33399582 PMCID: PMC7842233 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520014708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ptychography is a rapidly developing scanning microscopy which is able to view the internal structures of samples at a high resolution beyond the illumination size. The achieved spatial resolution is theoretically dose-limited. A broadband source can provide much higher flux compared with a monochromatic source; however, it conflicts with the necessary coherence requirements of this coherent diffraction imaging technique. In this paper, a multi-wavelength reconstruction algorithm has been developed to deal with the broad bandwidth in ptychography. Compared with the latest development of mixed-state reconstruction approach, this multi-wavelength approach is more accurate in the physical model, and also considers the spot size variation as a function of energy due to the chromatic focusing optics. Therefore, this method has been proved in both simulation and experiment to significantly improve the reconstruction when the source bandwidth, illumination size and scan step size increase. It is worth mentioning that the accurate and detailed information of the energy spectrum for the incident beam is not required in advance for the proposed method. Further, we combine multi-wavelength and mixed-state approaches to jointly solve temporal and spatial partial coherence in ptychography so that it can handle various disadvantageous experimental effects. The significant relaxation in coherence requirements by our approaches allows the use of high-flux broadband X-ray sources for high-efficient and high-resolution ptychographic imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Yao
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, USA
| | - Jeffrey Klug
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, USA
| | - Youssef Nashed
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, USA
| | | | - Curt Preissner
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, USA
| | - Fabricio Marin
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, USA
| | - Michael Wojcik
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, USA
| | - Oliver Cossairt
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhonghou Cai
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, USA
| | - Stefan Vogt
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, USA
| | - Barry Lai
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, USA
| | - Junjing Deng
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shapiro DA, Babin S, Celestre RS, Chao W, Conley RP, Denes P, Enders B, Enfedaque P, James S, Joseph JM, Krishnan H, Marchesini S, Muriki K, Nowrouzi K, Oh SR, Padmore H, Warwick T, Yang L, Yashchuk VV, Yu YS, Zhao J. An ultrahigh-resolution soft x-ray microscope for quantitative analysis of chemically heterogeneous nanomaterials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/51/eabc4904. [PMID: 33328228 PMCID: PMC7744074 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc4904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of chemical states and morphology in nanomaterials is central to many areas of science. We address this need with an ultrahigh-resolution scanning transmission soft x-ray microscope. Our instrument provides multiple analysis tools in a compact assembly and can achieve few-nanometer spatial resolution and high chemical sensitivity via x-ray ptychography and conventional scanning microscopy. A novel scanning mechanism, coupled to advanced x-ray detectors, a high-brightness x-ray source, and high-performance computing for analysis provide a revolutionary step forward in terms of imaging speed and resolution. We present x-ray microscopy with 8-nm full-period spatial resolution and use this capability in conjunction with operando sample environments and cryogenic imaging, which are now routinely available. Our multimodal approach will find wide use across many fields of science and facilitate correlative analysis of materials with other types of probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Shapiro
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | | | - Richard S Celestre
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Weilun Chao
- Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Raymond P Conley
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Peter Denes
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bjoern Enders
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pablo Enfedaque
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Susan James
- Information Technology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John M Joseph
- Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Harinarayan Krishnan
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stefano Marchesini
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Krishna Muriki
- Information Technology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kasra Nowrouzi
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Advanced Quantum Testbed, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sharon R Oh
- Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Howard Padmore
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tony Warwick
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lee Yang
- Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Valeriy V Yashchuk
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Young-Sang Yu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jiangtao Zhao
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yao Y, Jiang Y, Klug JA, Wojcik M, Maxey ER, Sirica NS, Roehrig C, Cai Z, Vogt S, Lai B, Deng J. Multi-beam X-ray ptychography for high-throughput coherent diffraction imaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19550. [PMID: 33177558 PMCID: PMC7658249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray ptychography is a rapidly developing coherent diffraction imaging technique that provides nanoscale resolution on extended field-of-view. However, the requirement of coherence and the scanning mechanism limit the throughput of ptychographic imaging. In this paper, we propose X-ray ptychography using multiple illuminations instead of single illumination in conventional ptychography. Multiple locations of the sample are simultaneously imaged by spatially separated X-ray beams, therefore, the obtained field-of-view in one scan can be enlarged by a factor equal to the number of illuminations. We have demonstrated this technique experimentally using two X-ray beams focused by a house-made Fresnel zone plate array. Two areas of the object and corresponding double illuminations were successfully reconstructed from diffraction patterns acquired in one scan, with image quality similar with those obtained by conventional single-beam ptychography in sequence. Multi-beam ptychography approach increases the imaging speed, providing an efficient way for high-resolution imaging of large extended specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Yao
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Klug
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael Wojcik
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Evan R Maxey
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Nicholas S Sirica
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Christian Roehrig
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Zhonghou Cai
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Stefan Vogt
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Barry Lai
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Junjing Deng
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kahnt M, Sala S, Johansson U, Björling A, Jiang Z, Kalbfleisch S, Lenrick F, Pikul JH, Thånell K. First ptychographic X-ray computed tomography experiment on the NanoMAX beamline. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:1444-1451. [PMID: 33304222 PMCID: PMC7710494 DOI: 10.1107/s160057672001211x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Documentation is presented for the first ptychographic X-ray computed tomography experiment on the NanoMAX beamline, along with a quantitative analysis of the reconstruction quality and a discussion of possibilities for future improvements. Ptychographic X-ray computed tomography is a quantitative three-dimensional imaging technique offered to users of multiple synchrotron radiation sources. Its dependence on the coherent fraction of the available X-ray beam makes it perfectly suited to diffraction-limited storage rings. Although MAX IV is the first, and so far only, operating fourth-generation synchrotron light source, none of its experimental stations is currently set up to offer this technique to its users. The first ptychographic X-ray computed tomography experiment has therefore been performed on the NanoMAX beamline. From the results, information was gained about the current limitations of the experimental setup and where attention should be focused for improvement. The extracted parameters in terms of scanning speed, size of the imaged volume and achieved resolutions should provide a baseline for future users designing nano-tomography experiments on the NanoMAX beamline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maik Kahnt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Simone Sala
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Zhimin Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Filip Lenrick
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Production and Materials Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - James H Pikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ali S, Du M, Adams MF, Smith B, Jacobsen C. Comparison of distributed memory algorithms for X-ray wave propagation in inhomogeneous media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29590-29618. [PMID: 33114856 PMCID: PMC7679186 DOI: 10.1364/oe.400240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Calculations of X-ray wave propagation in large objects are needed for modeling diffractive X-ray optics and for optimization-based approaches to image reconstruction for objects that extend beyond the depth of focus. We describe three methods for calculating wave propagation with large arrays on parallel computing systems with distributed memory: (1) a full-array Fresnel multislice approach, (2) a tiling-based short-distance Fresnel multislice approach, and (3) a finite difference approach. We find that the first approach suffers from internode communication delays when the transverse array size becomes large, while the second and third approaches have similar scaling to large array size problems (with the second approach offering about three times the compute speed).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ali
- Applied Physics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Ming Du
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Mark F. Adams
- Scalable Solvers Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Barry Smith
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Chris Jacobsen
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pattammattel A, Tappero R, Ge M, Chu YS, Huang X, Gao Y, Yan H. High-sensitivity nanoscale chemical imaging with hard x-ray nano-XANES. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb3615. [PMID: 32917679 PMCID: PMC11206466 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Resolving chemical species at the nanoscale is of paramount importance to many scientific and technological developments across a broad spectrum of disciplines. Hard x-rays with excellent penetration power and high chemical sensitivity are suitable for speciation of heterogeneous (thick) materials. Here, we report nanoscale chemical speciation by combining scanning nanoprobe and fluorescence-yield x-ray absorption near-edge structure (nano-XANES). First, the resolving power of nano-XANES was demonstrated by mapping Fe(0) and Fe(III) states of a reference sample composed of stainless steel and hematite nanoparticles with 50-nm scanning steps. Nano-XANES was then used to study the trace secondary phases in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) particles. We observed individual Fe-phosphide nanoparticles in pristine LFP, whereas partially (de)lithiated particles showed Fe-phosphide nanonetworks. These findings shed light on the contradictory reports on Fe-phosphide morphology in the literature. Nano-XANES bridges the capability gap of spectromicroscopy methods and provides exciting research opportunities across multiple disciplines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pattammattel
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - R Tappero
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - M Ge
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Y S Chu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - X Huang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Y Gao
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - H Yan
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schropp A, Döhrmann R, Botta S, Brückner D, Kahnt M, Lyubomirskiy M, Ossig C, Scholz M, Seyrich M, Stuckelberger ME, Wiljes P, Wittwer F, Garrevoet J, Falkenberg G, Fam Y, Sheppard TL, Grunwaldt JD, Schroer CG. PtyNAMi: ptychographic nano-analytical microscope. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:957-971. [PMID: 32788903 PMCID: PMC7401781 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720008420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ptychographic X-ray imaging at the highest spatial resolution requires an optimal experimental environment, providing a high coherent flux, excellent mechanical stability and a low background in the measured data. This requires, for example, a stable performance of all optical components along the entire beam path, high temperature stability, a robust sample and optics tracking system, and a scatter-free environment. This contribution summarizes the efforts along these lines to transform the nanoprobe station on beamline P06 (PETRA III) into the ptychographic nano-analytical microscope (PtyNAMi).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Döhrmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Botta
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Brückner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, DE-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maik Kahnt
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, DE-22761 Hamburg, Germany
- MAX IV Laboratory, Fotongatan 2, SE-225 94 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Lyubomirskiy
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Ossig
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, DE-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Scholz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, DE-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Seyrich
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, DE-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Patrik Wiljes
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Wittwer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, DE-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yakub Fam
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 20, DE-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas L. Sheppard
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 20, DE-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, DE-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 20, DE-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, DE-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christian G. Schroer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, DE-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, DE-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Subcellular Chemical Imaging: New Avenues in Cell Biology. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:173-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
32
|
Sub-1.4eV bandgap inorganic perovskite solar cells with long-term stability. Nat Commun 2020; 11:151. [PMID: 31919343 PMCID: PMC6952449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art halide perovskite solar cells have bandgaps larger than 1.45 eV, which restricts their potential for realizing the Shockley-Queisser limit. Previous search for low-bandgap (1.2 to 1.4 eV) halide perovskites has resulted in several candidates, but all are hybrid organic-inorganic compositions, raising potential concern regarding device stability. Here we show the promise of an inorganic low-bandgap (1.38 eV) CsPb0.6Sn0.4I3 perovskite stabilized via interface functionalization. Device efficiency up to 13.37% is demonstrated. The device shows high operational stability under one-sun-intensity illumination, with T80 and T70 lifetimes of 653 h and 1045 h, respectively (T80 and T70 represent efficiency decays to 80% and 70% of the initial value, respectively), and long-term shelf stability under nitrogen atmosphere. Controlled exposure of the device to ambient atmosphere during a long-term (1000 h) test does not degrade the efficiency. These findings point to a promising direction for achieving low-bandgap perovskite solar cells with high stability. Current research focus on the perovskites solar cells (PSCs) is mainly limited to the lead-based ones with bandgaps above 1.5 eV. Here Hu et al. report efficient and stable inorganic tin-containing PSCs, opening doors to exploring abundant perovskite materials with bandgaps lower than 1.4 eV.
Collapse
|